Double-layer cultivation substrate structure of edible fungus bag and bag making method based on the same

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of edible fungi fungus bag double-layer cultivation substrate structure, including upper layer and lower layer, wherein: the lower layer is cultivation substrate main layer, and the total mass of 90%~97% of all cultivation substrate is occupied;The upper layer is fermentation material covering layer, and it is laid on the main layer, and its thickness is 1 cm~3 cm, and the total mass of 3%~10% of all cultivation substrate is occupied, the raw material of the fermentation material covering layer is handled by fermentation after piling, and the raw material of the cultivation substrate main layer is not handled by fermentation;The main layer and the covering layer are layered and filled, and the whole is sterilized uniformly after layering and filling.The application also provides a kind of based on the structure of making bag method.Compared with traditional fungus bag preparation technology, the application can stably control the pollution rate of making bag to be within 2% under the natural environment of humidity 80%~90%, while the yield of fruiting and full material cultivation are basically flat, and the advantages of low cost, low energy consumption and high yield and stable yield are possessed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of edible fungi cultivation technology, specifically relating to a double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi bags adapted to off-season cultivation under natural conditions in high-altitude mountainous areas of southern China, and a method for preparing bags based on the same. Background Technology

[0002] The preparation of spawn bags for edible fungi cultivation is a key process in the entire edible fungi industry chain. The contamination rate of spawn bags with miscellaneous bacteria directly determines the subsequent yield, quality, and cultivation success rate of mushrooms.

[0003] In the mountainous areas of southern my country, mushroom cultivation is often carried out off-season from June to September, taking advantage of the cool climate at altitudes above 1000m. The production of mushroom bags is concentrated in April and May each year. During this period, the relative humidity of the ambient air is mostly maintained at 80% to 90%. The spores of miscellaneous fungi such as Trichoderma and Trichoderma in the air are numerous and highly active. The risk of contamination during bag production and cultivation in simple greenhouses without humidity control equipment is extremely high, which is a key technical bottleneck restricting the large-scale off-season edible fungi production in the mountainous areas of southern China.

[0004] At present, the mainstream preparation of edible fungi spawn bags is divided into two major routes: fully cooked substrate cultivation and fully fermented substrate cultivation. The advantages and disadvantages of the two cannot be taken into account at the same time.

[0005] 1. Fully sterilized substrate cultivation. The cultivation substrate is directly bagged, sterilized, and then inoculated, preserving nutrients completely and resulting in the highest mushroom yield. Disadvantages: The cap must be opened during inoculation, completely exposing the internal cultivation substrate, leading to a large settling of contaminating fungal spores; it takes 5-7 days or more for the edible mushroom spawn mycelium to spread across the substrate surface and establish a competitive advantage, giving contaminating fungi ample time to germinate and colonize. Under the high humidity and natural cultivation conditions in southern regions during April and May, the contamination rate of fully sterilized substrate bags exceeds 50%; to reduce contamination, constant temperature and humidity equipment is necessary, maintaining a relative humidity of 50%-60% in the cultivation environment, resulting in high initial investment and long-term energy consumption costs. It should be noted that in this field, "sterilized substrate" refers to cultivation substrate that has not undergone composting and fermentation, but has only undergone high-temperature sterilization.

[0006] 2. Fully Fermented Substrate Cultivation. The cultivation substrate raw materials undergo composting and fermentation pretreatment, breaking down large nutrient molecules into smaller ones. This allows for rapid colonization of edible fungi mycelia, covering the substrate surface in just 2-3 days, significantly reducing the window of contamination by other microorganisms. Under natural high humidity conditions, the contamination rate can be controlled to below 2%. Disadvantages: The composting and fermentation process consumes some of the substrate's nutrients. Existing cultivation trials show that, under the same formula, fully fermented substrate results in a yield reduction of 8%-19% compared to fully fermented substrate, leading to a significant decrease in planting profits. It should be noted that in this field, fermented substrate refers to cultivation substrate that has undergone composting and fermentation pretreatment.

[0007] In addition to the traditional processes mentioned above, existing improved technologies also have significant shortcomings, as follows:

[0008] 1. Film isolation method: A plastic film is laid at the bag opening to isolate the substrate. The film is torn off before inoculation. The substrate is exposed over a large area when the bag is opened. However, the film has poor air permeability, resulting in insufficient oxygen supply and slow mycelial growth.

[0009] 2. Chemical antibacterial method: Spraying fungicides such as carbendazim on the substrate surface to inhibit miscellaneous bacteria leaves pesticide residues, which does not meet the standards for organic edible fungi production. Long-term use can easily lead to the development of drug resistance in miscellaneous bacteria.

[0010] In addition to the objective defects in the aforementioned processes, front-line technical personnel in this field have long suffered from two rigid sets of practical knowledge, creating a barrier to their R&D thinking:

[0011] First, although existing laboratory in vitro studies have confirmed that fermentation metabolites have certain heat-resistant antibacterial activities, under the long-term moist heat sterilization conditions during the packaging process, a large amount of free organic acids produced by composting fermentation will volatilize, and the actinomycetes in the fermentation system will be completely inactivated. The long-term protection effect achieved by relying on soluble antibacterial substances in the bag will be greatly reduced. At the industry practice level, it is generally determined that the fermented material after sterilization cannot stably and effectively inhibit bacteria, completely ignoring the two permanent modification advantages that composting fermentation can bring to the material: a high-temperature resistant porous physical structure and stable fast-acting small molecule nutrients, which do not depend on antibacterial metabolites.

[0012] Secondly, it is a common understanding in the industry that the yield is significantly reduced by fully fermented substrate cultivation compared to fully cooked substrate. Technicians have formed a fixed mindset and subjectively believe that as long as fermented substrate is added to the formula, the nutrients in the cultivation will be greatly depleted and the yield will be significantly reduced. Therefore, they only use two extreme solutions: 100% cooked substrate and 100% fermented substrate.

[0013] The overlap of practical experience from these two industries has resulted in existing packaging technologies being unable to simultaneously achieve low-pollution, high-volume, and low-cost production in high-humidity environments without manual temperature and humidity control. Therefore, the industry urgently needs a completely new packaging solution that breaks through existing, rigid production practices. Summary of the Invention

[0014] The purpose of this invention is to provide a double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi bags and a bag-making method based thereon, which can stably control the bag-making contamination rate to within 2% in a natural environment with humidity of 80%~90% and without dehumidification and temperature control facilities, while the mushroom yield is basically the same as that of fully cooked substrate cultivation, effectively reducing equipment investment and production energy consumption.

[0015] The first aspect of this invention is to provide a double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi spawn bags, the technical solution of which is:

[0016] A double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi spawn bags, comprising an upper layer and a lower layer, wherein:

[0017] The lower layer is the main cultivation substrate layer, accounting for 90% to 97% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate. The raw materials of the main cultivation substrate layer have not undergone composting and fermentation treatment.

[0018] The upper layer is a fermented material covering layer, which is laid on top of the main cultivation substrate layer. The fermented material covering layer completely covers the upper surface of the main cultivation substrate layer, and its thickness is 1 cm to 3 cm, accounting for 3% to 10% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate. The raw materials of the fermented material covering layer are subjected to composting and fermentation treatment.

[0019] The main cultivation substrate layer and the fermentation material covering layer are filled in layers and then sterilized as a whole.

[0020] Furthermore, the thickness of the fermentation material covering layer is 1 cm to 1.5 cm, and the amount of fermentation material used in the fermentation material covering layer accounts for 3% to 5% of the total mass of the entire cultivation substrate.

[0021] Furthermore, the initial moisture content of the raw materials for preparing the main layer of the cultivation substrate and the fermentation raw materials for preparing the fermentation material covering layer is controlled at 60%~70%.

[0022] Furthermore, the raw material formulas of the main cultivation substrate layer and the fermentation material covering layer may be the same or different.

[0023] Furthermore, the raw materials for the main cultivation substrate layer and the fermentation material covering layer are independently selected from two or more combinations of cottonseed hulls, sawdust, corn cobs, lotus seed shells, wheat bran, and soybean meal.

[0024] The second aspect of this invention is to provide a method for manufacturing edible fungus spawn bags based on the double-layer cultivation substrate structure described in the first aspect, the technical solution of which is:

[0025] A method for preparing packaging for edible fungi, characterized by comprising the following steps:

[0026] Step S1, Material preparation: Prepare unfermented cultivation substrate and compost fermentation material;

[0027] Step S2, layered filling: Take the unfermented cultivation substrate and fermented material from step S1 according to the ratio. First, fill the unfermented cultivation substrate into the mushroom bag and compact it to form the main layer of cultivation substrate. Then, spread the fermented material on top of the main layer of cultivation substrate to form the fermented material covering layer. Add a loop to the opening of the mushroom bag and cover it with a sponge filter cap.

[0028] Step S3, Overall Sterilization: Sterilize the entire filled mushroom bag;

[0029] Step S4, Surface Inoculation: Open the sponge filter cap, inoculate on the surface of the fermentation material covering layer, and immediately replace the sponge filter cap after the operation is completed.

[0030] Step S5, Natural inoculation: After inoculation, the spawn bags are placed in a simple greenhouse for incubation in the dark, without artificial humidity or temperature control, until the mycelium has covered the entire cultivation substrate.

[0031] Furthermore, in step S3, the sterilization process is atmospheric pressure sterilization, the sterilization temperature is 95℃~100℃, and the time is 6h~8h.

[0032] Furthermore, in step S5, the relative humidity of the culture environment for the spawn bags is 80%~90%.

[0033] Furthermore, the packaging method is applicable to the large-scale production of oyster mushroom spawn bags.

[0034] This invention specifically overcomes the two entrenched industry perceptions mentioned in the background technology, breaking through two major practical misconceptions: "fermented materials lack long-term antibacterial ability within the bag after prolonged wet heat sterilization" and "adding fermented materials inevitably leads to a significant reduction in production." The core innovation lies in utilizing the high-temperature resistant porous physical structure formed by the fermented material after composting, and the permanently retained fast-acting small-molecule nutrients to create a dual, long-lasting synergistic protection. The two core protective characteristics of the fermented material covering layer are not destroyed by high-temperature sterilization. The entire protection system can effectively control miscellaneous bacteria without relying on heat-sensitive antibacterial substances produced during composting and fermentation. It relies on a dual mechanism of physical isolation and rapid mycelial occupation, supplemented by a balanced nutrient ratio to achieve stable production. The protective principle of the fermented material covering layer is as follows:

[0035] 1. The fermented material forms a high-temperature resistant, dense physical barrier.

[0036] After being composted at high temperatures for 7-15 days, the lignocellulose is pre-decomposed, resulting in a fine, compact, and porous thin-layer structure. This physical structure can withstand 100℃ sterilization without being damaged. The fermented material covering layer at the opening of the cultivation bag completely covers the main cultivation substrate layer. Inoculation only contacts the surface fermented material, ensuring the bottom high-yield cultivation substrate remains completely covered, thus preventing the sedimentation of contaminating microbial spores into the main cultivation substrate layer during inoculation. The sponge filter cap provides ventilation and oxygen supply, and any small amount of contaminating microbial spores that pass through the sponge filter cap are blocked a second time by the fermented material layer. This creates a double-layer antibacterial structure at the opening of the cultivation bag: a fermented material covering layer and a sponge filter cap.

[0037] 2. Modified fermented substrate with fast-acting nutrients promotes rapid mycelial biological colonization.

[0038] Composting fermentation breaks down macromolecules such as crude fiber and polysaccharides into readily available small-molecule nutrients such as monosaccharides and amino acids. These small-molecule nutrients retain their physicochemical properties after sterilization at 100℃. After inoculation, the mycelium of edible fungi can cover the entire surface of the fermentation substrate within 2-3 days, significantly reducing the germination and colonization window of other microorganisms. The mycelium preemptively secures nutrient and spatial niches, preventing the growth and reproduction of any remaining microorganisms on the substrate surface. In existing technologies, the degradation rate of macromolecule nutrients in fully fermented substrates is slow, requiring 5-7 days for the mycelium to cover the substrate surface, resulting in a long window for microbial infection.

[0039] 3. Balanced Nutrition

[0040] The main substrate layer, comprising 90%–97% of the total substrate mass, completely preserves all the nutrients required for mushroom growth. The fermentation cover layer, accounting for only 3%–10% of the total mass, serves both antibacterial protection and provides nutrients for mushroom growth. The nutrients lost during fermentation in the cover layer account for a very small percentage (less than 2%) of the total nutrients in the substrate, resulting in a final mushroom yield almost identical to that of fully fermented substrate cultivation. Existing cultivation trials have confirmed that fully fermented substrate reduces yield by 8–19% compared to fully fermented substrate. This invention, however, only ferments a small amount of material on the surface, resulting in negligible nutrient loss, simultaneously achieving the dual benefits of low pollution and high yield.

[0041] Using any single existing process can only achieve a single advantage and cannot simultaneously achieve low pollution and high output. This invention employs the above three mechanisms in synergy, bringing unexpected synergistic technical effects.

[0042] Compared with the prior art, the double-layer cultivation substrate structure of edible fungi bags and the bag-making method based thereon of the present invention have the following advantages:

[0043] I. This invention breaks through the industry's two fixed perceptions of production by using a unique structure of "lower layer of unfermented cooked material body + upper layer of fermented covering layer, and integrated simultaneous sterilization after layered filling". It relies on the stable physical barrier of sterilization and fast-acting nutrients to achieve long-term protection, and overcomes the inherent defects of high pollution of fully cooked material and significant yield reduction of fully fermented material. It is a non-obvious combination innovation.

[0044] Second, under high-temperature (25°C and above) and high-humidity natural environments with relative humidity of 80%~90% and no dehumidification or temperature control equipment, the contamination rate of the substrate bags can be stably controlled below 2%, far lower than that of conventional fully-grown substrate processes; and the recurrence rate of contaminant bacteria in the bags fully grown with mycelium at room temperature is less than 0.5% (compared to a contamination rate of over 50% in existing technologies). Therefore, the double-layer cultivation substrate structure of this invention results in a low contamination rate.

[0045] Third, in this invention, the main layer of the cultivation substrate accounts for 90% to 97% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate, and the fermented material covering layer accounts for 3% to 10% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate, with an overall nutrient loss of only 0.3% to 1%. Compared with the industry pain point of 8% to 19% yield reduction in existing fully fermented cultivation, this invention breaks the production perception that "adding fermented material will inevitably lead to a significant reduction in yield" and achieves an unexpected yield balance effect.

[0046] Fourth, the edible fungus packaging method of the present invention does not require the purchase and operation of dehumidification and constant temperature units, reducing greenhouse equipment investment by more than 50% and production energy consumption by 60%. It can directly utilize the natural cool climate of high-altitude mountainous areas for production, resulting in low carbon and low cost.

[0047] V. The edible fungus bag making method of the present invention has a fast mycelial colonization and growth rate, covering the surface of the fermentation material in only 2 days to 3 days, and shortening the cycle of the entire cultivation substrate by 6% to 10%, thereby improving the turnover efficiency of the mushroom bags.

[0048] VI. The edible fungus packaging method of the present invention does not require the addition of chemical fungicides such as carbendazim throughout the entire process, and the cultivation substrate and harvested edible fungi are free of pesticide residues, thus meeting the relevant requirements for organic edible fungus cultivation.

[0049] VII. The edible fungus packaging method of the present invention involves layered bagging followed by one-time overall sterilization, simultaneously sterilizing the main cultivation substrate layer and the fermentation material covering layer. The process is simple and suitable for both small-scale growers and large-scale factories. Attached Figure Description

[0050] To more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other results can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0051] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the mushroom cultivation bag filled with a double layer of cultivation substrate and inoculated in the packaging process of the present invention.

[0052] Among them: 1-cultivation bag, 2-sponge filter cap, 3-upper layer, 4-lower layer, 5-inoculation layer. Detailed Implementation

[0053] To enable those skilled in the art to fully understand the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, and to make the above-mentioned objectives, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the specific embodiments of the present invention will be further described below.

[0054] The endpoints and any values ​​of the ranges disclosed herein are not limited to the precise ranges or values, and these ranges or values ​​should be understood to include values ​​close to these ranges or values. For numerical ranges, the endpoint values ​​of the various ranges, the endpoint values ​​of the various ranges and individual point values, and individual point values ​​can be combined with each other to obtain one or more new numerical ranges, which should be considered as specifically disclosed herein.

[0055] Please see Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the structure of the mushroom cultivation bag filled with a double-layer cultivation substrate and inoculated during the bag-making process of this invention. The mushroom cultivation bag 1 is filled with the cultivation substrate, and its open end is fitted with a sponge filter cap 2. In this invention, the cultivation substrate has a double-layer structure, including an upper layer 3 and a lower layer 4.

[0056] The lower layer 4 is the main cultivation substrate layer, accounting for 90% to 97% of the total cultivation substrate mass. The raw materials of the main cultivation substrate layer have not undergone composting and fermentation treatment.

[0057] The upper layer 3 is a fermentation material covering layer, which is laid on top of the main cultivation substrate layer. The fermentation material covering layer completely covers the upper surface of the main cultivation substrate layer, and its thickness is 1 cm to 3 cm, accounting for 3% to 10% of the total cultivation substrate mass. The raw materials of the fermentation material covering layer are subjected to composting and fermentation treatment.

[0058] After the main cultivation substrate layer and the fermentation material covering layer are filled in layers, the whole process is sterilized. The microbial strain is only inoculated on the surface of the fermentation material covering layer to form the inoculation layer 5.

[0059] Preferably, the thickness of the fermented material covering layer is 1 cm to 1.5 cm, and the amount of fermented material used in the covering layer accounts for 3% to 5% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate.

[0060] In this invention, the standard for pre-fermentation preparation of the fermentation material is as follows:

[0061] The raw materials are mixed with water to a moisture content of 60%~70%, piled up 1.5 m wide and 1.0 m high, and the material temperature is raised to 65℃~70℃ and maintained for 24 hours before the first turning. The pile is turned every 2 days. After fermentation, the material is brownish-brown and has no sour or putrid odor.

[0062] The composting process pre-degrades the lignocellulose in the material, breaking down macromolecular nutrients into small, readily available nutrients, while simultaneously forming a dense, porous, and breathable structure. This dense, porous, and breathable physical structure and nutrient composition are not destroyed by high-temperature sterilization, which is the core foundation of this invention for providing long-lasting protection without relying on antibacterial metabolites.

[0063] In this invention, the raw material formulas of the main cultivation substrate layer and the fermentation material covering layer are the same or different; the raw materials of the main cultivation substrate layer and the fermentation material covering layer are independently selected from two or more combinations of cottonseed hulls, sawdust, corn cobs, lotus seed shells, wheat bran, and soybean meal.

[0064] The fermentation material covering layer 3 is located above the main cultivation substrate layer and inside the opening of the mushroom cultivation bag. Together with the sponge filter cap, it forms a double barrier against miscellaneous bacteria. The two work together to block miscellaneous bacteria spores from invading the main cultivation substrate layer 4 below.

[0065] Based on the above-mentioned double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi bags, the following is a detailed description of the bag-making method using this double-layer cultivation substrate for edible fungi bags.

[0066] All test sites: Yangtianhu Maluotang Base, Lutang Town, Beihu District, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, simple uncontrolled humidity greenhouse at an altitude of 1100 m; bag making time from April to May, culture environment temperature 15℃~25℃, relative humidity 80%~90%, no heating or dehumidification equipment throughout the process; 500 standard bags were uniformly placed in each group of tests.

[0067] Example 1: Preparation of oyster mushroom cultivation spawn bags

[0068] A method for preparing oyster mushroom cultivation spawn bags includes the following steps:

[0069] (1) The raw material formulas used for the main layer of cultivation substrate and the covering layer of fermented material are the same, with the following weight percentages: cottonseed hulls 40%, lotus seed hulls 15%, corn cobs 15%, hardwood sawdust 15%, wheat bran 9%, soybean meal 2%, lime 2%, and light calcium powder 2%. All raw materials are mixed with water to adjust the moisture content to 62%~65%. The raw materials for the main layer of cultivation substrate are not composted and fermented. The raw materials for the covering layer of fermented material are composted and fermented for 10 days.

[0070] Pile preparation: The pile is 1.5m wide and 1m high. The material temperature is raised to 65~70℃ and kept warm for 24 hours before the first turn. The pile is turned every 2 days. The entire fermentation process takes 10 days. After fermentation, the material is dark brown and has no sour or putrid odor.

[0071] (2) Layered filling: The unfermented cultivation substrate is filled into the mushroom cultivation bag and compacted to form the main layer of cultivation substrate; then the fermented material is spread on top of the main layer of cultivation substrate to form the fermented material covering layer; a loop is added to the opening of the mushroom cultivation bag and a sponge filter cap is placed on top; the thickness of the fermented material covering layer is 1.5 cm, and the amount of fermented material accounts for 5% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate; the material in the main layer of cultivation substrate accounts for 95% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate.

[0072] (3) Overall sterilization: All filled mushroom bags are sterilized uniformly; the sterilization process is: sterilization at 98℃ under normal pressure for 8 hours;

[0073] (4) Surface inoculation: After cooling, open the cap and spread the oyster mushroom spawn on the surface of the covering layer. After the operation is completed, immediately replace the cap. The inoculation amount accounts for 2% of the total material mass, of which the total material includes the culture medium and the spawn.

[0074] (5) Natural cultivation: The mushroom bags are placed in a simple greenhouse and cultivated for 30 days without the need for artificial humidity and temperature control equipment, until the mycelium has covered the entire cultivation substrate.

[0075] This embodiment uses 98℃, 8h long-term moist heat and normal pressure sterilization. The free organic acids generated during the stacking process volatilize in large quantities, and the actinomycetes are completely inactivated. The antibacterial effect produced by heat-sensitive metabolites is basically eliminated. However, the oyster mushroom mycelium can still cover the substrate surface within 2-3 days. The contamination rate of the substrate bag is only 2%, which directly verifies that the core of the protection of this invention is the high-temperature resistant physical structure and fast-acting nutrients, overturning the industry's production perception that "fermented materials have no long-term antibacterial ability after moist heat sterilization".

[0076] Comparative Examples 1-5

[0077] Based on Example 1, the thickness and mass ratio of the fermentation material covering layer were changed, and multiple gradient controls were set up, with other conditions remaining unchanged, forming comparative examples 1 to 5. Wherein:

[0078] Comparative Example 1: The thickness of the fermented material covering layer was 1.2 cm, and the amount of fermented material accounted for 4% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate, with a medium dosage gradient, taking into account both low pollution and stable yield.

[0079] Comparative Example 2: The thickness of the fermented material covering layer was 1.0 cm, and the amount of fermented material accounted for 3% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate. This was a small dosage gradient, resulting in a low contamination rate and minimal yield loss.

[0080] Comparative Example 3: The thickness of the fermentation material covering layer was 0.5 cm, and the amount of fermentation material accounted for 1.5% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate. After sterilization, the fermentation material covering layer was too thin, and the main layer of the cultivation substrate was exposed, resulting in a significant increase in the contamination rate.

[0081] Comparative Example 4: The thickness of the fermented material covering layer was 3.0 cm, and the amount of fermented material accounted for 10% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate. Nutrient loss increased and yield declined.

[0082] Comparative Example 5: Blank Control Group

[0083] Based on Example 1, conventional fully cooked oyster mushroom spawn bags were used, without setting a fermentation material covering layer, and other conditions remained unchanged.

[0084] The packaging test results of Examples 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 are shown in Table 1.

[0085] Table 1: Packaging test results of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-5

[0086]

[0087] Note: The relative yield values ​​in the table are based on the fruiting yield of the blank fully cooked substrate bags in Comparative Example 5, with the benchmark yield set at 100%.

[0088] The data above shows that the thickness of the fermentation material covering layer and the amount of fermentation material directly determine the integrity of the physical barrier and the overall nutrient loss, and the two are mutually restrictive. When the fermentation material accounts for 10%, the yield difference is not significant, directly dispelling the industry's perception that "adding fermentation material will drastically reduce yield." When the fermentation material covering layer is too thin or the amount is too low, the physical barrier failure and contamination rate increase significantly; when the thickness or amount is too high, fermentation loss increases and yield declines. Therefore, in this invention, the optimal conditions are a fermentation material covering layer thickness of 1cm to 1.5cm and a fermentation material amount accounting for 3% to 5% of the total cultivation substrate mass. In highly contaminated environments with higher levels of miscellaneous microbial spores, the thickness of the fermentation material covering layer can be extended to 2cm to 3cm.

[0089] The double-layer cultivation substrate structure and bag-making process of the edible fungus cultivation bags of the present invention were applied to large-scale production. In the actual large-scale production verification, the pollution rate of oyster mushroom bags in spring at three edible fungus production bases in Yangtianhu, Lutang Town, Beihu District, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province is shown in Table 2.

[0090] Table 2: Contamination rate of oyster mushroom bagging in spring from 2023 to 2025 at three edible mushroom production bases

[0091]

[0092] Therefore, it can be seen that in a high-humidity natural environment with a relative humidity of 80%~90% and no dehumidification and temperature control equipment, the contamination rate of the fermentation material covering layer formed by the overall sterilization of the culture bags is stably controlled within 2%; while the contamination rate of conventional processes without this solution exceeds 50%, a very significant difference. Years of large-scale production data fully demonstrate that this invention breaks through two major entrenched production perceptions in the industry, possessing outstanding substantial features and significant progress compared to existing technologies.

[0093] The double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi spawn bags and the bag-making method based thereon of this invention are suitable for both small-scale farmers and large-scale factories in mountainous areas of southern China that lack temperature and humidity control equipment, thus lowering the barriers to entry for the industry. The method of this invention is particularly suitable for spring bag-making of oyster mushrooms in the high-altitude mountainous areas of the Nanling Mountains in southern China.

[0094] The double-layer cultivation substrate structure of edible fungi spawn bags and the bag-making method based thereon of the present invention can be used not only for the preparation of spawn bags for the fruiting cultivation of oyster mushrooms, but also for the preparation of spawn bags for the cultivation of edible fungi such as oyster mushrooms, matsutake mushrooms, and king oyster mushrooms, as well as for the preparation of simplified spawn bags for the cultivation of small-scale king oyster mushrooms and enoki mushrooms.

[0095] The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited to the described embodiments. For those skilled in the art, various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention still fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi spawn bags, characterized in that, Including upper and lower layers, where: The lower layer is the main cultivation substrate layer, accounting for 90% to 97% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate. The raw materials of the main cultivation substrate layer have not undergone composting and fermentation treatment. The upper layer is a fermented material covering layer, which is laid on top of the main cultivation substrate layer. The fermented material covering layer completely covers the upper surface of the main cultivation substrate layer, and its thickness is 1 cm to 3 cm, accounting for 3% to 10% of the total mass of the cultivation substrate. The raw materials of the fermented material covering layer are subjected to composting and fermentation treatment. The main cultivation substrate layer and the fermentation material covering layer are filled in layers and then sterilized as a whole.

2. The double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi bags according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thickness of the fermented material covering layer is 1cm to 1.5cm, and the amount of fermented material used in the covering layer accounts for 3% to 5% of the total mass of the entire cultivation substrate.

3. The double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi bags according to claim 1, characterized in that, The initial moisture content of the raw materials for preparing the main layer of the cultivation substrate and the fermentation raw materials for preparing the fermentation material covering layer is controlled at 60%~70%.

4. The double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi bags according to claim 1, characterized in that, The main layer of the cultivation substrate and the covering layer of the fermentation material may have the same or different raw material formulas.

5. The double-layer cultivation substrate structure for edible fungi bags according to claim 4, characterized in that, The raw materials for the main layer of the cultivation substrate and the covering layer of the fermentation material are independently selected from two or more combinations of cottonseed hulls, sawdust, corn cobs, lotus seed shells, wheat bran, and soybean meal.

6. A method for manufacturing a mushroom cultivation substrate bag based on the double-layer cultivation substrate structure of any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step S1, Material preparation: Prepare unfermented cultivation substrate and compost fermentation material; Step S2, layered filling: Take the unfermented cultivation substrate and fermentation material from step S1 according to the ratio. First, fill the unfermented cultivation substrate into the mushroom bag and compact it to form the main layer of cultivation substrate. Then, spread the fermentation material on top of the main layer of cultivation substrate to form the fermentation material covering layer. Add a loop to the opening of the mushroom bag and cover it with a sponge filter cap. Step S3, Overall Sterilization: Sterilize the entire filled mushroom bag; Step S4, Surface Inoculation: Open the sponge filter cap, inoculate the microbial inoculum on the surface of the fermentation material covering layer, and immediately replace the sponge filter cap after the operation is completed. Step S5, Natural inoculation: After inoculation, the spawn bags are placed in a simple greenhouse for incubation in the dark, without artificial humidity or temperature control, until the mycelium has covered the entire cultivation substrate.

7. The packaging method according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step S3, the sterilization process is atmospheric pressure sterilization, the temperature is 95℃-100℃, and the time is 6h-8h.

8. The packaging method according to claim 6, characterized in that, In step S5, the relative humidity of the culture environment for the spawn bags is 80%~90%.

9. The packaging method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The packaging method described herein is suitable for the large-scale production of mushroom spawn bags for oyster mushroom cultivation.

Images