Under-forest edible mushroom standardization efficient cultivation method

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of under-forest edible mushroom standardization efficient cultivation method, belong to edible mushroom cultivation technical field.The method includes preparation of culture medium, site pretreatment, mushroom bed arrangement, inoculation and soil covering etc., wherein culture medium is by main material sawdust 65~75 parts, corn cob 25~35 parts and auxiliary material bran 3~5 parts, lime 2~3 parts, compound fertilizer 0.5 parts, humic acid potassium 0.3~0.5 parts, modified zeolite powder 1~2 parts composition.The application is by synergistically introducing humic acid potassium and modified zeolite powder in culture medium, humic acid potassium provides long-acting pH buffering capacity and supplements potassium nutrient, modified zeolite powder adsorbs available nutrient to realize slow-release supply, both cooperate perfect mycelium period and fruiting period management, significantly improve the microecological environment of mycelium growth.The total yield of the application method cultivation megacap mushroom is increased by more than 20% than conventional scheme, the rate of miscellaneous bacteria pollution is reduced to 3% or less, the harvesting cycle is shortened by 10~15 days, realizes the standardization efficient cultivation of under-forest edible mushroom.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of edible fungi cultivation technology, and in particular relates to a standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of the edible mushroom industry, understory cultivation, as a biomimetic cultivation model, is increasingly favored by growers and the market due to its advantages such as not occupying arable land, excellent ecological environment, and product quality close to that of wild mushrooms. Utilizing forest space to cultivate edible mushrooms such as king oyster mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, and oyster mushrooms not only effectively utilizes forest land resources but also improves forest soil structure through the return of mushroom residue to the forest, achieving a virtuous cycle of ecology and economy. Currently, relatively mature understory edible mushroom cultivation methods generally include steps such as forest land clearing, soil disinfection, land preparation and ridging, laying a culture medium made from agricultural waste such as sawdust and corn cobs, inoculation, covering with soil, and subsequent management.

[0003] In existing forest understory cultivation techniques, the substrate formulation typically uses lignocellulose materials such as sawdust and corn cobs as the main ingredients, supplemented with wheat bran, lime, and a small amount of compound fertilizer. This type of formulation, to a certain extent, meets the basic carbon, nitrogen, and mineral requirements of edible fungi, and the raw materials are inexpensive and widely available. However, long-term production practice has revealed some significant shortcomings in these conventional formulations. Firstly, the readily available nutrients provided by wheat bran and compound fertilizer in the substrate are rapidly released during the early stages of mycelial growth due to water leaching or natural degradation, leading to nutrient excess in the early stages of mycelial growth. However, nutrient supply becomes significantly insufficient in the later stages of fruiting, especially during the second and third flushes, ultimately affecting total yield and biological efficiency. Secondly, while lime, as a pH adjuster, can quickly adjust the pH of the substrate to a suitable range for mycelial growth, its alkaline effect is concentrated and intense. Improper use or excessive dosage can easily cause temporary inhibition of newly sprouted mycelium. Furthermore, lime has a short pH buffering period, making it difficult to maintain a stable acid-base microenvironment throughout the entire mycelial growth and fruiting period.

[0004] Furthermore, understory cultivation is situated in a shaded environment year-round, with relatively poor air circulation. During the hot and humid summer months or periods of heavy rainfall, the surface of the substrate and the covering soil are highly susceptible to the growth of competing microorganisms such as green mold and Coprinus comatus. Once contamination occurs, these microorganisms not only directly compete with the mycelium of edible fungi for nutrients and space but also often secrete toxins that inhibit the normal development of the target fungi, leading to reduced yields or even crop failure. While existing methods such as applying quicklime for surface disinfection and adjusting the alkalinity of the substrate can reduce the initial number of microorganisms to some extent, the effect is not sustainable. Moreover, due to the insufficient buffering capacity of the substrate itself, it is difficult to continuously suppress the occurrence of microorganisms over a long cultivation period. In addition, some cultivation management methods do not provide complete descriptions of key parameters such as temperature, humidity, and ventilation during the mycelial growth and fruiting stages, resulting in a low degree of standardization in the cultivation process. This leads to significant fluctuations in yield and quality between different batches, making it difficult to meet the needs of large-scale, standardized production.

[0005] Therefore, how to effectively solve the problems of mismatch between nutrient release and mycelial demand, large fluctuations in the pH environment of the culture medium, easy growth of miscellaneous bacteria, and incomplete cultivation process without significantly changing the existing main formula of the culture medium and cultivation habits has become an urgent technical problem to be solved in the field of forest-grown edible fungi cultivation. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The technical problem this invention aims to solve is to address the issues in existing forest-based edible mushroom cultivation methods, such as the mismatch between nutrient release from the substrate and mycelial needs, large fluctuations in the substrate's pH environment, easy proliferation of unwanted microorganisms, and unstable yield and quality due to incomplete cultivation processes. This invention provides a standardized and efficient cultivation method for forest-based edible mushrooms. While retaining the main formulation of existing substrates and cultivation practices, this method introduces specific functional components and improves cultivation management processes, achieving a synergistic effect of slow nutrient release, pH buffering, and inhibition of unwanted microorganisms, significantly improving the yield and quality of edible mushrooms.

[0007] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0008] A standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover includes the following steps:

[0009] (1) Preparation of culture medium: The culture medium consists of main materials and auxiliary materials. By weight, the main materials include 65-75 parts of sawdust and 25-35 parts of corn cob, and the sum of the weight of sawdust and corn cob is 100 parts; the auxiliary materials, added externally, include 3-5 parts of wheat bran, 2-3 parts of lime, 0.3-0.7 parts of compound fertilizer, 0.3-0.5 parts of potassium humate, and 1-2 parts of modified zeolite powder; add water to each component and mix until the moisture content is 60%-65% to obtain the culture medium;

[0010] (2) Site pretreatment: Remove weeds and stones from the forest land, plow the soil to a depth of 15-20 cm, apply quicklime for disinfection (50-100 kg per mu), and expose to the sun for 3-5 days;

[0011] (3) Mushroom bed preparation: Prepare the land and make beds, with a bed height of 20-30 cm, a bed width of 90 cm, and a bed spacing of 40 cm. Dig drainage ditches around the perimeter.

[0012] (4) Inoculation: Spread culture material on the raised bed with a thickness of 20-25 cm. Use a combination of layer sowing and hole sowing to inoculate the spawn. The inoculation amount is 500-600 grams per square meter. Break the spawn into walnut-sized pieces. The row spacing and plant spacing for hole sowing are both 20 cm. After sowing, sprinkle some spawn on the surface and cover it with a thin layer of culture material.

[0013] (5) Covering with soil: After inoculation, cover with 1 cm of fine soil and gently compact.

[0014] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (1), the main material includes 70 parts sawdust and 30 parts corn cob; the auxiliary material includes 4 parts wheat bran, 2.5 parts lime, 0.5 parts compound fertilizer, 0.4 parts potassium humate, and 1.5 parts modified zeolite powder. Under this preferred ratio, the carbon-nitrogen ratio and physical properties of the culture medium are most coordinated, and the synergistic effect between the functional components is most fully exerted.

[0015] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (1), the modified zeolite powder is obtained by grinding natural clinoptilolite through a 200-mesh sieve after being thermally activated at 300°C for 2 hours. After thermal activation, the moisture and impurities in the pores of the zeolite are effectively removed, and the specific surface area and adsorption capacity are significantly increased, which can fully adsorb the readily available nutrients and moisture in the culture medium, and achieve a continuous and stable slow-release supply during the mycelial growth stage.

[0016] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (1), the potassium humate has a water solubility of ≥85%, a humic acid content of ≥55%, and a potassium oxide content of 8% to 10%. This specification of potassium humate has good solubility, and the abundant carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups in the humic acid molecule give it excellent pH buffering capacity, which can effectively suppress alkaline fluctuations caused by lime. At the same time, potassium has a direct promoting effect on the formation and quality improvement of fruiting bodies.

[0017] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (2), before tilling, the top 5-8 cm thick layer of humus soil in the forest land is scraped and collected for use as cover soil in step (5). Using native humus soil from the forest land for cover soil not only saves the cost of purchasing cover soil materials, but also the humus soil contains abundant native beneficial microorganisms, which can form positive interactions with the functional components in the culture medium, further optimizing the micro-ecological environment for mycelial growth.

[0018] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the edible fungus is any one of the following: *Schefflera heptaphylla*, *Lentinula edodes*, *Pleurotus ostreatus*, or *Coprinus comatus*. The method provided by the present invention is applicable to the understory cultivation of various wood-rotting edible fungi and has strong versatility.

[0019] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, after inoculation in step (4), management of the mycelium growth period and the fruiting period are also included. The management of the mycelium growth period is as follows: after covering with soil, cover with straw mats or non-woven fabric to retain moisture, control the material temperature at 22-28℃, and the relative humidity of the air at 70%-80%. Check the mycelium germination every 2-3 days, and remove any contaminating fungi in time and cover the contaminated points with lime powder. The management of the fruiting period is as follows: when the mycelium has covered the soil layer and white mycelial cords appear, stop spraying water directly onto the mushroom bed, increase the relative humidity of the air to 90%-95%, strengthen the irradiation of diffused light and ventilation to promote bud formation; after the primordia are formed, maintain the air humidity at 85%-90% and the temperature at 15-25℃, spray water in small amounts and frequently, and harvest when the fruiting bodies are seven or eight parts mature. Complete management of the mycelium growth period and the fruiting period provides a suitable external environment for the effective use of the functional components of the culture medium and is an indispensable and important part of the method of the present invention.

[0020] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, after harvesting, the mushroom bed is cleaned, water is withheld for 2-3 days, and then a 5% wheat bran extract is added once. The mushroom management is repeated, and 2-3 flushes of mushrooms are harvested. The wheat bran extract provides easily absorbed nitrogen and vitamins for subsequent flushes of mushrooms, complementing the slow-release nutrients in the substrate and effectively extending the nutrient supply during the mushroom growing cycle.

[0021] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method for preparing the culture medium in step (1) is as follows: First, the sawdust and corn cob are dry-mixed evenly, pre-wetted with lime water, and piled up for fermentation for 10-12 hours. Then, the bran, compound fertilizer, potassium humate, and modified zeolite powder are pre-mixed and mixed into the main material. Water is added to adjust to the target moisture content, and the mixture is piled up and left to ferment for 2 hours before use. The pre-fermentation treatment can initially soften the lignocellulosic raw materials and produce some soluble sugars, which is beneficial to the rapid germination and colonization of mycelia after inoculation.

[0022] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (2), after the sun exposure is completed, the bed surface is thoroughly watered once, and the inoculation operation in step (4) is carried out when the soil moisture is suitable. This ensures that a good water conduction pathway is formed between the culture medium and the underlying soil, and avoids the bottom soil from absorbing water from the culture medium due to excessive dryness after the medium is laid, which would affect the mycelial germination.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0024] (1) By simultaneously adding potassium humate and modified zeolite powder to the culture medium and combining it with a well-developed management process, a significant synergistic effect was achieved. The long-lasting pH buffering capacity and potassium nutrition provided by potassium humate, combined with the slow-release nutrient function of modified zeolite powder, ensured that the culture medium maintained a stable pH and balanced nutrient supply throughout the entire cultivation cycle, and the mycelium was always in the optimal growth environment.

[0025] (2) Significantly improved yield and quality. Experiments show that the total yield of *Stropharia carinata* cultivated using the method of this invention is more than 20% higher than that of conventional methods without the addition of functional components, the biological efficiency is increased by about 10 percentage points, the average weight of a single mushroom is increased by more than 20%, the rate of high-quality mushrooms is greatly improved, and the commercial characteristics are significantly improved.

[0026] (3) Outstanding effect in inhibiting contaminating bacteria. This invention works synergistically from multiple levels, including physical adsorption, pH regulation and beneficial microbial occupation, to effectively reduce the probability of occurrence of competitive contaminating bacteria such as green mold and Coprinus comatus. The contamination rate of contaminating bacteria is reduced from about 9% in conventional solutions to less than 3%, a reduction of more than 60%.

[0027] (4) The harvesting cycle is significantly shortened. Because the mycelium is always in a nutritionally balanced and acid-base-appropriate environment throughout the entire growth cycle, the mycelium grows vigorously and the fruiting is concentrated. The harvesting cycle is shortened by 10 to 15 days compared with the conventional method, which improves the efficiency of forest land utilization and production and management benefits.

[0028] (5) The method is highly standardized and easy to operate. The present invention clearly defines the operating conditions and parameters of each step, which is easy to promote and replicate, and is suitable for large-scale and standardized production of edible fungi under forest. Detailed Implementation

[0029] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention, but rather as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention.

[0030] All raw materials used in this invention are not particularly limited in their source; they can be purchased from the market or prepared using conventional methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0031] In this invention, unless otherwise specified, all parts are by weight. The sawdust is preferably broadleaf wood sawdust, with a particle size of 0.5–1.5 cm; corn cobs are crushed to 1–2 cm granules; wheat bran is fresh, mold-free wheat bran; lime can be slaked lime or quicklime; the compound fertilizer can be a common NPK compound fertilizer; potassium humate is commercially available agricultural potassium humate, with water solubility ≥85%, humic acid content ≥55%, and potassium oxide content ≥8%–10%; the modified zeolite powder is prepared as follows: natural clinoptilolite is selected, crushed, and placed in a muffle furnace for thermal activation at 300°C for 2 hours. After cooling, it is ground through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain the modified zeolite powder. This thermal activation treatment can remove moisture and impurities from the zeolite channels, significantly improving its adsorption capacity and ion exchange capacity.

[0032] The cultivation method of this invention is applicable to edible fungi including but not limited to *Stropharia carinata*, *Lentinula edodes*, *Pleurotus ostreatus*, and *Coprinus comatus*. The following examples and comparative cases illustrate the cultivation of *Stropharia carinata* under forest cover. The cultivation site is a poplar forest with a canopy density of 0.6–0.7, flat terrain, and convenient irrigation and drainage.

[0033] Example 1

[0034] A standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover includes the following steps:

[0035] Preparation of culture medium: Take 70 parts sawdust and 30 parts corn cob, mix them evenly, pre-wet them with an appropriate amount of lime water (prepared by adding water to part of the lime in the formula), and pile them up for fermentation for 10 hours; separately take 4 parts wheat bran, 2.5 parts lime (including the lime in the pre-wetting water), 0.5 parts compound fertilizer, 0.4 parts potassium humate, and 1.5 parts modified zeolite powder, mix them evenly in advance, then mix them into the fermented main material, add water and stir until the moisture content of the culture medium is 63%, pile it up and let it sit for 2 hours before spreading the material.

[0036] Site pretreatment: Remove weeds and stones from the forest land, scrape off the top 6cm of humus and collect it for use as a subsequent covering material; then spread quicklime evenly, using 80 kg per acre, plow the soil to a depth of 18cm, and expose it to the sun for 4 days; after the sun exposure, water it thoroughly once, and sow the seeds when the soil moisture is suitable.

[0037] Mushroom bed preparation: Make beds with a width of 90cm, a height of 25cm, and a walkway of 40cm between beds. The bed surface should be slightly turtle-back shaped. Dig drainage ditches 30cm deep around the bed.

[0038] Inoculation: First, spread a layer of substrate about 8cm thick on the raised bed. Break the appropriate-aged *Stropharia matsudana* spawn, free from contamination, into walnut-sized pieces. Inoculate the first layer using the hole-sowing method, with a hole spacing and row spacing of 20cm. Then, spread the remaining substrate on top, making the total substrate layer thickness 22cm. After leveling, evenly scatter the remaining spawn on the surface, cover the spawn with a small amount of substrate, and finally cover with 1cm of soil and gently compact. The sowing rate is 550g per square meter.

[0039] Management during the mycelium growth period: After covering with soil, cover with straw mats to retain moisture, control the substrate temperature at 23-27℃, and maintain the relative humidity at 70%-80%; check the mycelium germination every 3 days, and if any miscellaneous fungi are found, remove them in time and cover with lime powder; when the mycelium has fully grown the soil layer and white mycelial cords appear, start the fruiting management.

[0040] Management during the fruiting period: Stop spraying water directly onto the mushroom bed. Increase the relative humidity of the air to 90%–95% through furrow irrigation and space spraying, increase diffused light exposure, and strengthen ventilation to promote bud formation. After primordia formation, maintain a temperature of 16–25℃ and an air humidity of 85%–90%, and spray water in small amounts and frequently. Harvest the fruiting bodies when the caps are bell-shaped and the veil has not yet ruptured. After harvesting, clean the mushroom bed, stop watering for 2 days, replenish with 5% bran extract once, and repeat the aforementioned fruiting management. Harvest three flushes of mushrooms in total.

[0041] Example 2

[0042] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the substrate formula contains 65 parts sawdust, 35 parts corn cob, 3 parts wheat bran, 2 parts lime, 0.3 parts potassium humate, and 1.0 part modified zeolite powder; the substrate layer thickness is 20cm and the sowing amount is 500g per square meter.

[0043] Example 3

[0044] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the substrate formula contains 75 parts sawdust, 25 parts corn cob, 5 parts wheat bran, 3 parts lime, 0.5 parts potassium humate, and 2.0 parts modified zeolite powder; the substrate layer thickness is 25cm, and the seeding rate is 600g per square meter; in the site pretreatment, 100 kg of quicklime is spread per acre, and the tillage depth is 20cm.

[0045] Example 4

[0046] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the potassium humate content in the culture medium is 0.45 parts, the modified zeolite powder content is 1.2 parts, the seeding amount is 580g per square meter, and the material layer thickness is 23cm.

[0047] Example 5

[0048] This embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that: the culture medium contains 68 parts sawdust, 32 parts corn cob, 4.5 parts wheat bran, 2.8 parts lime, 0.35 parts potassium humate, and 1.8 parts modified zeolite powder; the sowing amount is 520g per square meter, the material layer thickness is 21cm; and the fermentation pre-wetting time is extended to 12 hours.

[0049] Comparative Example 1

[0050] This comparative example was conducted according to the conventional scheme mentioned in the background art. The difference from Example 1 is that potassium humate and modified zeolite powder were not added to the culture medium, while the other components and operations were the same as in Example 1.

[0051] Comparative Example 2

[0052] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that no modified zeolite powder is added to the culture medium, only 0.4 parts of potassium humate are added, and the rest are the same.

[0053] Comparative Example 3

[0054] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that potassium humate is not added to the culture medium, but only 1.5 parts of modified zeolite powder are added; the rest are the same.

[0055] Comparative Example 4

[0056] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that potassium humate is replaced with an equal amount of sodium humate (commercially available industrial grade, humic acid content ≥60%), otherwise the same.

[0057] Comparative Example 5

[0058] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the modified zeolite powder is replaced with an equal amount of unmodified natural zeolite powder (200 mesh, without thermal activation treatment), while the rest are the same.

[0059] Comparative Example 6

[0060] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the modified zeolite powder is replaced with an equal amount of powdered activated carbon (200 mesh, wood-based activated carbon), and the rest are the same.

[0061] Comparative Example 7

[0062] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that: after inoculation and covering with soil, no detailed management was carried out during the mycelium growth period and fruiting period. Instead, it was simply watered thoroughly once a week according to traditional practices, without temperature and humidity control or measures to check and remove miscellaneous bacteria.

[0063] All the above embodiments and comparative examples were conducted in the same poplar forest, with each treatment area being 100 square meters, and were repeated three times. The culture strains, cultivation time, and daily management were kept consistent. The main test results are shown in Table 1 below.

[0064] Table 1

[0065] Group <![CDATA[Total yield (kg / 100m 2 )]]> Biological efficiency (%) Average weight of a single mushroom (g) Contamination rate of miscellaneous bacteria (%) Harvesting cycle (days) Example 1 356 48.9 47 2.8 83 Example 2 338 46.5 44 3.5 86 Example 3 347 47.7 46 3.1 84 Example 4 351 48.3 46 2.9 82 Example 5 344 47.2 45 3.0 85 Comparative Example 1 282 38.8 38 9.2 97 Comparative Example 2 310 42.6 41 6.8 90 Comparative Example 3 305 41.9 40 6.1 91 Comparative Example 4 318 43.7 42 6.5 89 Comparative Example 5 328 45.1 43 4.8 87 Comparative Example 6 312 42.9 40 7.0 92 Comparative Example 7 276 38.0 36 11.5 103

[0066] Note: Biological efficiency = (fresh weight of fruiting bodies / dry weight of culture medium) × 100%.

[0067] As can be seen from the data in the table above, Examples 1-5, using the culture medium formula and complete cultivation method provided by this invention, showed significantly better total yield, biological efficiency, and average single mushroom weight than the comparative examples. The contamination rate of miscellaneous microorganisms was greatly reduced, and the harvesting cycle was significantly shortened. Compared with Comparative Example 1, Example 1 showed a 26.2% increase in yield, a 10.1 percentage point increase in biological efficiency, and a 6.4 percentage point decrease in the contamination rate, demonstrating a very significant effect. Individually, Comparative Example 2 only added potassium humate, and Comparative Example 3 only added modified zeolite powder. Although both could improve yield and contamination resistance to some extent, the increase was far less than that of Example 1, which used both. Comparing the combined effects of Example 1 with Comparative Examples 2 and 3, the actual synergistic effect resulted in a yield increase of over 15%, far exceeding the sum of the effects of using them individually, indicating a significant synergistic effect between potassium humate and modified zeolite powder. Further comparisons of Comparative Examples 4 to 6 reveal that when sodium humate is used instead of potassium humate, or when unmodified zeolite powder or activated carbon is used instead of modified zeolite powder, both yield and contamination resistance decrease to varying degrees. This indicates that the specific materials and treatment methods selected in this scheme are key factors in achieving the aforementioned technical effects. Comparative Example 7 shows that even with the same optimized formula, the yield-increasing and contamination-resistant potential cannot be fully realized without standardized management during the mycelial growth and fruiting periods, further confirming the completeness of the standardized cultivation method provided by this invention.

[0068] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Preparation of culture medium: The culture medium consists of main materials and auxiliary materials. By weight, the main materials include 65-75 parts of sawdust and 25-35 parts of corn cob, and the sum of the weight of sawdust and corn cob is 100 parts; the auxiliary materials, added externally, include 3-5 parts of wheat bran, 2-3 parts of lime, 0.3-0.7 parts of compound fertilizer, 0.3-0.5 parts of potassium humate, and 1-2 parts of modified zeolite powder; add water to each component and mix until the moisture content is 60%-65% to obtain the culture medium; (2) Site pretreatment: Remove weeds and stones from the forest land, plow the soil to a depth of 15-20 cm, apply quicklime for disinfection (50-100 kg per mu), and expose to the sun for 3-5 days; (3) Mushroom bed preparation: Prepare the land and make beds, with a bed height of 20-30 cm, a bed width of 90 cm, and a bed spacing of 40 cm. Dig drainage ditches around the perimeter. (4) Inoculation: Spread culture material on the raised bed with a thickness of 20-25 cm. Use a combination of layer sowing and hole sowing to inoculate the spawn. The inoculation amount is 500-600 grams per square meter. Break the spawn into walnut-sized pieces. The row spacing and plant spacing for hole sowing are both 20 cm. After sowing, sprinkle some spawn on the surface and cover it with a thin layer of culture material. (5) Covering with soil: After inoculation, cover with 1-2 cm of fine soil and gently compact.

2. The standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the main materials include 70 parts of sawdust and 30 parts of corn cob; the auxiliary materials include 4 parts of wheat bran, 2.5 parts of lime, 0.5 parts of compound fertilizer, 0.4 parts of potassium humate and 1.5 parts of modified zeolite powder.

3. The standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the modified zeolite powder is obtained by grinding natural clinoptilolite through a 200-mesh sieve after being thermally activated at 300°C for 2 hours.

4. The standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the potassium humate has a water solubility of ≥85%, a humic acid content of ≥55%, and a potassium oxide content of 8% to 10%.

5. The standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), before tilling, scrape and collect the top 5-8 cm thick humus soil of the forest land for use as cover soil in step (5).

6. The standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover according to claim 1, characterized in that, The edible fungus is any one of the following: king oyster mushroom, shiitake mushroom, oyster mushroom, or chicken leg mushroom.

7. The standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step (4) after inoculation also includes management during the mycelium growth period and the fruiting period: The management during the mycelial growth period is as follows: after covering with soil, cover with straw mats or non-woven fabric to retain moisture, control the material temperature at 22-28℃, and the relative humidity of the air at 70%-80%. Check the mycelial germination every 2-3 days. If any contaminants are found, remove them in time and cover the contaminated points with lime powder. The management during the fruiting period is as follows: when the mycelium has covered the soil layer and white mycelial cords appear, stop spraying water directly onto the mushroom bed, increase the relative humidity of the air to 90% to 95%, strengthen the irradiation of diffused light and ventilation to promote bud formation; after the primordia have formed, maintain the air humidity at 85% to 90% and the temperature at 15 to 25°C, spray water in small amounts and frequently, and harvest when the fruiting bodies are seven or eight parts mature.

8. A standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover according to claim 7, characterized in that, After harvesting, clean the mushroom bed, stop watering for 2-3 days, then replenish with 5% wheat bran extract once, repeat the mushroom management, and harvest 2-3 flushes of mushrooms.

9. A standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method for preparing the culture medium in step (1) is as follows: First, dry mix sawdust and corn cob evenly, pre-wet with lime water and pile up for fermentation for 10-12 hours. Then, mix bran, compound fertilizer, potassium humate and modified zeolite powder in advance and mix them into the main material. Add water to adjust to the target moisture content and pile up for 2 hours before use.

10. A standardized and efficient cultivation method for edible fungi under forest cover according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), after the sun exposure is over, water the raised bed thoroughly once. When the soil moisture is suitable, proceed with the inoculation operation in step (4).