Low-dimensional perovskite crystal compositions incorporating metal complexes

Abstract

The invention relates to a new crystalline composition comprising a low-dimensional perovskite structure incorporating a metal complex. Each unit cell is defined by a well-defined empirical formula, and the metal complex serves as a linker between inorganic layers, facilitating the formation of a low-dimensional perovskite array. The crystalline composition is capable of forming various low-dimensional perovskite structures, including zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional configurations. The metal complex exhibits various physicochemical properties, which can be used in the fields of catalysis, electronics, optics, quantum computing, drug delivery, and the like. The preparation method includes various processes, making it adaptable to different forms and applications.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a novel crystalline composition comprising a low-dimensional perovskite structure incorporating a metal complex. Each unit cell is defined by a well-defined empirical formula, and the metal complex acts as a linker between inorganic layers, facilitating the formation of a low-dimensional perovskite array. This composition is capable of forming various low-dimensional perovskite structures, including zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional configurations. The metal complex exhibits diverse physicochemical properties and can be used in catalysis, electronics, optics, quantum computing, drug delivery, and other fields. The preparation methods encompass a variety of processes, making it adaptable to different forms and applications. Background Technology

[0002] Low-dimensional perovskites are a class of materials that have attracted widespread attention in materials science and condensed matter physics due to their unique electronic, optical, and structural properties [Z. Chu, et al. Small Struct. 2021, 2, 2000133]. The term "perovskite" originally referred to a specific crystal structure found in certain minerals, named after the mineral called perovskite (CaTiO3) [N. Yaghoobi Nia, et al. Elsevier 2020, ISBN 9780081027622, ​​163-228]. The perovskite structure is characterized by a three-dimensional arrangement of metal cations (usually at the A-site), oxygen anions, and larger cations (usually at the B-site) located between oxygen octahedrons. The general formula for perovskite compounds is ABX3. Low-dimensional materials are materials whose dimensionality is reduced in one or more directions compared to their bulk counterparts. For low-dimensional perovskites, the term refers to a three-dimensional perovskite lattice confined in zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, or two-dimensional directions, resulting in unique properties derived from quantum confinement effects. Zero-dimensional (0D) perovskiteAlso known as perovskite quantum dots (QDs) or nanocrystals, they are nanoscale structures derived from the perovskite crystal structure, but exhibiting zero-dimensional characteristics due to their extremely small size and quantum confinement effects. All dimensions of zero-dimensional perovskites are confined to the nanoscale, resulting in unique electronic and optical properties. Zero-dimensional perovskites are typically nanoscale particles with sizes on the order of a few nanometers. In contrast, they are discrete nanocrystals with confined electronic states. Due to their small size, zero-dimensional perovskites exhibit quantum confinement effects, which arise from the confinement of charge carriers and excitons within a nanoscale volume. These effects lead to quantized energy levels, where the electronic and optical properties of the nanocrystals are strongly influenced by their size. One of the most striking features of zero-dimensional perovskites is their tunable optical properties [J. Yin, et al. Sci. Adv. 2017,3, e1701793]. The size-varying band gap of these nanocrystals allows for control over the wavelength of absorbed and emitted light. This tunability makes zero-dimensional perovskites attractive for a variety of applications, including displays, lighting, and optical sensing. Zero-dimensional perovskites typically exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY), meaning they can emit light efficiently after absorbing photons [P. Han, et al. Angew. Chem. 2020, 132, 12809]. This property is crucial for applications in optoelectronics and photonics. The properties of these nanocrystals are highly dependent on their size, shape, and composition, resulting in tunable electronic and optical behavior. Specifically, zero-dimensional perovskites consist of individual metal halide octahedral anions or clusters of metal halide. These units are separated from each other by surrounding inorganic or organic cations, thus preventing the formation of electron bands. Furthermore, zero-dimensional perovskites contain significant exciton binding energies, which enhance radiative recombination within optoelectronic devices. It is noteworthy that zero-dimensional organometal halide perovskites exhibit excellent stability under environmental conditions due to their structure as an ideal host-guest system (where metal halide octahedral units / clusters are protected by organic shells) [Y.-Y. Ma, et al. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2022, 10, 2200386]. All reported conventional zero-dimensional perovskites are formed through the interaction of bulk organic molecules (especially organic cations) with inorganic metal halide or metal oxide structures to form zero-dimensional perovskite crystals (inorganic metal halide or metal oxide units surrounded by organic cations). Currently, there are no reports on forming zero-dimensional perovskite structures by combining transition metal complexes with inorganic metal halide and metal oxide units.Some examples of traditional zero-dimensional perovskite structures can be cited in the following patents: B. Ma et al. (US11466040B2) obtained a zero-dimensional perovskite structure by contacting an organic ligand halide salt with a metal halide in a liquid to form a precursor liquid, and then mixing the precursor liquid with an organic liquid to form microcrystals of zero-dimensional metal halide perovskite. T. Krishnamoorthy et al. (WO / 2019 / 013709) have used different organic cations with different alkyl chains as linkers to form a low-dimensional perovskite structure. M. Kuno et al. (WO / 2022 / 006515) have reported a general formula (A). x (A') y A'' (1-x-y) The low-dimensional layer of BX3 contains perovskite and non-perovskite units, and organic cations are still used as linkers in this hybrid layer structure. One-dimensional (1D) perovskiteUnlike three-dimensional perovskites, one-dimensional perovskites are characterized by extended structures that form chains, nanorods, or nanotubes. This deviation from the typical cubic or tetragonal lattice arrangement endows these materials with unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. The confined dimension of these structures offers several advantages. The quasi-one-dimensional nature of these structures typically results in improved stability, which is crucial for applications in optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and catalysis [T. Qiu, et al. Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 20963; J. Li, et al. Nano Energy, 2024, 122, 109329; Y. Pi, Nano Energy, 2021, 88, 106251]. The reduced dimensionality minimizes defects and phase transitions, contributing to the long-term integrity of the material. The confinement of charge carriers along the one-dimensional dimension allows for the design of unique electronic properties. This tunability is particularly advantageous when designing materials for specific electronic applications such as transistors and sensors [N. Kaur, et al. Langmuir, 2020, 36, 6326; C. Wang, et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022, 24, 18401]. Furthermore, quantum confinement effects become significant in one-dimensional perovskites due to the restricted movement of charge carriers along one axis. This phenomenon leads to discrete energy levels, affecting the optical and electronic properties of the material. The anisotropic nature of one-dimensional perovskites helps improve charge transport along chains or pillars. This property is crucial for improving the efficiency of devices such as solar cells and light-emitting diodes. All reported inventions related to the formation and applications of one-dimensional perovskite structures are based on the use of organic cations surrounding inorganic metal halide or metal oxide chains (e.g., B. Ma et al., US20180037813; R. Gautier et al., EP3581568). There are currently no reports on the use of transition metal complexes as alternatives to organic cations in this concept. Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites: These are layered structures in which perovskite lamellae are separated by organic or inorganic spacer molecules. These spacer molecules play a crucial role in modulating the material properties. The most common two-dimensional perovskites have the general formula (RNH3)2(A). n- 1B n X 3n+1In this model, R is an organic cation, A is a smaller cation, B is a larger cation, and X is an anion. In fact, the perovskite layers are separated by organic or inorganic spacer groups, resulting in dimensional constraints along both axes. The thickness and composition of the perovskite layers can be controlled, thus enabling tunable band gaps and absorption properties [M. Zendehdel, et al. Solar RRL, 2022, 6, 2100637]. This is particularly useful for designing materials for specific optical and electronic applications. Furthermore, the reduced layer dimensionality compared to its three-dimensional counterpart leads to weaker exciton binding energies, which can improve charge carrier transport and device efficiency [K. Zheng, et al. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 19, 5881]. Two-dimensional perovskites generally exhibit improved environmental stability than their three-dimensional counterparts, making them suitable for applications such as photovoltaics [M. Zendehdel, et al. Solar RRL, 2022, 6, 2100637]. Organic linkers, or spacer molecules, play a crucial role in defining the properties of two-dimensional perovskites. These molecules separate perovskite layers and determine the overall structure and properties of the material. Common organic linkers reported for use in two-dimensional perovskite structures include: i) long aliphatic chains: organic molecules with long aliphatic chains, such as n-butylamine or n-octylamine, are often used to provide sufficient spacing between perovskite layers. ii) aromatic compounds: aromatic molecules such as phenylethylammonium or phenylpropylammonium are also used as linkers. These molecules can introduce π-conjugation, affecting the electronic properties of the material. iii) diammonium ions: organic cations with two ammonium groups, such as ethylenediammonium and butanediammonium, can be used as linkers. iv) other organic cations: other organic cations such as ammonium, formamidinium, and guanidineonium can also be used as linkers. The choice of linker can significantly affect the electronic structure, crystal stacking, and overall properties of two-dimensional perovskites [Z.-Y. Lin, et al. Angew. Chem. 2023, 62,e202305298]. The properties of linkers can influence the energy levels within perovskite layers, including the valence and conduction bands. Different linkers can alter the band gap and electronic structure, affecting the absorption and emission properties of the material. The size and shape of organic linkers influence the alignment of perovskite layers. Linkers affect the packing efficiency of perovskite layers, which in turn affects carrier mobility. Efficient packing and reduced structural disorder can lead to higher carrier mobility, resulting in better charge transport properties. The properties of linkers can affect the overall stability of two-dimensional perovskite structures. Some linkers can enhance the material's tolerance to environmental factors such as moisture and oxygen [X. Li, et al. Chem. Rev. 2021, 121, 2230]. However, selecting suitable linkers requires a balance between factors such as stability, electronic properties, and the ability to form ordered layered structures.Linkers should not only provide spacing but also contribute to the desired electronic properties of the material. Achieving high-quality crystallinity and minimizing defects are crucial for optimizing charge transport. The choice of linkers and synthesis conditions can affect the crystal growth and structural integrity of the material. Furthermore, the introduction of organic linkers can lead to structural heterogeneity within the material, which can negatively impact carrier transport and overall device performance [Y. Zou, et al. Mater. Chem. Front., 2024, 8, 82]. While linkers can tune electronic properties, achieving precise control over band gaps, energy levels, and charge carrier dynamics can be challenging due to the complex interactions between organic linkers and inorganic perovskite layers. In particular, when incorporating two-dimensional perovskites into functional devices such as solar cells and photodetectors, careful consideration must be given to how the choice of linkers affects overall device performance. All reported inventions related to the formation and applications of two-dimensional perovskite structures are based on the use of various organic cations as linkers or spacers between inorganic metal halide or metal oxide chains (e.g., J.-H. He and B. Cheng, US10756282B2; W. Peixi et al., WO / 2022 / 047590). There are currently no reports on the use of transition metal complexes as linkers or spacers in two-dimensional perovskite structures. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This invention relates to a crystal composition having a perovskite structure in which the unit cells are arranged in a substantially low-dimensional array, including zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional structures, wherein each unit cell has an empirical formula. This causes each X to lie within the octahedral configuration of B and form a framework, with A incorporated into the framework, while [M] m L n The coordination complex is placed in the unit cell, where it acts as a linker between the inorganic layers formed by A, B, and X to produce a low-dimensional perovskite structure. In fact, M comprises different metals from Group IIIB, Group IVA, Group VA, and transition metals with different valence electrons and ionic charges; L consists of different ligands with different valence electrons; A and B comprise various organic and inorganic cations; and X comprises various Group VA, Group VIA, Group VIIA anions or combinations thereof. In the general formula, p, q, and r represent formal charges, where -4 ≤ p ≥ +4 and 1 ≤ q, r, where 1 ≤ m, n, x, z, and 0 ≤ y represent the molar number of each component. In the crystal composition, [M m L n The complex is sandwiched between inorganic layers formed by structures A, B, and X to constitute a low-dimensional perovskite cell array. According to [M... m L n The dimensions of A, B, and X are determined using [M]. m Ln The complex, acting as a linker, can independently form zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite structures, or can form composite structures of two or more of these types. In particular, this invention forms a two-dimensional perovskite structure with inorganic layers of varying thicknesses, and these inorganic layers are stacked on [M... m L n Between the layers. The general formula for these two-dimensional perovskite structures is [M m L n ] a A b-1 B b X 3b+1 Where "b" represents [M] m L n The number of inorganic layers between layers, where 1 ≤ a. Different types of [M] m L n Metal complexes, including but not limited to: transition metal complexes with different organic and inorganic ligands, organometallic compounds such as metallocenes, or combinations of two or more thereof; wherein the organic and inorganic ligands are selected from Schiff bases, porphyrins, salicylaldehyde ethylenediamine, salicylaldehyde o-phenylenediamine, phthalocyanines, amines, amides, water, carbonyl groups, cyano groups, thionyl groups, amino acids, proteins, and any other Lewis bases; wherein the [M m L n Metal complexes are used as linkers.

[0004] When [M] m L nWhen complexes are incorporated into the unit cells of low-dimensional perovskite structures, the intracrystalline carrier transport and wavefunction coupling between the metal complexes and the inorganic chains endow the materials with novel physicochemical properties. This expands the low-dimensional properties of the lattice to support stronger electron-phonon coupling and spin-orbit coupling. These low-dimensional crystalline compositions can be formed as single crystals, polycrystalline materials, quasicrystalline materials, thin films, thick films, nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanotubes, nanorods, nanoneedles, nanofibers, nanoflowers, and any other nanostructures, which can exist alone or in combination with other compounds and materials. It is prepared by methods including but not limited to: slow evaporation, cooling crystallization, solvent evaporation, solvothermal synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, vapor diffusion, layer-by-layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, flux crystal growth, zone melting, solution growth, template-assisted growth, self-assembly, electrochemical deposition, floating zone method, melt growth, dip coating, spin coating, blade coating, slot extrusion coating, meniscus coating, screen printing, roll-to-roll printing, spraying, electrostatic spraying, epitaxial growth, chemical bath deposition, inkjet printing, and electrospinning. It is used as a precursor or additive for different chemical reactions or deposition methods, existing in solid, liquid, paste, powder, ink, sol, gel, core-shell structure, modified structure, encapsulated structure, structure deposited on or embedded in a substrate, or a combination of two or more of the above. In particular, it is used to temporarily incorporate and release / exchange metal complexes during chemical reactions or physicochemical interactions. Due to its extended physicochemical properties, it is used in a variety of applications, including but not limited to: catalysts for chemical reactions, electrocatalysts, photoelectrocatalysts, semiconductors, capacitors, supercapacitors, superconductors, detectors, photovoltaics, magnetism, quantum computing, lasers (LASER), transistors, scintillators, radiation shielding, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), sensors, luminescence, phosphorescence, drug delivery, pharmaceuticals, microchips, piezoelectronics, triboelectricity, membranes, electrodes, alloying, organic synthesis, inorganic synthesis, biochemistry, building and construction materials, minerals and mining, optics and photonics, electronics, nuclear energy, batteries, electrolytes, lubricants, solid fuels, aerospace technology, dyes and pigments, food additives, and nanotechnology.

[0005] Incorporating metal complexes into low-dimensional perovskite units brings a range of interesting and potentially useful properties and functionalities. The interaction between the metal complex and the perovskite matrix alters the electronic, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of the material. The presence of metal complexes introduces additional energy levels into the band structure of the perovskite, resulting in tunable electronic and optical properties. This is advantageous for applications in optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells, where precise control of band gap and energy levels is crucial. Metal complexes are commonly used as catalysts in a variety of chemical reactions. Incorporating catalytically active metal complexes into low-dimensional perovskite matrices enhances catalytic activity due to the synergistic effect between the metal complex and the inherent properties of the perovskite. Some metal complexes exhibit magnetism due to their unpaired electrons in the d and f orbitals. Incorporating such complexes into the perovskite structure leads to interesting spin and magnetic interactions, potentially producing novel magnetisms suitable for magnetic storage or spintronics applications. Metal complexes often exhibit luminescent properties, including phosphorescence and fluorescence. Incorporating luminescent metal complexes into low-dimensional perovskites enhances their photoluminescence properties, making them suitable for applications such as lighting, scintillators, displays, and sensors. The careful incorporation of carefully selected metal complexes into low-dimensional perovskite structures introduces various beneficial properties, including increased specific surface area, improved conductivity, facilitated charge transfer, tunable electrochemical characteristics, enhanced stability, and synergistic effects. This can improve the performance of supercapacitors, making them more efficient and reliable for energy storage applications. Furthermore, the interaction between metal complexes and low-dimensional perovskites can generate new quantum states or coherent phenomena. These are of great significance for quantum computing and spintronics, where the control and manipulation of quantum states are crucial. Incorporating metal complexes into the perovskite matrix improves the stability of the metal complexes and protects them from environmental factors such as oxidation or degradation. This is particularly relevant for applications under harsh conditions such as aerospace environments and high-energy radiation applications, or for long-term device stability. It can be used for the protection and release of metal complexes according to environmental conditions, providing suitable options for applications in chemical synthesis and drug delivery concepts. The combination of the properties of metal complexes and the properties of low-dimensional perovskite matrices can enhance synergistic effects, where the overall properties of the material are not merely the sum of the properties of its individual components.

[0006] The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Attached Figure Description

[0007] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the low-dimensional perovskite crystal composition incorporating the metal complex described in this invention. This composition forms a two-dimensional perovskite unit cell similar to the Ruddlesden–Popper two-dimensional perovskite unit cell, wherein [M m L n Metal complex linker or spacer 3 sandwiched in Ab-1 B b X 3b+1 Between inorganic layers 1 and 2. The inorganic layer consists of B. b X 3b+1 The configuration consists of inorganic units 4, with smaller A cations 5 located in the octahedral voids formed by the connections of the inorganic units 4. In this configuration, [M m L n The metal complexes 6 are interconnected, and each metal complex is connected to an adjacent inorganic layer through intermolecular bonds such as hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, or CH–π stacking.

[0008] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the low-dimensional perovskite crystal composition incorporating the metal complex described in this invention. This composition forms a two-dimensional perovskite unit cell similar to the Dion–Jacobson two-dimensional perovskite unit cell, wherein [M m L n Metal complex linkers or spacer groups layer 9 sandwiched in A b-1 B b X 3b+1 Between inorganic layers 7 and 8. The inorganic layer consists of B. b X 3b+1 The system comprises inorganic units 10, with smaller A cations 11 located in the octahedral voids formed by the connections of the inorganic units 10. In this configuration, [M m L n The metal complexes 12 are interconnected, and each metal complex is connected to two adjacent inorganic layers by intermolecular bonds such as hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, or CH–π stacking.

[0009] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the unit cell configuration of the low-dimensional perovskite crystal composition of the present invention, incorporating metal complexes, when forming a zero-dimensional perovskite structure 13. The smaller A cation 14 is located within the B... b X 3b+1 In the octahedral voids formed by the connection of inorganic units 15, and [M m L n Metal complex 16 are interconnected and surround A through intermolecular bonds such as hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, and CH–π stacking. b-1 B b X 3b+1 Inorganic unit.

[0010] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the unit cell configuration of the low-dimensional perovskite crystal composition of the present invention, incorporating metal complexes, when forming a one-dimensional perovskite structure 17. Correspondingly, the smaller A cation 18 is located within the structure formed by B... b X 3b+1 In the octahedral voids formed by the connection of inorganic units 19, and [Mm L n Metal complexes 20 are interconnected and surround A through intermolecular bonds such as hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, and CH–π stacking. b-1 B b X 3b+1 Inorganic units allow the unit cell to extend along one axis to form various one-dimensional perovskite structures, such as nanorods, nanoneedles, nanofibers, and nanotubes.

[0011] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the unit cell configuration of the low-dimensional perovskite crystal composition incorporating metal complexes of the present invention when forming a two-dimensional perovskite structure 21. The smaller A cation 22 is located in the region formed by B... b X 3b+1 In the octahedral voids formed by the connection of inorganic units 23, and [M m L n Metal complexes 24 are interconnected and bonded to A through intermolecular bonds such as hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, and CH–π stacking. b-1 B b X 3b+1 Two adjacent layers of inorganic units are connected, causing the unit cell to extend along two axes to form various two-dimensional perovskite structures, such as nanoribbons, nanosheets, nanoplatelets, nanoflowers, and nanoplates.

[0012] Figure 6 This is an example of a unit cell in a two-dimensional perovskite crystal composition incorporating a Schiff base metal complex of the present invention, wherein the smaller ammonium carbamate cation 26 is located in the octahedral voids formed by the connection of PbI6 inorganic units 25, and the chromium Schiff base complex located in the asymmetric unit is composed of [CrL2]. + Composed of cations and chloride anions, wherein L is a tripentate Schiff base ligand (full name N-(2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl)-5-methoxysalicylaldehyde imine), the chromium Schiff base complex is used as metal complex 27, the metal complexes are linked to each other and are connected to two adjacent sheets of the MAPbI3 inorganic unit through intermolecular bonds such as hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking and CH–π stacking.

[0013] Figure 7 This is an example of a unit cell in a two-dimensional perovskite crystal composition incorporating a metallocene organometallic complex of the present invention, wherein a smaller ammonium carbamate cation 29 is located in an octahedral void formed by the connection of PbI6 inorganic units 28, and ferrocene is used as a metal complex 30. The metal complexes are interconnected with each other and are connected to two adjacent layers of MAPbI3 inorganic units by intermolecular bonds such as hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking and CH–π stacking. Example 1

[0014] The two-dimensional perovskite crystal composition (general formula [Fe(CP)2]2MA) incorporating metallocene organometallic complexes described in this invention was prepared and characterized. x FA 1-x PbI y Br z Cl 4-y-z Various two-dimensional perovskite thin film crystal structures were characterized using X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible absorption / reflection, photoluminescence (PL), time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). The results confirmed the formation of Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) two-dimensional perovskite structures with varying inorganic layer thicknesses. In fact, this metallocene-organic metal complex-doped two-dimensional perovskite crystal composition has been used as an absorber and passivation layer in perovskite photovoltaic devices (solar cells, modules, and solar panels) with nip and pin stacked structures, demonstrating significantly improved photovoltaic performance and device stability against various stress sources (environmental stress factors). The fabricated perovskite photovoltaic devices underwent various accelerated and outdoor tests, including continuous light aging (light immersion) at 1 solar irradiance (maximum power point tracking), damp heat testing at 85°C and 85% relative humidity, continuous light aging (light immersion) under UVA / UVB irradiation, and outdoor performance tracking, demonstrating long-term stability exceeding ISOS and IEC 61215 standards. In particular, the fabricated perovskite photovoltaic devices demonstrated excellent stability in harsh space environments through various stability tests, including UV / O3 stability, space thermal cycling, proton irradiation testing (high-energy and low-energy protons with high irradiance flux), and stratospheric flight testing.

Claims

1. A crystal composition formed therefrom, comprising at least one layer having a first surface and a second surface, wherein each layer comprises: Low-dimensional perovskite structure unit cell array, wherein "low-dimensional" includes zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional, and the empirical formula for each unit cell is: This causes each X to lie within the octahedral configuration of B and form a framework, with A incorporated into the framework, while [M] m L n The complex acts as a linker, oriented between the inorganic layers formed by A, B, and X; wherein M comprises different metals from Group IIIB, Group IVA, Group VA, and transition metals with different valence electrons and ionic charges; L contains various ligands with different valence electrons; A and B comprise different organic and inorganic cations; X comprises different Group VA, Group VIA, Group VIIA anions or combinations thereof; and wherein p, q, and r represent formal charges, where -4 ≤ p ≥ +4 and 1 ≤ q, r; and wherein 1 ≤ m, n, x, z and 0 ≤ y; and wherein [M m L n The complex is sandwiched between inorganic layers formed by structures A, B, and X to constitute a low-dimensional perovskite cell array; the crystal composition is as follows: When r is 1+ and 2+, B includes, but is not limited to: Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mg, Pb, Cd, Sn, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Os, lanthanides (such as Eu and Sm) or combinations of two or more of them; When r is 3+, B includes, but is not limited to: Fe, Co, Cr, Al, Ga, Sc, Y, Mn, Ru, Rh, In, Sb, V, lanthanides (such as La, Ce, Pr and Nd) or combinations of two or more of them; When r is 4+, B includes, but is not limited to: Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn, Pb or a combination of two or more of them; When r is 5+, B includes, but is not limited to: V, Nb, Ta, or a combination of two or more of them; Different kinds of [M m L n Metal complexes, including but not limited to: transition metal complexes with different organic and inorganic ligands, organometallic compounds such as metallocenes, or combinations of two or more thereof; wherein the organic and inorganic ligands are selected from Schiff bases, porphyrins, salicylaldehyde ethylenediamine, salicylaldehyde o-phenylenediamine, phthalocyanines, amines, amides, water, carbonyl groups, cyano groups, thionyl groups, amino acids, proteins, and any other Lewis bases; wherein the [M m L n Metal complexes are used as linkers.

2. The crystal composition according to claim 1, wherein, According to [M] m L n The dimensions of A, B, and X are determined using [M]. m L n Complexes, acting as linkers, can independently form zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional low-dimensional perovskite structures, or can form composite structures of two or more of these types.

3. The crystal composition according to claim 1, wherein [M] is incorporated within the low-dimensional perovskite structure unit cell. m L n Complexes, due to the intracrystalline carrier transport and wave function coupling between metal complexes and inorganic chains, endow materials with novel physicochemical properties; the interaction between metal complexes and perovskite matrix alters the electronic, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties of the materials.

4. The crystal composition according to claim 1, wherein the crystal composition constitutes a two-dimensional perovskite structure having inorganic layers of different thicknesses, and the inorganic layers are stacked on [M m L n Between layers; the general formula of the two-dimensional perovskite structure of claim 1 is [M m L n ] a A b-1 B b X 3b+1 Where "b" represents [M] m L n The number of inorganic layers between layers, where 1 ≤ a.

5. The crystal composition according to claim 1, wherein the crystal composition is formed as follows: Single crystals, polycrystalline materials, quasicrystalline materials, thin films, thick films, nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanotubes, nanorods, nanoneedles, nanofibers, nanoflowers, and any other nanostructures, which may exist alone or in combination with other compounds and materials. Preparation can be achieved through methods including but not limited to: slow evaporation, cooling crystallization, solvent evaporation, solvothermal synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, vapor diffusion, layer-by-layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, flux crystal growth, zone melting, solution growth, template-assisted growth, self-assembly, electrochemical deposition, floating zone method, melt growth, dip coating, spin coating, blade coating, slot extrusion coating, meniscus coating, screen printing, roll-to-roll printing, spraying, electrostatic spraying, epitaxial growth, chemical bath deposition, inkjet printing, and electrospinning.

6. The crystal composition according to claim 1, used for: Temporary incorporation of metal complexes, releasing or exchanging them during chemical reactions or physicochemical interactions; As a precursor or additive for different chemical reactions or different deposition methods, it exists in the form of solid, liquid, paste, powder, ink, sol, gel, core-shell structure, modified structure, encapsulated structure, structure deposited on or embedded in the substrate, or a combination of two or more of the above. Various applications, including but not limited to: catalysts for chemical reactions, electrocatalysts, photocatalysts, semiconductors, capacitors, supercapacitors, superconductors, detectors, photovoltaics, magnetism, quantum computing, lasers, transistors, scintillators, radiation shielding, light-emitting diodes, sensors, luminescence, phosphorescence, drug delivery, pharmaceuticals, microchips, piezoelectronics, triboelectrics, membranes, electrodes, alloying, organic synthesis, inorganic synthesis, biochemistry, building materials, minerals and mining, optics and photonics, electronics, nuclear energy, batteries, solid electrolytes, lubricants, solid fuels, aerospace technology, dyes and pigments, food additives, and nanotechnology.

7. The crystal composition according to claim 1, wherein [M m L n The presence of metal complexes has the following effects: By introducing additional energy levels of metal complexes into the band structure of perovskites, the tunability of electronic and optical properties is enhanced. This is of great significance for applications in optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes and solar cells, where precise control of the band gap and energy levels is crucial. When catalytically active [M] is incorporated into a low-dimensional perovskite matrix m L n When metal complexes are used, the catalytic activity is enhanced, which may be due to the synergistic effect between the metal complexes and the inherent properties of perovskite. When magnetic [M] is incorporated m L n When metal complexes are used, interesting spin and magnetic interactions are generated, which may produce novel magnetisms that can be applied to magnetic storage or spintronics; When luminescence is incorporated [M] m L n When combined with metals, photoluminescence properties can be enhanced, making them applicable to lighting, displays, and sensors; When [M] m L n When metal complexes interact with low-dimensional perovskites, new quantum states or coherent phenomena are formed, which may be of great significance to quantum computing and spintronics, where the control and manipulation of quantum states are crucial.

8. The crystalline composition according to claim 1, wherein [M] is incorporated into the perovskite matrix of the crystalline composition. m L n Metal complexes can improve the stability of the metal complexes and perovskite structures and protect them from environmental factors such as oxidation or degradation, which is especially important for the long-term stability of applications or devices under harsh conditions.

9. The crystalline composition according to claim 1, wherein [M m L n The properties of metal complexes combined with a low-dimensional perovskite matrix can enhance synergistic effects, meaning that the overall properties of the material exceed the simple sum of its individual components.

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