Method for year-round cyclic cultivation of rice and stropharia rugosoannulata and field system thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of rice frog-megacollybia annual circulation method of planting and its field system, comprising the following steps: S1, field function partition construction;S2, mushroom residue processing and tadpole breeding;S3, rice frog co-work period;S4, the planting of megacollybia;S5, megacollybia cultivation management.The method includes the organic waste generated in the system, such as megacollybia mushroom residue, rice straw, frog excrement, etc., into a unified material circulation chain, and the mushroom residue after megacollybia harvesting is converted into the nutrient source of frog breeding water and the base fertilizer of rice by grading treatment;Rice straw is used as the main cultivation substrate of megacollybia in the next cycle;Frog feeds on field pests during the rice frog co-work period and continuously inputs nitrogen to the rice field, and simultaneously realizes the output of frog, rice and edible fungi in unit rice field area, which significantly improves the comprehensive utilization efficiency of land and the economic output per unit area.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of integrated rice-fish farming technology, specifically relating to a method and field system for year-round rice-frog-King Oyster mushroom cyclical farming. Background Technology

[0002] Rice-frog co-cultivation is a composite agricultural production model that combines rice cultivation with frog farming. Frogs inhabit rice paddies and feed on pests, reducing the incidence of rice diseases and pests and decreasing pesticide use. Frog excrement provides nitrogen for rice, contributing to fertilizer reduction and increased yield. Currently, there are numerous research reports on rice-frog co-cultivation, but its production system still faces the following challenges: First, the frog farming stage relies entirely on artificial formulated feed, resulting in high feed costs. Furthermore, tadpoles have high requirements for feed palatability during the initial feeding stage, leading to unstable survival rates. Second, the production cycle of rice-frog co-cultivation is typically single-season, leaving rice paddy land and infrastructure idle during the winter fallow season, resulting in low land utilization. Third, the interruption of farming income during the frog overwintering period leads to uneven distribution of annual profits.

[0003] To fully utilize fallow land resources during winter, some existing technologies attempt to rotate edible fungi in rice paddies. For example, patent CN108684438A (and its utility model CN208523397U) proposes an integrated rice-frog-mushroom farming system, but it adopts a static co-cultivation model with dedicated mushroom ridges independent of the rice planting area, resulting in rice and mushrooms occupying land simultaneously and failing to achieve true spatial and temporal reuse. Its water supply method is on-demand water supply through branch outlets, without automatic irrigation, and it does not disclose a method for crop rotation after the mushroom season ends. Another patent, CN110036977A, discloses a rotation technology for frogs, upland rice, and morel mushrooms. However, morel mushroom cultivation requires the construction of a full-area shading net, and when crop rotation with frog farming is carried out, the mushroom bed needs to be cleaned and the shading net retrieved, making the operation cumbersome and costly. Furthermore, this technology directly releases newly hatched frog seedlings, resulting in insufficient crop rotation and affecting farming efficiency.

[0004] Giant king mushroom ( Stropharia rugosoannulata *Agaricus bisporus* is a saprophytic edible fungus that uses straw-based lignocellulose as its main carbon source. It can directly utilize crop straws such as rice straw and wheat straw as a cultivation substrate, eliminating the need for high-temperature steam sterilization and resulting in relatively low production costs. The mycelial growth temperature of *Agaricus bisporus* is 5–35℃, and the optimal temperature for fruiting body formation is 10–25℃, which largely coincides with the winter temperatures in southern rice-growing areas. Therefore, it is considered one of the edible fungi varieties suitable for winter cultivation in rice paddies. While there are existing reports on winter cultivation of *Agaricus bisporus* in rice paddies, these studies mostly focus on single cultivation techniques and fail to establish a systematic linkage with rice-frog co-cultivation. In particular, there is a lack of systematic research on how to utilize the large amount of mushroom residue generated after harvesting in the next production season.

[0005] The residue left after harvesting *Stropharia carinata* is rich in mycelial remnants, degraded lignin, cellulose fragments, and soluble organic nitrogen, possessing high agricultural utilization potential. However, current treatment methods typically involve directly returning the residue to the field as base fertilizer or applying it after simple composting. While these methods are convenient, the soluble organic nutrients in the residue are not specifically decomposed and extracted, making it difficult to quickly convert them into usable nutrients for aquatic life within a short period. Furthermore, they fail to fully realize the potential of the residue to promote phytoplankton proliferation. In the tadpole rearing stage, phytoplankton and zooplankton are natural and palatable food sources for tadpoles in their early stages, playing a crucial role in improving their survival rate and early growth. However, existing rice-frog related technologies lack effective solutions for how to utilize agricultural waste for low-cost and rapid cultivation of phytoplankton in aquatic environments.

[0006] In the regulation of edible mushroom cultivation substrates, existing research indicates that bioactive substances such as spermidine and chitosan oligosaccharides promote mycelial germination, growth, and fruiting body development. However, when these substances are directly applied to the cultivation substrate, the effective components are rapidly lost due to irrigation leaching, resulting in low utilization rates. Furthermore, the regulatory effects of different bioactive substances on different stages of mycelial development vary over time, making it difficult for a single substance to cover the needs of the entire mycelial growth cycle. How to achieve the slow release and time-sequential regulation of multiple bioactive substances while reducing application costs remains a technical problem that has not yet been fully solved in the field of edible mushroom cultivation substrate improvement.

[0007] In summary, existing rice-frog co-cultivation and giant king mushroom cultivation technologies have shortcomings in terms of year-round production planning, waste recycling, and functional regulation of cultivation substrates. There is an urgent need to develop a year-round circular farming method that organically integrates rice-frog co-cultivation with giant king mushroom cultivation and utilizes waste in a tiered manner within the system, so as to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of land and resources. Summary of the Invention

[0008] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, the present invention aims to provide a method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice and frogs with giant puffball mushrooms and its field system.

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice-frog and king oyster mushroom includes the following steps: S1. Construction of field functional zones: Divide the paddy field into several rectangular plots. A longitudinal ditch is set in the center of each plot. The two sides of the ditch are rice planting areas and mushroom cultivation beds. The outermost area is the feeding platform area. The bottom of the ditch is lower than the plane of the rice planting area. S2. Mushroom residue treatment and tadpole rearing: After the harvest of giant shiitake mushrooms in mid-March, the mushroom residue is divided into Grade A and Grade B according to the amount of mycelium residue. Grade B mushroom residue is left on-site in the cultivation bed and degrades naturally after being filled with water. Then, the feeding area is submerged by filling the bed with water and quicklime is sprinkled into the water for disinfection. One week later, the bed is filled with water up to the field ridges and organic acid is sprinkled into the water to bring the pH value to 8-9. Fertilized egg masses are then introduced. Powdered feed is introduced at the end of April, and the amount of feed is adjusted according to the feeding situation. Grade A mushroom residue is collected, and additives and water are added for decomposition. The decomposition liquid is collected and applied twice. The first application is to the rearing water after the tadpoles hatch and continues until the tadpoles complete metamorphosis. The second application is to the paddy field with water before rice transplanting. S3. Rice-frog co-cultivation period: After the tadpoles metamorphose in mid-to-late May, the water level is lowered. Feeding platforms are laid in early June, and rice is planted in the rice-growing area to carry out rice-frog co-cultivation. Frogs are caught from August to October, and rice is harvested from September to October. S4. Cultivation of Giant King Mushroom: After the rice is harvested, rice straw is used as the main material and auxiliary materials are added for composting and fermentation. After fermentation, a composite functional matrix is ​​added to the culture medium to obtain a mixed culture medium. The mixed culture medium is laid in the rice planting area, and after sowing the Giant King Mushroom spawn, it is covered with soil, and the top layer is covered with a layer of rice straw. S5. Cultivation and Management of Giant King Mushrooms: During the cultivation of giant king mushrooms, small arched sheds are erected for insulation, and the ditches are kept full of water. The height difference between the ditches and the rice planting area is used to allow the water to automatically wet the culture medium through capillary action. During the peak harvesting period from January to March, the mushrooms are harvested every 1 to 2 days. After the giant king mushrooms are harvested, the mushroom residue is put into the next cycle step S2, and so on for one year.

[0010] Preferably, in step S1, the bottom of the ditch is 15-30cm lower than the plane of the rice planting area, and the feeding platform is 5-15cm higher than the plane of the rice planting area.

[0011] The cultivation of *Stropharia masticata* requires a high degree of stability in the moisture content of the growing medium. Traditional flood irrigation or manual watering methods are difficult to control precisely, and are costly and prone to causing localized overwatering and contamination by other microorganisms. This invention addresses this issue by setting the bottom of the irrigation ditch 15-30 cm below the level of the rice planting area, keeping the ditch full of water. Water then permeates laterally from the ditch sidewalls to the growing medium via capillary action, achieving continuous and uniform replenishment of the medium's moisture content. This watering method requires no manual intervention, maintains the medium's moisture content within a relatively stable range, and avoids surface water accumulation and anaerobic environments caused by flood irrigation, which is beneficial for normal mycelial growth and reduces the labor required for management during *Stropharia masticata* cultivation.

[0012] Preferably, the criteria for determining Grade A mushroom residue in step S2 are: mushroom residue bed sections with a white mycelial coverage rate of ≥30% after the last harvest of fruiting bodies; Grade B mushroom residue is mushroom residue bed sections with a mycelial coverage rate of <30% and relatively intact fiber structure.

[0013] In existing rice-frog or rice-mushroom farming models, the harvested mycelial residue is usually returned to the field as a whole, failing to differentiate the differences in nutritional components and microbial communities among different types of mycelial residue. This invention quantifies and grades the mycelial residue based on the white mycelial coverage rate at the end of harvest: Grade A residue (coverage ≥ 30%) has a higher content of residual active mycelia and soluble organic matter, suitable for liquid decomposition to extract the decomposition liquid; Grade B residue (coverage < 30%) retains a more intact fibrous structure and has greater porosity, suitable for in-situ degradation in the cultivation bed as an organic matter source for the next rice cycle. This grading scheme uses objective and operable morphological indicators as the basis for judgment, is easy to implement in production practice, and ensures that both types of mycelial residue are utilized through their optimal pathways.

[0014] Preferably, in step S2, the amount of quicklime used is 125-150 kg per mu, and the amount of fertilized egg masses added is 70-100 kg per mu.

[0015] Preferably, the additive in step S2 consists of oat β-glucan and sodium humate in a mass ratio of 2:2 to 3, the mass ratio of Grade A mushroom residue to water is 1:5 to 8, the amount of the additive is 3 to 5% of the mass of Grade A mushroom residue, and the decomposition time is 15 to 20 days.

[0016] Preferably, the decomposition solution described in step S2 is applied to the aquaculture water at a rate of 3-5L per acre within 3-5 days after the tadpoles hatch. Thereafter, it is applied once every 10-15 days, with each application being 2-3L per acre, until the tadpoles have completed metamorphosis; the second application is 10-15L per acre.

[0017] In this invention, the phased application of the mushroom residue decomposition liquid effectively solves the problem of insufficient natural feed for tadpoles in the early stages of rearing. The residual active mycelium in the Grade A mushroom residue of *Stropharia caryophylla* is rich in soluble organic carbon, organic nitrogen, and polysaccharides. After decomposition, it forms a nutrient-rich decomposition liquid. Applying this decomposition liquid to the rearing water within 3-5 days after tadpole hatching can significantly increase the abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water in a short period of time, providing palatable and nutritionally complete natural feed for tadpoles during the initial rearing period. This avoids the problems of slow growth and increased mortality caused by insufficient natural feed during the initial rearing period. At the same time, the decomposition liquid is applied to the paddy field with water before rice transplanting as a source of organic nitrogen and phosphorus for the early growth of rice. The same batch of decomposition liquid is utilized in two production stages, improving the conversion efficiency of organic matter in the mushroom residue.

[0018] Preferably, the auxiliary material in step S4 is one or two of rice husks and sawdust, and the mass ratio of rice straw to auxiliary material is 7-8:2-3; the fermentation time of the compost is 15-20 days, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 60-65%; the amount of the composite functional matrix added is 10-20% of the mass of the culture medium.

[0019] Preferably, the preparation method of the composite functional matrix in step S4 is as follows: Spermine and chitosan oligosaccharide were dissolved together in water to prepare a mixed solution. Then, attapulgite was added, and the solution was shaken and adsorbed. After filtration and drying, composite attapulgite was obtained. Composite attapulgite, tea saponin and well-rotted organic fertilizer were mixed evenly to obtain the composite functional matrix.

[0020] Preferably, the concentration of spermidine in the mixed solution is 0.5–2 g / L, and the concentration of chitosan oligosaccharide is 2–5 g / L; the solid-liquid ratio of attapulgite to the mixed solution is 1 g: 10–20 mL; the temperature for the oscillation adsorption is 25–30 °C, and the time is 12–16 h; the degree of deacetylation of the chitosan oligosaccharide is ≥85%, and the average degree of polymerization is 3–8; the weight ratio of the composite attapulgite, tea saponin, and decomposed organic fertilizer is 5–8:1–2:10–15.

[0021] This invention also protects a year-round cyclical rice-frog-Agaricus tympano species field system for implementing the above method, comprising: The rice paddies were divided into several rectangular sections; A longitudinal water ditch is set in the center of the rectangular area; Rice planting areas / King of Mushroom cultivation beds set up on both sides of the ditch; A feeding platform area is set up on the periphery of the rice planting area; The perimeter fence and the overhead netting installed around the community; The water inlet and drainage systems are installed at both ends of the community; And a simple arched shed that can be detachably installed above the rice planting area.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) The rice-frog-Agaricus bisporus year-round circular farming method provided by the present invention incorporates organic waste generated in the system, such as Agaricus bisporus residue, rice straw, and frog excrement, into a unified material circulation chain. The Agaricus bisporus residue after harvesting is graded and converted into a nutrient source for frog-raising water and rice base fertilizer. Rice straw serves as the main cultivation substrate for Agaricus bisporus in the next cycle. Frogs prey on field pests and continuously input nitrogen into the paddy field during the rice-frog co-cultivation period. The above elements are sequentially connected in time and mutually supportive in function, forming a closed loop structure of Agaricus bisporus-residue-tadpole bait / rice base fertilizer-frog / rice-straw-Agaricus bisporus. There is no external transfer of waste. The production of frogs, rice and edible fungi is realized simultaneously within a unit paddy field area, which significantly improves the comprehensive utilization efficiency of land and the economic output per unit area.

[0023] (2) The rice-frog-Agaricus bisporus year-round cyclic cultivation method provided by this invention prepares a decomposition solution. The decomposition of fungal residue is concentrated from mid-March to the end of April. During this period, the water temperature and air temperature are generally low, and the activity of microorganisms is significantly inhibited. The natural decomposition rate is slow and the concentration of effective nutrients in the decomposition solution is low. Sodium humate itself has the function of promoting the proliferation of microbial communities. Adding it to the decomposition system can activate the decomposition and metabolism of indigenous microorganisms on fungal residue under low temperature conditions, increase the accumulation rate of soluble organic carbon and nitrogen in the decomposition solution, and ensure that the decomposition solution reaches a usable concentration before tadpole hatching. This solves the technical problem of unstable decomposition efficiency at low temperature without relying on heating facilities; oat β- β-glucan is a soluble polysaccharide. When added to the bacterial residue decomposition system, it serves two purposes. First, it acts as a high-quality carbon source substrate that is easily utilized by microorganisms, promoting the growth and metabolism of decomposing microorganisms and accelerating the mineralization and release of organic nitrogen and phosphorus in the bacterial residue. Second, during the decomposition process, β-glucan is partially degraded by microorganisms into oligosaccharide fragments. These oligosaccharide fragments have good water solubility and can be retained in the decomposition liquid. When applied to aquaculture water, they can provide a carbon source that can be directly utilized by zooplankton such as phytoplankton and rotifers, which helps to promote the rapid establishment of phytoplankton communities and thus increase the abundance of natural live food in aquaculture water. This enhances the support effect of the decomposition liquid on the cultivation of natural food for tadpoles during the initial feeding stage from the perspective of nutrient substrate.

[0024] (3) The rice-frog-Agaricus bisporus year-round cyclic cultivation method provided by this invention, and the prepared composite functional matrix, realizes the promotion of bioactive substances on the entire growth cycle of Agaricus bisporus mycelium; after dissolving spermidine and chitosan oligosaccharide together in water, they are adsorbed onto attapulgite in one step. Utilizing the permeability of the nanopores of attapulgite, spermidine diffuses into the pores and is anchored by multi-point electrostatic binding, resulting in a slow release rate. Chitosan oligosaccharide is adsorbed on the outer surface due to steric hindrance, resulting in a low binding energy and a fast release rate, forming a temporal pattern of early release of chitosan oligosaccharide and continuous release of spermidine in the later stage, respectively corresponding to the mycelial germination period (chitosan oligosaccharide release in the early stage and continuous release in the later stage). Sugars activate chitinase-related growth signals, promoting mycelial germination, and spermidine promotes cell division and nucleic acid synthesis, accelerating mycelial extension, covering the entire mycelial growth cycle. At the same time, tea saponin, as a natural nonionic surfactant, is added to the matrix to reduce the surface tension of the culture medium aqueous solution, improve the spreading and wetting ability of chitosan oligosaccharides and spermidine on the surface of culture medium particles, reduce the loss of effective ingredients with irrigation water, and further enhance the contact efficiency between the two active substances and the mycelial cell wall. Thus, the overall effect is to comprehensively promote the mycelial germination rate, expansion speed, and fruiting body yield of Pleurotus ostreatus. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the field system layout of the present invention.

[0026] In the diagram: 1- Rectangular plot; 2- Longitudinal ditch; 3- Rice planting area / King of Mushrooms cultivation bed; 4- Feeding platform area; 5- Enclosure net; 6- Sky net; 7- Inlet and outlet drainage system; 8- Simple small arched shed (dashed lines indicate detachable). Detailed Implementation

[0027] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0028] Unless otherwise specified, all chemical reagents and materials in this invention are purchased from the market or synthesized from raw materials purchased from the market.

[0029] The locations of the embodiments and comparative examples of this invention are the test bases in Yingshan County, Hubei Province.

[0030] The composted organic fertilizer uses composted chicken manure with an organic matter content ≥45% (dry basis) and a total nitrogen content ≥2.0%. The composting method is as follows: fresh chicken manure and straw are mixed at a mass ratio of 4:1, piled up to a height of 1.2-1.5m, and allowed to ferment naturally aerobically for 45-60 days, turning the pile 2-3 times during the period. The composting is considered complete when the pile has no obvious odor and the material is brownish and loose.

[0031] Example 1 A method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice-frog and king oyster mushroom includes the following steps: S1. Construction of Field Functional Zoning: Select a paddy field with flat terrain, sufficient water source, and convenient irrigation and drainage. Dig a transverse irrigation ditch in the middle of the field to divide the field into upper and lower parts. Dig transverse drainage ditches at the top and bottom of the field. Divide the paddy field into several rectangular plots (each plot is 20m long and 6m wide). Set a longitudinal ditch (60cm wide and 20cm deep) in the center of each plot. Plant a post every 6m along the longitudinal ditch. Horizontal and diagonal steel wire ropes are strung on the posts for later fixing of the ceiling net. The two sides of the ditch are rice planting areas (about 1.5m wide) and also serve as cultivation beds for giant king mushrooms. The outermost area is the feeding platform area (about 1.7m wide). The plane of the feeding platform area is 10cm higher than the plane of the rice planting area. The bottom of the ditch is 20cm lower than the plane of the rice planting area. Install a fence around the plot. Install inlet and outlet pipes at both ends of the plot. S2. Mushroom residue treatment and tadpole rearing: After the harvest of giant shiitake mushrooms in mid-March, the mushroom residue is divided into Grade A and Grade B according to the amount of mycelium residue. Grade B mushroom residue is left on-site in the cultivation bed and degrades naturally after being filled with water. Then, water is added to submerge the feeding area, and quicklime (140 kg per mu) is sprinkled into the water for disinfection. One week later, the water is filled to the field ridges, and organic acid is sprinkled into the water to bring the pH value to 8.5. Fertilized egg masses (85 kg per mu) are then released. Grade A mushroom residue is collected, and additives and water are added for decomposition. The collected decomposition liquid is applied twice. The first application is 3-5 days after tadpole hatching, at a rate of 4 L per mu, to the rearing water. Thereafter, it is applied once every 12 days, at a rate of 2.5 L per mu each time, until the tadpoles have completed metamorphosis. The second application is before rice transplanting, with the decomposition liquid applied to the paddy field with water at a rate of 13 L per mu. Powdered feed is started at the end of April, and the feeding amount is adjusted according to the feeding situation later. S3. Rice-frog co-cultivation period: After the tadpoles metamorphose in mid-to-late May, the water level is lowered. Feeding platforms are laid in early June, and rice is planted in the rice-growing area to carry out rice-frog co-cultivation. Frogs are caught from August to October, and rice is harvested from September to October. S4. Cultivation of Giant King Mushroom: After the rice is harvested, rice straw is used as the main material and auxiliary materials are added for composting and fermentation. After fermentation, a composite functional matrix is ​​added to the culture medium to obtain a mixed culture medium. The mixed culture medium is laid in the rice planting area, and after sowing the Giant King Mushroom spawn, it is covered with soil, and the top layer is covered with a layer of rice straw. S5. Cultivation and Management of Giant King Mushrooms: During the cultivation of giant king mushrooms, small arched sheds are erected for insulation, and the ditches are kept full of water. The height difference between the ditches and the rice planting area is used to allow the water to automatically wet the culture medium through capillary action. During the peak harvesting period from January to March, the mushrooms are harvested every 1 to 2 days. After the giant king mushrooms are harvested, the mushroom residue is put into the next cycle step S2, and so on for one year.

[0032] The criteria for determining Grade A mushroom residue in step S2 are as follows: after harvesting the last batch of fruiting bodies, the mushroom residue bed section with a white mycelial coverage rate of ≥30%; Grade B mushroom residue is a mushroom residue bed section with a mycelial coverage rate of <30% and a relatively intact fiber structure; the additive is composed of oat β-glucan and sodium humate in a mass ratio of 2:2.5, the mass ratio of Grade A mushroom residue to water is 1:7, the amount of the additive is 4% of the mass of Grade A mushroom residue, and the decomposition time is 18 days.

[0033] In step S4, the auxiliary material is rice husk, and the mass ratio of rice straw to the auxiliary material is 7.5:2.5; the fermentation time of the compost is 18 days, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 60-65%; the amount of the composite functional matrix added is 15% of the mass of the culture medium. The preparation method of the composite functional matrix is ​​as follows: Spermine and chitosan oligosaccharide were dissolved together in water to prepare a mixed solution (spermine concentration 1.5 g / L, chitosan oligosaccharide concentration 4 g / L). Then, attapulgite was added, with a solid-liquid ratio of attapulgite to the mixed solution of 1 g:15 mL. The mixture was shaken and adsorbed at 28 °C for 14 h, then filtered and dried at 50 °C for 12 h to obtain composite attapulgite. The composite attapulgite, tea saponin and well-rotted organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 7:1.5:13 were mixed evenly to obtain the composite functional matrix.

[0034] Example 2 A method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice-frog and king oyster mushroom includes the following steps: S1. Construction of Field Functional Zoning: Select a paddy field with flat terrain, sufficient water source, and convenient irrigation and drainage. Dig a transverse irrigation ditch in the middle of the field to divide the field into upper and lower parts. Dig transverse drainage ditches at the top and bottom of the field. Divide the paddy field into several rectangular plots (each plot is 20m long and 6m wide). Set a longitudinal ditch (60cm wide and 20cm deep) in the center of each plot. Plant a post every 6m along the longitudinal ditch. Horizontal and diagonal steel wire ropes are strung on the posts for later fixing of the ceiling net. The two sides of the ditch are rice planting areas (about 1.5m wide) and also serve as cultivation beds for giant king mushrooms. The outermost area is the feeding platform area (about 1.7m wide). The plane of the feeding platform area is 10cm higher than the plane of the rice planting area. The bottom of the ditch is 20cm lower than the plane of the rice planting area. Install a fence around the plot. Install inlet and outlet pipes at both ends of the plot. S2. Mushroom residue treatment and tadpole rearing: After the harvest of large-cap mushrooms is completed in mid-March, the mushroom residue is divided into Grade A and Grade B according to the amount of mycelium residue. Grade B mushroom residue is left on-site in the cultivation bed and degrades naturally after being filled with water. Then, water is added to submerge the feeding area, and quicklime (125 kg per mu) is sprinkled into the water for disinfection. One week later, the water is filled to the field ridge, and organic acid is sprinkled into the water to bring the pH value to 8. Fertilized egg masses (70 kg per mu) are then released. Grade A mushroom residue is collected, and additives and water are added for decomposition. The collected decomposition liquid is applied twice. The first application is 3-5 days after tadpole hatching, at a rate of 3L per mu, to the rearing water. Thereafter, it is applied once every 10 days, at a rate of 2L per mu each time, until the tadpoles have completed metamorphosis. The second application is before rice transplanting, with the decomposition liquid applied into the paddy field with water at a rate of 10L per mu. Powdered feed is started at the end of April, and the feeding amount is adjusted according to the feeding situation in the later stage. S3. Rice-frog co-cultivation period: After the tadpoles metamorphose in mid-to-late May, the water level is lowered. Feeding platforms are laid in early June, and rice is planted in the rice-growing area to carry out rice-frog co-cultivation. Frogs are caught from August to October, and rice is harvested from September to October. S4. Cultivation of Giant King Mushroom: After the rice is harvested, rice straw is used as the main material and auxiliary materials are added for composting and fermentation. After fermentation, a composite functional matrix is ​​added to the culture medium to obtain a mixed culture medium. The mixed culture medium is laid in the rice planting area, and after sowing the Giant King Mushroom spawn, it is covered with soil, and the top layer is covered with a layer of rice straw. S5. Cultivation and Management of Giant King Mushrooms: During the cultivation of giant king mushrooms, small arched sheds are erected for insulation, and the ditches are kept full of water. The height difference between the ditches and the rice planting area is used to allow the water to automatically wet the culture medium through capillary action. During the peak harvesting period from January to March, the mushrooms are harvested every 1 to 2 days. After the giant king mushrooms are harvested, the mushroom residue is put into the next cycle step S2, and so on for one year.

[0035] The criteria for determining Grade A mushroom residue in step S2 are as follows: after harvesting the last batch of fruiting bodies, the mushroom residue bed section with a white mycelial coverage rate of ≥30%; Grade B mushroom residue is a mushroom residue bed section with a mycelial coverage rate of <30% and a relatively intact fiber structure; the additive is composed of oat β-glucan and sodium humate in a mass ratio of 2:2, the mass ratio of Grade A mushroom residue to water is 1:5, the amount of the additive is 3% of the mass of Grade A mushroom residue, and the decomposition time is 15 days.

[0036] In step S4, the auxiliary material is sawdust, and the mass ratio of rice straw to the auxiliary material is 7:3; the fermentation time of the compost is 15 days, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 60-65%; the amount of the composite functional matrix added is 10% of the mass of the culture medium. The preparation method of the composite functional matrix is ​​as follows: Spermine and chitosan oligosaccharide were dissolved together in water to prepare a mixed solution (spermine concentration of 0.5 g / L and chitosan oligosaccharide concentration of 2 g / L). Then, attapulgite was added, with a solid-liquid ratio of attapulgite to the mixed solution of 1 g: 20 mL. The mixture was shaken and adsorbed at 25 °C for 16 h, then filtered and dried at 50 °C for 12 h to obtain composite attapulgite. The composite attapulgite, tea saponin and well-rotted organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 5:1:10 were mixed evenly to obtain the composite functional matrix.

[0037] Example 3 A method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice-frog and king oyster mushroom includes the following steps: S1. Construction of Field Functional Zoning: Select a paddy field with flat terrain, sufficient water source, and convenient irrigation and drainage. Dig a transverse irrigation ditch in the middle of the field to divide the field into upper and lower parts. Dig transverse drainage ditches at the top and bottom of the field. Divide the paddy field into several rectangular plots (each plot is 20m long and 6m wide). Set a longitudinal ditch (60cm wide and 20cm deep) in the center of each plot. Plant a post every 6m along the longitudinal ditch. Horizontal and diagonal steel wire ropes are strung on the posts for later fixing of the ceiling net. The two sides of the ditch are rice planting areas (about 1.5m wide) and also serve as cultivation beds for giant king mushrooms. The outermost area is the feeding platform area (about 1.7m wide). The plane of the feeding platform area is 10cm higher than the plane of the rice planting area. The bottom of the ditch is 20cm lower than the plane of the rice planting area. Install a fence around the plot. Install inlet and outlet pipes at both ends of the plot. S2. Mushroom residue treatment and tadpole rearing: After the harvest of giant shiitake mushrooms in mid-March, the mushroom residue is divided into Grade A and Grade B according to the amount of mycelium residue. Grade B mushroom residue is left on-site in the cultivation bed and degrades naturally after being filled with water. Then, water is added to submerge the feeding area, and quicklime (150 kg per mu) is sprinkled into the water for disinfection. One week later, the water is filled to the field ridges, and organic acid is sprinkled into the water to bring the pH value to 9. Fertilized egg masses (100 kg per mu) are then added. Grade A mushroom residue is collected, and additives and water are added for decomposition. The collected decomposition liquid is applied twice. The first application is 3-5 days after tadpole hatching, at a rate of 5 L per mu, to the rearing water. Thereafter, it is applied once every 15 days, at a rate of 3 L per mu each time, until the tadpoles have completed metamorphosis. The second application is before rice transplanting, with the decomposition liquid applied into the paddy field with water at a rate of 15 L per mu. Powdered feed is started at the end of April, and the feeding amount is adjusted according to the feeding situation in the later stage. S3. Rice-frog co-cultivation period: After the tadpoles metamorphose in mid-to-late May, the water level is lowered. Feeding platforms are laid in early June, and rice is planted in the rice-growing area to carry out rice-frog co-cultivation. Frogs are caught from August to October, and rice is harvested from September to October. S4. Cultivation of Giant King Mushroom: After the rice is harvested, rice straw is used as the main material and auxiliary materials are added for composting and fermentation. After fermentation, a composite functional matrix is ​​added to the culture medium to obtain a mixed culture medium. The mixed culture medium is laid in the rice planting area, and after sowing the Giant King Mushroom spawn, it is covered with soil, and the top layer is covered with a layer of rice straw. S5. Cultivation and Management of Giant King Mushrooms: During the cultivation of giant king mushrooms, small arched sheds are erected for insulation, and the ditches are kept full of water. The height difference between the ditches and the rice planting area is used to allow the water to automatically wet the culture medium through capillary action. During the peak harvesting period from January to March, the mushrooms are harvested every 1 to 2 days. After the giant king mushrooms are harvested, the mushroom residue is put into the next cycle step S2, and so on for one year.

[0038] The criteria for determining Grade A mushroom residue in step S2 are as follows: after harvesting the last batch of fruiting bodies, the mushroom residue bed section with a white mycelial coverage rate of ≥30%; Grade B mushroom residue is a mushroom residue bed section with a mycelial coverage rate of <30% and a relatively intact fiber structure; the additive is composed of oat β-glucan and sodium humate in a mass ratio of 2:3, the mass ratio of Grade A mushroom residue to water is 1:8, the amount of the additive is 5% of the mass of Grade A mushroom residue, and the decomposition time is 20 days.

[0039] In step S4, the auxiliary material is rice husk, and the mass ratio of rice straw to the auxiliary material is 8:2; the fermentation time of the compost is 20 days, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 60-65%; the amount of the composite functional matrix added is 20% of the mass of the culture medium. The preparation method of the composite functional matrix is ​​as follows: Spermine and chitosan oligosaccharide were dissolved together in water to prepare a mixed solution (spermine concentration 2 g / L, chitosan oligosaccharide concentration 5 g / L). Then, attapulgite was added, with a solid-liquid ratio of attapulgite to the mixed solution of 1 g:10 mL. The mixture was shaken and adsorbed at 30 °C for 12 h, then filtered and dried at 50 °C for 12 h to obtain composite attapulgite. The composite attapulgite, tea saponin and well-rotted organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 8:2:15 were mixed evenly to obtain the composite functional matrix.

[0040] Comparative Example 1 A method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice-frog and king oyster mushroom includes the following steps: S1. Construction of Field Functional Zoning: Select a paddy field with flat terrain, sufficient water source, and convenient irrigation and drainage. Dig a transverse irrigation ditch in the middle of the field to divide the field into upper and lower parts. Dig transverse drainage ditches at the top and bottom of the field. Divide the paddy field into several rectangular plots (each plot is 20m long and 6m wide). Set a longitudinal ditch (60cm wide and 20cm deep) in the center of each plot. Plant a post every 6m along the longitudinal ditch. Horizontal and diagonal steel wire ropes are strung on the posts for later fixing of the ceiling net. The two sides of the ditch are rice planting areas (about 1.5m wide) and also serve as cultivation beds for giant king mushrooms. The outermost area is the feeding platform area (about 1.7m wide). The plane of the feeding platform area is 10cm higher than the plane of the rice planting area. The bottom of the ditch is 20cm lower than the plane of the rice planting area. Install a fence around the plot. Install inlet and outlet pipes at both ends of the plot. S2. Mushroom residue treatment and tadpole rearing: After the harvest of giant shiitake mushrooms in mid-March, the mushroom residue is divided into Grade A and Grade B according to the amount of mycelium residue. Grade B mushroom residue is left on-site in the cultivation bed and degrades naturally after being filled with water. Then, water is added to submerge the feeding area, and quicklime (140 kg per mu) is sprinkled into the water for disinfection. One week later, the water is filled to the field ridges, and organic acid is sprinkled into the water to bring the pH value to 8.5. Fertilized egg masses (85 kg per mu) are then released. The Grade A mushroom residue is collected and added to water for decomposition. The collected decomposition liquid is applied twice. The first application is 3-5 days after tadpole hatching, at a rate of 4 L per mu, to the rearing water. Thereafter, it is applied once every 12 days, at a rate of 2.5 L per mu each time, until the tadpoles have completed metamorphosis. The second application is before rice transplanting, with the decomposition liquid applied to the paddy field with water at a rate of 13 L per mu. Powdered feed is started at the end of April, and the feeding amount is adjusted according to the feeding situation in the later stages. S3. Rice-frog co-cultivation period: After the tadpoles metamorphose in mid-to-late May, the water level is lowered. Feeding platforms are laid in early June, and rice is planted in the rice-growing area to carry out rice-frog co-cultivation. Frogs are caught from August to October, and rice is harvested from September to October. S4. Cultivation of Giant King Mushroom: After the rice is harvested, rice straw is used as the main material and auxiliary materials are added for composting and fermentation. After fermentation, a composite functional matrix is ​​added to the culture medium to obtain a mixed culture medium. The mixed culture medium is laid in the rice planting area, and after sowing the Giant King Mushroom spawn, it is covered with soil, and the top layer is covered with a layer of rice straw. S5. Cultivation and Management of Giant King Mushrooms: During the cultivation of giant king mushrooms, small arched sheds are erected for insulation, and the ditches are kept full of water. The height difference between the ditches and the rice planting area is used to allow the water to automatically wet the culture medium through capillary action. During the peak harvesting period from January to March, the mushrooms are harvested every 1 to 2 days. After the giant king mushrooms are harvested, the mushroom residue is put into the next cycle step S2, and so on for one year.

[0041] The criteria for determining Grade A mushroom residue in step S2 are as follows: after harvesting the last batch of fruiting bodies, the mushroom residue bed section with a white mycelial coverage rate of ≥30%; Grade B mushroom residue is a mushroom residue bed section with a mycelial coverage rate of <30% and a relatively intact fiber structure; the mass ratio of Grade A mushroom residue to water is 1:7, and the decomposition time is 18 days.

[0042] In step S4, the auxiliary material is rice husk, and the mass ratio of rice straw to the auxiliary material is 7.5:2.5; the fermentation time of the compost is 18 days, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 60-65%; the amount of the composite functional matrix added is 15% of the mass of the culture medium. The preparation method of the composite functional matrix is ​​as follows: Spermine and chitosan oligosaccharide were dissolved together in water to prepare a mixed solution (spermine concentration 1.5 g / L, chitosan oligosaccharide concentration 4 g / L). Then, attapulgite was added, with a solid-liquid ratio of attapulgite to the mixed solution of 1 g:15 mL. The mixture was shaken and adsorbed at 28 °C for 14 h, then filtered and dried at 50 °C for 12 h to obtain composite attapulgite. The composite attapulgite, tea saponin and well-rotted organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 7:1.5:13 were mixed evenly to obtain the composite functional matrix.

[0043] Compared with Example 1, no additives were added when preparing the decomposition solution in this comparative example.

[0044] Comparative Example 2 A method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice-frog and king oyster mushroom includes the following steps: S1. Construction of Field Functional Zoning: Select a paddy field with flat terrain, sufficient water source, and convenient irrigation and drainage. Dig a transverse irrigation ditch in the middle of the field to divide the field into upper and lower parts. Dig transverse drainage ditches at the top and bottom of the field. Divide the paddy field into several rectangular plots (each plot is 20m long and 6m wide). Set a longitudinal ditch (60cm wide and 20cm deep) in the center of each plot. Plant a post every 6m along the longitudinal ditch. Horizontal and diagonal steel wire ropes are strung on the posts for later fixing of the ceiling net. The two sides of the ditch are rice planting areas (about 1.5m wide) and also serve as cultivation beds for giant king mushrooms. The outermost area is the feeding platform area (about 1.7m wide). The plane of the feeding platform area is 10cm higher than the plane of the rice planting area. The bottom of the ditch is 20cm lower than the plane of the rice planting area. Install a fence around the plot. Install inlet and outlet pipes at both ends of the plot. S2. Mushroom residue treatment and tadpole rearing: After the harvest of giant shiitake mushrooms in mid-March, the mushroom residue is divided into Grade A and Grade B according to the amount of mycelium residue. Grade B mushroom residue is left on-site in the cultivation bed and degrades naturally after being filled with water. Then, water is added to submerge the feeding area, and quicklime (140 kg per mu) is sprinkled into the water for disinfection. One week later, the water is filled to the field ridges, and organic acid is sprinkled into the water to bring the pH value to 8.5. Fertilized egg masses (85 kg per mu) are then released. Grade A mushroom residue is collected, and additives and water are added for decomposition. The collected decomposition liquid is applied twice. The first application is 3-5 days after tadpole hatching, at a rate of 4 L per mu, to the rearing water. Thereafter, it is applied once every 12 days, at a rate of 2.5 L per mu each time, until the tadpoles have completed metamorphosis. The second application is before rice transplanting, with the decomposition liquid applied to the paddy field with water at a rate of 13 L per mu. Powdered feed is started at the end of April, and the feeding amount is adjusted according to the feeding situation later. S3. Rice-frog co-cultivation period: After the tadpoles metamorphose in mid-to-late May, the water level is lowered. Feeding platforms are laid in early June, and rice is planted in the rice-growing area to carry out rice-frog co-cultivation. Frogs are caught from August to October, and rice is harvested from September to October. S4. Cultivation of Giant King Mushroom: After the rice is harvested, rice straw is used as the main material, and auxiliary materials are added for composting and fermentation. After fermentation, a mixed culture medium is obtained. The mixed culture medium is spread in the rice planting area, and after sowing the Giant King Mushroom spawn, it is covered with soil, and the top layer is covered with a layer of rice straw. S5. Cultivation and Management of Giant King Mushrooms: During the cultivation of giant king mushrooms, small arched sheds are erected for insulation, and the ditches are kept full of water. The height difference between the ditches and the rice planting area is used to allow the water to automatically wet the culture medium through capillary action. During the peak harvesting period from January to March, the mushrooms are harvested every 1 to 2 days. After the giant king mushrooms are harvested, the mushroom residue is put into the next cycle step S2, and so on for one year.

[0045] The criteria for determining Grade A mushroom residue in step S2 are as follows: after harvesting the last batch of fruiting bodies, the mushroom residue bed section with a white mycelial coverage rate of ≥30%; Grade B mushroom residue is a mushroom residue bed section with a mycelial coverage rate of <30% and a relatively intact fiber structure; the additive is composed of oat β-glucan and sodium humate in a mass ratio of 2:2.5, the mass ratio of Grade A mushroom residue to water is 1:7, the amount of the additive is 4% of the mass of Grade A mushroom residue, and the decomposition time is 18 days.

[0046] In step S4, the auxiliary material is rice husk, and the mass ratio of rice straw to the auxiliary material is 7.5:2.5; the fermentation time of the compost is 18 days, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 60-65%; the amount of the composite functional matrix added is 15% of the mass of the culture medium. Compared to Example 1, the mixed culture medium in this comparative example did not contain a composite functional matrix.

[0047] Comparative Example 3 A method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice-frog and king oyster mushroom includes the following steps: S1. Construction of Field Functional Zoning: Select a paddy field with flat terrain, sufficient water source, and convenient irrigation and drainage. Dig a transverse irrigation ditch in the middle of the field to divide the field into upper and lower parts. Dig transverse drainage ditches at the top and bottom of the field. Divide the paddy field into several rectangular plots (each plot is 20m long and 6m wide). Set a longitudinal ditch (60cm wide and 20cm deep) in the center of each plot. Plant a post every 6m along the longitudinal ditch. Horizontal and diagonal steel wire ropes are strung on the posts for later fixing of the ceiling net. The two sides of the ditch are rice planting areas (about 1.5m wide) and also serve as cultivation beds for giant king mushrooms. The outermost area is the feeding platform area (about 1.7m wide). The plane of the feeding platform area is 10cm higher than the plane of the rice planting area. The bottom of the ditch is 20cm lower than the plane of the rice planting area. Install a fence around the plot. Install inlet and outlet pipes at both ends of the plot. S2. Mushroom residue treatment and tadpole rearing: After the harvest of giant shiitake mushrooms in mid-March, the mushroom residue is divided into Grade A and Grade B according to the amount of mycelium residue. Grade B mushroom residue is left on-site in the cultivation bed and degrades naturally after being filled with water. Then, water is added to submerge the feeding area, and quicklime (140 kg per mu) is sprinkled into the water for disinfection. One week later, the water is filled to the field ridges, and organic acid is sprinkled into the water to bring the pH value to 8.5. Fertilized egg masses (85 kg per mu) are then released. Grade A mushroom residue is collected, and additives and water are added for decomposition. The collected decomposition liquid is applied twice. The first application is 3-5 days after tadpole hatching, at a rate of 4 L per mu, to the rearing water. Thereafter, it is applied once every 12 days, at a rate of 2.5 L per mu each time, until the tadpoles have completed metamorphosis. The second application is before rice transplanting, with the decomposition liquid applied to the paddy field with water at a rate of 13 L per mu. Powdered feed is started at the end of April, and the feeding amount is adjusted according to the feeding situation later. S3. Rice-frog co-cultivation period: After the tadpoles metamorphose in mid-to-late May, the water level is lowered. Feeding platforms are laid in early June, and rice is planted in the rice-growing area to carry out rice-frog co-cultivation. Frogs are caught from August to October, and rice is harvested from September to October. S4. Cultivation of Giant King Mushroom: After the rice is harvested, rice straw is used as the main material and auxiliary materials are added for composting and fermentation. After fermentation, a composite functional matrix is ​​added to the culture medium to obtain a mixed culture medium. The mixed culture medium is laid in the rice planting area, and after sowing the Giant King Mushroom spawn, it is covered with soil, and the top layer is covered with a layer of rice straw. S5. Cultivation and Management of Giant King Mushrooms: During the cultivation of giant king mushrooms, small arched sheds are erected for insulation, and the ditches are kept full of water. The height difference between the ditches and the rice planting area is used to allow the water to automatically wet the culture medium through capillary action. During the peak harvesting period from January to March, the mushrooms are harvested every 1 to 2 days. After the giant king mushrooms are harvested, the mushroom residue is put into the next cycle step S2, and so on for one year.

[0048] The criteria for determining Grade A mushroom residue in step S2 are as follows: after harvesting the last batch of fruiting bodies, the mushroom residue bed section with a white mycelial coverage rate of ≥30%; Grade B mushroom residue is a mushroom residue bed section with a mycelial coverage rate of <30% and a relatively intact fiber structure; the additive is composed of oat β-glucan and sodium humate in a mass ratio of 2:2.5, the mass ratio of Grade A mushroom residue to water is 1:7, the amount of the additive is 4% of the mass of Grade A mushroom residue, and the decomposition time is 18 days.

[0049] In step S4, the auxiliary material is rice husk, and the mass ratio of rice straw to the auxiliary material is 7.5:2.5; the fermentation time of the compost is 18 days, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 60-65%; the amount of the composite functional matrix added is 15% of the mass of the culture medium. The preparation method of the composite functional matrix is ​​as follows: Chitosan oligosaccharide was dissolved in water to prepare a solution (chitosan oligosaccharide concentration of 4 g / L). Then, attapulgite was added, and the solid-liquid ratio of attapulgite to the mixed solution was 1 g:15 mL. The solution was shaken and adsorbed at 28 °C for 14 h, then filtered and dried at 50 °C for 12 h to obtain composite attapulgite. The composite attapulgite, tea saponin and well-rotted organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 7:1.5:13 were mixed evenly to obtain the composite functional matrix.

[0050] Compared to Example 1, spermidine was not added to the composite functional matrix in this comparison.

[0051] Comparative Example 4 A method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice-frog and king oyster mushroom includes the following steps: S1. Construction of Field Functional Zoning: Select a paddy field with flat terrain, sufficient water source, and convenient irrigation and drainage. Dig a transverse irrigation ditch in the middle of the field to divide the field into upper and lower parts. Dig transverse drainage ditches at the top and bottom of the field. Divide the paddy field into several rectangular plots (each plot is 20m long and 6m wide). Set a longitudinal ditch (60cm wide and 20cm deep) in the center of each plot. Plant a post every 6m along the longitudinal ditch. Horizontal and diagonal steel wire ropes are strung on the posts for later fixing of the ceiling net. The two sides of the ditch are rice planting areas (about 1.5m wide) and also serve as cultivation beds for giant king mushrooms. The outermost area is the feeding platform area (about 1.7m wide). The plane of the feeding platform area is 10cm higher than the plane of the rice planting area. The bottom of the ditch is 20cm lower than the plane of the rice planting area. Install a fence around the plot. Install inlet and outlet pipes at both ends of the plot. S2. Mushroom residue treatment and tadpole rearing: After the harvest of giant shiitake mushrooms in mid-March, the mushroom residue is divided into Grade A and Grade B according to the amount of mycelium residue. Grade B mushroom residue is left on-site in the cultivation bed and degrades naturally after being filled with water. Then, water is added to submerge the feeding area, and quicklime (140 kg per mu) is sprinkled into the water for disinfection. One week later, the water is filled to the field ridges, and organic acid is sprinkled into the water to bring the pH value to 8.5. Fertilized egg masses (85 kg per mu) are then released. Grade A mushroom residue is collected, and additives and water are added for decomposition. The collected decomposition liquid is applied twice. The first application is 3-5 days after tadpole hatching, at a rate of 4 L per mu, to the rearing water. Thereafter, it is applied once every 12 days, at a rate of 2.5 L per mu each time, until the tadpoles have completed metamorphosis. The second application is before rice transplanting, with the decomposition liquid applied to the paddy field with water at a rate of 13 L per mu. Powdered feed is started at the end of April, and the feeding amount is adjusted according to the feeding situation later. S3. Rice-frog co-cultivation period: After the tadpoles metamorphose in mid-to-late May, the water level is lowered. Feeding platforms are laid in early June, and rice is planted in the rice-growing area to carry out rice-frog co-cultivation. Frogs are caught from August to October, and rice is harvested from September to October. S4. Cultivation of Giant King Mushroom: After the rice is harvested, rice straw is used as the main material and auxiliary materials are added for composting and fermentation. After fermentation, a composite functional matrix is ​​added to the culture medium to obtain a mixed culture medium. The mixed culture medium is laid in the rice planting area, and after sowing the Giant King Mushroom spawn, it is covered with soil, and the top layer is covered with a layer of rice straw. S5. Cultivation and Management of Giant King Mushrooms: During the cultivation of giant king mushrooms, small arched sheds are erected for insulation, and the ditches are kept full of water. The height difference between the ditches and the rice planting area is used to allow the water to automatically wet the culture medium through capillary action. During the peak harvesting period from January to March, the mushrooms are harvested every 1 to 2 days. After the giant king mushrooms are harvested, the mushroom residue is put into the next cycle step S2, and so on for one year.

[0052] The criteria for determining Grade A mushroom residue in step S2 are as follows: after harvesting the last batch of fruiting bodies, the mushroom residue bed section with a white mycelial coverage rate of ≥30%; Grade B mushroom residue is a mushroom residue bed section with a mycelial coverage rate of <30% and a relatively intact fiber structure; the additive is composed of oat β-glucan and sodium humate in a mass ratio of 2:2.5, the mass ratio of Grade A mushroom residue to water is 1:7, the amount of the additive is 4% of the mass of Grade A mushroom residue, and the decomposition time is 18 days.

[0053] In step S4, the auxiliary material is rice husk, and the mass ratio of rice straw to the auxiliary material is 7.5:2.5; the fermentation time of the compost is 18 days, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 60-65%; the amount of the composite functional matrix added is 15% of the mass of the culture medium. The preparation method of the composite functional matrix is ​​as follows: Spermine was dissolved in water to prepare a solution (spermine concentration of 1.5 g / L), then attapulgite was added, with a solid-liquid ratio of attapulgite to the mixed solution of 1 g:15 mL. The mixture was shaken and adsorbed at 28 °C for 14 h, then filtered and dried at 50 °C for 12 h to obtain composite attapulgite. The composite attapulgite, tea saponin and well-rotted organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 7:1.5:13 were mixed evenly to obtain the composite functional matrix.

[0054] Compared with Example 1, chitosan oligosaccharide was not added to the composite functional matrix in this comparative example.

[0055] Comparative Example 5 A method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice-frog and king oyster mushroom includes the following steps: S1. Construction of Field Functional Zoning: Select a paddy field with flat terrain, sufficient water source, and convenient irrigation and drainage. Dig a transverse irrigation ditch in the middle of the field to divide the field into upper and lower parts. Dig transverse drainage ditches at the top and bottom of the field. Divide the paddy field into several rectangular plots (each plot is 20m long and 6m wide). Set a longitudinal ditch (60cm wide and 20cm deep) in the center of each plot. Plant a post every 6m along the longitudinal ditch. Horizontal and diagonal steel wire ropes are strung on the posts for later fixing of the ceiling net. The two sides of the ditch are rice planting areas (about 1.5m wide) and also serve as cultivation beds for giant king mushrooms. The outermost area is the feeding platform area (about 1.7m wide). The plane of the feeding platform area is 10cm higher than the plane of the rice planting area. The bottom of the ditch is 20cm lower than the plane of the rice planting area. Install a fence around the plot. Install inlet and outlet pipes at both ends of the plot. S2. Mushroom residue treatment and tadpole rearing: After the harvest of giant shiitake mushrooms in mid-March, the mushroom residue is divided into Grade A and Grade B according to the amount of mycelium residue. Grade B mushroom residue is left on-site in the cultivation bed and degrades naturally after being filled with water. Then, water is added to submerge the feeding area, and quicklime (140 kg per mu) is sprinkled into the water for disinfection. One week later, the water is filled to the field ridges, and organic acid is sprinkled into the water to bring the pH value to 8.5. Fertilized egg masses (85 kg per mu) are then released. Grade A mushroom residue is collected, and additives and water are added for decomposition. The collected decomposition liquid is applied twice. The first application is 3-5 days after tadpole hatching, at a rate of 4 L per mu, to the rearing water. Thereafter, it is applied once every 12 days, at a rate of 2.5 L per mu each time, until the tadpoles have completed metamorphosis. The second application is before rice transplanting, with the decomposition liquid applied to the paddy field with water at a rate of 13 L per mu. Powdered feed is started at the end of April, and the feeding amount is adjusted according to the feeding situation later. S3. Rice-frog co-cultivation period: After the tadpoles metamorphose in mid-to-late May, the water level is lowered. Feeding platforms are laid in early June, and rice is planted in the rice-growing area to carry out rice-frog co-cultivation. Frogs are caught from August to October, and rice is harvested from September to October. S4. Cultivation of Giant King Mushroom: After the rice is harvested, rice straw is used as the main material and auxiliary materials are added for composting and fermentation. After fermentation, a composite functional matrix is ​​added to the culture medium to obtain a mixed culture medium. The mixed culture medium is laid in the rice planting area, and after sowing the Giant King Mushroom spawn, it is covered with soil, and the top layer is covered with a layer of rice straw. S5. Cultivation and Management of Giant King Mushrooms: During the cultivation of giant king mushrooms, small arched sheds are erected for insulation, and the ditches are kept full of water. The height difference between the ditches and the rice planting area is used to allow the water to automatically wet the culture medium through capillary action. During the peak harvesting period from January to March, the mushrooms are harvested every 1 to 2 days. After the giant king mushrooms are harvested, the mushroom residue is put into the next cycle step S2, and so on for one year.

[0056] The criteria for determining Grade A mushroom residue in step S2 are as follows: after harvesting the last batch of fruiting bodies, the mushroom residue bed section with a white mycelial coverage rate of ≥30%; Grade B mushroom residue is a mushroom residue bed section with a mycelial coverage rate of <30% and a relatively intact fiber structure; the additive is composed of oat β-glucan and sodium humate in a mass ratio of 2:2.5, the mass ratio of Grade A mushroom residue to water is 1:7, the amount of the additive is 4% of the mass of Grade A mushroom residue, and the decomposition time is 18 days.

[0057] In step S4, the auxiliary material is rice husk, and the mass ratio of rice straw to the auxiliary material is 7.5:2.5; the fermentation time of the compost is 18 days, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 60-65%; the amount of the composite functional matrix added is 15% of the mass of the culture medium. The preparation method of the composite functional matrix is ​​as follows: The composite functional matrix is ​​obtained by directly mixing spermidine, chitosan oligosaccharide, tea saponin and well-rotted organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 0.1575:0.42:7:1.5:13.

[0058] Compared with Example 1, in this comparative example, spermidine and chitosan oligosaccharide were not loaded onto attapulgite in the composite functional matrix.

[0059] The annual production of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-5 was statistically analyzed, as shown in Table 1 below.

[0060] Table 1 Annual Production of Different Groups As shown in Table 1 above, this invention exhibits optimal overall production performance across all three yields: rice yield (430 catties / mu) is comparable to the comparative examples, indicating that this scheme achieves synergistic symbiosis among multiple species without affecting the normal growth of rice; frog yield (1730 catties / mu) is significantly higher than comparative example 1 (1480 catties / mu), demonstrating that the addition of oat β-glucan and sodium humate to the decomposition solution plays a crucial role in tadpole nutrition and survival rate; and the yield of *Stropharia caryophylla* (4430 catties / mu) is the highest among all groups, strongly proving the irreplaceable role of the overall formula and preparation method of the composite functional matrix in increasing *Stropharia caryophylla* yield. In summary, this invention, through the synergistic effect of functionalizing the decomposition solution and the composite functional matrix, significantly increases the annual yield of *Stropharia caryophylla* without interfering with the rice-frog co-cultivation system, achieving optimal synergistic yield among rice, frogs, and mushrooms, and demonstrating significant comprehensive farming benefits.

[0061] The water quality and tadpole growth in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Example 1 were statistically analyzed, and the results are shown in Table 2 below.

[0062] Table 2. Effects of different groups on water quality and tadpole growth As can be seen from Table 2 above, the present invention exhibits the best overall effect in both water quality maintenance and tadpole cultivation. In terms of water quality, the pH (8.58), dissolved oxygen (6.8 mg / L), total nitrogen (3.5 mg / L), total phosphorus (0.18 mg / L), chlorophyll concentration (329.5 μg / L), phytoplankton biomass (310 mg / L), and zooplankton biomass (338.2 mg / L) of Example 1 were the highest among all groups, and the water color was dark green. This indicates that the addition of oat β-glucan and sodium humate to the decomposition solution can significantly promote the proliferation of phytoplankton in the water, build a richer aquatic ecosystem, and provide sufficient natural food for tadpoles. This directly confirms the decisive influence of water nutrient levels on tadpole growth and development. In summary, this invention systematically improves the nutritional status and biodiversity of paddy field water by applying functionalized decomposition liquid, thereby significantly promoting the growth and metamorphosis of tadpoles, demonstrating the core value of functionalized decomposition liquid treatment in the rice-frog co-cultivation system.

[0063] The quality of *Agaricus macrocarpa* in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 2-5 was tested. Samples were taken at three periods: the end of January, the end of February, and the end of March. The indicators measured were crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and free amino acid content. The results are shown in Table 3 below.

[0064] Table 3 Effects of different groups on the quality of *Stropharia masticata* As can be seen from Table 3 above, this invention exhibits two core advantages in terms of the quality of *Stropharia masticata* as the harvest progresses. Firstly, it demonstrates a continuous improvement in nutritional quality. In Example 1, the crude protein content steadily increased with the harvesting process, while in Comparative Example 2, due to the lack of a composite functional matrix, the crude protein content declined sharply in the later stages of harvesting. The increase in Comparative Examples 3-5 was also significantly limited. This indicates that the synergistic effect of the sequential release mechanism of spermidine, chitosan oligosaccharide, and attapulgite in the composite functional matrix is ​​key to maintaining a continuous nitrogen supply and ensuring protein synthesis capacity. Secondly, it demonstrates a balanced umami quality throughout the entire process. In Example 1, the free amino acid content was highly balanced across the three stages, with fluctuations far smaller than in the comparative examples. In contrast, Comparative Examples 2-4 all exhibited an imbalance pattern of abnormally high free amino acid levels in the early stages and a significant drop in the later stages. Furthermore, the crude fat content in Example 1 was higher than in the comparative examples in the early and middle stages, but maintained a reasonable level without abnormal accumulation in the later stages, while the crude fiber exhibited mature characteristics with complete structural development. In summary, this invention achieves a balanced supply of nutrients in the culture medium throughout the entire fruiting cycle through the time-controlled release of the composite functional matrix, thereby making the giant king mushroom significantly superior to the controllable treatments in three dimensions: protein accumulation, umami substance stability, and nutritional balance.

[0065] The above description is a further detailed explanation of the present invention in conjunction with specific implementation examples. It should not be considered that the specific implementation of the present invention is limited to these descriptions. For those skilled in the art, several simple deductions or substitutions can be made without departing from the concept of the present invention, and all such deductions or substitutions should be considered to fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0066] Those skilled in the art will readily understand that the above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for year-round cyclical cultivation of rice-frog and king oyster mushroom, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Divide the paddy field into several rectangular plots. Set up a longitudinal ditch in the center of each plot. The two sides of the ditch are rice planting areas and mushroom cultivation beds. The outermost area is the feeding platform area. The bottom of the ditch is lower than the plane of the rice planting area. After the harvest of large-cap mushrooms in mid-March, the mushroom residue is divided into Grade A and Grade B according to the amount of mycelium remaining. Grade B mushroom residue is left on-site in the cultivation bed and degrades naturally after being filled with water. Then, the feeding area is submerged by filling the bed with water and quicklime is sprinkled into the water for disinfection. One week later, the bed is filled with water to the ridges, and organic acid is sprinkled into the water to bring the pH value to 8-9. Fertilized egg masses are then introduced. Grade A mushroom residue is collected, and additives and water are added for decomposition. The decomposition liquid is applied twice. The first application is to the aquaculture water after the tadpoles hatch and continues until the tadpoles complete metamorphosis. The second application is to the paddy field with water before rice transplanting. S3: After the tadpoles metamorphose in mid-to-late May, the water level is lowered. Feeding platforms are laid out in early June, and rice is planted in the rice-growing area to carry out rice-frog co-cultivation. Frogs are caught from August to October, and rice is harvested from September to October. S4. After the rice is harvested, rice straw is used as the main material and auxiliary materials are added for composting and fermentation. After fermentation, a composite functional matrix is ​​added to the culture medium to obtain a mixed culture medium. The mixed culture medium is laid in the rice planting area, and after sowing the large-cap mushroom spawn, it is covered with soil, and the top layer is covered with a layer of rice straw. S5. During the cultivation of giant king mushrooms, small arched sheds are erected to keep the temperature warm and the ditches are kept full of water. The height difference between the ditches and the rice planting area is used to allow the water to automatically wet the culture medium through capillary action. During the peak harvesting period from January to March, the mushrooms are harvested every 1 to 2 days. After the giant king mushrooms are harvested, the mushroom residue is put into the next cycle step S2, and so on for one year. The criteria for determining Grade A mushroom residue in step S2 are: mushroom residue bed sections with a white mycelial coverage rate of ≥30% after the last harvest of fruiting bodies; Grade B mushroom residue is mushroom residue bed sections with a mycelial coverage rate of <30% and relatively intact fiber structure. The preparation method of the composite functional matrix in step S4 is as follows: Spermine and chitosan oligosaccharide were dissolved together in water to prepare a mixed solution. Then, attapulgite was added, and the solution was shaken and adsorbed. After filtration and drying, composite attapulgite was obtained. Composite attapulgite, tea saponin and well-rotted organic fertilizer were mixed evenly to obtain the composite functional matrix.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the bottom of the ditch is 15-30cm lower than the plane of the rice planting area, and the feeding platform is 5-15cm higher than the plane of the rice planting area.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the amount of quicklime used is 125-150 kg per mu, and the amount of fertilized egg masses added is 70-100 kg per mu.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The additive in step S2 consists of oat β-glucan and sodium humate in a mass ratio of 2:2 to 3. The mass ratio of Grade A mushroom residue to water is 1:5 to 8. The amount of additive used is 3 to 5% of the mass of Grade A mushroom residue. The decomposition time is 15 to 20 days.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The decomposition solution described in step S2 is applied to the aquaculture water at a rate of 3-5L per acre within 3-5 days after the tadpoles hatch. Thereafter, it is applied once every 10-15 days, with each application being 2-3L per acre, until the tadpoles have completed metamorphosis; the second application is 10-15L per acre.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The auxiliary material mentioned in step S4 is one or two of rice husks and sawdust, and the mass ratio of rice straw to auxiliary material is 7-8:2-3; the fermentation time of the compost is 15-20 days, and the moisture content of the compost is controlled at 60-65%; the amount of the composite functional matrix added is 10-20% of the mass of the culture medium.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The concentration of spermidine in the mixed solution is 0.5–2 g / L, and the concentration of chitosan oligosaccharide is 2–5 g / L; the solid-liquid ratio of attapulgite to the mixed solution is 1 g: 10–20 mL; the temperature for the oscillation adsorption is 25–30 °C, and the time is 12–16 h; the degree of deacetylation of the chitosan oligosaccharide is ≥85%, and the average degree of polymerization is 3–8; the mass ratio of the composite attapulgite, tea saponin, and decomposed organic fertilizer is 5–8:1–2:10–15.

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