Secure user equipment using local media routing and satellite communications

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to secure user equipment (UE) and satellite communications using local media routing. A device, such as a satellite (e.g., a network equipment (NE)), receives, from a first UE, a first request to assign a first transport internet protocol (IP) address and port number and transmits, to the first UE, a response message indicating the first transport IP address and port number. The satellite receives, from a second UE, a second request to assign a second transport IP address and port number and transmits, to the second UE, a second response message indicating the second transport IP address and port number. The satellite performs data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE in accordance with the first transport IP address and the second transport IP address.

Description

[0001] Related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 558,694, filed February 28, 2024, entitled "Secure User Equipment and Satellite Communication with Local MediaRouting," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically, to user equipment (UE) to satellite to UE communications. Background Technology

[0004] A wireless communication system may include one or more network communication devices (which may also be referred to as network equipment (NE)) that support wireless communication for one or more user communication devices, and the user communication devices may also be referred to as user equipment (UE) or other suitable terms. The wireless communication system can support wireless communication with one or more user communication devices by utilizing the resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, time slots, subframes, frames, etc.) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, etc.)). Furthermore, the wireless communication system can support wireless communication across a variety of radio access technologies, including third-generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth-generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth-generation (5G) radio access technology, and other suitable radio access technologies other than 5G (e.g., sixth-generation (6G)).

[0005] The wireless communication system can support wireless device communication and may include one or more wireless devices, such as UEs, satellites and / or network equipment (NEs), and other devices, that transmit and / or receive signaling. Wireless communication between two UEs may include scenarios where the two UEs are located in the same serving cell and the media path is switched at a satellite. In another scenario, the two UEs are located in the same serving cell and the media path is switched between two or more satellites via an inter-satellite link (ISL). In yet another scenario, the UEs are each located in different serving cells, and the media path used for wireless communication is switched between two or more satellites via an ISL. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The article “a” preceding an element is unrestricted and should be understood to refer to “at least one” or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” are interchangeable. As used herein, the word “or,” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items beginning with phrases such as “at least one,” “one or more,” or “one or two”) indicates an inclusive list, such that a list of at least one of, for example, A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase “based on” should not be construed as referring to a closed set of conditions. For example, without departing from the scope of this disclosure, an example step described as “based on condition A” may be based on both condition A and condition B. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase “at least partially based on.” Furthermore, as used herein, the word “group” may comprise one or more elements.

[0007] A UE for wireless communication is described. The UE may be configured, enabled, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the UE may be configured, enabled, or operable to: transmit an Internet Protocol (IP) configuration request to a satellite; receive a local IP address assigned to the UE from the satellite based on the IP configuration request; transmit a request to the satellite to allocate at least one transport IP address and port number; receive a response message from the satellite indicating the at least one transport IP address and port number; and perform a connectivity test on the at least one transport IP address for forwarding data packets to an additional UE via the satellite.

[0008] A processor (e.g., a component of a standalone processor chipset or a UE) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured, capable, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured, capable, or operable to: transmit an IP configuration request to a satellite; receive a local IP address from the satellite based on the IP configuration request; transmit a request to the satellite to allocate at least one transport IP address and port number; receive a response message from the satellite indicating the at least one transport IP address and port number; and perform a connectivity test on the at least one transport IP address for forwarding data packets to the UE via the satellite.

[0009] A method for wireless communication, performed by or potentially performed by a UE, is described. The method may include: transmitting an IP configuration request to a satellite; receiving, based on the IP configuration request, a local IP address assigned to the UE from the satellite; transmitting a request to the satellite to allocate at least one transport IP address and port number; receiving, from the satellite, a response message indicating the at least one transport IP address and port number; and performing a connectivity test on the at least one transport IP address for forwarding data packets to an additional UE via the satellite.

[0010] In some embodiments of the UE, processor, and methods described herein, the satellite includes a Session Traverse Application (STU) (STUN) server for Network Access Translation (NAT) or a Relay Traverse NAT (TURN) server, and the satellite communicates with a Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF) as a terrestrial IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network. Alternatively, in some embodiments of the UE, processor, and methods described herein, the satellite includes a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite contains a P-CSCF.

[0011] A newline device (NE) (e.g., a satellite) for wireless communication is described. The NE can be configured, enabled, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the NE can be configured, enabled, or operable to: receive a first request from a first UE to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number; transmit a first response message to the first UE indicating the at least one first transport IP address and port number; receive a second request from a second UE to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number; transmit a second response message to the second UE indicating the at least one second transport IP address and port number; and perform data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on the at least one first transport IP address and the at least one second transport IP address.

[0012] A processor (e.g., a component of a standalone processor chipset or NE) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured, capable, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured, capable, or operable to: receive from a first UE a first request to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number; transmit to the first UE a first response message indicating the at least one first transport IP address and port number; receive from a second UE a second request to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number; transmit to the second UE a second response message indicating the at least one second transport IP address and port number; and perform data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on the at least one first transport IP address and the at least one second transport IP address.

[0013] A method for wireless communication, performed by or potentially performed by a network element (NE, e.g., a satellite), is described. The method may include: receiving from a first UE a first request to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number; transmitting to the first UE a first response message indicating the at least one first transport IP address and port number; receiving from a second UE a second request to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number; transmitting to the second UE a second response message indicating the at least one second transport IP address and port number; and performing data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on the at least one first transport IP address and the at least one second transport IP address.

[0014] In some embodiments of the NE, processor, and method described herein, the NE, processor, and method are configured, capable, or operable to: receive an IP configuration request from a first UE; and transmit a local IP address assigned to the first UE based on the IP configuration request. In some embodiments of the NE, processor, and method described herein, the NE includes a satellite implemented with a STUN server or TURN server, and the satellite is operable to communicate with a P-CSCF serving as a terrestrial IMS network. Alternatively, in some embodiments of the NE, processor, and method described herein, the NE includes a satellite implemented with a STUN server or TURN server, and the satellite includes a P-CSCF.

[0015] A newline device (NE) (e.g., a satellite) for wireless communication is described. The NE may be configured, capable, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the NE may be configured, capable, or operable to: receive from a P-CSCF a first request to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number for a first UE; transmit to the P-CSCF a first response message indicating the at least one first transport IP address and port number of the first UE; receive from the P-CSCF a second request to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number for a second UE; transmit to the P-CSCF a second response message indicating the at least one second transport IP address and port number of the second UE; and perform data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on the at least one first transport IP address and the at least one second transport IP address.

[0016] A processor (e.g., a component of a standalone processor chipset or NE) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured, capable, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured, capable, or operable to: receive from a P-CSCF a first request to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number for a first UE; transmit to the P-CSCF a first response message indicating the at least one first transport IP address and port number of the first UE; receive from the P-CSCF a second request to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number for a second UE; transmit to the P-CSCF a second response message indicating the at least one second transport IP address and port number of the second UE; and perform data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on the at least one first transport IP address and the at least one second transport IP address.

[0017] A method for wireless communication, performed by or potentially performed by a network element (NE, e.g., a satellite), is described. The method may include: receiving from a P-CSCF a first request to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number to a first UE; transmitting to the P-CSCF a first response message indicating the at least one first transport IP address and port number of the first UE; receiving from the P-CSCF a second request to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number to a second UE; transmitting to the P-CSCF a second response message indicating the at least one second transport IP address and port number of the second UE; and performing data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on the at least one first transport IP address and the at least one second transport IP address.

[0018] In some embodiments of the NE, processor, and method described herein, the NE, processor, and method are configured, capable, or operable to: receive an IP configuration request from a first UE; and transmit a local IP address assigned to the first UE based on the IP configuration request. In some embodiments of the NE, processor, and method described herein, the NE includes a satellite implemented with an IMS Access Media Gateway (IMS-AGW) server, and the satellite is operable to communicate with the P-CSCF, which is a terrestrial IMS network. In some embodiments of the NE, processor, and method described herein, the NE includes a satellite implemented with an IMS-AGW server, and the satellite contains the P-CSCF. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 Examples of wireless communication systems according to aspects of this disclosure are described.

[0020] Figure 2 This describes an example of UE-to-satellite-to-UE communication according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0021] Figure 3 This describes an example of a STUN / TURN server implemented in a satellite according to aspects of this disclosure, with the P-CSCF signaling diagram transmitted via a terrestrial IMS network.

[0022] Figure 4 This document describes an example of a signaling diagram implemented in a satellite using a STUN / TURN server and P-CSCF, based on aspects of this disclosure.

[0023] Figure 5 This illustrates an example of a signaling diagram of P-CSCF via a terrestrial IMS network implemented in a satellite according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0024] Figure 6 Examples of signaling diagrams implemented in satellites according to aspects of this disclosure, including IMS-AGW and P-CSCF.

[0025] Figure 7 Examples of UEs based on aspects of this disclosure are described.

[0026] Figure 8 Examples of processors according to aspects of this disclosure are described.

[0027] Figure 9 Examples of network equipment (NE) according to aspects of this disclosure are described.

[0028] Figure 10 A flowchart illustrating a method performed by a UE according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0029] Figure 11 A flowchart illustrating the method performed by NE according to aspects of this disclosure.

[0030] Figure 12 A flowchart illustrating the method performed by NE according to aspects of this disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The wireless communication system can support wireless communication between one or more wireless devices (e.g., UEs, satellites, and / or NEs, and other devices) that transmit and / or receive signaling. Wireless communication scenarios may include UE-to-satellite-to-UE communication for multimedia services via the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), where control signaling is routed through the IMS in a terrestrial mobile network. For example, wireless communication between two UEs may include scenarios where the two UEs are located in the same serving cell and the media path is switched at a satellite. In another scenario, the two UEs are located in the same serving cell and the media path is switched between two or more satellites via ISL. In yet another scenario, the UEs are each located in different serving cells, and the media path used for wireless communication is switched between two or more satellites via ISL.

[0032] This disclosure relates to protecting, for example, wireless communications between two UEs, where the media path is routed locally within the same satellite or via other satellites, without needing to traverse a terrestrial network. In these communication scenarios, wireless communications are protected against attacks that could compromise communication privacy, where the signaling path is routed as intended via the IMS network, but the media is routed locally within the satellite.

[0033] The satellite may include network functions to support IMS multimedia services. The IMS Application-Level Gateway (IMS-ALG) and IMS-AGW can be used as STUN and / or TURN servers within the IMS network. STUN provides communication with users behind NAT firewalls, and TURN can relay media traffic if the connection fails. However, the scenario described here assumes that the IMS-AGW is behind NAT and close to the Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF) within the IMS network, hosting the IMS ALG.

[0034] This disclosure relates to communication scenarios where control signaling is routed via the core network IMS and media is routed directly between two UEs served in the same serving cell. Solutions are described that integrate a STUN / TURN server into a satellite and perform NAT on traffic within the satellite, or integrate an IMS-AGW with an MS-ALG (P-CSCF). In one or more embodiments, the satellite becomes a local network router within the serving cell of the satellite, and for an integrated IMS-AGW, the satellite also becomes an entry point to the IMS network along with the implementation of the P-CSCF. In one embodiment, the STUN / TURN server is implemented in the satellite, and the P-CSCF is implemented via a terrestrial IMS network. In another embodiment, both the STUN / TURN server and the P-CSCF are implemented in the satellite. In another embodiment, the IMS-AGW is implemented in the satellite, and the P-CSCF is implemented via a terrestrial IMS network. In yet another embodiment, both the IMS-AGW and the P-CSCF are implemented in the satellite.

[0035] One or more implementations support existing technologies for media security and may include a Key Management Server (KMS). One or more implementations also support one satellite for ISL, or if multiple satellites implement STUN / TURN servers or IMS-ALG, then media can be routed between satellites accordingly. The satellites can then form an IP network. Two UEs can be positioned in the same serving cell or different serving cells for service, and the two UEs can connect to the same satellite or two different satellites. Given that the P-CSCF will also be the entry point to the IMS network and maintain the state of each connection and corresponding IMS registration, other implementation options may include not installing the P-CSCF in the satellite, which reduces complexity in the satellite context.

[0036] This disclosure is described in the context of wireless communication systems. References herein refer to the transmission of data or information, such as signaling notification of communication resources and / or communications transmitted or received between devices. It should be understood that other terms may be used interchangeably with communication, such as signaling notification, transmitting, receiving, outputting, forwarding, retrieving, obtaining, etc.

[0037] Figure 1This section describes an example of a wireless communication system 100 according to aspects of this disclosure. The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more NEs 102, one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communication system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some embodiments, the wireless communication system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-A network. In some other embodiments, the wireless communication system 100 may be an NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-A network, or a 5G Ultra Wideband (5G-UWB) network. In other embodiments, the wireless communication system 100 may be a combination of 4G and 5G networks, or other suitable radio access technologies, including IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), and IEEE 802.20. The wireless communication system 100 may support radio access technologies other than 5G, such as 6G. In addition, the wireless communication system 100 can support technologies such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

[0038] One or more NEs 102 may be distributed across a geographical area to form a wireless communication system 100. One or more of the NEs 102 described herein may be, include, or be referred to as a network node, base station, network element, network function, network entity, network infrastructure (or infrastructure), radio access network (RAN), NodeB, eNodeB (eNB), next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terms. NEs 102 and UEs 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, NEs 102 and UEs 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) via a Uu interface.

[0039] NE 102 can provide a geographic coverage area within which it can support services for one or more UEs 104. For example, NE 102 and UE 104 can support wireless communication of signals associated with services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcasting, etc.) based on one or more radio access technologies. In some embodiments, NE 102 can be mobile, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some embodiments, different geographic coverage areas associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but different geographic coverage areas may be associated with different NEs 102.

[0040] One or more UEs 104 may be distributed across a geographical area of ​​the wireless communication system 100. UE 104 may include or be referred to as a remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, remote device, subscriber device, transmitter device, receiver device, or some other suitable term. In some implementations, UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, station, terminal, or client, and other instances thereof. Additionally or alternatively, UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a Machine Type Communication (MTC) device, and other instances thereof.

[0041] UE 104 may be able to support direct wireless communication with other UE 104 via a communication link. For example, UE 104 may support direct wireless communication with another UE 104 via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, UE 104 may support direct wireless communication with another UE 104 via a PC5 interface.

[0042] NE 102 may support communication with CN 106 or with another NE 102, or both. For example, NE 102 may interface with other NE 102 or CN 106 via one or more backhaul links (e.g., S1, N2, N6, or other network interfaces). In some embodiments, NE 102 may communicate directly with each other. In some other embodiments, NE 102 may communicate indirectly with each other (e.g., via CN 106). In some embodiments, one or more NE 102 may include sub-components, such as access network entities, which may be instances of Access Node Controllers (ANCs). The ANC may communicate with one or more UE 104s via one or more other access network transmitting entities (which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmit-receive points (TRPs)).

[0043] CN 106 can support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. CN 106 can be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), which may include control plane entities (e.g., Mobility Management Entity (MME), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)) that manage access and mobility, and user plane entities (e.g., Serving Gateway (S-GW), Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW), or User Plane Function (UPF)) that route packets or interconnect to external networks. In some implementations, the control plane entities may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions of one or more UEs 104 served by one or more NEs 102 associated with CN 106, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signaling bearers, etc.).

[0044] CN 106 can communicate with the packet data network via one or more backhaul links (e.g., via S1, N2, N6, or other network interfaces). The packet data network may contain an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 can communicate with the application server. UE 104 can establish a session (e.g., a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session, etc.) with CN 106 via NE 102. CN 106 can use the established session (e.g., an established PDU session) to route services (e.g., control information, data, etc.) between UE 104 and the application server. A PDU session can be an instance of a logical connection between UE 104 and CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of CN 106).

[0045] In the wireless communication system 100, NE 102 and UE 104 can use the resources of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, time slots, subframes, frames, etc.) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communication). In some embodiments, NE 102 and UE 104 may support different resource structures. For example, NE 102 and UE 104 may support different frame structures. In some embodiments, such as in 4G, NE 102 and UE 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other embodiments, such as in 5G and other suitable radio access technologies, NE 102 and UE 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures). NE 102 and UE 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more parameter sets.

[0046] The wireless communication system 100 may support one or more parameter sets, and the parameter sets may include subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefixes. A first parameter set (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a regular cyclic prefix. In some embodiments, the first parameter set (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one time slot per subframe. A second parameter set (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a regular cyclic prefix. A third parameter set (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a regular cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth parameter set (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a regular cyclic prefix. A fifth parameter set (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a regular cyclic prefix.

[0047] Time intervals for resources (e.g., communication resources) can be organized according to frames (also known as radio frames). Each frame may have a duration, for example, 10 milliseconds (ms). In some embodiments, each frame may contain multiple subframes. For example, each frame may contain 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, 1 ms. In some embodiments, each frame may have the same duration. In some embodiments, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.

[0048] Alternatively, the time intervals of resources (e.g., communication resources) can be organized according to time slots. For example, a subframe may contain a certain number (e.g., quantity) of time slots. The number of time slots in each subframe may also depend on one or more parameter sets supported in the wireless communication system 100. For example, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth parameter sets (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with corresponding subcarrier intervals of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single time slot per subframe, two time slots per subframe, four time slots per subframe, eight time slots per subframe, and 16 time slots per subframe, respectively. Each time slot may contain a certain number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). In some embodiments, the number (e.g., quantity) of time slots in a subframe may depend on the parameter set. For a conventional cyclic prefix, a time slot may contain 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable to a 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a time slot may contain 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per time slot for the regular cyclic prefix and the extended cyclic prefix, the number of time slots per subframe, and the number of time slots per frame may depend on the parameter set. It should be understood that references to the first parameter set (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and time slots.

[0049] In the wireless communication system 100, the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum can be divided into various categories, frequency bands, channels, etc., based on frequency or wavelength. For example, the wireless communication system 100 may support one or more operating frequency bands, such as frequency range names FR1 (410 MHz to 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz to 114.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). In some embodiments, NE 102 and UE 104 may perform wireless communication on one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some embodiments, FR1 may be used by NE 102 and UE 104, as well as other equipment or devices, for cellular communication services (e.g., control information, data). In some implementations, FR2 can be used by NE 102 and UE 104, as well as other equipment or devices, for short-range, high data rate capabilities.

[0050] FR1 may be associated with one or more parameter sets (e.g., at least three parameter sets). For example, FR1 may be associated with a first parameter set containing a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing (e.g., μ=0); a second parameter set containing a 30 kHz subcarrier spacing (e.g., μ=1); and a third parameter set containing a 60 kHz subcarrier spacing (e.g., μ=2). FR2 may be associated with one or more parameter sets (e.g., at least two parameter sets). For example, FR2 may be associated with a third parameter set containing a 60 kHz subcarrier spacing (e.g., μ=2); and a fourth parameter set containing a 120 kHz subcarrier spacing (e.g., μ=3).

[0051] According to the implementation scheme, one or more of NE 102 and UE 104 can operate to implement various aspects of the technology described with reference to this disclosure. For example, NE 102 can receive a request from a first UE 104 to allocate a transport IP address and port number, and NE transmits a response message indicating the transport IP address and port number to the first UE 104. Furthermore, NE 102 can receive a similar request from a second UE 104 to allocate a transport IP address and port number, and NE transmits a response message indicating the transport IP address and port number to the second UE 104. NE 102 can then perform data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on the transport IP address and port.

[0052] In other implementations, NE 102 may receive a request from P-CSCF to allocate a transport IP address and port number for the first UE 104, and NE transmits a response message to P-CSCF indicating the transport IP address and port number of the first UE. Furthermore, NE 102 may receive a similar request from P-CSCF to allocate a transport IP address and port number for the second UE 104, and NE transmits a response message to P-CSCF indicating the transport IP address and port number of the second UE. NE 102 may then perform data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on the transport IP address and port.

[0053] In other implementations, UE 104 may transmit an IP configuration request to a satellite (e.g., NE 102 or a satellite equipped with an NE), and the UE receives a local IP address assigned to the UE from the satellite based on the IP configuration request. UE 104 may transmit a request to the satellite to allocate a transport IP address and port number, and the UE receives a response message from the satellite indicating the transport IP address and port number. UE 104 may then perform a connectivity test on the transport IP address for use in forwarding data packets to an additional UE 104 via satellite.

[0054] Figure 2 This describes an example of UE-to-satellite-to-UE communication 200 according to aspects of this disclosure. UE-satellite-to-UE communication refers to communication between UE 104 (e.g., UE x and UE y) using local handover capability 204 in satellite 206 under the coverage of one or more serving satellites, where user plane traffic does not traverse the terrestrial network 202. However, in embodiments where one or more satellites are connected via ISL, this ensures that the terrestrial network connection is always available. Although only two UEs 104 are represented in communication, a communication session may involve more than two UEs. It should also be noted that the satellite (or multiple satellites) may serve more than one serving cell, in which case the UE 104 may be in different cells.

[0055] This disclosure includes an implementation of a STUN / TURN server in a satellite, with the P-CSCF via a terrestrial IMS network. In this implementation, the STUN / TURN server is implemented in the satellite, and the UE requests a candidate transport address from the satellite for each media stream. The satellite may use a server with NAT and Local Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) implemented to assign local IP addresses to all UEs served by the satellite. The UE may use a security mechanism in the Session Description Protocol (SDP) offer to exchange appropriate security material for subsequent media protection. For this mechanism, the call flow may not change; however, for Key Management System (KMS) support (also known as Key Management Server (KMS)), additional messages may be sent (e.g., transmitted, relayed) on both sides to request tokens.

[0056] Figure 3 This describes an example of a STUN / TURN server implemented in a satellite according to aspects of this disclosure, with the P-CSCF signaling diagram 300 via a terrestrial IMS network. This example signaling diagram 300 includes UE-A 104, another UE-B 104, satellite 302, IMS 304, and KMS 306.

[0057] In one or more implementations, UE-A 104 (in step 1) begins candidate transport address collection by requesting a transport address for each media stream from the STUN server. The STUN server (in step 2) reserves one of its transport addresses for each media stream and sends the reserved transport address information back to the UE. The STUN server also reflects the source transport address of the original request for the transport address. If the UE fails to recognize the STUN server, it can conclude that the ICE and outbound procedures are not supported by the network and can default to using the IMS-ALG procedure.

[0058] UE-A (in steps 3 and 4) repeats the procedure for requesting a transport address for each Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Control Protocol (RTCP) stream. These steps can be performed in parallel or serially with steps 1 and 2 as described. UE-A (in step 5) may request a MIKEY-TICKET from KMS, provided that this media security mechanism is used. With its three candidates (local assignment, server reflection, and relay), UE-A (in step 6) formulates a proposal and forwards it to its assigned P-CSCF. UE-A includes SP cand-type, SP rel-addr, and SP rel-port in the candidate attributes. UE-A contains the corresponding security credentials in the SDP proposal. To ensure that subsequent responses to the proposal are allowed through NAT, the P-CSCF stores the received transport address information in the transport header of the proposal.

[0059] The P-CSCF (in step 7) forwards the proposal to the UE-B using one of the previously established flows. If KMS is used, the IMS UE-B (in step 8) checks if it is authorized to resolve the ticket, and if authorized, the IMS UE-B interacts with KMS to resolve the ticket and receive the key. The UE-B (in steps 9 to 12) performs the candidate collection procedure as outlined in steps 1 to 4 described above. With its three candidates (local assignment, server reflection, and relay), the UE-B (in step 13) forms a response and forwards it to its assigned P-CSCF. The UE-B includes the corresponding security response parameters from the SDP response.

[0060] IMS (in step 14) forwards the SDP response to UE-A. Both UE-A and UE-B (in step 15) perform connectivity tests on each received transport address to determine which of the received transport addresses are actually reachable. If both UEs are part of the same local network served by the same satellite, then the UEs can connect directly without NAT. UE-A media (in step 16) is now directly routed to UE B at the same satellite without needing to traverse the core network on the ground.

[0061] This disclosure includes an implementation scheme where a STUN / TURN server and P-CSCF are implemented in a satellite, and the UE requests a candidate transport address from the satellite for each media stream. The satellite may have NAT and a local DHCP server implemented to assign local IP addresses to all UEs served by the satellite. The UE may use a security mechanism for exchanging appropriate security materials in the SDP proposal for subsequent media protection. For this mechanism, the call flow may not change; however, for KMS support, additional messages may be sent on both sides to request tokens. IMS signaling is routed to at least the P-CSCF of UE-A, which is assigned to IMS upon registration.

[0062] Figure 4 This describes an example of a signaling diagram 400 implemented in a satellite according to aspects of this disclosure, including a STUN / TURN server and a P-CSCF. This example signaling diagram 400 includes UE-A 104, another UE-B 104, satellite 402, IMS 404, and KMS 406.

[0063] In one or more implementations, UE-A 104 (in step 1) begins candidate transport address collection by requesting a transport address for each media stream from the STUN server. The STUN server (in step 2) reserves one of its transport addresses for each media stream and sends the reserved transport address information back to the UE. The STUN server also reflects the source transport address of the original request for the transport address. If the UE fails to recognize the STUN server, it can conclude that the ICE and outbound procedures are not supported by the network and can default to using the IMS-ALG procedure.

[0064] UE-A (in steps 3 and 4) repeats the procedure for requesting a transport address for each RTCP stream. These steps can be performed in parallel or serially with steps 1 and 2 as described. UE-A (in step 5) may request a MIKEY-TICKET from KMS, provided that this media security mechanism is used. With its three candidates (local assignment, server reflection, and relay), UE-A (in step 6) formulates a proposal and forwards it to its assigned P-CSCF. UE-A includes SP cand-type, SP rel-addr, and SP rel-port in the candidate attributes. UE-A contains the corresponding security credentials in the SDP proposal. To ensure that subsequent responses to the proposal are allowed through NAT, the P-CSCF stores the received transport address information in the transport header of the proposal. The P-CSCF forwards the proposal to IMS.

[0065] In step 7, IMS forwards the proposal to UE-B using one of the previously established flows. If UE-B is also registered via a P-CSCF in the satellite, the message also traverses the P-CSCF in the satellite; otherwise, the registered P-CSCF at the terrestrial IMS network is used. If KMS is used, then IMS UE-B (in step 8) checks whether it is authorized to resolve the ticket, and if authorized, then IMS UE-B interacts with KMS to resolve the ticket and receive the key.

[0066] UE-B (in steps 9 to 12) performs the candidate collection procedure as outlined in steps 1 to 4 described above. With its three candidates (local assignment, server reflection, and relay), UE-B (in step 13) forms a response and forwards it to its assigned P-CSCF. UE-B includes the corresponding security response parameters in the SDP response. IMS (in step 14) forwards the SDP response to UE-A. Both UE-A and UE-B (in step 15) perform connectivity tests on each received transport address to determine which of the received transport addresses are actually reachable. If both UEs are part of the same local network served by the same satellite, the UEs can connect directly without NAT. UE-A media (in step 16) is now directly routed to UE-B at the same satellite without traversing the core network on the ground.

[0067] This disclosure includes an implementation where the IMS-AGW is implemented in a satellite and the P-CSCF is located via a terrestrial IMS network. In this implementation, the satellite hosts the IMS-AGW, while the IMS-ALG remains located in the P-CSCF within the terrestrial IMS network. It is assumed that the P-CSCF can communicate with the IMS-ALG in the satellite for SDP transport address configuration. The satellite is equipped with NAT and a local DHCP server to assign local IP addresses to all UEs served by the satellite. UEs can use security mechanisms for exchanging appropriate security materials in the SDP proposal for subsequent media protection. For the mechanism, the call flow may not change; however, for KMS support, additional messages may need to be sent on both sides to request tokens. IMS signaling is routed to at least the P-CSCF of UE-A (e.g., the P-CSCF responsible for... as referenced...). Figure 5 Steps 3, 4, 8, and 9 (shown and described) are assigned to IMS during registration.

[0068] Figure 5 This describes an example of a signaling diagram 500 for an IMS-AGW implemented in a satellite according to aspects of this disclosure, with the P-CSCF transmitted via a terrestrial IMS network. This example signaling diagram 500 includes UE-A 104, another UE-B 104, satellite 502, IMS 504, and KMS 506.

[0069] In one or more implementations, UE 104 (in step 1) may request a MIKEY-TICKET from the KMS, provided that this media security mechanism is used. UE-A's P-CSCF (in step 2) receives a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) message with an SDP proposal from UE-A and decides to invoke the IMS-ALG function for this session. The session can be initiated or terminated. The SDP proposal contains UE-A's transport address to which the media stream should be routed. The transport address refers to both the IP address and the port. UE-A contains the corresponding security credentials from the SDP proposal.

[0070] The P-CSCF of UE-A (in step 3) requests the transport address for each media stream from the IMS access gateway in the satellite. Each request contains sufficient information to determine the side of the IMS access gateway requesting the transport (e.g., the local or remote side of UE-A). The IMS access gateway in the satellite (in step 4) reserves one of its transport addresses for the given side of the media stream, and this transport address is sent back to the P-CSCF. The IMS access gateway in the satellite should hold the reserved temporary transport address (binding) until the session is released. The P-CSCF (in step 5) changes the original transport address of the SDP proposal to the transport address received from the IMS access gateway. The P-CSCF forwards the SIP message with the modified SDP proposal according to the normal routing procedure. If KMS is used, then the IMS UE-B (in step 6) checks whether it is authorized to resolve the ticket, and if authorized, then the IMS UE-B interacts with KMS to resolve the ticket and receive the key.

[0071] UE-B (in step 7) sends back a SIP message with an SDP response, which is forwarded to the P-CSCF according to the normal SIP message routing procedure. UE-B includes the corresponding security response parameters from the SDP response. The UE-B P-CSCF may be a different P-CSCF than the UE-A P-CSCF in step 2. The routing procedure routes the SIP message to the UE-A P-CSCF. The UE-A P-CSCF (in step 8) requests a transport address from the IMS access gateway in the satellite for each media stream in its own IMS network's routing domain. The request contains sufficient information to relate to the transport address request performed in step 3. Note that if some of the proposed media streams are rejected in the response, the P-CSCF should indicate this to the IMS access gateway in the satellite. The IMS access gateway in the satellite may release resources (e.g., transport addresses) reserved for the media streams. The P-CSCF may directly instruct the release of resources.

[0072] The IMS access gateway in the satellite (in step 9) reserves one of the transport addresses for the given side of the media stream, and this transport address is sent back to the P-CSCF. The P-CSCF (in step 10) changes the original transport address of the SDP response to the transport address received from the IMS access gateway. The P-CSCF forwards the SIP message with the modified SDP response to the UE-A according to the normal SIP message routing procedure. (In step 11) Normal IMS session completion is performed, and the IMS-ALG (in step 12) performs packet forwarding according to the transport address, wherein the media is protected according to the type of security mechanism used.

[0073] This disclosure includes an implementation of IMS-AGW and P-CSCF in a satellite. The satellite hosts IMS-AGW, IMS-ALG, and P-CSCF. The satellite has NAT and a local DHCP server implemented to assign local IP addresses to all UEs served by the satellite. UEs can use security mechanisms for exchanging appropriate security materials in the SDP proposal for subsequent media protection. For this mechanism, the call flow may not change; however, for KMS support, additional messages may need to be sent on both sides to request tokens. IMS signaling is routed to the P-CSCF in the satellite at least for UE-A (e.g., responsible for... as referenced...). Figure 6 Steps 2 to 5 and 9 to 12 (shown and described) are assigned to IMS during registration.

[0074] Figure 6 This describes an example of a signaling diagram 600 implemented in a satellite according to aspects of this disclosure, including IMS-AGW and P-CSCF. This example signaling diagram 600 includes UE-A 104, another UE-B 104, satellite 602, IMS 604, and KMS 606.

[0075] In one or more implementations, UE 104 (in step 1) may request a MIKEY-TICKET from the KMS, provided that this media security mechanism is used. The P-CSCF of UE-A in the satellite (in step 2) receives a SIP message with an SDP proposal from UE-A and determines to invoke the IMS-ALG function for this session. The session can be initiated or terminated. The SDP proposal contains the transport address of UE-A to which the media stream should be routed. The transport address refers to both the IP address and the port. UE-A contains the corresponding security credentials from the SDP proposal.

[0076] In step 3, the P-CSCF of UE-A in the satellite requests a transport address for each media stream from the IMS access gateway in the satellite. Each request contains sufficient information to determine the side of the IMS access gateway requesting the transport (e.g., the local or remote side of UE-A). In step 4, the IMS access gateway in the satellite reserves one of its transport addresses for the given side of the media stream, and this transport address is sent back to the P-CSCF in the satellite. The IMS access gateway in the satellite should hold the reserved temporary transport address (binding) until the session is released.

[0077] The P-CSCF in the satellite (in step 5) changes the original transport address of the SDP proposal to the transport address received from the IMS access gateway. The P-CSCF in the satellite forwards the SIP message with the modified SDP proposal according to the normal routing procedure. The IMS (in step 6) forwards the proposal to UE-B using one of the previously established flows. If UE-B is also registered via the P-CSCF in the satellite, then the message also traverses the P-CSCF in the satellite; otherwise, the registered P-CSCF at the terrestrial IMS network is used.

[0078] If KMS is used, then the IMS UE-B (in step 7) checks whether it is authorized to resolve the ticket, and if authorized, the IMS UE-B interacts with KMS to resolve the ticket and receive the key. The UE-B (in step 8) sends back a SIP message with an SDP response, which is forwarded to the P-CSCF according to the normal SIP message routing procedure. The UE-B contains the corresponding security response parameters from the SDP response. The UE-B P-CSCF may be a different P-CSCF than the UE-A's P-CSCF in step 2. The routing procedure (in step 9) routes the SIP message to the UE-A's P-CSCF in the satellite.

[0079] The P-CSCF of UE-A in the satellite (in step 10) requests a transport address from the IMS access gateway in the satellite for each media stream in the routing domain of its own IMS network. The request contains sufficient information to relate to the transport address request performed in step 3. It should be noted that if some of the proposed media streams are rejected in the response, the P-CSCF in the satellite should indicate this to the IMS access gateway in the satellite. The IMS access gateway in the satellite may release resources (e.g., transport addresses) reserved for said media streams. The P-CSCF in the satellite may directly instruct the release of resources.

[0080] The IMS access gateway in the satellite (in step 11) reserves one of its transport addresses for the given side of the media stream, and this transport address is sent back to the P-CSCF in the satellite. The P-CSCF in the satellite (in step 12) changes the original transport address of the SDP response to the transport address received from the IMS access gateway. The P-CSCF in the satellite forwards the SIP message with the modified SDP response to the UE-A according to the normal SIP message routing procedure. (In step 13) Normal IMS session completion is performed, and the IMS-ALG (in step 14) performs packet forwarding according to the transport address, wherein the media is protected according to the type of security mechanism used.

[0081] Figure 7An example of a UE 700 according to aspects of this disclosure is described. UE 700 may include a processor 702, a memory 704, a controller 706, and a transceiver 708. The processor 702, memory 704, controller 706, or transceiver 708, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of components for performing the various aspects of this disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled via one or more interfaces (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically).

[0082] Processor 702, memory 704, controller 706, or transceiver 708, or various combinations or components thereof, may be implemented in hardware (e.g., a circuit system). The hardware may be a processor, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured or otherwise supporting components for performing the functions described in this disclosure.

[0083] Processor 702 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, processor 702 may be configured to operate memory 704. In some other embodiments, memory 704 may be integrated into processor 702. Processor 702 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 704 to cause UE 700 to perform various functions of this disclosure.

[0084] Memory 704 may comprise volatile or non-volatile memory. Memory 704 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code containing instructions that, when executed by processor 702, cause UE 700 to perform the various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as memory 704 or another type of memory. Computer-readable medium includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media, wherein the communication media includes any media that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Non-transitory storage media may be any available media accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0085] In some implementations, processor 702 and memory 704 coupled to processor 702 may be configured to cause UE 700 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., processor 702 executing instructions stored in memory 704). For example, processor 702 may support wireless communication at UE 700 according to examples disclosed herein. UE 700 may be configured or operable to support components for: transmitting an IP configuration request to a satellite; receiving a local IP address assigned to the UE from the satellite based on the IP configuration request; transmitting a request to the satellite to allocate at least one transport IP address and port number; receiving a response message from the satellite indicating at least one transport IP address and port number; and performing a connectivity test on at least one transport IP address for forwarding data packets to an additional UE via satellite.

[0086] In addition, the UE 700 can be configured to support any or a combination of the following: the satellite includes a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite communicates with a P-CSCF as a terrestrial IMS network. The satellite includes a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite contains a P-CSCF.

[0087] Alternatively, UE 700 may support: at least one memory (e.g., memory 704); and at least one processor (e.g., processor 702), coupled to at least one memory and configured to enable the UE to: transmit an IP configuration request to a satellite; receive a local IP address assigned to the UE from the satellite based on the IP configuration request; transmit a request to the satellite to allocate at least one transport IP address and port number; receive a response message from the satellite indicating at least one transport IP address and port number; and perform a connectivity test on at least one transport IP address for use in forwarding data packets to an additional UE via satellite.

[0088] In addition, the UE 700 can be configured to support any or a combination of the following: the satellite includes a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite communicates with a P-CSCF as a terrestrial IMS network. The satellite includes a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite contains a P-CSCF.

[0089] Controller 706 manages the input and output signals of UE 700. Controller 706 can also manage peripheral devices not integrated into UE 700. In some embodiments, controller 706 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some embodiments, controller 706 may be implemented as part of processor 702.

[0090] In some embodiments, UE 700 may include at least one transceiver 708. In other embodiments, UE 700 may have more than one transceiver 708. Transceiver 708 may represent a wireless transceiver. Transceiver 708 may include one or more receiver chains 710, one or more transmitter chains 712, or a combination thereof.

[0091] Receiver chain 710 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, receiver chain 710 may include one or more antennas for receiving signals over the air or over a wireless medium. Receiver chain 710 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. Receiver chain 710 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during signal transmission. Receiver chain 710 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0092] Transmitter chain 712 can be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). Transmitter chain 712 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Transmitter chain 712 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over a wireless medium. Transmitter chain 712 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0093] Figure 8 An example of a processor 800 according to aspects of this disclosure is described. Processor 800 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations according to the examples described herein. Processor 800 may include a controller 802 configured to perform various operations according to the examples described herein. Processor 800 may optionally include at least one memory 804, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally or alternatively, processor 800 may optionally include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs) 806. One or more of these components may be electronically communicated or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0094] Processor 800 may be a processor chipset and includes a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receive, acquire, retrieve, transmit, output, forward, store, determine, identify, access, write, read) according to the examples described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory native to the processor chipset (e.g., processor 800) or contained within the processor chipset (e.g., processor 800)) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase-change memory (PCM), and others).

[0095] Controller 802 can be configured to manage and coordinate various operations of processor 800 (e.g., signaling, receiving, acquiring, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, and reading) to enable processor 800 to support various operations according to the examples described herein. For example, controller 802 can operate as a control unit of processor 800, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of processor 800. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory accesses, and coordinating operation timing.

[0096] Controller 802 may be configured to fetch (e.g., fetch, retrieve, receive) instructions from memory 804 and determine subsequent instructions to be executed to enable processor 800 to support various operations according to examples described herein. Controller 802 may be configured to track the memory addresses of instructions associated with memory 804. Controller 802 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operations to be performed and the operands involved. For example, controller 802 may be configured to interpret instructions and determine control signals to be output to other components of processor 800 to enable processor 800 to support various operations according to examples described herein. Additionally or alternatively, controller 802 may be configured to manage data flow within processor 800. Controller 802 may be configured to control data transfers between registers, ALU 806, and other functional units of processor 800.

[0097] Memory 804 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to processor 800 or included in processor 800) or other memories, such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some embodiments, memory 804 may reside within or on the processor chipset (e.g., local to processor 800). In some other embodiments, memory 804 may reside outside the processor chipset (e.g., remote from processor 800).

[0098] Memory 804 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code containing instructions that, when executed by processor 800, cause processor 800 to perform the various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. Controller 802 and / or processor 800 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 804 to cause processor 800 to perform various functions. For example, processor 800 and / or controller 802 may be coupled to or coupled to memory 804, and processor 800 and controller 802 may be configured to perform the various functions described herein. In some instances, processor 800 may include multiple processors, and memory 804 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be individually or collectively configured to perform the various functions described herein.

[0099] One or more ALU 806s may be configured to support various operations according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, one or more ALU 806s may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., processor 800). In some other embodiments, one or more ALU 806s may reside outside the processor chipset (e.g., processor 800). One or more ALU 806s may perform one or more calculations on data, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. For example, one or more ALU 806s may receive input operands and an opcode that determines the operation to be performed. One or more ALU 806s may be configured with various logic and arithmetic circuitry, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate data according to the operation. Alternatively, one or more ALU 806s may support logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR, NOR, and NAND, enabling one or more ALU 806s to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[0100] Processor 800 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Processor 800 may be configured or operable to support at least one controller (e.g., controller 802), which is coupled to at least one memory (e.g., memory 804) and configured to cause the processor to: transmit an IP configuration request to a satellite; receive a local IP address from the satellite based on the IP configuration request; transmit a request to the satellite to allocate at least one transport IP address and port number; receive a response message from the satellite indicating at least one transport IP address and port number; and perform a connectivity test on at least one transport IP address for forwarding to the UE via satellite data packets.

[0101] Furthermore, the processor 800 may be configured or operable to support any or a combination of the following: the satellite includes a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite communicates with a P-CSCF as a terrestrial IMS network. The satellite includes a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite contains a P-CSCF.

[0102] Figure 9 An example of NE 900 according to aspects of this disclosure is described. NE 900 may include a processor 902, a memory 904, a controller 906, and a transceiver 908. The processor 902, memory 904, controller 906, or transceiver 908, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of components for performing the various aspects of this disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled via one or more interfaces (e.g., operatively ground, communicatively ground, functional ground, electronic ground, electrical ground).

[0103] The processor 902, memory 904, controller 906, or transceiver 908, or various combinations or components thereof, may be implemented in hardware (e.g., a circuit system). The hardware may be a processor, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured or otherwise supporting components for performing the functions described in this disclosure.

[0104] Processor 902 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, processor 902 may be configured to operate memory 904. In some other embodiments, memory 904 may be integrated into processor 902. Processor 902 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 904 to cause NE 900 to perform various functions of this disclosure.

[0105] Memory 904 may comprise volatile or non-volatile memory. Memory 904 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code containing instructions that, when executed by processor 902, cause NE 900 to perform the various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as memory 904 or another type of memory. Computer-readable medium includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media, wherein the communication media includes any media that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Non-transitory storage media may be any available media accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0106] In some embodiments, processor 902 and memory 904 coupled to processor 902 may be configured to cause NE 900 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., processor 902 executing instructions stored in memory 904). For example, processor 902 may support wireless communication at NE 900 according to examples disclosed herein. NE 900 may be configured or operable to support components for: receiving a first request from a first UE to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number; transmitting a first response message to the first UE indicating at least one first transport IP address and port number; receiving a second request from a second UE to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number; transmitting a second response message to the second UE indicating at least one second transport IP address and port number; and performing data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on at least one first transport IP address and at least one second transport IP address.

[0107] Furthermore, the NE 900 can be configured or operable to support any or a combination of the following: the method further includes: receiving an IP configuration request from a first UE; and transmitting a local IP address assigned to the first UE based on the IP configuration request. The NE includes a satellite implemented with a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite is configured to communicate with a P-CSCF as a terrestrial IMS network. The NE includes a satellite implemented with a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite contains a P-CSCF.

[0108] Alternatively, the NE 900 may support: at least one memory (e.g., memory 904); and at least one processor (e.g., processor 902), coupled to the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE to: receive a first request from a first UE to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number; transmit a first response message to the first UE indicating at least one first transport IP address and port number; receive a second request from a second UE to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number; transmit a second response message to the second UE indicating at least one second transport IP address and port number; and perform data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on at least one first transport IP address and at least one second transport IP address.

[0109] Furthermore, the NE 900 can be configured to support any or a combination of the following: the processor is configured to cause the NE to: receive an IP configuration request from a first UE; and transmit a local IP address assigned to the first UE based on the IP configuration request. The NE includes a satellite equipped with a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite is configured to communicate with a P-CSCF serving as a terrestrial IMS network. The NE includes a satellite equipped with a STUN server or a TURN server, and the satellite contains a P-CSCF.

[0110] In some embodiments, processor 902 and memory 904 coupled to processor 902 may be configured to cause NE 900 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., processor 902 executing instructions stored in memory 904). For example, processor 902 may support wireless communication at NE 900 according to examples disclosed herein. NE 900 may be configured or operable to support components for: receiving from P-CSCF a first request to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number for a first UE; transmitting to P-CSCF a first response message indicating at least one first transport IP address and port number for the first UE; receiving from P-CSCF a second request to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number for a second UE; transmitting to P-CSCF a second response message indicating at least one second transport IP address and port number for the second UE; and performing data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on at least one first transport IP address and at least one second transport IP address.

[0111] Furthermore, the NE 900 can be configured or operable to support any or a combination of the following: the method further includes: receiving an IP configuration request from a first UE; and transmitting a local IP address assigned to the first UE based on the IP configuration request. The NE includes a satellite with an implemented IMS-AGW server, wherein the satellite is configured to communicate with a P-CSCF serving as a terrestrial IMS network. The NE includes a satellite with an implemented IMS-AGW server, and the satellite contains a P-CSCF.

[0112] Alternatively, the NE 900 may support: at least one memory (e.g., memory 904); and at least one processor (e.g., processor 902), coupled to the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE to: receive from the P-CSCF a first request to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number for a first UE; transmit to the P-CSCF a first response message indicating at least one first transport IP address and port number for the first UE; receive from the P-CSCF a second request to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number for a second UE; transmit to the P-CSCF a second response message indicating at least one second transport IP address and port number for the second UE; and perform data packet forwarding between the first UE and the second UE based on at least one first transport IP address and at least one second transport IP address.

[0113] Furthermore, the NE 900 can be configured to support any or a combination of the following: the processor is configured to cause the NE to: receive an IP configuration request from a first UE; and transmit a local IP address assigned to the first UE based on the IP configuration request. The NE includes a satellite with an implemented IMS-AGW server, and the satellite is configured to communicate with a P-CSCF serving as a terrestrial IMS network. The NE includes a satellite with an implemented IMS-AGW server, and the satellite contains a P-CSCF.

[0114] Controller 906 manages the input and output signals of NE 900. Controller 906 can also manage peripheral devices not integrated into NE 900. In some embodiments, controller 906 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some embodiments, controller 906 may be implemented as part of processor 902.

[0115] In some embodiments, the NE 900 may include at least one transceiver 908. In other embodiments, the NE 900 may have more than one transceiver 908. The transceiver 908 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 908 may include one or more receiver chains 910, one or more transmitter chains 912, or a combination thereof.

[0116] Receiver chain 910 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, receiver chain 910 may include one or more antennas for receiving signals over the air or over a wireless medium. Receiver chain 910 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. Receiver chain 910 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during signal transmission. Receiver chain 910 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0117] Transmitter chain 912 can be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). Transmitter chain 912 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Transmitter chain 912 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over a wireless medium. Transmitter chain 912 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0118] Figure 10 A flowchart illustrating method 1000 according to an aspect of this disclosure is provided. The operation of the method can be implemented by a UE as described herein. In some embodiments, the UE can execute a set of instructions to control functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes possible implementations, and the operation and steps can be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other implementations are possible.

[0119] In step 1002, the method may include transmitting an IP configuration request to the satellite. The operation of step 1002 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operation of step 1002 may be as described in references... Figure 7 The UE execution described.

[0120] In step 1004, the method may include receiving a local IP address assigned to the UE from the satellite based on an IP configuration request. Operation of step 1004 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some implementations, aspects of operation of step 1004 may be as described in references... Figure 7 The UE execution described.

[0121] In step 1006, the method may include a request to allocate at least one transport IP address and port number to the satellite. The operation of step 1006 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operation of step 1006 may be as described in references... Figure 7 The UE execution described.

[0122] In 1008, the method may include receiving a response message from the satellite indicating at least one transport IP address and port number. Operation of 1008 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of operation of 1008 may be as described in references... Figure 7 The UE execution described.

[0123] In 1010, the method may include performing a connectivity test on at least one transport IP address for forwarding satellite data packets to an additional UE. Operation of 1010 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of operation of 1010 may be as described in references... Figure 7 The UE execution described.

[0124] Figure 11 A flowchart illustrating method 1100 according to an aspect of this disclosure is provided. The operation of the method may be implemented by an NE as described herein. In some embodiments, the NE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the NE to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes possible implementations, and the operation and steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other implementations are possible.

[0125] At 1102, the method may include receiving a first request from a first UE to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number. Operation of 1102 may be performed according to examples as described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of operation of 1102 may be as described in references... Figure 9 The described NE execution.

[0126] In step 1104, the method may include transmitting a first response message to the first UE indicating at least one first transport IP address and port number. The operation of step 1104 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of the operation of step 1104 may be as described in references... Figure 9 The described NE execution.

[0127] In step 1106, the method may include receiving a second request from the second UE to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number. Operation of step 1106 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of operation of step 1106 may be as described in references... Figure 9 The described NE execution.

[0128] At 1108, the method may include transmitting a second response message to the second UE indicating at least one second transport IP address and port number. Operation of 1108 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of operation of 1108 may be as described in references... Figure 9 The described NE execution.

[0129] In 1110, the method may include performing data packet forwarding between a first UE and a second UE based on at least one first transport IP address and at least one second transport IP address. The operation of 1110 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of the operation of 1110 may be as described in references... Figure 9 The described NE execution.

[0130] Figure 12 A flowchart illustrating method 1200 according to an aspect of this disclosure is provided. The operation of the method may be implemented by an NE as described herein. In some embodiments, the NE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the NE to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes possible implementations, and the operation and steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other implementations are possible.

[0131] In 1202, the method may include receiving a first request from the P-CSCF to allocate at least one first transport IP address and port number for the first UE. The operation of 1202 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of the operation of 1202 may be as described in references... Figure 9 The described NE execution.

[0132] In step 1204, the method may include transmitting a first response message to the P-CSCF indicating at least one first transport IP address and port number of the first UE. Operation of step 1204 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of operation of step 1204 may be as described in references... Figure 9 The described NE execution.

[0133] In step 1206, the method may include receiving a second request from the P-CSCF to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number for the second UE. Operation of step 1206 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of operation of step 1206 may be as described in references... Figure 9 The described NE execution.

[0134] In step 1208, the method may include transmitting a second response message to the P-CSCF indicating at least one second transport IP address and port number of the second UE. Operation of step 1208 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of operation of step 1208 may be as described in references... Figure 9The described NE execution.

[0135] In 1210, the method may include performing data packet forwarding between a first UE and a second UE based on at least one first transport IP address and at least one second transport IP address. The operation of 1210 may be performed according to the examples described herein. In some embodiments, aspects of the operation of 1210 may be as described in references... Figure 9 The described NE execution.

[0136] The description herein is provided to enable those skilled in the art to make or use this disclosure. Various modifications to this disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, this disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but should be given the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, coupled to the at least one memory and operable to cause the UE to: Send an Internet Protocol (IP) configuration request to the satellite; The local IP address assigned to the UE is received from the satellite, at least in part, based on the IP configuration request; Send a request to the satellite to allocate at least one transmission IP address and port number; Receive a response message from the satellite indicating the at least one transmission IP address and port number; and A connectivity test is performed on the at least one transport IP address for use in forwarding satellite data packets to an additional UE.

2. The UE according to claim 1, wherein the satellite includes a session traversal application STU STUN server for network access translation NAT or a relay traversal NAT TURN server, and wherein the satellite communicates with a proxy call session control function P-CSCF as a terrestrial IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network.

3. The UE of claim 1, wherein the satellite includes a Session Traversal Application (STU) STUN server for Network Access Transition (NAT) or a Relay Traversal NAT TURN server, and the satellite includes a Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF).

4. A method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: Send an Internet Protocol (IP) configuration request to the satellite; The local IP address assigned to the UE is received from the satellite, at least in part, based on the IP configuration request; Send a request to the satellite to allocate at least one transmission IP address and port number; Receive a response message from the satellite indicating the at least one transmission IP address and port number; and A connectivity test is performed on the at least one transport IP address for use in forwarding satellite data packets to an additional UE.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the satellite includes a session traversal application STU STUN server for network access NAT translation or a relay NAT traversal TURN server, and wherein the satellite communicates with a proxy call session control function P-CSCF as a terrestrial IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the satellite includes a Session Traversal Application (STU) STUN server for Network Access Transformation (NAT) or a NAT Traversal Using Relay (TURN) server, and the satellite includes a Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF).

7. A network device NE for wireless communication, comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, coupled to the at least one memory and operable to cause the NE to: Receive a first request from the first user equipment (UE) to allocate at least one first Transport Internet Protocol (TIP) address and port number; A first response message indicating the at least one first transmission IP address and port number is transmitted to the first UE; Receive a second request from the second UE to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number; Transmit a second response message to the second UE, indicating the at least one second transmission IP address and port number; and Data packet forwarding is performed between the first UE and the second UE based on the at least one first transport IP address and the at least one second transport IP address.

8. The NE of claim 7, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the NE to: Receive an IP configuration request from the first UE; and At least in part based on the IP configuration request, a local IP address assigned to the first UE is transmitted to the first UE.

9. The NE of claim 7, wherein the NE comprises a satellite implemented with a Session Traversal Application (STU) STUN server for Network Access Transformation (NAT) or a Relay Traversal NAT TURN server, and wherein the satellite is operable to communicate with a Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF) as a terrestrial IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network.

10. The NE of claim 7, wherein the NE comprises a satellite implemented with a Session Traversal Application (STU STUN) server for Network Access Transformation (NAT) or a Relay Traversal NAT (TURN) server, and the satellite includes a Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF).

11. A network device NE for wireless communication, comprising: At least one memory; and At least one processor, coupled to the at least one memory and operable to cause the NE to: The proxy call session control function (P-CSCF) receives a first request to allocate at least one first transport Internet Protocol (IP) address and port number to the first user equipment (UE). Transmit a first response message to the P-CSCF indicating the first UE's at least one first transmission IP address and port number; Receive a second request from the P-CSCF to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number to the second UE; Transmit a second response message to the P-CSCF indicating the at least one second transmission IP address and port number of the second UE; and Data packet forwarding is performed between the first UE and the second UE based on the at least one first transport IP address and the at least one second transport IP address.

12. The NE of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is operable to cause the NE to: Receive an IP configuration request from the first UE; and At least in part based on the IP configuration request, a local IP address assigned to the first UE is transmitted to the first UE.

13. The NE of claim 11, wherein the NE includes a satellite implemented with an IP Multimedia Subsystem Access Media Gateway (IMS-AGW) server, and wherein the satellite is at least one of the following: containing the P-CSCF; or configured to communicate with the P-CSCF as a terrestrial IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network.

14. A method performed by a network equipment (NE), the method comprising: Receive a first request from the first user equipment (UE) to allocate at least one first Transport Internet Protocol (TIP) address and port number; A first response message indicating the at least one first transmission IP address and port number is transmitted to the first UE; Receive a second request from the second UE to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number; Transmit a second response message to the second UE, indicating the at least one second transmission IP address and port number; and Data packet forwarding is performed between the first UE and the second UE based on the at least one first transport IP address and the at least one second transport IP address.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: Receive an IP configuration request from the first UE; and At least in part based on the IP configuration request, a local IP address assigned to the first UE is transmitted to the first UE.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the NE comprises a satellite implemented with a Session Traversal Application (STU) STUN server for Network Access Transformation (NAT) or a Relay Traversal NAT TURN server, and wherein the satellite is configured to communicate with a Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF) as a terrestrial IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein the NE comprises a satellite implemented with a Session Traversal Application (STU) STUN server for Network Access Translation (NAT) or a Relay Traversal NAT TURN server, and the satellite includes a Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF).

18. A method performed by a network equipment (NE), the method comprising: The proxy call session control function (P-CSCF) receives a first request to allocate at least one first transport Internet Protocol (IP) address and port number to the first user equipment (UE). Transmit a first response message to the P-CSCF indicating the first UE's at least one first transmission IP address and port number; Receive a second request from the P-CSCF to allocate at least one second transport IP address and port number to the second UE; Transmit a second response message to the P-CSCF indicating the at least one second transmission IP address and port number of the second UE; and Data packet forwarding is performed between the first UE and the second UE based on the at least one first transport IP address and the at least one second transport IP address.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: Receive an IP configuration request from the first UE; and At least in part based on the IP configuration request, a local IP address assigned to the first UE is transmitted to the first UE.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the NE comprises a satellite implemented with an IP Multimedia Subsystem Access Media Gateway (IMS-AGW) server, and wherein the satellite is at least one of the following: containing the P-CSCF; or configured to communicate with the P-CSCF as a terrestrial IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network.

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