Frequency synchronization for environmental devices

Abstract

Methods, systems, and apparatuses for performing wireless communication are described. In some examples, an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device can use an unmodulated signal to perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). For example, an A-IoT device can receive a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with the unmodulated signal. Therefore, the A-IoT device can receive the unmodulated signal via a single tone associated with the first frequency, based on one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both. In some examples, the A-IoT device can use a second signal to perform frequency error estimation. In some other examples, the A-IoT device can down-convert the unmodulated signal from a first frequency to a second frequency, such as a baseband frequency, and use the down-converted unmodulated signal to perform frequency error estimation.

Description

Cross-references

[0001] This patent application claims the benefit of International Patent Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 077257, filed on February 16, 2024, entitled “FREQUENCYSYNCHRONIZATION FOR AMBIENT DEVICES”, which has been assigned to the assignee of this application and is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] The following discussion relates to wireless communications, including frequency synchronization for environmental devices. Background Technology

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, message sending and receiving, broadcasting, and so on. These systems can support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple access systems include fourth-generation (4G) systems (such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-A Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems) and fifth-generation (5G) systems (which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems). These systems may employ technologies such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or Discrete Fourier Transform Extended Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple access communication system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication of communication devices, which may be referred to as User Equipment (UE). Summary of the Invention

[0004] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices. For example, the described techniques enable the use of unmodulated signals to perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). For instance, a wireless device such as an Environmental Internet of Things (A-IoT) device (e.g., a User Equipment (UE)) can receive a signal indicating one or more frequency parameters (e.g., the frequency at which the unmodulated signal is transmitted), one or more time parameters (e.g., the duration of the unmodulated signal), or both. Based on the frequency parameters, time parameters, or both, the A-IoT device can receive the unmodulated signal via the indicated frequency (e.g., a monotone) during one or more time resources (e.g., duration, symbol, time slot). In some examples, the A-IoT device can use the unmodulated signal to perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). For example, the A-IoT device can downconvert the unmodulated signal from a first frequency to a second frequency (such as a baseband frequency) to obtain a baseband signal and use that baseband signal to perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction).

[0005] A method for wireless communication by a first wireless device is described. The method may include: receiving from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal; receiving from the second wireless device, based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both, via a single tone associated with a first frequency; and performing frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction) using the unmodulated second signal based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0006] A first wireless device for wireless communication is described. The first wireless device may include: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be able to operate individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: receive from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both associated with an unmodulated second signal; receive from the second wireless device the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both; and perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction) using the unmodulated second signal based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0007] Another first wireless device for wireless communication is described. The first wireless device may include: components for receiving from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal; components for receiving the unmodulated second signal from the second wireless device according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both, via a single tone associated with a first frequency; and components for performing frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction) using the unmodulated second signal based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to: receive from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal; receive from the second wireless device, based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both, via a single tone associated with a first frequency; and perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction) using the unmodulated second signal based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0009] In some examples of the methods, first wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern of the unmodulated second signal, and the methods, apparatus, and nontransitory computer-readable media may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for: receiving a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern; and receiving a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with a second frequency different from the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern.

[0010] In some examples of the methods, first wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated second signal across the monotone and a third signal across the second monotone, and the methods, apparatus, and nontransitory computer-readable media may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for: receiving the unmodulated second signal via the monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern; and receiving the third signal, which is unmodulated, via the second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern.

[0011] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first frequency may be outside the frequency range of the local oscillator of the first wireless device.

[0012] In some examples of the methods, first wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving the unmodulated second signal may include operations, features, components, or instructions for: receiving a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency greater than a target frequency of a local oscillator of the first wireless device; and receiving a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with a second frequency, wherein the second frequency may be less than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device, and wherein the first repetition and the second repetition of the unmodulated second signal may be multiplexed.

[0013] In some examples of the methods, first wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the information also indicates resources associated with a first delimiter signal and resources associated with a second delimiter signal, and the methods, apparatus, and nontransitory computer-readable media may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for: receiving the first delimiter signal according to the information, the first delimiter signal indicating the start of the unmodulated second signal; receiving the unmodulated second signal based on receiving the first delimiter signal; and receiving the second delimiter signal based on receiving the unmodulated second signal, the second delimiter signal indicating the end of the unmodulated second signal.

[0014] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first signal includes a modulated portion of a synchronization signal, and the unmodulated second signal includes an unmodulated portion of the synchronization signal.

[0015] In some examples of the methods, first wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the modulation portion of the synchronization signal includes a time synchronization portion and a payload portion, and the payload portion may be modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both.

[0016] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first signal includes a system information message or a forward link trigger message, and the unmodulated second signal includes an unmodulated portion of a synchronization signal.

[0017] In some examples of the methods, first wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the one or more frequency parameters indicate a subcarrier index of the monotone, a resource block (RB) index of the monotone, a band index of the monotone, a carrier index of the monotone, or any combination thereof, and the first frequency of the monotone may be based on the one or more frequency parameters.

[0018] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the information also indicates an identifier associated with the second wireless device, the subcarrier spacing of the unmodulated second signal, the subframe number associated with the unmodulated second signal, the reference signal index associated with the unmodulated second signal, the periodicity of the unmodulated second signal, or any combination thereof.

[0019] In some examples of the methods, first wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the one or more time parameters indicate the duration of the unmodulated second signal, and the reception of the unmodulated second signal may be based on the duration of the unmodulated second signal.

[0020] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the duration of the unmodulated second signal may be a minimum duration.

[0021] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first wireless device, and the nontransient computer-readable medium, the first signal includes a first portion of a continuous wave, and the unmodulated second signal includes a second portion of the continuous wave.

[0022] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first wireless device may be an A-IoT device, and the second wireless device may be a UE or a network entity.

[0023] A method for wireless communication by a second wireless device is described. The method may include: modulating a first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal; transmitting the first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device; and transmitting the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0024] A second wireless device for wireless communication is described. The second wireless device may include: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be able to operate individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the second wireless device to: modulate a first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal; transmit the first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device; and transmit the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0025] Another second wireless device for wireless communication is described. The second wireless device may include: means for modulating a first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal; means for transmitting the first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device; and means for transmitting the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0026] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to modulate a first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal; transmit the first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device; and transmit the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0027] In some examples of the methods, second wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern of the unmodulated second signal, and the methods, apparatus, and nontransitory computer-readable media may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for: transmitting a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern; and transmitting a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern.

[0028] In some examples of the methods, second wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated second signal across the monotone and a third signal across the second monotone, and the methods, apparatus, and nontransitory computer-readable media may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for: transmitting the unmodulated second signal via the monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern; and transmitting the third signal, which is unmodulated, via the second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern.

[0029] In some examples of the methods described herein, the second wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first frequency may be outside the frequency range of the local oscillator of the first wireless device.

[0030] In some examples of the methods, second wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, transmitting the unmodulated second signal may include operations, features, components, or instructions for: transmitting a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with the first frequency, the first frequency being greater than a target frequency of a local oscillator of the first wireless device; and transmitting a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with a second frequency, wherein the second frequency may be less than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device, and wherein the first repetition of the unmodulated second signal and the second repetition of the unmodulated second signal may be multiplexed.

[0031] In some examples of the methods, second wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the information also indicates resources associated with a first delimiter signal and resources associated with a second delimiter signal, and the methods, apparatus, and nontransitory computer-readable media may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for: transmitting the first delimiter signal according to the information, the first delimiter signal indicating the start of the unmodulated second signal; transmitting the unmodulated second signal based on transmitting the first delimiter signal; and transmitting the second delimiter signal based on transmitting the unmodulated second signal, the second delimiter signal indicating the end of the unmodulated second signal.

[0032] In some examples of the methods described herein, the second wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first signal includes a modulated portion of a synchronization signal, and the unmodulated second signal includes an unmodulated portion of the synchronization signal.

[0033] In some examples of the methods described herein, the second wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the modulation portion of the synchronization signal includes a time synchronization portion and a payload portion, and the payload portion may be modulated with information indicating the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0034] In some examples of the methods described herein, the second wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first signal includes a system information message or a forward link trigger message, and the unmodulated second signal includes an unmodulated portion of a synchronization signal.

[0035] In some examples of the methods, second wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the one or more frequency parameters indicate the subcarrier index of the monotone, the RB index of the monotone, the band index of the monotone, the carrier index of the monotone, or any combination thereof, and the first frequency of the monotone may be based on the one or more frequency parameters.

[0036] In some examples of the methods described herein, the second wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the information also indicates an identifier associated with the second wireless device, the subcarrier spacing of the unmodulated second signal, the subframe number associated with the unmodulated second signal, the reference signal index associated with the unmodulated second signal, the periodicity of the unmodulated second signal, or any combination thereof.

[0037] In some examples of the methods, second wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the one or more time parameters indicate the duration of the unmodulated second signal, and the transmission of the unmodulated second signal may be based on the duration of the unmodulated second signal.

[0038] In some examples of the methods described herein, the second wireless device, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the duration of the unmodulated second signal may be a minimum duration.

[0039] In some examples of the methods described herein, the second wireless device, and the nontransient computer-readable medium, the first signal includes a first portion of a continuous wave, and the unmodulated second signal includes a second portion of the continuous wave.

[0040] In some examples of the methods, second wireless devices, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the first wireless device may be an A-IoT device, and the second wireless device may be a UE or a network entity. Attached Figure Description

[0041] Figure 1An example of a wireless communication system supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0042] Figure 2 An example of a wireless communication system supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0043] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C An example of a signaling diagram supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0044] Figure 4 An example of a signaling diagram supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0045] Figure 5 An example of a process flow supporting frequency synchronization of environmental devices according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0046] Figure 6 and Figure 7 A block diagram of a device for frequency synchronization of environmental equipment, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0047] Figure 8 A block diagram is shown of a communication manager supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0048] Figure 9 A diagram is shown of a system including a device for frequency synchronization of environmental equipment, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0049] Figure 10 and Figure 11 A block diagram of a device for frequency synchronization of environmental equipment, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0050] Figure 12 A block diagram is shown of a communication manager supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0051] Figure 13 A diagram is shown of a system including a device for frequency synchronization of environmental equipment, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0052] Figures 14 to 17 A flowchart illustrating a method for frequency synchronization of environmental devices according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0053] In some wireless communication systems, a first wireless device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) or network entity) can communicate with environmental Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices (such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags). For example, the wireless device can transmit a continuous wave that activates the A-IoT device (e.g., a forward link), where the A-IoT device can modulate the continuous wave with data and backscatter the modulated continuous wave back to the wireless device (e.g., sending a backscattered signal back to the wireless device). To facilitate such communication, the A-IoT device can perform time and frequency synchronization, enabling it to maintain correct time and frequency parameters (e.g., for the A-IoT device's local oscillator), thereby improving the reliability of backscattered communication with the wireless device. To perform time and frequency synchronization, the wireless device can transmit a radio frequency signal to the A-IoT device via a single tone (e.g., a 900 MHz signal or a 2.4 GHz signal), where the A-IoT device can use the radio frequency signal to perform time and frequency synchronization. However, in such cases, single-tone radio frequency signals may be susceptible to wave interference from adjacent subcarriers, experience channel fading, or both, thereby reducing the accuracy of frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction) using the radio frequency signal. Therefore, techniques for improving the accuracy of frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction) at A-IoT devices may be desired.

[0054] The techniques described herein enable A-IoT devices to downconvert synchronization signals from a first frequency (e.g., a 900 MHz signal or a 2.4 GHz signal) to a second frequency (e.g., a baseband frequency or intermediate frequency). This reduces interference from adjacent subcarriers, thereby improving the accuracy of frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). For example, an A-IoT device may receive a first signal modulated from a wireless device with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal. Based on the received first signal, the A-IoT device may monitor and receive the unmodulated second signal via a single tone according to one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, wherein the single tone may be associated with the first frequency.

[0055] In some examples, an A-IoT device can downconvert an unmodulated second signal from a first frequency to a second frequency (e.g., a baseband frequency) to obtain a baseband signal, apply a filter (e.g., a low-pass or band-pass filter) to the baseband signal to obtain a filtered baseband signal, and use the filtered baseband signal to perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). Therefore, by downconverting and filtering the unmodulated second signal, the A-IoT device can prevent adjacent subcarrier interference (ASCI), thereby enabling the A-IoT device to perform accurate frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction).

[0056] The aspects of this disclosure are first described in the context of a wireless communication system. The aspects of this disclosure are further described in the context of signaling diagrams and process flows. The aspects of this disclosure are further illustrated and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts relating to frequency synchronization for environmental devices.

[0057] Figure 1 An example of a wireless communication system 100 supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entity 105), one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an Advanced LTE (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating under other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0058] Network entity 105 may be distributed across a geographical area to form wireless communication system 100, and may include devices employing different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, mobility element, radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, etc. In some examples, network entity 105 and UE 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link). For example, network entity 105 may support coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographical coverage area) within which UE 115 and network entity 105 may establish communication link 125. Coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographical area within which network entity 105 and UE 115 may support the transmission of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs).

[0059] UE 115 can be distributed throughout the coverage area 110 of wireless communication system 100, and each UE 115 can be stationary or mobile, or stationary and mobile at different times. UE 115 can be devices in different forms or with different capabilities. Figure 1 Examples of UE 115 are illustrated herein. The UE 115 described herein may be able to support communication with various types of devices in the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UE 115 or network entity 105), such as... Figure 1 As shown.

[0060] As described herein, nodes of the wireless communication system 100 (which may be referred to as network nodes or wireless nodes) may be network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein), UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein), network controller, apparatus, device, computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be UE 115. Alternatively, a node may be network entity 105. Furthermore, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second or third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be UE 115, the second node may be network entity 105, and the third node may be UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be UE 115, the second node may be network entity 105, and the third node may be network entity 105. In other aspects of this example, the first node, the second node, and the third node may be different from these examples. Similarly, references to UE 115, network entity 105, device, equipment, computing system, etc., may include disclosures of UE 115, network entity 105, device, equipment, computing system, etc., as nodes. For example, a disclosure that UE 115 is configured to receive information from network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.

[0061] In some examples, network entity 105 may communicate with core network 130, or with each other, or both. For example, network entity 105 may communicate with core network 130 via backhaul communication link 120 (e.g., according to S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocols). In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via core network 130) via backhaul communication link 120 (e.g., according to X2, Xn, or other interface protocols). In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with each other via midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., according to midhaul interface protocol) or fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., according to fronthaul interface protocol) or any combination thereof. Backhaul communication link 120, midhaul communication link 162, or fronthaul communication link 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., electrical links, fiber optic links), or one or more wireless links (e.g., radio links, wireless optical links), etc., or various combinations thereof. UE 115 can communicate with core network 130 via communication link 155.

[0062] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or be referred to as base station 140 (e.g., transceiver base station, radio base station, NR base station, access point, radio transceiver, node B, eNodeB (eNB), next-generation node B or gigabit node B (any of which may be referred to as gNB), 5G NB, next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), home node B, home evolution node B, or other suitable terms). In some examples, network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture that may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single network entity (e.g., network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as base station 140).

[0063] In some examples, network entity 105 may be implemented in a decomposed architecture (e.g., a decomposed base station architecture, a decomposed RAN architecture) that can be configured to utilize protocol stacks physically or logically distributed across multiple network entities (e.g., network entity 105) such as an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) network, an Open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance), or a Virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a Cloud RAN (C-RAN)). For example, network entity 105 may include one or more of the following: a Central Unit (CU) such as CU 160, a Distributed Unit (DU) such as DU 165, a Radio Unit (RU) such as RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) such as RIC 175 (e.g., a near real-time RIC (near RT RIC), a non-real-time RIC (non-RT RIC)), a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system such as SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. RU170 may also be referred to as a radio headend, intelligent radio headend, remote radio headend (RRH), remote radio unit (RRU), or transmit / receive point (TRP). One or more components of network entity 105 in a decomposed RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of network entity 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations). In some examples, one or more network entities in network entity 105 of a decomposed RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., virtual CU (VCU), virtual DU (VDU), virtual RU (VRU)).

[0064] The functional splitting among CU 160, DU 165, and RU 170 is flexible and can support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combination thereof) are performed at CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170. For example, a protocol stack functional splitting can be used between CU 160 and DU 165, allowing CU 160 to support one or more layers of the protocol stack, and DU 165 to support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, CU 160 can host higher protocol layer (e.g., Layer 3 (L3), Layer 2 (L2)) functionalities and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC), Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)). CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may connect to DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) or some combination thereof, and DU 165, RU 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as Layer 1 (L1) (e.g., Physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, Medium Access Control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by CU 160. Additionally or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between DU 165 and RU 170, such that DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack, and RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. DU 165 may (e.g., via one or more different RUs, such as RU 170) support one or more different cells. In some cases, functional decomposition between CU 160 and DU 165, or between DU 165 and RU 170, can be performed within the protocol layer (e.g., some functions of the protocol layer can be performed by one of CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer can be performed by a different one of CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170). CU 160 can be further functionally decomposed into CU control plane (CU-CP) functions and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. CU 160 can be connected to DU 165 via midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u), and DU 165 can be connected to RU 170 via fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface). In some examples, the midhaul communication link 162 or the fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented based on the interfaces (e.g., channels) between the layers of the protocol stack, which are supported by corresponding network entities (e.g., one or more network entities in network entity 105) that communicate via such communication links.

[0065] In some wireless communication systems (e.g., wireless communication system 100), the infrastructure and spectrum resources for radio access can support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, thereby providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to core network 130). In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more network entities in network entity 105 (e.g., network entity 105 or IAB node 104) may be partially controlled by each other. IAB node 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or IAB donor. DU 165 or RU 170 may be partially controlled by CU 160 associated with network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or donor base station). One or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may communicate with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link 120). IAB node 104 may include IAB mobile terminals (IAB-MTs) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DU 165) of a coupled IAB donor. IAB-MTs may be equipped with a separate set of antennas for relaying communication with UE 115, or may share the same antennas (e.g., those of RU 170) for access to IAB node 104 via DU 165 of IAB node 104. (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT)). In some examples, IAB node 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DU 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node 104, UE 115) within a relay chain or configuration (e.g., downstream) of the access network. In such cases, one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture (e.g., IAB node 104, or components of IAB node 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.

[0066] When the techniques described herein are applied in the context of a decomposed RAN architecture, one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture may be configured to support the tests described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by UE 115 or network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) may additionally or alternatively be performed by one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture (e.g., components such as IAB node, DU 165, CU 160, RU 170, RIC 175, SMO system 180).

[0067] UE 115 may include or be referred to as a mobile device, wireless device, remote device, handheld device, or subscriber device, or any other suitable term, wherein "device" may also be referred to as a cell, station, terminal, or client, etc. UE 115 may also include or be referred to as a personal electronic device, such as a cellular phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet computer, laptop computer, or personal computer. In some examples, UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, Internet of Things (IoT) device, Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, etc., which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters.

[0068] The UE 115 described herein can communicate with various types of devices, such as the UE 115 which sometimes operates as a relay, as well as network entity 105 and network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, etc. Figure 1 As shown.

[0069] UE 115 and network entity 105 can wirelessly communicate with each other via communication link 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term "carrier" can refer to a collection of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting communication link 125. For example, a carrier for communication link 125 may include a portion of the RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth portion (BWP)) operating according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling coordinating operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. Wireless communication system 100 can support communication with UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. Depending on the carrier aggregation configuration, UE 115 can be configured to utilize multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers. Carrier aggregation can be used in conjunction with both frequency division duplex (FDD) component carriers and time division duplex (TDD) component carriers. Communication between network entity 105 and other devices can refer to communication between these devices and any part of network entity 105 (e.g., entity, sub-entity). For example, the terms “send,” “receive,” or “communicate” when referring to network entity 105 can refer to any part of the RAN’s network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, CU 160, DU 165, RU 170) communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more network entities in network entity 105).

[0070] The signal waveform transmitted via a carrier may include multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform extended OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM, a resource element may refer to a resource of one symbol period (e.g., the duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, where the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The number of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the decoding rate of the modulation scheme, or both), such that a relatively high number of resource elements (e.g., in the transmission duration) and a relatively high modulation scheme order correspond to a relatively high communication rate. Wireless communication resources may refer to a combination of RF spectrum resources, temporal resources, and spatial resources (e.g., spatial layers or beams), and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity used for communication with UE 115.

[0071] The time interval for network entity 105 or UE 115 can be expressed as a multiple of a basic time unit, such as the sampling period. seconds, in response This can represent the supported subcarrier spacing, and The supported Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) size can be represented. Time intervals for communication resources can be organized according to radio frames, each with a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame can be identified by a System Frame Number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0072] Each frame may include multiple consecutively numbered subframes or time slots, and each subframe or time slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may (e.g., in the time domain) be divided into subframes, and each subframe may also be divided into a certain number of time slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable number of time slots, and the number of time slots may depend on the subcarrier spacing. Each time slot may include a certain number of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix appended to each symbol period). In some wireless communication systems, such as wireless communication system 100, time slots may be further divided into multiple micro-time slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., The duration of a symbol period is associated with a (number) sampling period. The duration of a symbol period can depend on the subcarrier spacing or the operating frequency band.

[0073] A subframe, time slot, micro-time slot, or symbol can be the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., in the time domain) and can be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the duration of the TTI (e.g., the number of symbol periods in the TTI) can be variable. Additionally or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 can be dynamically selected (e.g., in a burst of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

[0074] Depending on the technology, carriers can be used to multiplex physical channels for communication. For example, one or more of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques can be used to multiplex physical control channels and physical data channels for signaling via a downlink carrier. The control region (e.g., control resource set (CORESET)) of the physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth of the carrier or a subset of that bandwidth. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESET) can be configured for a set of UEs 115. For example, one or more UEs in UE 115 may monitor or search for control regions to obtain control information based on one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or more control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a concatenated manner. The aggregation level of control channel candidates may refer to the amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with coded information for a control information format having a given payload size. The search space set may include a public search space set configured to transmit control information to UE115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or a UE-specific search space set configured to transmit control information to UE115 (e.g., a particular UE).

[0075] In some examples, network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) may be mobile, and thus provide communication coverage to mobile coverage areas such as coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies (e.g., different coverage areas) may overlap, but coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., network entity 105). In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas such as coverage area 110 associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., network entity 105). Wireless communication system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of network entities 105 use the same or different RATs to support communication for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas).

[0076] Some UE 115 devices (such as MTC or IoT devices) can be relatively low-cost or low-complexity devices and can provide automated communication between machines (e.g., via machine-to-machine (M2M) communication). M2M communication or MTC can refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with each other or with network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communication from devices with integrated sensors or instruments to measure or acquire information and relay such information to a central server or application that uses the information or presents it to people interacting with the application. Some UE 115 devices may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based service charging.

[0077] Wireless communication system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communication or low-latency communication, or various combinations thereof. For example, wireless communication system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). UE 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communication may include private or group communication and may be supported by one or more services, such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritizing services, and such services may be used for public safety or general business applications. The terms “ultra-reliable,” “low-latency,” and “ultra-reliable low-latency” are used interchangeably herein.

[0078] In some examples, UE 115 may be configured to support direct communication with other UEs (e.g., one or more UEs in UE 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link (such as D2D communication link 135) (e.g., according to a peer-to-peer (P2P), D2D, or sidelink protocol). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 in a group performing D2D communication may be within the coverage area 110 of network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170), which may support aspects of such D2D communication configured (e.g., scheduled by network entity 105). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 in such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of network entity 105, or may otherwise be unable or not configured to receive transmissions from network entity 105. In some examples, a group of UEs 115 communicating via D2D communication can support a one-to-many (1:M) system, in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more UEs within the group. In some examples, network entity 105 can facilitate the scheduling of resources used for D2D communication. In some other examples, D2D communication can be performed between UEs 115 without involving network entity 105.

[0079] Core network 130 provides user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. Core network 130 can be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), access and mobility management function (AMF)) for managing access and mobility, and at least one user plane entity (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or user plane function (UPF)) for routing packets or interconnecting to external networks. The control plane entity manages non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management of UE 115 served by network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) associated with core network 130. User IP packets can be transferred through user plane entities, which provide IP address allocation and other functions. User plane entities can connect to one or more network operator IP services 150. IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, intranets, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or packet-switched streaming services.

[0080] Wireless communication system 100 can operate using one or more frequency bands in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Generally, the area from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is referred to as the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band or decimeter band because the wavelength range is approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features (which may be referred to as clusters), but these waves are sufficient to penetrate structures so that macrocells can provide service to UE 115 located indoors. Compared to communication using smaller frequencies and longer wavelengths in the lower frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portions of the spectrum below 300 MHz, communication using UHF waves can be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers).

[0081] Wireless communication system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, wireless communication system 100 may employ licensed assisted access (LAA), LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using unlicensed frequency bands (such as the 5 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band). When operating with unlicensed RF spectrum, devices such as network entity 105 and UE 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operation using unlicensed frequency bands may be based on carrier aggregation configurations combined with component carriers operating with licensed frequency bands (e.g., LAA). Operation using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmission, uplink transmission, P2P transmission, or D2D transmission, etc.

[0082] Network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) or UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas that can be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication, or beamforming. The antennas of network entity 105 or UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which can support MIMO operation or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly (such as an antenna tower). In some examples, the antennas or antenna arrays associated with network entity 105 may be located at different geographical locations. Network entity 105 may include an antenna array having a collection of multiple rows and columns of antenna ports that network entity 105 can use to support beamforming for communication with UE 115. Similarly, UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that can support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally or alternatively, the antenna panel may support RF beamforming for signals transmitted via the antenna ports.

[0083] Beamforming (also known as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception) is a signal processing technique that can be used at a transmitting or receiving device (e.g., network entity 105, UE 115) to shape or guide an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting and receiving devices. Beamforming can be achieved by combining signals transmitted via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along a specific orientation relative to the antenna array experience constructive interference, while other signals experience destructive interference. Adjustments to the signals transmitted via the antenna elements may include applying amplitude shifts, phase shifts, or both to the signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of these antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a specific orientation (e.g., relative to the antenna array of the transmitting or receiving device or relative to some other orientation).

[0084] In some cases, a first wireless device (e.g., UE 115 or network entity 105) may communicate with a second wireless device having reduced capabilities, for example, by communicating with an A-IoT device. The second wireless device (e.g., an A-IoT device) may be classified into one of three types. For example, the second wireless device may be classified as a passive type (e.g., a type A device), wherein the second wireless device may include a passive radio that communicates using backscattering techniques (e.g., the device's uplink transmission backscatters on a carrier provided by an external source), having up to 10 X It features a fractional-per-million (PPM) initial sampling offset (SFO), relatively little or no energy storage, uses radio frequency signals (e.g., continuous waveforms or carriers) from a first wireless device as its energy source, avoids performing signal amplification (e.g., transmit amplification), has a communication range of 13 meters (m) to 31 meters, has a sensitivity of -20 dBm, has power consumption on the order of 1 microwatt (μW), has relatively low complexity (compared to other wireless devices), has relatively low cost, and other characteristics.

[0085] In some other examples, the second wireless device may be classified as a semi-passive device (e.g., a type B device), wherein the second wireless device may include a low-complexity semi-passive radio, include energy harvesting components, include energy-saving components, communicate using backscattering techniques (e.g., the device's uplink transmission is backscattered on a carrier provided by an external source), and have up to 10 XThe device features an initial SFO of ppm, relatively small energy storage (e.g., a single microfarad), uses an RF signal (e.g., a continuous waveform) from a first wireless device as a power source, supports signal amplification (e.g., transmit amplification), has a communication range of 22m to 61m, has a sensitivity of -35 dBm, has power consumption in the order of 10µW to 100µW, has relatively average (e.g., moderate) complexity (compared to other wireless devices), relatively low cost, and other characteristics.

[0086] In some other examples, the second wireless device may be classified as an active device (e.g., a type C device), which may have all the characteristics of a semi-passive device and also include a low-complexity active radio, perform active transmission and reception for communication (e.g., generate an uplink signal from the power supply of the active device for transmission), have relatively average energy storage (e.g., multiple microfarads), use radio frequency signals (e.g., continuous waveforms) from the first wireless device as an energy source or harvest energy using a solar panel, support signal amplification (e.g., transmit amplification), have a communication range of 100 m to 300 m, have a sensitivity between -35 dBm and -100 dBm, have power consumption in the order of 100 µW to 1 milliwatt (mW), have relatively high complexity (compared to other wireless devices), have relatively low cost, and other characteristics.

[0087] In some cases, a second wireless device (e.g., an active device or a Type C device) may use a single-tone radio frequency (RF) signal to perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). For example, a first wireless device may transmit an RF signal (e.g., a 900 MHz signal or a 2.4 GHz signal) to a second wireless device on a single tone, which the second wireless device may use to perform time and frequency synchronization. However, in such cases, the single-tone RF signal may be susceptible to wave interference from adjacent subcarriers, experience channel fading, or both, thereby reducing the accuracy of frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction) using the RF signal. Therefore, techniques for improving the accuracy of frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction) at the second wireless device may be desired.

[0088] The techniques described herein enable a first wireless device (e.g., UE 115, which may be an environmental device such as an A-IoT device) to downconvert a signal (e.g., a synchronization signal) from a first frequency (e.g., a 900 MHz signal or a 2.4 GHz signal) to a second frequency (e.g., a baseband frequency or an intermediate frequency). This reduces interference from adjacent subcarriers and improves the accuracy of frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). For example, the first wireless device may receive from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal. Based on the received first signal, the first wireless device may monitor and receive the unmodulated second signal via a single tone according to one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, wherein the single tone may be associated with the first frequency.

[0089] In some examples, the first wireless device may downconvert an unmodulated second signal from a first frequency to a second frequency (e.g., a baseband frequency) to obtain a baseband signal, apply a filter (e.g., a low-pass or band-pass filter) to the baseband signal to obtain a filtered baseband signal, and use the filtered baseband signal to perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). Therefore, by downconverting and filtering the unmodulated second signal, the first wireless device can prevent ASCI, thereby enabling the first wireless device to perform accurate frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction).

[0090] Figure 2 An example of a wireless communication system 200 supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Aspects of the wireless communication system 200 may be implemented with reference to [reference]. Figure 1 The various aspects of the wireless communication system 100 may be implemented by the various aspects of the wireless communication system. For example, the wireless communication system 200 may include a wireless device 205-a (e.g., a first wireless device), which may be as described herein. Figure 1 Examples of A-IoT devices (e.g., Type C devices, active devices) are described. The wireless communication system 200 may also include a wireless device 205-b, which may be an example of UE 115 or network entity 105. The techniques described in the context of the wireless communication system 200 enable the wireless device 205-a to perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction) using a filtered baseband signal 235, thereby improving the accuracy of the frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction).

[0091] In some cases, wireless device 205-b can communicate (e.g., read) with wireless device 205-a (e.g., an RFID tag), wherein wireless device 205-b can transmit a continuous waveform (e.g., a carrier wave). Accordingly, wireless device 205-a can use energy from the continuous waveform to modulate the continuous waveform with data and backscatter the modulated continuous waveform back to wireless device 205-b. To facilitate such communication, wireless device 205-a can perform a time and frequency synchronization process to tune (e.g., configure or reset) its local oscillator. In some cases, to perform the time and frequency synchronization process, wireless device 205-b can transmit a low-power synchronization signal modulated according to an on / off keying (OOK) modulation scheme, such that wireless device 205-b can use the low-power synchronization signal to perform time synchronization, frequency synchronization, or both.

[0092] In some other cases, to facilitate the time and frequency synchronization process, wireless device 205-b may transmit a reference signal (e.g., a synchronization signal) comprising a modulated signal 210 modulated according to an OOK modulation scheme, a phase shift keying (PSK) modulation scheme, or a frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation scheme, and an unmodulated signal 215 transmitted via frequency 225 (e.g., a monotone associated with frequency 225). As described herein, the unmodulated signal 215 may be referred to as a monotone signal. In some cases, the modulated signal 210 may include a payload 220, which may be transmitted temporally after (not shown) the unmodulated signal 215 or temporally before (as shown). In such cases, a semi-passive IoT device (e.g., a type B device) may monitor the modulated signal 210 including the payload 220, while wireless device 205-a (e.g., a type C device) may monitor both the modulated signal 210 including the payload 220 and the unmodulated signal 215. Accordingly, wireless device 205-a can use modulated signal 210 to perform time synchronization and unmodulated signal 215 to perform frequency synchronization. Furthermore, in some cases, wireless device 205-b can also use unmodulated signal 215 to perform backscattering.

[0093] Wireless device 205-b may transmit an unmodulated signal 215 at a frequency 225 (e.g., a single tone) (such as at 900 MHz or 2.4 GHz), whereby wireless device 205-b can directly use the unmodulated signal 215 without downconversion to perform frequency synchronization (e.g., frequency error estimation and / or frequency error correction). However, in such cases, the unmodulated signal 215 (e.g., waveform) may experience interference from adjacent subcarriers or channels. For example, wireless device 205-b may transmit the unmodulated signal 215 at a frequency 225 having an upper guard band and a lower guard band (e.g., an unused or unoccupied frequency range); however, adjacent channels or subcarriers may cause interference to the unmodulated signal 215, resulting in inaccurate frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). Furthermore, since the unmodulated signal 215 is transmitted at frequency 225 (e.g., narrowband), the unmodulated signal 215 may experience channel fading, thereby reducing the accuracy of frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction) at wireless device 205-a.

[0094] To improve the accuracy of frequency error estimation (and to address interference via frequency error correction), wireless device 205-a can down-convert the unmodulated signal 215 from frequency 225 to frequency 230 (e.g., an intermediate frequency or baseband frequency) to obtain a baseband signal. In such an example, wireless device 205-a can also down-convert the modulated signal 210 from frequency 225 to frequency 230 to obtain a baseband modulated signal. In response to obtaining the baseband signal, wireless device 205-a can apply a filter (e.g., a baseband low-pass filter, a baseband band-pass filter, or a combination thereof) to the baseband signal to obtain a filtered baseband signal 235, wherein such a filtered baseband signal 235 may be relatively less susceptible to interference from adjacent subcarriers (e.g., having relatively good adjacent subcarrier interference suppression capability). In response to obtaining the filtered baseband signal 235, wireless device 205-b can use the filtered baseband signal 235 instead of the unmodulated signal 215 to perform frequency error estimation, thereby improving the accuracy of frequency error estimation.

[0095] To facilitate frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction), the frequency 225 of the unmodulated signal 215, the duration of the unmodulated signal 215, or both, may be predefined values, such as those in standard specifications, or dynamically configured. In some examples, the wireless device 205-b may dynamically indicate one or more frequency parameters via the payload 220 of the modulated signal 210, which indicate the frequency 225 of the unmodulated signal 215. For example, the wireless device 205-b may indicate the subcarrier index (e.g., subcarrier shift), the RB index, the band index, the carrier index, or any combination of such parameters of the unmodulated signal 215 as part of one or more frequency parameters. In some specific implementations, the unmodulated signal 215 may be transmitted according to an OOK mask, as referenced in [reference missing]. Figure 3C Further illustrations and descriptions are provided.

[0096] Therefore, in response to receiving one or more frequency parameters via payload 220, wireless device 205-a may identify frequency 225 based on one or more frequency parameters and receive unmodulated signal 215. In some examples, wireless device 205-b may indicate the frequency position of unmodulated signal 215 relative to modulated signal 210 via one or more frequency parameters. For example, wireless device 205-b may indicate that unmodulated signal 215 occupies an RB (e.g., frequency) above, below, or in the middle of an RB of modulated signal 210 (e.g., above, below, or in the middle of an OOK RB of modulated signal 210). In some examples, wireless device 205-b may indicate such one or more frequency parameters via control signaling 250 (e.g., in broadcast system information (SI), forward link triggering (for random access), or both). In some other examples, such one or more frequency parameters may be predefined, such as in a standard specification (e.g., the frequency 225 of unmodulated signal 215 may be predefined in a standard specification).

[0097] In addition to indicating one or more frequency parameters, wireless device 205-b may also indicate one or more timing parameters, which may include the duration of the unmodulated signal 215 (e.g., 100 µs). For example, wireless device 205-b may indicate the duration of the unmodulated signal 215 via the payload 220 of the modulated signal 210. Alternatively, wireless device 205-b may indicate the duration of the unmodulated signal 215 via control signaling 250 (such as via a broadcast SI or forward link trigger message). In such examples, wireless device 205-b may provide an indication of duration implicitly or explicitly. In some other examples, such timing parameters may be predefined, such as in a standard specification (e.g., the duration of the unmodulated signal 215 may be predefined in a standard specification, or the minimum duration of the unmodulated signal 215 may be defined in a standard specification).

[0098] In some examples, wireless device 205-b may indicate additional information to wireless device 205-a via payload 220. For example, wireless device 205-b may indicate the identifier of wireless device 205-b (e.g., a reader of wireless device 205-a), the subcarrier spacing of the reference signal, the subframe number associated with the unmodulated signal 215, the reference signal index of the reference signal, the periodicity of the reference signal, or any combination of such parameters.

[0099] Based on the received timing parameters, frequency parameters, or both, wireless device 205-a can perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). For example, wireless device 205-a can identify the frequency 225 and duration of an unmodulated signal 215, receive the unmodulated signal 215 according to the frequency 225 and duration, and obtain a filtered baseband signal 235 (e.g., down-converted to frequency 230 and a filter applied). Based on the obtained filtered baseband signal 235, wireless device 205-a can perform frequency error estimation and / or frequency error correction.

[0100] To perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction), wireless device 205-b can observe (e.g., detect) the number of amplitude peaks 240 and valleys 245 of the filtered baseband signal 235 over time. Based on the detected number of amplitude peaks 240 and valleys 245, wireless device 205-a can determine the incremental frequency (increment) between the target frequency (e.g., tuning frequency) and frequency 225 of the local oscillator at wireless device 205-a, based on the number of amplitude peaks 240 and valleys 245 (e.g., based on the number of "flips" from amplitude peaks 240 and valleys 245). fAccordingly, if wireless device 205-a detects an amplitude peak 240 and an amplitude valley 245 exceeding a threshold number (e.g., exceeding 4.5), wireless device 205-a may have an indication that the local oscillator is experiencing an increased frequency error (e.g., oscillator frequency domain compensation is desired). Based on determining the incremental frequency, wireless device 205-a may perform frequency error estimation and correct the frequency of the local oscillator so that the local oscillator can be tuned to frequency 225.

[0101] As an example of the duration of frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction), the frequency 225 of the modulated signal 210 and the unmodulated signal 215 can be 900 MHz, and the duration of the unmodulated signal can be 100 µs (e.g., where such frequency and duration can be defined in a standard or dynamically indicated). The local oscillator of the wireless device 205-a can be tuned to listen for a 900 MHz frequency and have an SFO of 100 ppm. Therefore, in response to receiving the unmodulated signal 215 at a 900 MHz frequency, the wireless device 205-a can downconvert the unmodulated signal 215 to a frequency 230 of 90 kHz. The wireless device 205-a can apply a filter to the 90 kHz signal to obtain a filtered baseband signal 235 with a 90 kHz frequency. Therefore, if wireless device 205-a detects nine amplitude peaks 240 and amplitude valleys 245 within 100µs (e.g., 100µs x 90 kHz = nine amplitude peaks 240 and amplitude valleys 245), wireless device 205-a may have an indication that the local oscillator frequency is incorrect (e.g., not tuned to 900MHz). Based on the number of amplitude peaks 240 and amplitude valleys 245, wireless device 205-a can determine the incremental frequency between the target frequency and frequency 225 (e.g., 900MHz) of the local oscillator, and adjust the local oscillator frequency, for example, by adjusting the local oscillator frequency upwards (e.g., local oscillator frequency + incremental frequency) or downwards (e.g., local oscillator frequency - incremental frequency). In such an example, due to the different channel gains in the unmodulated signal 215 and the modulated signal 210, wireless device 205-a may utilize a portion of the unmodulated signal 215 to perform an automatic gain control (AGC) process.

[0102] In some examples of performing frequency error estimation, wireless device 205-a may experience ambiguity regarding whether the incremental frequency is adjusted positively or negatively to change the frequency of the local oscillator. For example, when wireless device 205-a downconverts unmodulated signal 215 from frequency 225 to frequency 230, the measured incremental frequency may be an absolute value. Therefore, wireless device 205-a may not have an indication of whether the estimated frequency of the local oscillator is positively affected by the incremental frequency (e.g., local oscillator frequency + incremental frequency) or negatively affected by the incremental frequency (e.g., local oscillator frequency - incremental frequency).

[0103] Accordingly, to reduce ambiguity during frequency error estimation, wireless device 205-b may transmit an unmodulated signal 215 via a frequency 225 outside (e.g., greater than or less than) the frequency range of the local oscillator at wireless device 205-a. For example, the local oscillator of wireless device 205-a may be tuned to listen for frequency 225, but due to one or more defects in the local oscillator (e.g., hardware inconsistency or inaccuracy), it may be tuned to listen for a frequency range around frequency 225 (e.g., 950MHz to 850MHz, with a center frequency of 900MHz). Therefore, wireless device 205-b may transmit an unmodulated signal 215 outside the frequency range of the local oscillator, such that wireless device 205-a may have an indication of the incremental frequency determined as to whether the frequency of the local oscillator is to be positively or negatively adjusted.

[0104] In some other examples, to reduce ambiguity during frequency error estimation, wireless device 205-b may transmit time-division multiplexed repetitions of the unmodulated signal 215 via a corresponding tone (e.g., frequency), wherein a first repetition of the unmodulated signal 215 may be transmitted at a frequency greater than the target frequency (or frequency range) of the local oscillator of wireless device 205-a, and a second repetition of the unmodulated signal 215 may be transmitted at a frequency lower than the target frequency (or frequency range) of the local oscillator at wireless device 205-b. In this way, wireless device 205-a can use one or both of the repetitions of the unmodulated signal 215 to perform frequency estimation and determine whether the frequency of the local oscillator will be adjusted positively or negatively by the identified incremental frequency.

[0105] In some examples, even if the duration of the unmodulated signal 215 is configurable, wireless device 205-a may not have an indication of the domain boundaries of the unmodulated signal 215 (e.g., the position where the unmodulated signal 215 begins or ends in the reference signal). Accordingly, wireless device 205-b may transmit one or more delimiter signals 255 that implicitly indicate the start and end of the unmodulated signal 215 within the reference signal. For example, wireless device 205-b may transmit delimiter signal 255-a to indicate the start of the unmodulated signal. Additionally or alternatively, wireless device 205-b may transmit delimiter signal 255-b indicating the end of the unmodulated signal 215. In such examples, the resources of the delimiter signal 255 (e.g., duration (such as 20 µs) and frequency) may be predefined in a standard specification or dynamically configured. For example, wireless device 205-b may indicate the duration and frequency of delimiter signal 255-a, the duration and frequency of delimiter signal 255-b, or both, via one or more frequency parameters (e.g., transmitted via payload 220 or control signaling 250). In this way, wireless device 205-a may have indications of the start and end of unmodulated signal 215 based on delimiter signal 255.

[0106] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C Examples of signaling diagrams 300, 301, and 303 for frequency synchronization of supporting environment devices according to one or more aspects of this disclosure are shown respectively. Aspects of signaling diagrams 300, 301, and 303 can be implemented as referenced herein. Figure 1 and Figure 2 The described aspects of wireless communication system 100 and wireless communication system 200, or aspects thereof, may be implemented. For example, signaling diagrams 300, 301, and 303 may include modulated signal 210 and unmodulated signal 215, which may be as shown in the reference. Figure 2 Examples of the corresponding signals described. Furthermore, signaling diagrams 300, 301, and 303 can be implemented by a first wireless device (e.g., wireless device 205-a, an A-IoT device) and a second wireless device (e.g., wireless device 205-b, a reader for the A-IoT device). The techniques described in the context of signaling diagrams 300, 301, and 303 enable the second wireless device to transmit the unmodulated signal 215 according to a frequency hopping pattern, thereby reducing the impact of channel fading on the unmodulated signal 215.

[0107] For example, as referenced in this article Figure 2As described, the second wireless device can transmit a single unmodulated signal 215. However, the single unmodulated signal 215 may experience channel fading. Therefore, to reduce the impact of such channel fading, the second wireless device (e.g., a transmitter) can transmit the unmodulated signal 215 according to a frequency hopping mode. For example, the second wireless device can transmit the unmodulated signal 215 according to a frequency hopping mode such as... Figure 3A The frequency hopping mode shown transmits one or more repetitions of the unmodulated signal 215 via a single reference signal, or transmits multiple reference signals, wherein the unmodulated signal 215 is transmitted across multiple reference signals according to the frequency hopping mode, such as... Figure 3B As shown. In such examples, the second wireless device may indicate the frequency hopping mode to the second wireless device (e.g., wireless device 205-a) via the payload 220 of the modulated signal 210 or via control signaling (e.g., control signaling 250). Alternatively, such frequency hopping modes may be predefined in standard specifications. In additional or alternative implementations, an OOK mask may be used to transmit the unmodulated signal 215, such as Figure 3C As shown.

[0108] refer to Figure 3A In signaling diagram 300, the second wireless device can transmit one or more repetitions of an unmodulated signal 215 as part of a single reference signal according to a frequency hopping mode. For example, the second wireless device can transmit a single reference signal including a modulated signal 210-a at a first frequency, wherein the modulated signal 210-a may include a payload 220-a. According to the frequency hopping mode, the second wireless device can transmit the unmodulated signal 215-a (e.g., the first repetition) at frequency 305 (e.g., a monotone associated with frequency 305), the unmodulated signal 215-b (e.g., the second repetition) at frequency 315 (e.g., a monotone associated with frequency 315), and the unmodulated signal 215-c (e.g., the third repetition) at frequency 310 (e.g., a monotone associated with frequency 315). In this way, the effects of channel fading can be mitigated.

[0109] To facilitate this transmission, the second wireless device may indicate, via payload 220-a or control signaling, the number of unmodulated signals 215 included in a single reference signal and the frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated signals 215, such as the frequency associated with each unmodulated signal 215. Alternatively, the number of unmodulated signals 215 included in a single reference signal and the frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated signals 215 may be predefined in a standard specification.

[0110] refer to Figure 3BIn signaling diagram 301, the second wireless device can transmit multiple reference signals, wherein an unmodulated signal 215 among these reference signals can be transmitted according to a frequency hopping mode. For example, the second wireless device can transmit a first reference signal including a modulated signal 210-b at a first frequency, wherein the modulated signal 210-a may include a payload 220-b. According to the frequency hopping mode, the second wireless device can transmit an unmodulated signal 215-d at a frequency 320 (e.g., a monotone associated with frequency 320). In response to transmitting the first reference signal, the second wireless device can transmit a second reference signal including a modulated signal 210-c, wherein the modulated signal 210-c includes a payload 220-c. According to the frequency hopping mode, the second wireless device can transmit an unmodulated signal 215-e as part of the second reference signal at a frequency 325 (e.g., a monotone associated with frequency 325). In such examples, the unmodulated signals 215-d and 215-e can be the same or different waveforms. In this way, the effects of channel fading can be mitigated across the first and second reference signals.

[0111] To facilitate this transmission, the second wireless device may indicate, via a corresponding payload 220 or control signaling, the number of unmodulated signals 215 included in the respective reference signal and the frequency hopping pattern associated with each unmodulated signal 215 in the reference signal, such as the frequency associated with each unmodulated signal 215 in the reference signal. Alternatively, the number of unmodulated signals 215 included in each reference signal and the frequency hopping pattern associated with each unmodulated signal 215 in the reference signal may be predefined in a standard specification.

[0112] refer to Figure 3C In signaling diagram 303, the second wireless device can use OOK mask 335 to transmit an unmodulated signal 215. For example, the second wireless device can transmit a single reference signal including a modulated signal 210-c at a first frequency, wherein the modulated signal 210-c may include a payload 220-c. Furthermore, the second wireless device can transmit the unmodulated signal 215-f at frequency 330 (e.g., a monotone associated with frequency 330) according to OOK mask 335 (e.g., a monotone masked by OOK). In some aspects, the duration of the unmodulated signal 215-f (e.g., the duration of a monotone) can be at least three OOK chip durations.

[0113] To facilitate such transmission, a second wireless device may indicate frequency parameters and an OOK mask 335 (e.g., an OOK mode) associated with the unmodulated signal 215 via payload 220-c or control signaling. Alternatively, the OOK mask 335 (e.g., an OOK mode) associated with the unmodulated signal 215 may be predefined in a standard specification. In some implementations, payload 220-c may refer to a PRDCH. Furthermore, in some cases, the OOK mask 335 (e.g., T-SYNC) may be associated with or referenced to a preconfigured preamble and / or a start indicator portion (SIP) in the preamble, which can be used to indicate the start point of transmission (to the tag).

[0114] Figure 4 An example of a signaling diagram 400 supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Aspects of the signaling diagram 400 can be implemented as referenced herein. Figure 1 – Figure 3B The described aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, signaling diagram 300, and signaling diagram 301, or aspects thereof, are implemented by. For example, the signaling diagram may be implemented by a first wireless device (e.g., wireless device 205-a, an A-IoT device) and a second wireless device (e.g., wireless device 205-b, a reader of the A-IoT device). The techniques described in the context of signaling diagram 400 enable the first wireless device to perform frequency error estimation using an unmodulated continuous wave 435.

[0115] For example, to read the first wireless device, the second wireless device may transmit a continuous wave power-on 405, a time synchronization signal 410, a wake-up signal (WUS) 415, and a signal including information 420 as part of a continuous wave (e.g., a carrier wave). In response to receiving the continuous wave and after a guard period 421 (e.g., the duration between the reception of the continuous wave and the transmission of the backscatter signal 425), the first wireless device may modulate the continuous wave with data and transmit the backscatter signal 425. Furthermore, the first wireless device may modulate the continuous wave with backscatter scheduling information and send a backscatter scheduling trigger 430 to the second wireless device.

[0116] In some examples, the first wireless device may use an unmodulated portion of a continuous wave (such as unmodulated continuous wave 435) to perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). For example, the second wireless device may indicate one or more frequency parameters, one or more timing parameters, or both of the unmodulated continuous wave 435 via information 420 or control signaling (e.g., control signaling 250), such that the first wireless device can avoid modulating the indicated portion of the continuous wave with data and instead perform frequency error estimation. In such examples, one or more frequency parameters may indicate the frequency 440 of the unmodulated continuous wave 435 (e.g., a monotone associated with frequency 440), and one or more timing parameters may indicate the duration of the unmodulated continuous wave 435. Alternatively, such frequency and timing parameters may be predefined in a standard specification.

[0117] Accordingly, based on one or more frequency parameters, one or more timing parameters, or both, the first wireless device may receive an unmodulated continuous wave 435. In some examples, the first wireless device may downconvert the unmodulated continuous wave 435 from frequency 440 to a baseband frequency to obtain a baseband signal, apply a filter to the baseband signal, and perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction), as referenced herein. Figure 2 As described. Alternatively, the first wireless device may avoid down-converting the unmodulated continuous wave 435, and instead use the unmodulated continuous wave 435 to perform frequency error estimation. In this way, the first wireless device can use the unmodulated portion of the continuous wave to perform frequency error estimation.

[0118] Figure 5 An example of a process flow 500 supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Aspects of process flow 500 can be implemented as referenced herein. Figure 1 – Figure 4 The described aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, signaling diagram 300, signaling diagram 301, and signaling diagram 400, or aspects thereof, are implemented by. For example, process flow 500 may be implemented by wireless device 505-a (e.g., a first wireless device) and wireless device 505-b (e.g., a second wireless device), wherein wireless device 505-a may be an example of wireless device 205-a (e.g., an A-IoT device, an active device, a type C device), and wireless device 505-b may be an example of wireless device 205-b (e.g., UE 115 or network entity 105). The techniques described in the context of process flow 500 enable wireless device 505-a to improve the accuracy of frequency error estimation.

[0119] At operation 510, wireless device 505-b may use information to modulate the first signal, wherein the information indicates one or more frequency parameters associated with the unmodulated second signal (e.g., referenced herein). Figure 2 The described frequency parameters), one or more time parameters (e.g., those referenced in this document). Figure 2 (The timing parameters described herein) or both. The first signal can be as referenced herein. Figure 2 The modulated signal 210 described includes an example of payload 220. Alternatively, the first signal may be as referenced herein. Figure 2 An example of the control signaling 250 described herein. In some examples, the first signal may be a continuous wave portion of information 420, as referenced herein. Figure 4 The unmodulated second signal can be as described herein (referenced). Figure 2 An example of the unmodulated signal 215 described herein. Alternatively, the unmodulated second signal may be as referenced herein. Figure 4 An example of an unmodulated continuous wave 435 is described. At signaling operation 515, wireless device 505-b may transmit a first signal modulated with information to wireless device 505-a.

[0120] At signaling operation 520, wireless device 505-b may also transmit an unmodulated second signal to wireless device 505-a via a single tone associated with a first frequency (e.g., 900 MHz or 2.4 GHz), based on one or more timing parameters, one or more frequency parameters, or both. In some examples, wireless device 505-b may transmit the unmodulated second signal at a frequency outside the frequency range of the local oscillator of wireless device 505-a, as referenced herein. Figure 2 As described herein. In some examples, wireless device 505-b may transmit one or more delimiter signals (e.g., delimiter signal 255) to indicate the start and end of an unmodulated second signal, as referenced herein. Figure 2 As described herein. In some examples, the wireless device 505-b may transmit an unmodulated second signal according to a frequency pattern, as referenced herein. Figure 3A and Figure 3B As described.

[0121] At operation 525, wireless device 505-a can optionally down-convert the unmodulated second signal from the first frequency to the second frequency to obtain a baseband signal, as referenced herein. Figure 2 and Figure 4 As described. At operation 530, wireless device 505-a may apply a filter to the baseband signal to obtain a filtered baseband signal (e.g., filtered baseband signal 235), as referenced herein. Figure 2 As described herein. At operation 535, wireless device 505-a may be referenced according to this document. Figure 2 The techniques described herein are used to perform frequency error estimation (and / or frequency error correction). For example, if wireless device 505-a performs operations 525 and 530, wireless device 505-a can use a filtered baseband signal to perform frequency error estimation, as referenced herein. Figure 2 As described herein. Alternatively, if wireless device 505-a does not perform operations 525 and 530, then wireless device 505-a may, according to the reference herein... Figure 2 and Figure 4 The described technique uses an unmodulated second signal to perform frequency error estimation.

[0122] Figure 6 A block diagram 600 is shown illustrating a device 605 supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices according to one or more aspects of this disclosure. Device 605 may be an example of various aspects of an A-IoT device as described herein. Device 605 may include a receiver 610, a transmitter 615, and a communication manager 620. Device 605, or one or more components of device 605 (e.g., receiver 610, transmitter 615, communication manager 620), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to individually or jointly support or implement the described technologies. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0123] Receiver 610 may provide components for receiving information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to frequency synchronization for environmental devices). The information may be passed to other components of device 605. Receiver 610 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of antennas.

[0124] Transmitter 615 may provide components for transmitting signals generated by other components of device 605. For example, transmitter 615 may transmit information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to frequency synchronization for environmental devices). In some examples, transmitter 615 may be co-located with receiver 610 in a transceiver module. Transmitter 615 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0125] The communication manager 620, receiver 610, transmitter 615, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of components used to perform various aspects of frequency synchronization for environmental devices as described herein. For example, the communication manager 620, receiver 610, transmitter 615, or various combinations or components thereof may be able to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0126] In some examples, the communication manager 620, receiver 610, transmitter 615, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communication management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of the following: a processor, digital signal processor (DSP), central processing unit (CPU), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic component, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof, configured as or otherwise individually or collectively to support components for performing the functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled to said at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., instructions stored in at least one memory are executed individually or collectively by one or more processors).

[0127] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 620, receiver 610, transmitter 615, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communication management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as processor executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functionality of the communication manager 620, receiver 610, transmitter 615, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise individually or jointly to support components for performing the functions described in this disclosure).

[0128] In some examples, the communication manager 620 may be configured to use the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both, or otherwise cooperate with them to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, the communication manager 620 may receive information from the receiver 610, transmit information to the transmitter 615, or integrate with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or a combination of both to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0129] The communication manager 620 can support wireless communication according to the examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both associated with an unmodulated second signal. The communication manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving the unmodulated second signal from the second wireless device based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both via a single tone associated with a first frequency. The communication manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for performing frequency error estimation based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both using the unmodulated second signal.

[0130] By including or configuring a communication manager 620 according to an example as described herein, device 605 (e.g., controlling receiver 610, transmitter 615, communication manager 620 or a combination thereof or at least one processor otherwise coupled to them) can support techniques for performing frequency estimation using unmodulated signals, thereby providing more efficient utilization of communication resources.

[0131] Figure 7 A block diagram 700 is shown illustrating a device 705 supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices according to one or more aspects of this disclosure. Device 705 may be an example of a device 605 as described herein or various aspects of an A-IoT device. Device 705 may include a receiver 710, a transmitter 715, and a communication manager 720. Device 705, or one or more components of device 705 (e.g., receiver 710, transmitter 715, communication manager 720), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to support the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0132] Receiver 710 may provide components for receiving information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to frequency synchronization for environmental devices). The information may be passed to other components of device 705. Receiver 710 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of antennas.

[0133] Transmitter 715 may provide components for transmitting signals generated by other components of device 705. For example, transmitter 715 may transmit information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to frequency synchronization for environmental devices). In some examples, transmitter 715 may be co-located with receiver 710 in a transceiver module. Transmitter 715 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0134] Device 705 or its various components may be examples of parts used to perform various aspects of frequency synchronization for environmental devices as described herein. For example, communication manager 720 may include control signaling component 725, oscillator component 730, frequency error estimation component 735, or any combination thereof. Communication manager 720 may be examples of aspects of communication manager 620 as described herein. In some examples, communication manager 720 or its various components may be configured to use receiver 710, transmitter 715, or both, or otherwise cooperate with them to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, communication manager 720 may receive information from receiver 710, transmit information to transmitter 715, or be integrated with receiver 710, transmitter 715, or a combination thereof to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0135] Communication manager 720 can support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Control signaling component 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both associated with an unmodulated second signal. Oscillator component 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving the unmodulated second signal from the second wireless device based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both via a single tone associated with a first frequency. Frequency error estimation component 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for performing frequency error estimation based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both using the unmodulated second signal.

[0136] Figure 8A block diagram 800 is shown of a communication manager 820 supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices according to one or more aspects of this disclosure. The communication manager 820 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 620, communication manager 720, or both as described herein. The communication manager 820 or its various components may be examples of parts for performing various aspects of frequency synchronization for environmental devices as described herein. For example, the communication manager 820 may include a control signaling component 825, an oscillator component 830, a frequency error estimation component 835, a downconversion component 840, a delimiter signaling component 845, a filtering component 850, an amplitude peak and valley component 855, an incremental frequency calculation component 860, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or its components or sub-components (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate directly or indirectly with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0137] Communication manager 820 can support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Control signaling component 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both associated with an unmodulated second signal. Oscillator component 830 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving the unmodulated second signal from the second wireless device based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both via a single tone associated with a first frequency. Frequency error estimation component 835 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for performing frequency error estimation based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both using the unmodulated second signal.

[0138] In some examples, the downconversion component 840 is capable of, configured to, or able to operate to support components for downconverting the unmodulated second signal from the first frequency to the second frequency to obtain a baseband signal, wherein the baseband signal is used to perform the frequency error estimation.

[0139] In some examples, the filter component 850 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a filter to the baseband signal to obtain a filtered baseband signal, the frequency error estimation being performed based on the filtered baseband signal.

[0140] In some examples, to support the performance of the frequency error estimation, the amplitude peak and valley component 855 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for detecting the number of amplitude peaks and valleys of the baseband signal during the duration. In some examples, to support the performance of the frequency error estimation, the incremental frequency calculation component 860 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for determining the incremental frequency between the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device and the first frequency based on the number of amplitude peaks and valleys of the baseband signal during the duration, wherein the frequency error estimation is performed based on the incremental frequency.

[0141] In some examples, the one or more frequency parameters indicate the frequency hopping pattern of the unmodulated second signal, and the oscillator component 830 is capable, configured, or operable to support components for receiving a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern. In some examples, the one or more frequency parameters indicate the frequency hopping pattern of the unmodulated second signal, and the oscillator component 830 is capable, configured, or operable to support components for receiving a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with a second frequency different from the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern.

[0142] In some examples, the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated second signal across the monotone and a third signal across the second monotone, and the oscillator component 830 is capable, configured, or operable to support means for receiving the unmodulated second signal via the monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern. In some examples, the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated second signal across the monotone and a third signal across the second monotone, and the oscillator component 830 is capable, configured, or operable to support means for receiving the third signal, which is unmodulated, via the second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern.

[0143] In some examples, the first frequency is outside the frequency range of the local oscillator of the first wireless device.

[0144] In some examples, to support reception of the unmodulated second signal, oscillator component 830 is capable, configured, or operable to support a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with the first frequency, the first frequency being greater than a target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device. In some examples, to support reception of the unmodulated second signal, oscillator component 830 is capable, configured, or operable to support a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is less than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device, and wherein the first repetition and the second repetition of the unmodulated second signal are multiplexed.

[0145] In some examples, the information also indicates resources associated with a first delimiter signal and resources associated with a second delimiter signal, and the delimiter signaling component 845 is capable, configured, or operable to support components for receiving the first delimiter signal based on the information, the first delimiter signal indicating the start of the unmodulated second signal. In some examples, the information also indicates resources associated with the first delimiter signal and resources associated with the second delimiter signal, and the oscillator component 830 is capable, configured, or operable to support components for receiving the unmodulated second signal based on the receipt of the first delimiter signal. In some examples, the information also indicates resources associated with the first delimiter signal and resources associated with the second delimiter signal, and the delimiter signaling component 845 is capable, configured, or operable to support components for receiving the second delimiter signal based on the receipt of the unmodulated second signal, the second delimiter signal indicating the end of the unmodulated second signal.

[0146] In some examples, the first signal includes a modulated portion of the synchronization signal, and the unmodulated second signal includes the unmodulated portion of the synchronization signal.

[0147] In some examples, the modulation portion of the synchronization signal includes a time synchronization portion and a payload portion, and the payload portion is modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both.

[0148] In some examples, the first signal includes a system information message or a forward link trigger message, and the unmodulated second signal includes the unmodulated portion of a synchronization signal.

[0149] In some examples, the one or more frequency parameters indicate the subcarrier index of the monotone, the RB index of the monotone, the band index of the monotone, the carrier index of the monotone, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the first frequency of the monotone is based on the one or more frequency parameters.

[0150] In some examples, the information also indicates an identifier associated with the second wireless device, the subcarrier spacing of the unmodulated second signal, a reference signal index associated with the unmodulated second signal, the periodicity of the unmodulated second signal, or any combination thereof.

[0151] In some examples, the one or more time parameters indicate the duration of the unmodulated second signal, and the unmodulated second signal is received based on that duration of the unmodulated second signal.

[0152] In some examples, the duration of the unmodulated second signal is the minimum duration.

[0153] In some examples, the first signal comprises a first portion of a continuous wave, and the unmodulated second signal comprises a second portion of the continuous wave.

[0154] In some examples, the first wireless device is an A-IoT device, and the second wireless device is a UE or a network entity.

[0155] Figure 9 A diagram is shown of a system 900 including a device 905 supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure. Device 905 may be an example of device 605, device 705, or an A-IoT device described herein, or may include components thereof. Device 905 may communicate with one or more other devices (e.g., network entity 105, UE 115, or a combination thereof) (e.g., wirelessly). Device 905 may include components for bidirectional voice and data communication, including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communication manager 920, an input / output (I / O) controller (e.g., I / O controller 910), a transceiver 915, one or more antennas 925, at least one memory 930, code 935, and at least one processor 940. These components may communicate electronically or otherwise (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., bus 945).

[0156] I / O controller 910 manages the input and output signals of device 905. I / O controller 910 can also manage peripheral devices not integrated into device 905. In some cases, I / O controller 910 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral device. In some cases, I / O controller 910 may utilize an operating system such as iOS. ® ANDROID ® MS-DOS ® MS-WINDOWS ® OS / 2 ® UNIX ® LINUX ® Or another known operating system. Additionally or alternatively, the I / O controller 910 may represent or interact with a modem, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, or similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 910 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as at least one processor 940. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 905 via the I / O controller 910 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 910.

[0157] In some cases, device 905 may include a single antenna. However, in other cases, device 905 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. Transceiver 915 may communicate bidirectionally via one or more antennas 925 using a wired or wireless link as described herein. For example, transceiver 915 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. Transceiver 915 may also include a modem for: modulating packets; providing the modulated packets to one or more antennas 925 for transmission; and demodulating packets received from one or more antennas 925. Transceiver 915, or transceiver 915 and one or more antennas 925, may be an example of transmitter 615, transmitter 715, receiver 610, receiver 710, or any combination thereof or components thereof as described herein.

[0158] At least one memory 930 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). At least one memory 930 may store computer-readable code, computer-executable code, or processor-executable code, such as code 935. Code 935 may include instructions that, when executed by at least one processor 940, cause device 905 to perform the various functions described herein. Code 935 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, code 935 may not be directly executable by at least one processor 940, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein. In some cases, at least one memory 930 may include a basic I / O system (BIOS), etc., which controls basic hardware or software operations, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0159] At least one processor 940 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more central processing units (CPUs), one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also known as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, at least one processor 940 may be configured to use a memory controller to operate a memory array. In some other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into at least one processor 940. At least one processor 940 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory (e.g., at least one memory 930) to cause device 905 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices). For example, device 905 or components of device 905 may include at least one processor 940 and at least one memory 930 coupled to or coupled to at least one processor 940, wherein at least one processor 940 and at least one memory 930 are configured to perform the various functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor 940 may include multiple processors, and at least one memory 930 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform the various functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor 940 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system of machines (such as a series of machines), circuits (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include at least one processor 940) and memory circuitry (which may include at least one memory 930)) or components that receive or receive input and process the input to produce, generate, or obtain output. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, at least one processor 940 or a processing system including at least one processor 940 may be configured, capable of being configured, or operable to cause device 905 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Furthermore, as described herein, “configured to,” “capable of being configured to,” and “capable of operating to” are used interchangeably and can be associated with the ability to perform one or more of the functions described herein when executing code 935 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in at least one memory 930 or otherwise executing the code.

[0160] The communication manager 920 can support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 920 can be, configured, or operated to support components for receiving from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both associated with an unmodulated second signal. The communication manager 920 can be, configured, or operated to support components for receiving the unmodulated second signal from the second wireless device based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both via a single tone associated with a first frequency. The communication manager 920 can be, configured, or operated to support components for performing frequency error estimation using the unmodulated second signal based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0161] By including or configuring a communication manager 920 according to an example as described herein, device 905 can support techniques for performing frequency estimation using unmodulated signals, thereby providing more efficient utilization of communication resources.

[0162] In some examples, the communication manager 920 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using a transceiver 915, one or more antennas 925, or any combination thereof, or otherwise cooperating with them. Although the communication manager 920 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communication manager 920 may be supported or executed by at least one processor 940, at least one memory 930, code 935, or any combination thereof. For example, code 935 may include instructions that can be executed by at least one processor 940 to cause device 905 to perform various aspects of frequency synchronization for environmental devices as described herein, or at least one processor 940 and at least one memory 930 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations individually or jointly.

[0163] Figure 10 A block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 supporting frequency synchronization for an environmental device according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Device 1005 may be an example of aspects of network entity 105 or UE 115 as described herein. Device 1005 may include receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, and communication manager 1020. Device 1005, or one or more components of device 1005 (e.g., receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, communication manager 1020), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to individually or jointly support or implement the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0164] Receiver 1010 may provide components for acquiring (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information (such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units)) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). The information may be passed to other components of device 1005. In some examples, receiver 1010 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, receiver 1010 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0165] Transmitter 1015 may provide components for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, transmitting) information generated by other components of device 1005. For example, transmitter 1015 may output information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). In some examples, transmitter 1015 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, transmitter 1015 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, transmitter 1015 and receiver 1010 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled to a modem.

[0166] The communication manager 1020, receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of components used to perform various aspects of frequency synchronization for environmental devices as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1020, receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, or various combinations or components thereof may be able to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0167] In some examples, the communication manager 1020, receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communication management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, or other programmable logic device, microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic unit, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof, configured as or otherwise individually or collectively to support components for performing the functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled to said at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., instructions stored in at least one memory are executed individually or collectively by one or more processors).

[0168] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 1020, receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communication management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as processor executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functionality of the communication manager 1020, receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, or various combinations or components thereof may be executed by a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise individually or jointly to support components for performing the functions described in this disclosure).

[0169] In some examples, the communication manager 1020 may be configured to use the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both, or otherwise cooperate with them to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, the communication manager 1020 may receive information from the receiver 1010, transmit information to the transmitter 1015, or integrate with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or a combination of both to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0170] The communication manager 1020 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 1020 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for modulating a first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both associated with an unmodulated second signal. The communication manager 1020 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting the first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device. The communication manager 1020 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting the unmodulated second signal via a single tone associated with a first frequency according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0171] By including or configuring a communication manager 1020 according to an example as described herein, device 1005 (e.g., controlling receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, communication manager 1020, or a combination thereof, or at least one processor otherwise coupled to them) can support techniques for performing frequency estimation using unmodulated signals, thereby providing more efficient utilization of communication resources.

[0172] Figure 11 A block diagram 1100 of a device 1105 supporting frequency synchronization for an environmental device according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Device 1105 may be an example of aspects of device 1005, network entity 105, or UE 115 as described herein. Device 1105 may include a receiver 1110, a transmitter 1115, and a communication manager 1120. Device 1105, or one or more components of device 1105 (e.g., receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, communication manager 1120), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to support the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0173] Receiver 1110 may provide components for acquiring (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information (such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units)) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). The information may be passed to other components of device 1105. In some examples, receiver 1110 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, receiver 1110 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0174] Transmitter 1115 may provide components for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, transmitting) information generated by other components of device 1105. For example, transmitter 1115 may output information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). In some examples, transmitter 1115 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, transmitter 1115 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, transmitter 1115 and receiver 1110 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled to a modem.

[0175] Device 1105 or its various components may be examples of parts used to perform various aspects of frequency synchronization for environmental devices as described herein. For example, communication manager 1120 may include modulation component 1125, control information component 1130, synchronization signaling component 1135, or any combination thereof. Communication manager 1120 may be examples of aspects of communication manager 1020 as described herein. In some examples, communication manager 1120 or its various components may be configured to use receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or both, or otherwise cooperate with them to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, communication manager 1120 may receive information from receiver 1110, transmit information to transmitter 1115, or be integrated with receiver 1110, transmitter 1115, or a combination thereof to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0176] Communication manager 1120 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Modulation component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for modulating a first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both associated with an unmodulated second signal. Control information component 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for transmitting the first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device. Synchronization signaling component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for transmitting the unmodulated second signal via a single tone associated with a first frequency according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0177] Figure 12A block diagram 1200 is shown of a communication manager 1220 supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices according to one or more aspects of this disclosure. The communication manager 1220 may be an example of a communication manager 1020, a communication manager 1120, or aspects thereof as described herein. The communication manager 1220 or its various components may be examples of parts for performing various aspects of frequency synchronization for environmental devices as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1220 may include a modulation component 1225, a control information component 1230, a synchronization signaling component 1235, a delimiter signaling component 1240, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or its components or sub-components (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate directly or indirectly with each other (e.g., via one or more buses). These communications may include communication within protocol layers of a protocol stack, communication associated with logical channels of the protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of the protocol stack, within devices, components, or virtualization components associated with network entity 105, between devices, components, or virtualization components associated with network entity 105), or any combination thereof.

[0178] Communication manager 1220 can support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Modulation component 1225 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for modulating a first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both associated with an unmodulated second signal. Control information component 1230 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for transmitting the first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device. Synchronization signaling component 1235 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for transmitting the unmodulated second signal via a single tone associated with a first frequency according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0179] In some examples, the one or more frequency parameters indicate the frequency hopping pattern of the unmodulated second signal, and the synchronization signaling component 1235 is capable, configured, or operable to support components for transmitting a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via the monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern. In some examples, the one or more frequency parameters indicate the frequency hopping pattern of the unmodulated second signal, and the synchronization signaling component 1235 is capable, configured, or operable to support components for transmitting a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern.

[0180] In some examples, the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated second signal across the monotone and a third signal across the second monotone, and the synchronization signaling component 1235 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting the unmodulated second signal via the monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern. In some examples, the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated second signal across the monotone and a third signal across the second monotone, and the synchronization signaling component 1235 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting the third signal, which is unmodulated, via the second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern.

[0181] In some examples, the first frequency is outside the frequency range of the local oscillator of the first wireless device.

[0182] In some examples, to support the transmission of the unmodulated second signal, the synchronization signaling component 1235 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with the first frequency, the first frequency being greater than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device. In some examples, to support the transmission of the unmodulated second signal, the synchronization signaling component 1235 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is less than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device, and wherein the first repetition and the second repetition of the unmodulated second signal are multiplexed.

[0183] In some examples, the information also indicates resources associated with a first delimiter signal and resources associated with a second delimiter signal, and the delimiter signaling component 1240 is capable, configured, or operable to support components for transmitting the first delimiter signal based on the information, the first delimiter signal indicating the start of the unmodulated second signal. In some examples, the information also indicates resources associated with the first delimiter signal and resources associated with the second delimiter signal, and the synchronization signaling component 1235 is capable, configured, or operable to support components for transmitting the unmodulated second signal based on the transmission of the first delimiter signal. In some examples, the information also indicates resources associated with the first delimiter signal and resources associated with the second delimiter signal, and the delimiter signaling component 1240 is capable, configured, or operable to support components for transmitting the second delimiter signal based on the transmission of the unmodulated second signal, the second delimiter signal indicating the end of the unmodulated second signal.

[0184] In some examples, the first signal includes a modulated portion of the synchronization signal, and the unmodulated second signal includes the unmodulated portion of the synchronization signal.

[0185] In some examples, the modulation portion of the synchronization signal includes a time synchronization portion and a payload portion, and the payload portion is modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both.

[0186] In some examples, the first signal includes a system information message or a forward link trigger message, and the unmodulated second signal includes the unmodulated portion of a synchronization signal.

[0187] In some examples, the one or more frequency parameters indicate the subcarrier index of the monotone, the RB index of the monotone, the band index of the monotone, the carrier index of the monotone, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the first frequency of the monotone is based on the one or more frequency parameters.

[0188] In some examples, the information also indicates an identifier associated with the second wireless device, the subcarrier spacing of the unmodulated second signal, a reference signal index associated with the unmodulated second signal, the periodicity of the unmodulated second signal, or any combination thereof.

[0189] In some examples, the one or more time parameters indicate the duration of the unmodulated second signal, and the transmission of the unmodulated second signal is based on that duration of the unmodulated second signal.

[0190] In some examples, the duration of the unmodulated second signal is the minimum duration.

[0191] In some examples, the first signal comprises a first portion of a continuous wave, and the unmodulated second signal comprises a second portion of the continuous wave.

[0192] In some examples, the first wireless device is an A-IoT device, and the second wireless device is a UE or a network entity.

[0193] Figure 13A diagram of a system 1300 including device 1305 supporting frequency synchronization for environmental devices, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 1305 may be an example of device 1005, device 1105, network entity 105, or UE 115 as described herein, or a component including such devices. Device 1305 may communicate with other network devices or network equipment, such as one or more of network entity 105, UE 115, or any combination thereof. Communication may include communication via one or more wired interfaces, one or more wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. Device 1305 may include components supporting output and enabling communication, such as a communication manager 1320, a transceiver 1310, one or more antennas 1315, at least one memory 1325, code 1330, and at least one processor 1335. These components may communicate electronically or otherwise (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1340).

[0194] Transceiver 1310 may support bidirectional communication via a wired link, a wireless link, or both, as described herein. In some examples, transceiver 1310 may include a wired transceiver and be able to communicate bidirectionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, transceiver 1310 may include a wireless transceiver and be able to communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. In some examples, device 1305 may include one or more antennas 1315 that may be able to transmit or receive wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently). Transceiver 1310 may also include a modem for: modulating a signal; providing the modulated signal for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 1315, by a wired transmitter); receiving the modulated signal (e.g., from one or more antennas 1315, from a wired receiver); and demodulating the signal. In some embodiments, transceiver 1310 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled to one or more antennas 1315 configured to support various receive or acquire operations, or one or more interfaces coupled to one or more antennas 1315 configured to support various transmit or output operations, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, transceiver 1310 may include one or more processors or one or more memory components, or be configured to couple to said one or more processors or one or more memory components, said one or more processors or one or more memory components being operable to perform or support operations based on received or acquired information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other output, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, transceiver 1310, or transceiver 1310 and one or more antennas 1315, or transceiver 1310 and one or more antennas 1315 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., at least one processor 1335, at least one memory 1325, or both), may be included in a chip or chip assembly mounted in device 1305. In some examples, transceiver 1310 may be able to operate to support communication via one or more communication links (e.g., communication link 125, backhaul communication link 120, midhaul communication link 162, and fronthaul communication link 168).

[0195] At least one memory 1325 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. At least one memory 1325 may store computer-readable code, computer-executable code, or processor-executable code, such as code 1330. Code 1330 may include instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of at least one processor 1335, cause device 1305 to perform the various functions described herein. Code 1330 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, code 1330 may not be directly executable by one of the processors of at least one processor 1335, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein. In some cases, at least one memory 1325 may include a BIOS, etc., which controls basic hardware or software operation, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some examples, at least one processor 1335 may include multiple processors, and at least one memory 1325 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform the various functions described herein (e.g., as part of a processing system).

[0196] At least one processor 1335 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more central processing units (CPUs), one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also known as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, at least one processor 1335 may be configured to use a memory controller to operate a memory array. In some other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into one or more processors in at least one processor 1335. At least one processor 1335 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory (e.g., one or more memories in at least one memory 1325) to cause device 1305 to perform various functions (e.g., supporting functions or tasks for frequency synchronization of environmental devices). For example, device 1305 or components thereof may include at least one processor 1335 and at least one memory 1325 coupled to one or more of the at least one processor 1335, the at least one processor 1335 and the at least one memory 1325 being configured to perform the various functions described herein. The at least one processor 1335 may be an example of a cloud computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as an operating system, virtual machine, or container instance) that can host functions (e.g., by executing code 1330) to perform the functions of device 1305. The at least one processor 1335 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in device 1305 (such as within one or more memories of at least one memory 1325). In some examples, the at least one processor 1335 may include multiple processors, and the at least one memory 1325 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, the multiple memories being configured individually or collectively to perform the various functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor 1335 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system of machines (such as a series of machines), circuits (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include at least one processor 1335) and memory circuitry (which may include at least one memory 1325)) or components that receive or obtain input and process the input to produce, generate or obtain output. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein.For example, at least one processor 1335 or a processing system including at least one processor 1335 may be configured, capable of being configured, or operable to cause device 1305 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Furthermore, as described herein, “configured to,” “capable of being configured,” and “operable to” are used interchangeably and may be associated with the ability to perform one or more of the functions described herein when executing code stored in at least one memory 1325 or otherwise.

[0197] In some examples, bus 1340 may support communication at the protocol layer of the protocol stack (e.g., within a protocol layer). In some examples, bus 1340 may support communication associated with logical channels of the protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of the protocol stack), which may include communication performed within components of device 1305, or communication performed between different components of device 1305 that are co-addressable or may be located in different locations (e.g., where device 1305 may refer to a system in which one or more of communication manager 1320, transceiver 1310, at least one memory 1325, code 1330 and at least one processor 1335 may be located in one component of different components or partitioned between different components).

[0198] In some examples, the communication manager 1320 can manage (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links) various aspects of communication with the core network 130. For example, the communication manager 1320 can manage the transfer of data communication between client devices such as one or more UEs 115. In some examples, the communication manager 1320 can manage communication with one or more other network entities 105 and may include a controller or scheduler for (e.g., coordinating one or more other network devices) controlling communication with UE 115. In some examples, the communication manager 1320 may support an X2 interface within LTE / LTE-A wireless communication network technology to provide communication between network entities 105.

[0199] Communication manager 1320 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, communication manager 1320 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for modulating a first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both associated with an unmodulated second signal. Communication manager 1320 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting the first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device. Communication manager 1320 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for transmitting the unmodulated second signal via a single tone associated with a first frequency according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0200] By including or configuring a communication manager 1320 according to an example as described herein, device 1305 can support techniques for performing frequency estimation using unmodulated signals, thereby providing more efficient utilization of communication resources.

[0201] In some examples, the communication manager 1320 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using a transceiver 1310, one or more antennas 1315 (e.g., where applicable), or any combination thereof, or otherwise cooperating with them. Although the communication manager 1320 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communication manager 1320 may be supported or performed by the transceiver 1310, one or more processors in at least one processor 1335, one or more memories in at least one memory 1325, code 1330, or any combination thereof (e.g., by a processing system including at least a portion of at least one processor 1335, at least one memory 1325, code 1330, or any combination thereof). For example, code 1330 may include instructions that can be executed by one or more processors in at least one processor 1335 to cause the device 1305 to perform various aspects of frequency synchronization for environmental devices as described herein, or at least one processor 1335 and at least one memory 1325 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations individually or jointly.

[0202] Figure 14 A flowchart illustrating a method 1400 for frequency synchronization of an environmental device according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Operation of method 1400 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1400 may be performed by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 9 The UE 115 described herein performs the following: In some examples, the UE can execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described functions.

[0203] At 1405, the method may include receiving from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal. Operation of 1405 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1405 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 8 The control signaling component 825 described herein is used to execute this.

[0204] At 1410, the method may include receiving the unmodulated second signal from the second wireless device via a monotone associated with the first frequency, based on one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both. Operation of 1410 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1410 may be as described in references... Figure 8 The oscillator component 830 described herein is used to perform this action.

[0205] At 1415, the method may include performing frequency error estimation or correction based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both using the unmodulated second signal. The operation of 1415 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1415 may be derived from references... Figure 8 The frequency error estimation component 835 is described as performing this function.

[0206] Figure 15 A flowchart illustrating a method 1500 for frequency synchronization of an environmental device according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Operation of method 1500 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1500 may be performed by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 9 The UE 115 described herein performs the following: In some examples, the UE can execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described functions.

[0207] At 1505, the method may include receiving from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal. Operation of 1505 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1505 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 8 The control signaling component 825 described herein is used to execute this.

[0208] At 1510, the method may include receiving the unmodulated second signal from the second wireless device via a monotone associated with a first frequency, based on one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both. Operation of 1510 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1510 may be as described in references... Figure 8 The oscillator component 830 described herein is used to perform this action.

[0209] At 1515, the method may include downconverting an unmodulated second signal from a first frequency to a second frequency to obtain a baseband signal. The operation of 1515 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1515 may be derived from references... Figure 8 The downconverter component 840 described herein is used to perform this operation.

[0210] At 1520, the method may include using a baseband signal to perform frequency error estimation or correction. The operation of 1520 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1520 may be derived from references... Figure 8 The frequency error estimation component 835 is described as performing this function.

[0211] Figure 16 A flowchart illustrating a method 1600 for frequency synchronization of environmental devices according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Operation of method 1600 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1600 may be implemented by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 5 and Figures 10 to 13 The described network entity performs the functions. In some examples, the network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the network entity may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described functions.

[0212] At 1605, the method may include modulating the first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with the unmodulated second signal. The operation of 1605 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1605 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 12 The modulation component 1225 described herein shall perform this action.

[0213] At 1610, the method may include transmitting a first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device. Operation of 1610 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1610 may be derived from references... Figure 12 The described control information component 1230 is executed.

[0214] At 1615, the method may include transmitting the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency, according to one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both. Operation of 1615 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1615 may be as described in references... Figure 12 The described synchronization signaling component 1235 is used to execute this.

[0215] Figure 17 A flowchart illustrating a method 1700 for frequency synchronization of environmental devices according to one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. Operation of method 1700 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1700 may be implemented by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 5 and Figures 10 to 13 The described network entity performs the functions. In some examples, the network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the network entity may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described functions.

[0216] At 1705, the method may include modulating the first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with the unmodulated second signal, wherein the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping mode. Operation of 1705 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1705 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 12 The modulation component 1225 described herein shall perform this action.

[0217] At 1710, the method may include transmitting a first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device. Operation of 1710 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1710 may be derived from references... Figure 12 The described control information component 1230 is executed.

[0218] At 1715, the method may include a first repetition of transmitting the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern. Operation of 1715 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of operation of 1715 may be derived from references... Figure 12 The described synchronization signaling component 1235 is used to execute this.

[0219] At 1720, the method may include a second repetition of transmitting the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with a second frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern. Operation of 1720 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1720 may be derived from references... Figure 12 The described synchronization signaling component 1235 is used to execute this.

[0220] The following provides an overview of the various aspects of this disclosure: Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication at a first wireless device, the method comprising: receiving from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both associated with an unmodulated second signal; receiving from the second wireless device, based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both, via a single tone associated with a first frequency; and performing frequency error estimation using the unmodulated second signal, at least in part, based on the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0221] Aspect 2: According to the method of aspect 1, wherein one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping mode of the unmodulated second signal, the method further includes: receiving a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping mode; and receiving a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with a second frequency different from the first frequency according to the frequency hopping mode.

[0222] Aspect 3: The method according to aspect 1, wherein one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping mode associated with the unmodulated second signal across the monotone and a third signal across the second monotone, the method further comprising: receiving the unmodulated second signal via the monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping mode; and receiving the third signal via the second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping mode, the third signal being unmodulated.

[0223] Aspect 4: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the first frequency is outside the frequency range of the local oscillator of the first wireless device.

[0224] Aspect 5: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein receiving the unmodulated second signal comprises: receiving a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency, the first frequency being greater than a target frequency of a local oscillator of the first wireless device; and receiving a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is less than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device, and wherein the first repetition of the unmodulated second signal and the second repetition of the unmodulated second signal are multiplexed.

[0225] Aspect 6: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein the information further indicates resources associated with a first delimiter signal and resources associated with a second delimiter signal, the method further comprising: receiving the first delimiter signal according to the information, the first delimiter signal indicating the start of the unmodulated second signal; receiving the unmodulated second signal at least in part based on receiving the first delimiter signal; and receiving the second delimiter signal at least in part based on receiving the unmodulated second signal, the second delimiter signal indicating the end of the unmodulated second signal.

[0226] Aspect 7: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein the first signal includes a modulated portion of a synchronization signal, and the unmodulated second signal includes an unmodulated portion of the synchronization signal.

[0227] Aspect 8: According to the method of aspect 7, the modulation portion of the synchronization signal includes a time synchronization portion and a payload portion, and the payload portion is modulated with information indicating the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0228] Aspect 9: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein the first signal includes a system information message or a forward link trigger message, and the unmodulated second signal includes an unmodulated portion of a synchronization signal.

[0229] Aspect 10: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 9, wherein the one or more frequency parameters indicate a subcarrier index of the monotone, an RB index of the monotone, a band index of the monotone, a carrier index of the monotone, or any combination thereof, wherein the first frequency of the monotone is at least partially based on the one or more frequency parameters.

[0230] Aspect 11: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 10, wherein the information further indicates an identifier associated with the second wireless device, the subcarrier spacing of the unmodulated second signal, the subframe number associated with the unmodulated second signal, the reference signal index associated with the unmodulated second signal, the periodicity of the unmodulated second signal, or any combination thereof.

[0231] Aspect 12: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 11, wherein the one or more time parameters indicate the duration of the unmodulated second signal, and the unmodulated second signal is received at least in part based on the duration of the unmodulated second signal.

[0232] Aspect 13: According to the method of aspect 12, the duration of the unmodulated second signal is a minimum duration.

[0233] Aspect 14: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6 and 9 to 13, wherein the first signal comprises a first portion of a continuous wave, and the unmodulated second signal comprises a second portion of the continuous wave.

[0234] Aspect 15: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 14, wherein the first wireless device is an A-IoT device and the second wireless device is a UE or a network entity.

[0235] Aspect 16: A method for wireless communication at a second wireless device, the method comprising: modulating a first signal with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal; transmitting the first signal modulated with the information to a first wireless device; and transmitting the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency according to the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0236] Aspect 17: The method according to aspect 16, wherein one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping mode of the unmodulated second signal, the method further comprising: transmitting a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via the monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping mode; and transmitting a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping mode.

[0237] Aspect 18: The method according to aspect 16, wherein one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated second signal across the monotone and a third signal across the second monotone, the method further comprising: transmitting the unmodulated second signal via the monotone associated with the first frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern; and transmitting the third signal via the second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping pattern, the third signal being unmodulated.

[0238] Aspect 19: The method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 18, wherein the first frequency is outside the frequency range of the local oscillator of the first wireless device.

[0239] Aspect 20: The method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 18, wherein transmitting the unmodulated second signal comprises: transmitting a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a monotone associated with a first frequency, the first frequency being greater than a target frequency of a local oscillator of the first wireless device; and transmitting a second repetition of the unmodulated second signal via a second monotone associated with a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is less than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device, and wherein the first repetition of the unmodulated second signal and the second repetition of the unmodulated second signal are multiplexed.

[0240] Aspect 21: The method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 20, wherein the information further indicates resources associated with a first delimiter signal and resources associated with a second delimiter signal, the method further comprising: transmitting the first delimiter signal according to the information, the first delimiter signal indicating the start of the unmodulated second signal; transmitting the unmodulated second signal at least in part based on transmitting the first delimiter signal; and transmitting the second delimiter signal at least in part based on transmitting the unmodulated second signal, the second delimiter signal indicating the end of the unmodulated second signal.

[0241] Aspect 22: The method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 21, wherein the first signal includes a modulated portion of a synchronization signal, and the unmodulated second signal includes an unmodulated portion of the synchronization signal.

[0242] Aspect 23: According to the method of aspect 22, the modulation portion of the synchronization signal includes a time synchronization portion and a payload portion, and the payload portion is modulated with information indicating the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

[0243] Aspect 24: The method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 21, wherein the first signal comprises a system information message or a forward link trigger message, and the unmodulated second signal comprises an unmodulated portion of a synchronization signal.

[0244] Aspect 25: The method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 24, wherein the one or more frequency parameters indicate a subcarrier index of the monotone, an RB index of the monotone, a band index of the monotone, a carrier index of the monotone, or any combination thereof, wherein the first frequency of the monotone is based at least in part on the one or more frequency parameters.

[0245] Aspect 26: The method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 25, wherein the information further indicates an identifier associated with the second wireless device, the subcarrier spacing of the unmodulated second signal, the subframe number associated with the unmodulated second signal, the reference signal index associated with the unmodulated second signal, the periodicity of the unmodulated second signal, or any combination thereof.

[0246] Aspect 27: The method according to any one of aspects 16 to 26, wherein the one or more time parameters indicate the duration of the unmodulated second signal, and the transmission of the unmodulated second signal is based at least in part on the duration of the unmodulated second signal.

[0247] Aspect 28: According to the method of aspect 27, the duration of the unmodulated second signal is a minimum duration.

[0248] Aspect 29: The method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 21 and 25 to 28, wherein the first signal comprises a first portion of a continuous wave, and the unmodulated second signal comprises a second portion of the continuous wave.

[0249] Aspect 30: The method according to any one of Aspects 16 to 29, wherein the first wireless device is an A-IoT device and the second wireless device is a UE or a network entity.

[0250] Aspect 31: A first wireless device for wireless communication, the first wireless device comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to perform a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 15.

[0251] Aspect 32: A first wireless device for wireless communication, the first wireless device comprising at least one component for performing the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 15.

[0252] Aspect 33: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, said code including instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 15.

[0253] Aspect 34: A second wireless device for wireless communication, the second wireless device comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the second wireless device to perform a method according to any one of aspects 16 to 30.

[0254] Aspect 35: A second wireless device for wireless communication, the second wireless device comprising at least one component for performing the method according to any one of aspects 16 to 30.

[0255] Aspect 36: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, said code including instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method according to any one of aspects 16 to 30.

[0256] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible specific implementations. Operations and steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other specific implementations are possible. Furthermore, aspects from two or more of these methods may be combined.

[0257] While aspects of LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR systems may be described for illustrative purposes, and the terms LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR may be used in most of the description, the techniques described herein are also applicable to networks outside of LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the techniques described are applicable to a variety of other wireless communication systems, such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, and other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0258] The information and signals described herein can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and skills. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips mentioned throughout the description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0259] The various exemplary blocks and components described herein can be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, DSP, ASIC, CPU, graphics processing unit (GPU), neural processing unit (NPU), FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic unit, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in alternatives, a processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors working in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration). Any function or operation described herein that can be performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors capable of performing the described function or operation individually or jointly.

[0260] The functions described herein can be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. When implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions can be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium or transmitted using one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and specific implementations are within the scope of this disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, the functions described herein can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or any combination of these. Features implementing the functions can also be physically located in various locations, including various portions distributed such that the functions are implemented in different physical locations.

[0261] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media, encompassing any medium that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one location to another. Non-transitory storage media can be any available medium accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compressed optical disc (CD) ROM or other optical disc storage devices, magnetic disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code components in the form of instructions or data structures, and accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Furthermore, any connection is appropriately referred to as computer-readable media. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of computer-readable media. As used herein, disks and optical discs include CDs, laser discs, optical discs, digital multifunction discs (DVDs), floppy disks, and Blu-ray discs. A disk can magnetically reproduce data, and an optical disc can optically reproduce data using a laser. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any function or operation described herein that can be performed by memory can be performed by multiple memories capable of performing the described function or operation individually or jointly.

[0262] As used herein, the word "or" in a list of items (e.g., a list of items accompanied by phrases such as "at least one of" or "one or more of") in the claims indicates an inclusive list, such that a list of at least one of, for example, A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step described as "based on condition A" could be based on both condition A and condition B without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase "at least partially based on".

[0263] As used herein, including in claims, the article “a” preceding a noun is open-ended and is understood to refer to “at least one” or “one or more” of those nouns. Therefore, the terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” are interchangeable. For example, where a claim enumerates “components” performing one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “component” having a characteristic or performing a function may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent references to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “the” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components,” and subsequent reference to “the component” in a claim may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components.” Similarly, subsequent references to a component introduced with the terms “the” or “the” as “one or more components” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, reference to "the one or more components" in the subsequent claims can be understood as equivalent to reference to "at least one of the one or more components".

[0264] The term "determine" encompasses a variety of actions, and therefore, "determine" can include calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, searching (such as by searching in a table, database, or other data structure), ascertainment, etc. Furthermore, "determine" can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory), etc. Moreover, "determine" can include parsing, obtaining, selecting, choosing, creating, and other similar actions.

[0265] In the accompanying drawings, similar components or features may have the same reference numerals. Furthermore, various components of the same type can be distinguished by adding a dash after the reference numerals and a second reference numeral for differentiation between similar components. If only the first reference numeral is used in the description, the description applies to any one of the similar components having the same first reference numeral, regardless of the second or other subsequent reference numerals.

[0266] The description herein, illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings, describes an example configuration and does not represent all achievable examples or those within the scope of the claims. The term "example" as used herein means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration," not "preferred" or "advantageous over other examples." The detailed description includes specific details used to provide an understanding of the described techniques. However, these techniques can be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concept of the described examples.

[0267] The description herein is provided to enable those skilled in the art to implement or use this disclosure. Various modifications to this disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, this disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but should be granted the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A first wireless device, the first wireless device comprising: One or more memories, wherein the one or more memories store processor-executable code; and One or more processors, said one or more processors coupled to said one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute said code to enable the first wireless device: Receive from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal; The unmodulated second signal is received from the second wireless device via a monotone associated with a first frequency, based on one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both. as well as Frequency error estimation or correction is performed using the unmodulated second signal, at least in part based on one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both.

2. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping mode of the unmodulated second signal, and the one or more processors are also capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: According to the frequency hopping mode, the unmodulated second signal is received via the monotone associated with the first frequency as a first repetition; and According to the frequency hopping mode, the unmodulated second signal is received via a second monotone associated with a second frequency different from the first frequency for a second repetition.

3. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated second signal across the second monotone and the third signal across the second monotone, and the one or more processors are also capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: According to the frequency hopping mode, the unmodulated second signal is received via the monotone associated with the first frequency; and The third signal is received via the second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping mode, the third signal being unmodulated.

4. The first wireless device according to claim 1, wherein the first frequency is outside the frequency range of the local oscillator of the first wireless device.

5. The first wireless device according to claim 1, wherein, In order to receive the unmodulated second signal, the one or more processors can operate individually or jointly to execute the code to enable the first wireless device to: The first repetition of the unmodulated second signal is received via the monotone associated with the first frequency, the first frequency being greater than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device; as well as The second repetition of the unmodulated second signal is received via a second monotone associated with a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is less than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device, and wherein the first repetition of the unmodulated second signal and the second repetition of the unmodulated second signal are multiplexed.

6. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the information further indicates resources associated with a first delimiter signal and resources associated with a second delimiter signal, and the one or more processors are also capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: The first delimiter signal is received according to the information, the first delimiter signal indicating the start of the unmodulated second signal; The unmodulated second signal is received at least in part based on the receipt of the first delimiter signal; as well as The second delimiter signal is received at least in part based on the receipt of the unmodulated second signal, the second delimiter signal indicating the end of the unmodulated second signal.

7. The first wireless device according to claim 1, wherein the first signal includes a modulated portion of a synchronization signal, and the unmodulated second signal includes the unmodulated portion of the synchronization signal.

8. The first wireless device of claim 7, wherein the modulation portion of the synchronization signal comprises a time synchronization portion and a payload portion, and the payload portion is modulated with information indicating the one or more frequency parameters, the one or more time parameters, or both.

9. The first wireless device according to claim 1, wherein: The one or more frequency parameters indicate the subcarrier index of the monotone, the resource block index of the monotone, the frequency band index of the monotone, the carrier index of the monotone, or any combination thereof, and The first frequency of the monotone is at least partially based on the one or more frequency parameters.

10. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the information further indicates an identifier associated with the second wireless device, a subcarrier spacing of the unmodulated second signal, a subframe number associated with the unmodulated second signal, a reference signal index associated with the unmodulated second signal, the periodicity of the unmodulated second signal, or any combination thereof.

11. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more time parameters indicate the duration of the unmodulated second signal, and the reception of the unmodulated second signal is based at least in part on the duration of the unmodulated second signal.

12. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the first signal comprises a first portion of a continuous wave, and the unmodulated second signal comprises a second portion of the continuous wave.

13. A second wireless device, the second wireless device comprising: One or more memories, wherein the one or more memories store processor-executable code; and One or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to enable the second wireless device: The first signal is modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, that are associated with the unmodulated second signal; Send the first signal modulated with the information to the first wireless device; as well as The unmodulated second signal is transmitted via a monotone associated with the first frequency, according to one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both.

14. The second wireless device of claim 13, wherein the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping mode of the unmodulated second signal, and the one or more processors are also capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the second wireless device to: According to the frequency hopping pattern, a first repetition of the unmodulated second signal is transmitted via the monotone associated with the first frequency; and According to the frequency hopping mode, the unmodulated second signal is transmitted in a second monotone associated with a second frequency in a second repetition.

15. The second wireless device of claim 13, wherein the one or more frequency parameters indicate a frequency hopping pattern associated with the unmodulated second signal across the second monotone and the third signal across the second monotone, and the one or more processors are also capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the second wireless device to: According to the frequency hopping pattern, the unmodulated second signal is transmitted via the monotone associated with the first frequency; and The third signal is transmitted via the second monotone associated with the second frequency according to the frequency hopping mode, the third signal being unmodulated.

16. The second wireless device of claim 13, wherein the first frequency is outside the frequency range of the local oscillator of the first wireless device.

17. The second wireless device according to claim 13, wherein, In order to transmit the unmodulated second signal, the one or more processors can operate individually or jointly to execute the code to enable the second wireless device to: A first repetition of the unmodulated second signal is transmitted via the monotone associated with the first frequency, wherein the first frequency is greater than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device; and The unmodulated second signal is transmitted via a second monotone associated with a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is less than the target frequency of the local oscillator of the first wireless device, and wherein the first repetition of the unmodulated second signal and the second repetition of the unmodulated second signal are multiplexed.

18. The second wireless device of claim 13, wherein the information further indicates resources associated with the first delimiter signal and resources associated with the second delimiter signal, and the one or more processors are also capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the second wireless device to: The first delimiter signal is sent according to the information, the first delimiter signal indicating the start of the unmodulated second signal; The unmodulated second signal is transmitted at least in part based on the transmission of the first delimiter signal; and The second delimiter signal is transmitted at least in part based on transmitting the unmodulated second signal, the second delimiter signal indicating the end of the unmodulated second signal.

19. The second wireless device of claim 13, wherein the first signal includes a modulated portion of a synchronization signal, and the unmodulated second signal includes the unmodulated portion of the synchronization signal.

20. A method for performing wireless communication at a first wireless device, the method comprising: Receive from a second wireless device a first signal modulated with information indicating one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both, associated with an unmodulated second signal; The unmodulated second signal is received from the second wireless device via a monotone associated with a first frequency, based on one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both. as well as Frequency error estimation or correction is performed using the unmodulated second signal, at least in part based on one or more frequency parameters, one or more time parameters, or both.

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