A method for early cultivation of morel suitable for huang-huai region

Abstract

The application discloses a Morel early cultivation method suitable for the Huanghuai region, which comprises the following steps: selecting a Morel early variety No. 1, and preparing Morel cultivation species by using fast-growing mycelium cultivation technology; the mycelium growth temperature of the Morel early variety No. 1 is 3-25 DEG C, the primordium formation temperature is 3-14 DEG C, and the fruit body growth and development temperature is 3-25 DEG C; a heat insulation warm shed with a three-level temperature control structure is built, the heat insulation warm shed is provided with three thickened heat insulation walls, and is provided with a first-level temperature rising structure, a second-level heat preservation structure, a third-level temperature reduction structure and a ventilation system; a mixed sowing method is used for ridge sowing, and a nutrient bag is placed at regular time after sowing; the environmental temperature in the shed is controlled in sections during the mycelium growth period, the Morel cultivation period and the fruit body growth period, and the early cultivation is completed. The application can shorten the cultivation period, improve the land utilization rate, improve the mycelium activity and resistance, reduce Morel diseases and insect pests, improve the economic benefits of Morel cultivation, and promote diversified and efficient planting of the Morel industry.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms in the Huang-Huai region, belonging to the field of morel mushroom cultivation technology. Background Technology

[0002] Morel mushrooms have a fresh and fragrant taste and contain a variety of amino acids, active polysaccharides and other nutrients. They have outstanding potential for pharmacological applications and are known in the industry as the "Queen of Mushrooms". With outstanding edible and economic value, they have become a popular category for large-scale cultivation of specialty economic fungi in China.

[0003] Currently, commercial morel cultivation in the Huanghuai region mainly relies on conventional cold-frame cultivation. The typical cultivation sequence involves sowing from early November to mid-December, followed by primordia formation from late February to early March of the following year. Harvesting is concentrated from late March to early April, with the entire cultivation cycle lasting 110-150 days. This traditional cold-frame cultivation method has several technical drawbacks: the cold frames lack specialized temperature control structures, resulting in low heating efficiency during the low-temperature cultivation phase and susceptibility to sustained high-temperature stress during the spring fruiting stage; the overall cultivation cycle is too long, with mycelium exposed to the cultivation environment for extended periods, significantly increasing the probability of contamination by other microorganisms and pests; and the harvesting periods of growers in different regions largely overlap, leading to a supply-demand imbalance after the concentrated release of fresh mushrooms into the market, causing continuously declining purchase prices and significantly reducing cultivation profits.

[0004] In recent years, continuous research and improvement have been made in technologies related to morel mushroom strain selection, greenhouse facilities, and field management, leading to a certain improvement in the overall cultivation efficiency of the industry. However, the industry still lacks early-maturing morel mushroom varieties suitable for the Huang-Huai climate; conventional strain cultivation processes result in slow mycelial growth rates and significant differences in the viability of different batches of strains; traditional greenhouses only have simple covering and insulation structures, making it impossible to achieve integrated control of graded heating, insulation, and cooling; and the management of key nodes throughout the cultivation process is extensive, making it difficult to significantly reduce the interval between sowing and fruiting, thus hindering early market entry. These technological shortcomings limit the further development of the efficient, high-quality, and staggered-peak cultivation industry of morel mushrooms. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the problems existing in the prior art, this invention provides a method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms suitable for the Huang-Huai region. This method can shorten the cultivation cycle, improve land utilization, enhance mycelial vitality and resistance, reduce morel pests and diseases, increase the economic benefits of morel cultivation, and promote diversified and efficient planting of morel mushrooms.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention employs a method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms suitable for the Huang-Huai region, comprising the following steps: (1) Preparation of strain: The early-maturing variety of morel mushroom No. 1 was selected and morel mushroom spawn was prepared using rapid mycelial growth technology; the mycelial growth temperature of morel mushroom No. 1 was 3℃~25℃, the primordium formation temperature was 3℃~14℃, and the fruiting body growth and development temperature was 3℃~25℃. (2) Facility construction: Construct a heat-insulated greenhouse with a three-level temperature control structure. The heat-insulated greenhouse is equipped with three thickened heat-insulating walls and is equipped with a first-level heating structure, a second-level heat preservation structure, a third-level cooling structure and a ventilation system. (3) Field sowing: Sow the seedbed using the mixed sowing method and place nutrient bags regularly after sowing; (4) Precise control: During the mycelium growth period, fruiting period and fruiting body growth period, the temperature inside the greenhouse is controlled in stages to achieve early cultivation.

[0007] As an improvement, the rapid mycelial culture technique described in step (1) includes the following operations: Use polypropylene inoculum bags with dimensions of 13-15cm × 30-33cm; use a culture medium with the following mass fraction ratio: wheat 30%, millet 20%, rice husk 30%, sawdust 18%, lime 1%, gypsum 1%, with a water content of 66%-68% and a pH value of 7.5-8.0. The three-point inoculation method is adopted, with holes punched in the middle of the spawn bag and 5cm from both ends of the spawn bag. The depth of the inoculation holes is 2-3cm and the diameter is 1.5-2cm. After inoculation, the culture is kept at a constant temperature of 12℃~18℃, relative humidity of 60%~65%, carbon dioxide concentration <0.5%, light intensity <200lx, and mycelial culture time of 15~20 days.

[0008] As an improvement, the polypropylene inoculum bag is selected with a size of 15cm×30cm, and the temperature of the culture space is controlled at 15℃~16℃.

[0009] As an improvement, in step (2): The primary heating structure is a greenhouse main film made of 8-15 mil PO anti-drip film, with a light transmittance >90%. The secondary insulation structure includes four layers of 700-800g space cotton composite insulation blankets covering the outside of the main film, a small arched shed built with 6-8 filament film inside the shed, and a 1-3 filament black perforated ground film. The three-stage cooling structure includes a shade net with a shading rate of 75% to 85%, an atomizing spray system on the shed, and a spare heat insulation film inside the shed. The shade net is installed above the heated shed and is 1 to 1.5 meters away from the main film. The ventilation system includes: a 60-80cm wide ventilation opening at a height of 80-100cm above the ground on the south side of the shed; a 40-50cm wide ventilation opening at a height of 1-1.5m on the north wall, spaced every 4-5m; and an 80-100cm wide top ventilation opening on the roof membrane.

[0010] As an improvement, the main film of the greenhouse is made of 11-13 filament PO anti-drip film, and the shading net has a shading rate of 80%-85%.

[0011] As an improvement, the mixed sowing method described in step (3) is as follows: prepare the bed surface with a width of 80-120cm, open sowing furrows with a depth of 10-15cm at intervals of 25-30cm, sow 40% of the total sowing amount in the sowing furrows, and evenly spread the remaining inoculum on the bed surface. After sowing, place nutrient bags at the sowing furrows 7-10 days later.

[0012] As an improvement, the specific control parameters for step (4) and the cultivation sequence are as follows: The preparation time for spawn is from late October to early November, and the sowing time is from early to mid November; During the mycelium growth period, the ambient temperature inside the shed should be controlled at 12–18℃. The mushroom-inducing treatment was carried out in late December. The temperature during the mushroom-inducing period was maintained at 3-18℃, and the temperature during the fruiting body growth period was controlled at 3-22℃.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: 1. This invention uses the early-maturing morel cultivar No. 1, which has a wide temperature adaptability range, strong environmental adaptability, and a wide temperature threshold for mycelial growth, primordium differentiation, and fruiting body development, exhibiting outstanding low-temperature fruiting ability. Under suitable temperature conditions (e.g., 15℃~18℃), the radial growth rate of mycelium can reach over 2.0 cm / day, easily forming sclerotia and primordia, effectively solving the technical problems of slow germination, delayed fruiting, and poor temperature adaptability of traditional morel varieties at low temperatures. This variety has good cultivation stability and excellent yield, with an average yield of 468.57 kg / mu in production trials. It provides varietal support for the early fruiting and staggered market launch of morel, ensuring the feasibility and stable yield of early cultivation from a germplasm perspective.

[0014] 2. This invention establishes a comprehensive rapid mycelial growth technology system. By optimizing the spawn container, specialized culture medium formula, multi-point inoculation process, and culture environment parameters, it significantly improves spawn cultivation efficiency and spawn quality. Using appropriately sized polypropylene spawn bags effectively accommodates mycelial growth space, maintaining high mycelial activity. The wheat, millet, and rice husk compound culture medium offers excellent air permeability and balanced nutrition, effectively shortening the mycelial growth cycle and increasing germination sites. The three-point perforation inoculation method enables simultaneous germination in multiple areas, effectively increasing the overall mycelial growth speed and ensuring uniform mycelial growth throughout the batch, avoiding problems such as localized mycelial aging and uneven vigor. Combined with optimal temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and light conditions, it provides an excellent microenvironment for mycelial growth, significantly improving mycelial vigor, uniformity, and overall spawn quality, laying a solid foundation for rapid field inoculation and early fruiting.

[0015] 3. This invention constructs a three-stage controllable warm greenhouse facility with integrated heating, insulation, and cooling functions. Combined with a multi-directional ventilation structure, it solves the shortcomings of traditional cold greenhouses, such as poor temperature control, slow initial heating, high-temperature stress in the later stages, and poor environmental stability. The first stage of heating utilizes a high-transmittance PO anti-drip main film, which provides rapid heating and strong resistance, quickly raising the base temperature inside the greenhouse while reducing disease problems caused by condensation. The second stage of insulation uses a multi-layered composite insulation blanket, small arched sheds inside the greenhouse, and a black perforated ground film to form a multi-layered insulation structure, effectively locking in heat and meeting the needs of mycelial growth and primordia differentiation during low-temperature seasons. The third stage of cooling relies on a high-shading-rate shading net, misting spray, and a backup insulation film structure, effectively alleviating high-temperature stress during the fruiting period and preventing high temperatures from inhibiting fruiting body growth. With the design of multiple ventilation openings in various positions and dimensions, the temperature, humidity and gas environment inside the greenhouse can be adjusted, greatly improving the controllability of the facility environment, achieving dynamic temperature balance throughout the cultivation cycle, and ensuring a stable environment throughout the growth of morel mycelium, fruiting and fruiting body development.

[0016] 4. This invention establishes a precise, time-series management and environmental control technology system adapted to promote early cultivation. By defining standardized time nodes for seed production, sowing, nutrient bag placement, mycelial growth, and fruiting induction, and combining a mixed sowing process with a segmented temperature control mode, the field growth rhythm of morel mushrooms is optimized. This invention adopts a mixed sowing method combining furrow sowing and bed sowing, taking into account both deep planting and shallow germination. Combined with the timely placement of nutrient bags, it can significantly accelerate mycelial germination, soil establishment, and nutrient conversion and absorption efficiency, effectively improving soil mycelial vitality. Through segmented precise temperature control during the mycelial growth period, fruiting induction period, and fruiting body growth period, it ensures sufficient nutrient accumulation of mycelium and rapid primordia differentiation, effectively shortening the overall cultivation cycle, achieving early fruiting and fruiting of morel mushrooms, and achieving the cultivation goals of staggered market entry, improved quality, and increased efficiency.

[0017] 5. The cultivation method of this invention is adapted to the climate characteristics of autumn, winter and early spring in the Huanghuai region. Relying on the low temperature adaptability of early-maturing varieties, the rapid mycelial seed production system and the three-level temperature-controlled greenhouse, it can match the climate window of sowing in November and fruiting in late December in the Huanghuai region. It avoids the cultivation problems of local winter low temperature inhibiting mycelial growth and early spring temperature rapid rise easily scorching fruiting bodies. It can stably achieve early fruiting and staggered market launch, and is suitable for large-scale promotion and application in the Huanghuai region. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below through specific embodiments. It should be understood that the embodiments of this application and the specific features in the embodiments are detailed descriptions of the technical solution of this application, rather than limitations on the technical solution of this application. In the absence of conflict, the embodiments of this application and the technical features in the embodiments can be combined with each other. Example 1

[0019] This embodiment provides a method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms suitable for the Huang-Huai region. It was implemented in a cultivation base in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province in 2024. The specific cultivation steps are as follows: S1, Greenhouse Facility Renovation A north-south oriented greenhouse with dimensions of 50m long and 8m wide was selected. Thickened insulated walls were installed on the east, west, and north sides of the greenhouse to form a basic insulation structure. The greenhouse was covered with 11-13 mil (0.11-0.13 mm) PO anti-drip film as the main heating film, and a four-layer 700-800g space cotton composite insulation blanket with electric opening and closing was installed on the outside of the main film. A shade net with an 80% shading rate was erected 1.5m above the greenhouse from the main film. The ventilation system was arranged as follows: an 80cm wide side ventilation opening was opened on the south side of the greenhouse 100cm above the ground, and a 50cm wide ventilation opening was opened every 4m at a height of 1.5m on the north wall. A 100cm wide top ventilation opening was reserved in the film at the highest point of the greenhouse. A small arched greenhouse structure with the same width as the cultivation bed was built inside the greenhouse and equipped with 1-3 mil black perforated ground film to complete the transformation of the three-level temperature control greenhouse facilities. S2. Preparation of rapid-release mycelium culture for early-maturing varieties The early-maturing variety of *Morchella esculenta*, Suqian No. 1, was selected as the spawn for cultivation. Spawn preparation was carried out uniformly on October 25th. Polypropylene spawn bags of 15cm × 30cm were used, with a culture medium formula of: 30% wheat, 20% millet, 30% rice husks, 18% sawdust, 1% lime, and 1% gypsum. The moisture content of the medium was adjusted to 68%, and the pH to 7.8. A three-point inoculation method was used, with holes punched in the middle of the spawn bag and 5cm from each end. The holes were 2–3cm deep and 1.5–2cm in diameter. After inoculation, the bags were placed in a constant temperature and humidity incubation room. The incubation environment was controlled at 15–16℃, relative humidity 60%–65%, carbon dioxide concentration <0.5%, and light intensity <200lx. The bags were incubated at a constant temperature for 18 days. After the mycelium had fully colonized the bags, they were stored at low temperature and in the dark for later use. S3, Field sowing and mycelium management Field sowing operations were carried out on November 6th, using the mixed sowing method of this invention. The cultivation field was prepared, and cultivation beds with a width of 120cm were constructed, with sowing furrows 10cm deep and spaced 30cm apart. 40% of the total sowing amount was evenly sown in the sowing furrows, and the remaining 60% of the inoculum was evenly sown on the surface of the entire bed. After sowing, normal light protection was maintained for mycelial growth. On the 8th day after sowing, nutrient bags were placed in the corresponding positions of the sowing furrows to assist in the accumulation of nutrients for the mycelium. Throughout the mycelial growth period, the ambient temperature inside the greenhouse was strictly controlled to maintain a stable temperature of 12-18℃ to ensure rapid germination and uniform growth of the mycelium. S4. Fruiting and Harvesting Management The intensive fruiting stage began on December 22nd, during which the temperature inside the greenhouse was maintained between 3 and 18℃. During the fruiting body growth stage, the temperature was maintained between 3 and 22℃ to ensure primordia differentiation and robust fruiting body development. Temperature, humidity, ventilation, and light were dynamically controlled throughout the cultivation process. By January 2nd, a large number of morel primordia had formed on the seedbed, and the entire greenhouse was harvested by February 13th.

[0020] In this embodiment, the cycle from sowing to primordia formation of morel mushrooms is only 57 days, significantly shorter than the traditional cold-frame cultivation method. The greenhouse environment is kept stable throughout the cultivation process, with no significant outbreaks of pests or diseases, achieving early, stable, and high-quality morel cultivation with a significant advantage in off-peak market availability. Using this complete cultivation scheme, the fruiting time of morel mushrooms can be advanced by approximately 40 days, the rate of high-quality mushrooms increased by 30%, and the incidence of pests and diseases reduced by more than 25%. The fresh mushroom production time in this embodiment coincides with the Spring Festival market window, with a market price of 150-200 yuan / kg, resulting in a significant improvement in overall economic benefits and promoting the diversified and efficient development of the morel mushroom cultivation industry. Example 2

[0021] This embodiment provides a method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms suitable for the Huang-Huai region. It was implemented in a cultivation base in Peixian County, Jiangsu Province in 2025. The specific cultivation steps are as follows: S1. Preparation of greenhouse facilities The system employs a three-level temperature-controlled adjustable warm greenhouse with a double-layer film cultivation facility. The greenhouse body is equipped with three thickened heat-insulating walls. An insulation blanket is installed on the outside of the main film of the warm greenhouse, and a shading net with a 75% shading rate is erected 1.2m above the main film. The ventilation structure is arranged as follows: an 80cm wide side ventilation opening is opened on the south side of the greenhouse at a height of 80cm from the ground; a 45cm wide ventilation opening is opened every 5m at a height of 1.0-1.5m on the north wall; and a 100cm wide top ventilation opening is reserved in the greenhouse roof. The field preparation involves constructing 100cm wide cultivation beds, on which matching small arched sheds are built. The bed surface is covered with 1-3 mil black perforated heat-insulating mulch film with a hole diameter of 0.8cm and a hole spacing of 15cm to ensure balanced heat preservation and ventilation inside the greenhouse. S2, Preparation of Cultivation Varieties for Early-Maturing Varieties The early-maturing variety of *Morchella esculenta* No. 1 was selected, and spawn was prepared on October 28th. Polypropylene spawn bags measuring 15cm × 33cm were used, and the culture medium formula was the same as in Example 1, with the water content adjusted to 68% and the pH value to 8.0. A three-point inoculation method was employed, with holes punched in the middle of the spawn bag and 5cm from both ends. The inoculation holes were 2.5–3cm deep and 1.5cm in diameter. After inoculation, the bags were placed in a culture room for cultivation, with the temperature controlled at 15–18℃, relative humidity at 60%–65%, carbon dioxide concentration <0.5%, and light intensity <200lx. The bags were kept at a constant temperature for 17 days. Once the mycelium had fully colonized the bags, they were stored at low temperature for later use. S3. Field bed preparation, sowing, and mycelium management On November 1st, the field was tilled, prepared, and ridges were built, with each ridge being 100cm wide. On November 2nd, a mixed sowing method was used, with sowing furrows 15cm deep and spaced 25cm apart on each ridge. 40% of the total inoculum was sown in the furrows, and the remaining inoculum was evenly spread on the ridge surface. On the 9th day after sowing (November 11th), nutrient bags were placed uniformly in the sowing furrows. Throughout the mycelial growth period, the temperature inside the greenhouse was maintained at 12-18℃ to ensure rapid mycelial colonization, growth, and nutrient accumulation. S4. Induced mushroom development and harvesting On December 25th, watering and mushroom cultivation were carried out. During the mushroom cultivation period, the temperature inside the greenhouse was stably controlled between 4 and 18℃, and during the fruiting body growth period, the temperature was adjusted between 5 and 22℃. Under precise environmental control, a large number of primordia began to form on the beds on January 6th of the following year, and all harvesting was completed on February 17th. The overall cultivation cycle was short, the mushrooms were uniform, the fruiting bodies were of excellent quality, and the incidence of pests and diseases was extremely low, achieving highly efficient early cultivation.

[0022] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms suitable for the Huang-Huai region, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Preparation of strain: The early-maturing variety of morel mushroom No. 1 was selected and morel mushroom spawn was prepared using rapid mycelial growth technology; the mycelial growth temperature of morel mushroom No. 1 was 3℃~25℃, the primordium formation temperature was 3℃~14℃, and the fruiting body growth and development temperature was 3℃~25℃. (2) Facility construction: Construct a heat-insulated greenhouse with a three-level temperature control structure. The heat-insulated greenhouse is equipped with three thickened heat-insulating walls and is equipped with a first-level heating structure, a second-level heat preservation structure, a third-level cooling structure and a ventilation system. (3) Field sowing: Sow the seedbed using the mixed sowing method and place nutrient bags regularly after sowing; (4) Precise control: During the mycelium growth period, fruiting period and fruiting body growth period, the temperature inside the greenhouse is controlled in stages to achieve early cultivation.

2. The method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rapid mycelial culture technology described in step (1) includes the following operations: Use polypropylene inoculum bags with dimensions of 13-15cm × 30-33cm; use a culture medium with the following mass fraction ratio: wheat 30%, millet 20%, rice husk 30%, sawdust 18%, lime 1%, gypsum 1%, with a water content of 66%-68% and a pH value of 7.5-8.

0. The three-point inoculation method is adopted, with holes punched in the middle of the spawn bag and 5cm from both ends of the spawn bag. The depth of the inoculation holes is 2-3cm and the diameter is 1.5-2cm. After inoculation, the culture is kept at a constant temperature of 12℃~18℃, relative humidity of 60%~65%, carbon dioxide concentration <0.5%, light intensity <200lx, and mycelial culture time of 15~20 days.

3. The method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms according to claim 2, characterized in that, The polypropylene inoculum bags are 15cm×30cm in size, and the temperature of the culture space is controlled at 15℃~16℃.

4. The method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2): The primary heating structure is a greenhouse main film made of 8-15 mil PO anti-drip film, with a light transmittance >90%. The secondary insulation structure includes four layers of 700-800g space cotton composite insulation blankets covering the outside of the main film, a small arched shed built with 6-8 filament film inside the shed, and a 1-3 filament black perforated ground film. The three-stage cooling structure includes a shade net with a shading rate of 75% to 85%, an atomizing spray system on the shed, and a spare heat insulation film inside the shed. The shade net is installed above the heated shed and is 1 to 1.5 meters away from the main film. The ventilation system includes: a 60-80cm wide ventilation opening at a height of 80-100cm above the ground on the south side of the shed; a 40-50cm wide ventilation opening at a height of 1-1.5m on the north wall, spaced every 4-5m; and an 80-100cm wide top ventilation opening on the roof membrane.

5. The method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms according to claim 4, characterized in that, The main film of the greenhouse is made of 11-13 filament PO anti-drip film, and the shading net has a shading rate of 80%-85%.

6. The method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mixed sowing method described in step (3) is as follows: prepare the bed surface with a width of 80-120cm, open sowing furrows with a depth of 10-15cm at intervals of 25-30cm, sow 40% of the total sowing amount in the sowing furrows, and evenly spread the remaining inoculum on the bed surface. After sowing, place nutrient bags at the sowing furrows 7-10 days later.

7. The method for promoting early cultivation of morel mushrooms according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific control parameters for step (4) and cultivation sequence are as follows: The preparation time for spawn is from late October to early November, and the sowing time is from early to mid November; During the mycelium growth period, the ambient temperature inside the shed should be controlled at 12–18℃. The mushroom-inducing treatment was carried out in late December. The temperature during the mushroom-inducing period was maintained at 3-18℃, and the temperature during the fruiting body growth period was controlled at 3-22℃.