A wine bottle laser engraving process capable of realizing a three-dimensional relief effect

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of wine bottle laser engraving processes that can realize stereo relief effect, belong to layered laser engraving technical field, comprising the following steps: step S1: wine bottle pretreatment;Step S2: three-dimensional relief model digitization processing;Step S3: laser engraving parameter layered matching;Step S4: multi-pass gradient engraving;Step S5: post-processing.By optimizing light-absorbing coating formula and laser processing technology, effectively avoid edge chipping, surface scorching, micro-cracks and other defects, yield is improved to 98% or more, engraving edge roughness Ra≤0.8 μm, edge chipping rate is less than 0.5%, using adaptive layered algorithm and parameter automatic matching processing, realize the full automation of engraving process, single bottle engraving time is shortened to 5-8 minutes, production efficiency is improved by more than 40% than traditional process, and product quality consistency is good.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of layered laser engraving technology, specifically relating to a laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect. Background Technology

[0002] With the upgrading of alcohol consumption, the appearance decoration of high-end liquor bottles has become a core means to enhance product added value and brand recognition. According to industry statistics, the domestic high-end liquor packaging market size exceeded 80 billion yuan in 2025, with the annual growth rate of demand for personalized embossed decorations exceeding 30%. Laser engraving technology, due to its advantages such as non-contact processing, high precision, strong flexibility, and no need for molds, has gradually replaced traditional sandblasting, chemical etching, and mechanical engraving processes in the production of bottle patterns. However, existing technologies still have the following fundamental defects that are difficult to overcome:

[0003] Poor 3D relief effect and low depth control precision

[0004] Traditional laser engraving uses a single fixed parameter for processing, making it impossible to achieve precise control over different depths. Because glass absorbs only 15%-20% of 1064nm wavelength laser light, and the relationship between laser energy and engraving depth is non-linear, a single parameter will result in insufficient energy for deep engraving and excessive energy for shallow engraving. This can only produce flat lines or shallow reliefs with a depth of less than 0.3mm, resulting in a severe lack of depth and three-dimensionality, which cannot meet the decorative needs of high-end products.

[0005] Unstable processing quality and low yield

[0006] Glass is a typical brittle material with a high coefficient of thermal expansion and low thermal conductivity; the thermal conductivity of soda-lime-silica glass is only 0.8 W / (m·K). During laser processing, the rapid temperature rises and falls in localized areas can easily generate thermal stress that exceeds the glass's fracture strength, leading to defects such as edge chipping, surface microcracks, and charring. Current processes only achieve a yield of 60%-70%, significantly increasing production costs.

[0007] Low production efficiency, unable to meet mass production needs

[0008] To achieve a certain relief depth, existing processes require multiple repetitions of carving, with each carving parameter needing manual adjustment, resulting in a carving time of 15-20 minutes per bottle. Furthermore, the subjective nature of manual parameter adjustments leads to inconsistent quality between different batches of products.

[0009] Poor adaptability to complex curved surfaces, resulting in severe pattern deformation.

[0010] Existing processes are mainly designed for flat or small curvature surfaces. For common cylindrical, spherical, and irregularly shaped rotating surfaces of wine bottles, it is impossible to ensure that the laser focus always falls on the processing surface, resulting in uneven engraving depth and pattern deformation, with a deformation rate of more than 5%.

[0011] Chinese patent CN112372289A discloses a laser engraving method for glass bottles, which improves laser absorption rate by spraying a black light-absorbing coating. However, this method can only achieve planar engraving and cannot achieve a three-dimensional relief effect. Chinese patent CN113695723A discloses a laser engraving device for three-dimensional glass relief, which achieves different engraving depths by manually adjusting the laser focal length. However, the parameter matching accuracy is low, the engraved edges are prone to obvious step-like appearance, and the chipping rate is as high as 15% or more. Chinese patent CN114535892A discloses a three-dimensional laser engraving method for glass, which uses layered engraving technology, but it does not consider the nonlinear thermal effect of glass material, resulting in a depth control error greater than ±0.1mm, and it does not solve the edge chipping problem.

[0012] Therefore, developing a laser engraving process that can achieve high-quality three-dimensional relief effects, high processing precision, high production efficiency, and is applicable to complex curved wine bottles has significant market value and application prospects. Summary of the Invention

[0013] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect, solving the technical problems of poor three-dimensional effect, easy edge cracking, inaccurate depth control, and poor adaptability to curved surfaces in the prior art.

[0014] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect, comprising the following steps:

[0015] Step S1: Bottle Pretreatment

[0016] Place the glass bottle in an ultrasonic cleaner and clean it with deionized water for 10-15 minutes at a temperature of 40-50℃ and a power of 200-300W to thoroughly remove surface oil, dust, and fingerprints. Then, gently polish the surface in the same direction with 1000-grit diamond sandpaper to create a micro-rough surface with a thickness of Ra 0.8-1.6μm to improve coating adhesion. After polishing, rinse with deionized water and blow dry. Finally, apply a light-absorbing coating using an air-assisted spray gun and dry it in a 60℃ hot air circulating oven for 10 minutes to form a uniform light-absorbing layer with a thickness of 5-20μm.

[0017] Light-absorbing coating formulation and principle:

[0018] The light-absorbing coating consists of 12-18% by mass of nano-carbon black, 6-9% by mass of water-based acrylic resin, 1.5-2.5% by mass of sodium polyacrylate dispersant, and the balance being deionized water.

[0019] Nano-carbon black: with a particle size of 20-50nm, it can achieve an absorption rate of over 92% for 1064nm wavelength laser, efficiently converting laser energy into heat energy, causing rapid localized melting and vaporization of the glass surface. Particles smaller than 20nm are prone to agglomeration, leading to uneven coating; while particle sizes larger than 50nm result in decreased laser absorption efficiency.

[0020] Water-based acrylic resin: As a film-forming agent, it has moderate adhesion to the glass surface, with an adhesion rating of 2B. It ensures that the coating does not peel off during the engraving process and is easy to remove with subsequent alkaline washing. When the content is below 6%, the coating adhesion is poor, and when it is above 9%, it is difficult to remove completely.

[0021] Sodium polyacrylate dispersant: effectively prevents the agglomeration of nano carbon black, ensuring the uniformity and stability of the coating.

[0022] Deionized water: As a solvent, it contains no organic solvents, is environmentally friendly and pollution-free, and has a moderate evaporation rate, making it easy to spray.

[0023] Spraying parameter control:

[0024] Spraying pressure: 0.25-0.35 MPa; spraying distance: 18-22 cm; spray gun movement speed: 300-500 mm / s. Too low a spraying pressure will result in poor coating atomization and sagging; too high a pressure will result in a thin coating and insufficient laser absorption. Too close a spraying distance will lead to uneven coating thickness; too far a distance will result in significant paint waste.

[0025] Step S2: Digital processing of the 3D relief model

[0026] A 3D digital model of the target relief sculpture is constructed using SolidWorks, UG, or Rhino 3D modeling software, with a model accuracy of no less than 0.01mm; the model is preprocessed using image data processing software, including:

[0027] Smoothing: A Gaussian filtering algorithm is used to remove noise and sharp edges from the model surface. The radius of the edges is not less than 0.05mm to prevent edge cracking caused by concentrated energy during engraving.

[0028] Simplified processing: Remove redundant data and non-critical features from the model to reduce computation and improve the speed of subsequent processing;

[0029] Coordinate transformation: The model coordinates are converted into a cylindrical coordinate system that matches the rotating surface of the wine bottle, ensuring the correct mapping of the pattern on the surface.

[0030] Then, an adaptive layering algorithm is used to slice the model to obtain N layers of two-dimensional cross-sectional contour data, with each layer having a thickness of 0.02-0.1 mm.

[0031] Adaptive hierarchical algorithm execution logic:

[0032] Calculate the height change rate of each mesh cell in the 3D model. Height change rate = (height of the highest point of the cell - height of the lowest point of the cell) / cell side length;

[0033] When the height change rate is greater than 50%, this corresponds to the fine parts of the relief, such as fine strokes of text and patterns. The layer thickness is set to 0.02-0.05mm to ensure carving accuracy.

[0034] When the height change rate is ≤50%, the layer thickness is set to 0.05-0.1mm for the large flat area of ​​the relief to improve production efficiency.

[0035] The contour data of adjacent layers are smoothed to eliminate the sense of step between layers.

[0036] Compared with the traditional equal-thickness layering algorithm, the adaptive layering algorithm of this invention can reduce the number of engraving passes by more than 30% while ensuring engraving accuracy, thus greatly improving production efficiency.

[0037] Step S3: Laser engraving parameter layer matching

[0038] A nonlinear mapping model between relief depth and laser energy density was established. This model was obtained by fitting more than 1,000 sets of experimental data and fully considered the thermophysical properties of glass material such as thermal conductivity, melting point, and coefficient of thermal expansion, as well as the nonlinear effects of laser processing.

[0039] The nonlinear mapping model is as follows:

[0040] Formula 1;

[0041] in, For laser energy density, For single-layer carving depth, The laser pulse frequency, This is a correction factor for glass materials.

[0042] The material correction factor is determined based on:

[0043] For soda-lime silica glass with a melting point of approximately 700℃ and a coefficient of thermal expansion of 9×10^-6 / ℃, ;

[0044] For high borosilicate glass with a melting point of approximately 800℃ and a coefficient of thermal expansion of 3.3×10^-6 / ℃, .

[0045] The model shows that laser energy density has a power-law relationship with engraving depth and a negative correlation with pulse frequency. Compared with the traditional linear model, the nonlinear model of this invention improves the depth control accuracy by more than 3 times, with an error of less than ±0.02 mm.

[0046] The CNC system associates the profile data of each cross section with the corresponding laser parameters (laser power, scanning speed, pulse frequency, defocusing amount) to generate CNC machining code in G-code format.

[0047] Step S4: Multi-pass gradient sculpting

[0048] The pre-treated wine bottle is fixed on a high-precision rotary table with a positioning accuracy of no less than ±0.005mm and a repeatability of no less than ±0.002mm. A fiber laser engraving machine with a wavelength of 1064nm is used for engraving, and the laser beam spot diameter is 0.02-0.05mm.

[0049] The laser is continuously engraved in N passes from bottom to top. After each pass is completed, the CNC system automatically switches the laser parameters to engrave the next layer.

[0050] Key technical points:

[0051] Synchronous follow control settings: The encoder provides real-time feedback on the rotation angle of the bottle, and the laser head automatically adjusts the X and Z axis positions according to the rotation angle to ensure that the laser focus always falls on the curved surface of the bottle. The position error is controlled within ±0.01mm, which completely solves the problem of uneven engraving depth on complex curved surfaces.

[0052] Cross-scanning path: Each engraving pass uses a cross-scanning path, with the scanning direction angle between adjacent passes being 90° and the scanning line spacing being 0.06-0.09mm. Cross-scanning can make heat distribution more uniform, reduce thermal stress, and effectively eliminate stripe defects caused by unidirectional scanning, thereby improving surface flatness.

[0053] Parameter gradient changes: Laser power gradually decreases from the bottom layer to the top layer, while scanning speed and pulse frequency gradually increase. Lower layer engraving requires a higher energy density to achieve sufficient depth, while higher layer engraving requires a lower energy density to ensure surface quality and edge sharpness.

[0054] Laser engraving basic parameter range:

[0055] Laser power 15-45W, scanning speed 600-1800mm / s, pulse frequency 30-90kHz, defocus amount -1.5 to +1.5mm. When the defocus amount is negative, the laser focus is below the glass surface, resulting in a smoother engraved surface; when the defocus amount is positive, the laser focus is above the glass surface, resulting in sharper edges.

[0056] Step S5: Post-processing

[0057] High-pressure airflow purging: Use high-pressure nitrogen gas of 0.4-0.6MPa to purge the engraved surface for 30-60 seconds to thoroughly remove residual glass debris and carbon black particles, preventing debris from scratching the glass surface during subsequent alkaline washing.

[0058] Alkaline removal of the coating: Immerse the bottle in a 5% sodium hydroxide solution at 40-50℃ for 4-6 minutes. The water-based acrylic resin undergoes a hydrolysis reaction under alkaline conditions, causing the light-absorbing coating to completely peel off. Then rinse thoroughly with deionized water and dry with compressed air.

[0059] Flame polishing: The relief surface is polished using a propane-oxygen mixed flame with a flame temperature of 850-950℃ and a polishing time of 1.5-2.5s. The distance between the flame nozzle and the relief surface is 6-8cm, and the nozzle moving speed is 200-300mm / s.

[0060] Flame polishing principle:

[0061] The softening temperature of glass is approximately 500-600℃. During flame polishing, the temperature of the micro-protrusions on the relief surface rapidly rises above the softening temperature, melting and leveling under the influence of surface tension. Meanwhile, the interior of the relief remains at a lower temperature and does not deform. Flame polishing can reduce surface roughness from Ra3.2μm to below Ra0.8μm, while simultaneously eliminating surface micro-cracks and improving the mechanical strength and durability of the product.

[0062] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0063] Excellent 3D relief effect: It adopts layered carving and non-linear parameter matching model to achieve precise control of any depth within the range of 0.1-2mm. The relief transition is natural without step feeling, and the sense of layering and three-dimensionality is prominent. It can produce complex three-dimensional patterns such as landscapes, figures, flowers and birds.

[0064] Improved processing quality: By optimizing the light-absorbing coating formula and laser processing technology, defects such as edge chipping, surface scorching, and micro-cracks are effectively avoided, the yield rate is increased to over 98%, the engraved edge roughness Ra≤0.8μm, and the chipping rate is less than 0.5%.

[0065] Increased production efficiency: By adopting an adaptive layering algorithm and automatic parameter matching, the engraving process is fully automated, reducing the engraving time per bottle to 5-8 minutes. The production efficiency is more than 40% higher than that of traditional processes, and the product quality is more consistent.

[0066] Strong adaptability to curved surfaces: It adopts synchronous follow control settings, which can adapt to the engraving of various complex rotating curved surfaces of wine bottles, including cylindrical, spherical, and irregularly shaped bottles, with a pattern deformation rate of less than 0.1%.

[0067] It uses a water-based light-absorbing coating, contains no organic solvents, and has no toxic or harmful gas emissions during the post-processing, meeting national green production requirements. Attached Figure Description

[0068] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect according to the present invention.

[0069] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram comparing equal-thickness layered slicing and adaptive layered slicing of a 3D relief model. Detailed Implementation

[0070] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and comparative examples. The following embodiments are only used to illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0071] Example 1

[0072] See Figure 1 and Figure 2 A laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect includes the following steps:

[0073] Step S1: Bottle pretreatment; Place a 500ml soda-lime silica glass liquor bottle into a KQ-250DE ultrasonic cleaner and clean it with deionized water for 12 minutes at 45℃ and 250W; then gently polish the surface with 1000-grit diamond sandpaper in the same direction to form a micro-rough surface with Ra 1.2μm, rinse with deionized water and dry; Prepare the light-absorbing coating: Add 15g of nano carbon black (30nm particle size), 7g of water-based acrylic resin, and 2g of sodium polyacrylate dispersant to 76g of deionized water and stir for 30 minutes until uniform; Spray the coating using a W-71 air-assisted spray gun at a spray pressure of 0.3MPa, a spray distance of 20cm, and a spray gun movement speed of 400mm / s; Dry in a 60℃ hot air circulating oven for 10 minutes to form a uniform light-absorbing layer with a thickness of 12μm.

[0074] Step S2: Digital processing of the 3D relief model; a 3D digital model of a landscape relief with a height of 1.2mm was constructed using SolidWorks software, with a model accuracy of 0.01mm; the model was smoothed using Gaussian filtering through image data processing settings to remove sharp edges, with an edge radius of 0.06mm; the model coordinates were converted to cylindrical coordinates; an adaptive layering algorithm was used to slice the model, with a layer thickness of 0.03mm for areas with a height change rate > 50% and a layer thickness of 0.07mm for areas with a height change rate ≤ 50%, resulting in a total of 22 layers of 2D cross-sectional contour data.

[0075] Step S3: Layered matching of laser engraving parameters; establishing a nonlinear mapping model between relief depth and laser energy density. For soda-lime-silica glass, take... The laser energy density is calculated based on the engraving depth of each layer, and the corresponding laser parameters are matched: bottom layer (layer 1) engraving depth 0.07mm, laser power 35W, scanning speed 1000mm / s, pulse frequency 60kHz, defocus 0mm; top layer (layer 22) engraving depth 0.03mm, laser power 20W, scanning speed 1500mm / s, pulse frequency 80kHz, defocus +0.5mm; CNC machining code in G-code format is generated through the Siemens 840D CNC system.

[0076] Step S4: Multi-pass gradient engraving; Fix the pre-treated bottle on a high-precision rotary table with a positioning accuracy of ±0.005mm; Use an IPGYLP-20 fiber laser engraving machine for engraving, with a laser wavelength of 1064nm and a spot diameter of 0.03mm; Perform 22 consecutive engraving passes from bottom to top, with each pass using a cross-scanning path and a scan line spacing of 0.08mm; During the engraving process, the CNC system controls the laser head to move synchronously with the bottle's rotation axis, with the position error controlled within ±0.01mm; Turn on the ventilation system to promptly remove glass dust generated during engraving.

[0077] Step S5: Post-processing; First, purge the engraved surface with 0.5MPa high-pressure nitrogen for 45 seconds to remove residual glass fragments; then immerse the bottle in a 5% sodium hydroxide solution at 45℃ for 5 minutes to remove the light-absorbing coating; rinse thoroughly with deionized water and dry with compressed air; finally, polish with a propane-oxygen mixed flame at 900℃ for 2 seconds, with the flame nozzle 7cm away from the relief surface and the nozzle moving at a speed of 250mm / s; the finished product is obtained after natural cooling.

[0078] Testing revealed that the landscape relief carving in this embodiment has a uniform depth with an error of ≤±0.02mm, a natural transition without any step-like feel, and a strong three-dimensional effect; the edges are free of cracks and scorching, and the edge roughness Ra=0.6μm; the pattern deformation rate is less than 0.1%; the yield rate is 99%, and the carving time for a single bottle is 6 minutes.

[0079] Example 2

[0080] The difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that: the glass bottle is a 750ml high borosilicate glass wine bottle, and the total height of the relief is 1.8mm; the parameters of the nonlinear mapping model are taken as follows: The bottom layer (layer 1) was engraved with a depth of 0.08 mm, a laser power of 40 W, a scanning speed of 800 mm / s, and a pulse frequency of 50 kHz; the top layer (layer 28) was engraved with a depth of 0.04 mm, a laser power of 25 W, a scanning speed of 1200 mm / s, and a pulse frequency of 70 kHz; a total of 28 layers of two-dimensional cross-sectional contour data were obtained.

[0081] Testing revealed that the grapevine relief carved in this embodiment has a strong three-dimensional effect and clear details; the edge roughness Ra=0.7μm, the chipping rate is 0.3%; the yield is 98.5%, and the carving time per bottle is 7.5 minutes.

[0082] Example 3

[0083] The difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that the light-absorbing coating formulation is 12% nano carbon black, 9% water-based acrylic resin, 2.5% dispersant, and 76.5% deionized water; the coating thickness is 8μm; the flame polishing temperature is 850℃, and the polishing time is 2.5s.

[0084] Testing showed that the engraved text relief in this embodiment was clear and sharp, with no blurring; the edge roughness Ra=0.75μm, and the yield rate was 98%.

[0085] Example 4

[0086] The difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that the laser engraving uses a CO2 laser with a wavelength of 10.6 μm; the content of nano carbon black in the light-absorbing coating is 18% to improve the absorption rate of 10.6 μm wavelength laser.

[0087] Upon testing, the relief effect engraved in this embodiment is comparable to that in embodiment 1, but the spot diameter of the CO2 laser is larger at 0.1 mm, the engraving accuracy is slightly lower, and the edge roughness Ra=0.8 μm.

[0088] Example 5

[0089] The difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is as follows: 500ml soda-lime-silica glass bottle, total engraving depth 0.1mm; light-absorbing coating: 12% nano carbon black, 6% water-based acrylic resin, 1.5% dispersant, 80.5% deionized water, thickness 5μm; adaptive layer thickness: layer thickness 0.02mm (lower limit of fine layer thickness) in areas with height change rate > 50%, layer thickness 0.05mm in areas ≤ 50%; soda-lime-silica glass nonlinear mapping model coefficients: k=140, α=0.65, β=0.35, γ=0.25; basic laser engraving parameters: bottom layer: power 15W, scanning speed 1800mm / s, pulse frequency 90kHz, defocus amount -1.5mm, top layer parameters are synchronously adjusted according to the nonlinear model; flame polishing parameters: temperature 850℃, polishing time 1.5s, nozzle distance 6cm, moving speed 300mm / s.

[0090] Under the condition that all parameters are at their lower limits as defined in the claims, the technical solution of this invention can still achieve the technical effects of engraving depth error ≤ ±0.03mm, edge chipping rate ≤ 0.4%, and yield ≥ 97%.

[0091] Example 6

[0092] The difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is as follows: Bottle material and total engraving depth: 750ml high borosilicate glass bottle, total engraving depth 2mm; Light-absorbing coating: thickness 20μm, formula: 18% nano carbon black, 9% water-based acrylic resin, 2.5% dispersant, 70.5% deionized water; Adaptive layer thickness: layer thickness 0.05mm in areas with height change rate > 50%, layer thickness 0.1mm in areas ≤ 50%; Nonlinear mapping model coefficients: High borosilicate glass: k=180, α=0.8, β=0.5, γ=0.4; Laser engraving basic parameters: Bottom layer: power 45W, scanning speed 600mm / s, pulse frequency 30kHz, defocusing amount +1.5mm, top layer parameters are synchronously adjusted downward according to the nonlinear model; Flame polishing parameters: temperature 950℃, polishing time 2.5s, nozzle distance 8cm, moving speed 200mm / s.

[0093] Under the condition of all the upper limits of the parameters specified in the claims, the technical solution of the present invention can still achieve the technical effect of engraving depth error ≤ ±0.03mm, edge chipping rate ≤0.3%, and yield ≥97.5% for high borosilicate glass material, and supports the applicability of two glass materials.

[0094] Comparative Example 1

[0095] The traditional single-parameter laser engraving process was adopted, with other conditions the same as in Example 1. Specifically, a fixed laser power of 30W, a scanning speed of 1000mm / s, and a pulse frequency of 60kHz were used to perform 22 repeated engraving passes.

[0096] Testing revealed that the relief depth of the sculpted sample was uneven, with an error of ±0.1mm, and the edges showed obvious stepped texture; the chipping rate was 12%, and the surface showed signs of scorching and blackening; the yield was 65%, and the carving time for a single bottle was 12 minutes.

[0097] Comparative Example 2

[0098] The light-absorbing coating was not used, and all other conditions were the same as in Example 1.

[0099] Testing revealed that the laser energy absorption rate of this comparative example was only about 30%, which was insufficient for effective engraving. Even when the laser power was increased to 80W, the engraving depth was only 0.2mm, and a large number of microcracks appeared on the surface, with a chipping rate as high as 30%.

[0100] Comparative Example 3

[0101] An equal-thickness layering algorithm was adopted, with a uniform layer thickness of 0.05 mm, and other conditions were the same as in Example 1.

[0102] The test results showed that a total of 24 layers of two-dimensional cross-sectional contour data were obtained in this comparative example, and the carving time for a single bottle was 7 minutes. The precision of the fine parts of the relief carving was poor, and the strokes of the text appeared blurry. The edge roughness Ra=1.2μm.

[0103] Comparative Example 4

[0104] Flame polishing was not used, and other conditions were the same as in Example 1.

[0105] Testing revealed that the surface roughness of this comparative relief was Ra=3.5μm, with obvious scanning stripes; the surface contained a large number of microcracks, and the mechanical strength of the product was reduced by more than 30%.

[0106] The detection results of Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-4 are compared in Table 1:

[0107] Table 1

[0108] Engraving depth error (mm) ≤±0.02 ≤±0.02 ≤±0.03 ≤±0.03 ≤±0.03 ≤±0.03 ±0.1 - ≤±0.04 ≤±0.02 Edge roughness Ra (μm) 0.6 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.78 0.75 2.5 - 1.2 3.5 Edge breakage rate (%) 0 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 12 30 0.5 0.1 Pattern distortion rate (%) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 - <0.1 <0.1 Finished Product Rate (%) 99 98.5 98 97.5 97 97.5 65 0 96 97 Engraving time per bottle (min) 6 7.5 5.5 6.5 5 8 12 - 7 5.8

[0109] The engraving depth error of Examples 1-6 is ≤ ±0.03mm, with Examples 1 and 2 reaching ≤ ±0.02mm, which is 3-5 times higher than the ±0.1mm accuracy of Comparative Example 1.

[0110] Comparative Example 1 uses a single fixed parameter for engraving, without considering the nonlinear relationship between laser energy and engraving depth in glass materials; this invention uses a nonlinear mapping model of relief depth-laser energy density (Formula 1) to match a specific correction coefficient for sodium-calcium silicon / high borosilicate glass, thereby achieving precise control of the engraving depth of each layer.

[0111] Comparative Example 3 uses an equal-thickness layering algorithm, and the depth error is increased to ±0.04mm, further demonstrating the effect of the adaptive layering algorithm of the present invention, namely thin layering in fine areas and thick layering in flat areas, on improving depth accuracy.

[0112] The edge roughness Ra of Examples 1-4 is ≤0.8μm, which is much better than Ra=2.5μm of Comparative Example 1 and Ra=1.2μm of Comparative Example 3. The roughness of Comparative Example 4 is as high as Ra=3.5μm when no flame polishing is performed.

[0113] This invention employs a cross-scanning path, i.e., the angle between adjacent passes is 90°, to eliminate stripe defects generated by unidirectional scanning and make the heat distribution more uniform; flame polishing treatment melts and smooths the micro-convex parts of the relief surface, reducing the roughness from Ra3.2μm to below Ra0.8μm; the optimized water-based light-absorbing coating ensures uniform absorption of laser energy and avoids local overheating and scorching.

[0114] The chipping rate of Examples 1-4 is ≤0.4%, and the yield is ≥97.5%. Specifically, the chipping rate of Example 1 is 0% and the yield is 99%; while the chipping rate of Comparative Example 1 is 12% and the yield is 65%, and the chipping rate of Comparative Example 2 is 30% and the yield is 0%.

[0115] Comparative Example 2, without the use of a light-absorbing coating, had a glass absorption rate of only 15%-20% for 1064nm laser light, requiring a significant increase in laser power, which led to a surge in thermal stress and caused numerous cracks. The nano-carbon black water-based light-absorbing coating of this invention (absorption rate ≥92%) reduces the required laser power, while the parameter gradient change, i.e., high energy at the bottom layer and low energy at the top layer, reduces the accumulation of thermal stress. The three-dimensional model is smoothed by Gaussian filtering, with a corner radius ≥0.05mm, avoiding edge cracking caused by energy concentration.

[0116] The single-bottle engraving time for Examples 1-4 is 5.5-7.5 minutes, which is 37.5%-54.2% shorter than the 12 minutes for Comparative Example 1, and the production efficiency is increased by more than 40%. The adaptive layering algorithm of this invention reduces the number of engraving passes by more than 30% compared with the traditional equal-thickness layering algorithm. For example, Example 1 only requires 22 layers, while Comparative Example 3 requires 24 layers. The automatic parameter matching of the CNC system replaces manual adjustment, realizing continuous engraving of multiple passes without manual intervention time.

[0117] The pattern deformation rate of all embodiments and comparative examples 1, 3, and 4 is <0.1%, proving that the laser head and the rotating axis of the present invention are synchronously controlled, and the position error can be controlled within ±0.01mm. This solves the problems of uneven engraving depth and pattern deformation on complex curved surfaces, and is suitable for various rotating curved surface wine bottles such as cylindrical, spherical, and irregularly shaped bottles.

[0118] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step S1: Bottle pretreatment; The surface of the glass bottle is subjected to ultrasonic cleaning, micro-polishing and light-absorbing coating spraying in sequence to form a uniform light-absorbing layer with a thickness of 5-20μm. Step S2: Digital processing of the 3D relief model; a 3D digital model of the target relief is constructed using image data processing software, and the model is sliced ​​using an adaptive layering algorithm to obtain N layers of 2D cross-sectional contour data, each layer with a thickness of 0.02-0.1mm; Step S3: Layered matching of laser engraving parameters; establish a nonlinear mapping model between relief depth and laser energy density, and automatically match the corresponding laser power, scanning speed, pulse frequency and defocusing amount parameters for each layer of cross-sectional contour through the CNC system; Step S4: Multi-pass gradient engraving; Using a patterned surface processing laser equipment, the rotating curved surface of the wine bottle is continuously engraved in N passes from the bottom layer to the top layer. After each pass is completed, the CNC system automatically switches parameters to engrave the next layer. Step S5: Post-processing; High-pressure airflow is used to remove residual glass fragments from the engraving, the light-absorbing coating is removed by alkaline washing, and finally the relief surface is flame-polished to obtain a wine bottle with a three-dimensional relief effect.

2. The laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the light-absorbing coating consists of 12-18% by mass of nano carbon black, 6-9% by mass of water-based acrylic resin, 1.5-2.5% by mass of sodium polyacrylate dispersant, and the remainder of deionized water; the spraying parameters are: spraying pressure 0.25-0.35MPa, spraying distance 18-22cm, and spray gun moving speed 300-500mm / s.

3. The laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step S2, the execution logic of the adaptive layering algorithm is as follows: calculate the height change rate of each region of the 3D model. When the height change rate is >50%, the layer thickness is set to 0.02-0.05mm; when the height change rate is ≤50%, the layer thickness is set to 0.05-0.1mm.

4. The laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect according to claim 3, characterized in that, The nonlinear mapping model in step S3 is as follows: Formula 1; in, For laser energy density, For single-layer carving depth, The laser pulse frequency, This is a correction factor for the glass material; for soda-lime-silica glass, For high borosilicate glass, .

5. The laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step S4, the basic parameters for laser engraving are as follows: laser power 15-45W, scanning speed 600-1800mm / s, pulse frequency 30-90kHz, and defocusing amount -1.5-+1.5mm. Each engraving pass uses a cross scanning path, with the angle between adjacent scanning directions being 90° and the scanning line spacing being 0.06-0.09mm.

6. The laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect according to claim 5, characterized in that: In step S4, the rotating curved surface engraving of the wine bottle adopts a synchronous follow control setting, and the positional error between the laser head and the rotating axis of the wine bottle is controlled within ±0.01mm.

7. The laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect according to claim 6, characterized in that: In step S5, the flame polishing parameters are as follows: a propane-oxygen mixed flame is used, the flame temperature is 850-950℃, the polishing time is 1.5-2.5s, the distance between the flame nozzle and the relief surface is 6-8cm, and the nozzle moving speed is 200-300mm / s.

8. The laser engraving process for wine bottles that can achieve a three-dimensional relief effect according to any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that: The glass bottles are made of soda-lime-silica glass or borosilicate glass, with a final engraving depth of 0.1-2mm.

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