Processing technology of carburized steel outer spherical rod end aligning bearing outer ring

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of bearing processing, and particularly relates to a processing technology for an outer ring of a carburized steel outer spherical rod end self-aligning bearing, which comprises blanking, forging, carburizing pre-milling, carburizing treatment, removal of a carburized layer at a specified position, heat treatment, finishing structure features, rough grinding of a raceway and quality inspection, finishing of the raceway and polishing, final processing and inspection. The present application realizes reasonable matching of high hardness of a raceway surface and medium-low hardness of other surfaces through a process design of carburizing treatment combined with subsequent selective removal of a carburized layer. The hardness gradient distribution ensures high wear resistance and fatigue resistance of the raceway, and also enables the rod end, the ball head and other positions to maintain good toughness and impact resistance, thereby meeting the load bearing and self-aligning requirements of the outer spherical rod end self-aligning bearing under complex working conditions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of bearing processing technology, and in particular to a processing technology for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing. Background Technology

[0002] Spherical rod-end self-aligning bearings possess the ability to automatically align themselves, withstand heavy loads and impacts, and compensate for misalignment. They are widely used in various mechanical systems subject to vibration, impact, shaft deflection, or installation deviations. One type of spherical rod-end self-aligning bearing has an outer ring made of carburized steel, requiring a raceway surface hardness ≥58 HRC, and other surface hardness controlled at 35~45 HRC. Its external shape includes a ball head and a rod end. The ball head has a relatively complex structure, including a tapered transition surface and a stepped surface; the rod end includes external and internal threads, such as... Figure 1 As shown.

[0003] Designing and developing a stable, efficient, and high-quality machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing, while meeting the complex structure and high-performance requirements of the outer ring, is a current technical challenge that needs to be addressed. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the problems mentioned in the background art, this invention proposes a machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing. The technical solution adopted by this invention is as follows: A machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing includes the following steps. Step S1: Cutting: On a sawing machine, the carburized steel long bar is cut into cylindrical forging billets of a fixed length; Step S2: Forging, the sawn cylindrical forging blank is die-forged to initially form the basic geometric contour of the bearing outer ring, and to obtain a forging that is close to the final shape of the part; Step S3: Milling and turning before carburizing; Step S4: Carburizing treatment, heating and holding the outer ring of the bearing in a specific medium to allow carbon atoms to diffuse into its surface and form a carburized layer; Step S5: Remove the carburized layer from the designated area; Step S6: Heat treatment. The outer ring of the bearing is heat treated so that the surface hardness of the raceway with the carburized layer reaches ≥58HRC, while the surface hardness of other surfaces where the carburized layer has been removed is controlled at 35-45HRC. Step S7: Finishing structural features; Step S8: Rough grinding and quality inspection of the raceway; Step S9: Finishing and polishing of the raceway; Step S10: Final processing and inspection.

[0005] As a further optimization of the machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing, step S3, the pre-carburizing milling process, includes the following steps. Step S3.1: Flat rod end face, rough turning of rod end outer diameter and chamfer: Turn the rod end part of the bearing to form a rough reference for subsequent machining; Step S3.2: Rough machining of the ball head, transition cone surface and stepped outer surface: Using the outer circle of the rod end as a reference, rough machine the ball head part, transition cone surface and stepped outer surface of the bearing outer ring; Step S3.3: Rough milling of inner hole, two end faces and process bosses: Rough mill the inner hole of the raceway on the machining center, and rough mill the two end faces of the bearing; mill two process auxiliary bosses on each end face of the bearing as a unified reference for all subsequent machining processes; Step S3.4: Machining the raceway: Machining the raceway of the bearing outer ring on a lathe, with appropriate grinding allowance.

[0006] As a further optimization of the machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing, step S5, the process of removing the carburized layer at a designated location, includes the following steps: Step S5.1: Flat bar end face, precision machine bar end outer diameter and chamfer: Remove the carburized layer from the bar end portion; Step S5.2: Semi-finish milling of both end faces and process bosses: Remove the carburized layer from both end faces and perform semi-finish milling on the process bosses to improve their accuracy; Step S5.3: Flat section, repair bar end outer diameter and chamfer: Remove the carburized layer at the bar end outer diameter and leave machining allowance; Step S5.4: Finish machining of the ball head, transition cone surface and outer surface of the step: Remove the carburized layer from the ball head, transition cone surface and outer surface of the step, and leave machining allowance.

[0007] As a further optimization of the machining process for the outer ring of the aforementioned carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing, step S7, the precision machining of structural features, includes the following steps. Step S7.1: Flat bar end face, repair bar end outer diameter and chamfer: Remove heat treatment oxide scale to further improve the accuracy of the bar end part, as a reference for subsequent steps; Step S7.2: Precision milling of both end faces, both sealing grooves and process bosses: Remove oxide scale from both end faces, precision mill the process bosses to improve their accuracy as a precision reference, and machine the sealing grooves on both end faces into place; Step S7.3: Finish machining of the rod end outer diameter, end face and chamfer: Perform final finishing on the rod end portion; Step S7.4: Repair the ball head, transition cone surface and outer surface of the step: Perform final finishing on the ball head, transition cone surface and outer surface of the step to meet the requirements of the drawing; Step S7.5: Remove sharp angles, sharp edges and burrs: Remove the burrs, sharp edges and burrs generated in the previous processing by a fitter; Step S7.6: Finish turning the inner groove: Machining the oil groove in the middle of the inner surface on a lathe; Step S7.7: Drill through holes on the end face: Machin through holes on the end face on a milling machine; Step S7.8: Drilling the slanted hole and grease injection hole: Machining the slanted hole on the rod end and the grease injection hole on the ball head on a milling machine; Step S7.9: Drill deep holes and mill internal threads: Machin the deep holes and internal threads on the rod end on a milling machine; Step S7.10: Deburring: The fitter removes burrs from deep holes, angled holes, grease injection holes, and threads; Step S7.11: Machining external threads: Machining external threads on the rod end on a lathe.

[0008] As a further optimization of the machining process for the outer ring of the aforementioned carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing, step S8, the raceway rough grinding and quality inspection process, includes the following steps. Step S8.1 Rough grinding of the raceway: On a raceway grinding machine, the raceway is rough ground using a special tooling with process bosses at both ends for positioning. Step S8.2 Flaw detection: Inspect the inside and surface of the collar for defects such as cracks, pores, inclusions, and folds; Step S8.3 Pickling: Check for defects on the ground surface; Step S8.4 Stabilization treatment: Eliminate or reduce residual stress generated during processing to ensure dimensional stability.

[0009] As a further optimization of the machining process for the outer ring of the aforementioned carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing, step S9, the raceway finishing and polishing process, includes the following steps. Step S9.1 Precision grinding of the raceway: The raceway is precision ground on a raceway grinding machine to improve its machining accuracy; Step S9.2 Flaw Detection: Perform a second full flaw detection; Step S9.3 Pickling: Perform a second pickling inspection; Step S9.4 Polishing the raceway: Polish the raceway on a lathe using a clamping fixture to further improve surface quality and reduce surface roughness.

[0010] As a further optimization of the machining process for the outer ring of the aforementioned carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing, step S10, the final machining and inspection process, includes the following steps. Step S10.1 Final milling of two planes and process bosses: Remove the allowance reserved on both end faces on the milling machine, and mill the process auxiliary bosses that serve as positioning references to complete the final machining of both end faces; Step S10.2 Remove sharp angles, sharp edges and burrs: The fitter removes the burrs, sharp edges and burrs generated during the final processing; Step S10.3 Final Inspection: Based on the product drawings, conduct a comprehensive inspection of the dimensions and accuracy of the bearing outer ring to ensure that all requirements are met.

[0011] Beneficial effects Compared with the prior art, the present invention has significant advantages and beneficial effects, achieving considerable technological progress and practicality, and possessing broad application value. It has at least the following advantages: 1. Comprehensive performance advantages of this invention: By combining carburizing treatment with subsequent selective removal of the carburized layer, a reasonable match is achieved between the high hardness (≥58HRC) of the raceway surface and the medium-low hardness (35~45HRC) of other surfaces. This hardness gradient distribution ensures both the high wear resistance and fatigue resistance of the raceway and maintains good toughness and impact resistance in parts such as the rod end and ball head, meeting the load-bearing and self-aligning requirements of the spherical rod end self-aligning bearing under complex working conditions.

[0012] 2. Advantages of the present invention in terms of processing datum uniformity: By setting process auxiliary bosses on both end faces as a unified processing datum, the problem of spherical shapes not being able to be directly used as positioning datums is solved. All processes from roughing to finishing, grinding, polishing, etc., use the process bosses as the datum, reducing the number of datum conversions, improving processing accuracy and dimensional consistency, and avoiding cumulative errors caused by inconsistent datums.

[0013] 3. Advantages of the invention's process rationality: The process arrangement is compact and reasonable, with a clear logical route of rough machining → carburizing → carburized layer removal → heat treatment → finish machining → grinding → polishing. The carburizing treatment is arranged after the rough machining of the raceway, ensuring both the uniformity of the carburized layer depth and facilitating the selective removal of carburized layers from designated areas. The heat treatment is arranged after the carburized layer removal, allowing for precise control of the hardness distribution in different areas. The cyclical arrangement of rough grinding → flaw detection → pickling → stabilization treatment → fine grinding → flaw detection → pickling → polishing ensures a progressive improvement in the surface quality of the raceway.

[0014] 4. Production efficiency advantages of this invention: By unifying the datum through process-assisted bosses, the number of workpiece clamping operations and datum conversion time are reduced. Selective removal of the carburized layer utilizes efficient machining methods such as turning and milling, resulting in higher production efficiency and lower costs compared to traditional overall quenching followed by local annealing or local induction hardening processes. The reasonable arrangement of quality inspection processes such as flaw detection, pickling, and stabilization treatment ensures quality while avoiding excessive inspection that could extend the production cycle.

[0015] 5. Advantages of the scope of application of this invention: This process is applicable to the machining of the outer ring of self-aligning bearings with spherical rod ends made of carburized steel, and can meet the manufacturing needs of bearings with different specifications and working conditions. The process solution has versatility and scalability, and parameters such as carburizing depth and hardness requirements can be adjusted according to specific product requirements, making it highly adaptable. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the outer ring structure of an outer spherical rod end bearing; Figure 2 A schematic diagram showing the machining of the end face, outer diameter, and chamfer of the flat bar. Figure 3 A schematic diagram showing the machining of the outer spherical surface, transition cone surface, and step of the ball head portion; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of end face milling. Figure 5 Schematic diagram of milling sealing groove; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the machining process for the grooves inside the vehicle. Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of end face hole machining; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the machining process for drilling inclined holes and grease injection holes; Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of internal thread machining. Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of external thread machining. Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of raceway grinding and polishing. In the diagram: 1. Rod end face; 2. Chamfer; 3. Rod end outer diameter; 4. Step outer surface; 5. Transition cone surface; 6. Outer spherical surface; 7. Inner hole; 8. Process boss; 9. Upper end face; 10. Lower end face; 11. Sealing groove; 12. Inner groove; 13. End hole; 14. Angled hole; 15. Grease injection hole; 16. Internal thread; 17. External thread; 18. Raceway. Detailed Implementation

[0017] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with specific embodiments and accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of protection. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art, without creative effort, including formal modifications to the technical solutions described in the following embodiments or equivalent substitutions of some technical features, based on the inspiration of the present invention, are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0018] The embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0019] Example 1: Refer to Appendix Figures 1 to 11 Specific implementation steps of a machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing. Step S1: Cutting: On a sawing machine, the carburized steel long bar is cut into cylindrical forging blanks of a fixed length.

[0020] Step S2: Forging. The sawn cylindrical forging blank is die-forged to initially form the basic geometric contour of the bearing outer ring, obtaining a forging that is close to the final shape of the part.

[0021] Step S3: Pre-carburizing milling and turning (roughing), the specific operation is as follows. Step S3.1: Flat rod end face, rough turning of rod end outer diameter and chamfer: Turn the rod end of the bearing to form a rough reference for subsequent machining.

[0022] Step S3.2: Rough machining of the ball head, transition cone surface and stepped outer surface: Using the outer circle of the rod end as a reference, rough machine the ball head part, transition cone surface and stepped outer surface of the bearing outer ring.

[0023] Step S3.3: Rough milling of the inner hole, two end faces, and process bosses: Rough mill the inner hole of the raceway on the machining center, and rough mill the two end faces of the bearing. Mill two process auxiliary bosses on each end face of the bearing as a unified reference for all subsequent machining processes.

[0024] Step S3.4: Machining the raceway: Machining the raceway of the bearing outer ring on a lathe, with appropriate grinding allowance.

[0025] Step S4: Carburizing, the specific operation is as follows: Step S4.1: Carburizing treatment: The outer ring of the bearing is heated and kept at a specific medium to allow carbon atoms to diffuse into its surface and form a carburized layer.

[0026] Step S5: Remove the carburized layer from the designated area. The specific operation is as follows: Step S5.1: Flat bar end face, precision machine bar end outer diameter and chamfer: Remove the carburized layer from the bar end part (end face and outer circle).

[0027] Step S5.2: Semi-finish milling of both end faces and process bosses: Remove the carburized layer from both end faces and perform semi-finish milling on the process bosses to improve their accuracy.

[0028] Step S5.3: Flat section, repair bar end outer diameter and chamfer: Remove the carburized layer at the bar end outer diameter and leave machining allowance.

[0029] Step S5.4; Finish turning the outer surfaces of the ball head, transition cone surface and step: Remove the carburized layer from the outer surfaces of the ball head, transition cone surface and step, and leave machining allowance.

[0030] Step S6: Heat treatment, the specific operation is as follows, 6.1; The outer ring of the bearing is heat-treated so that the surface hardness of the raceway with the carburized layer is ≥58HRC, while the surface hardness of other surfaces where the carburized layer has been removed is controlled at 35-45HRC.

[0031] Step S7: Finish the structural features. The specific operations are as follows: Step S7.1: Flat bar end face, repair bar end outer diameter and chamfer: Remove heat treatment oxide scale to further improve the accuracy of the bar end part, as a reference for subsequent steps.

[0032] Step S7.2: Precision milling of both end faces, both sealing grooves and process bosses: Remove oxide scale from both end faces, precision mill the process bosses to improve their accuracy as a precision reference, and machine the sealing grooves on both end faces into place.

[0033] Step S7.3: Finish machining of the rod end outer diameter, end face and chamfer: Perform final finishing on the rod end.

[0034] Step S7.4: Repair the ball head, transition cone surface and outer surface of the step: Perform final finishing on the ball head, transition cone surface and outer surface of the step to meet the requirements of the drawing.

[0035] Step S7.5: Remove sharp angles, sharp edges and burrs: Remove the burrs, sharp edges and burrs generated in the previous processing by a fitter.

[0036] Step S7.6: Finish turning the inner groove: Machining the oil groove in the middle of the inner surface on a lathe.

[0037] Step S7.7: Drill through holes on the end face: Machin through holes on the end face on a milling machine.

[0038] Step S7.8: Drilling slanted holes and grease injection holes: Machining slanted holes on the rod end and grease injection holes on the ball head on a milling machine.

[0039] Step S7.9 Drilling deep holes and milling internal threads: Machining deep holes and internal threads on the rod end on a milling machine.

[0040] Step S7.10: Deburring: The fitter removes burrs from deep holes, angled holes, grease injection holes, and threads.

[0041] Step S7.11: Machining external threads: Machining external threads on the rod end on a lathe.

[0042] Step S8: Rough grinding and quality inspection of the raceway, the specific operation is as follows: Step S8.1: Rough grinding of the raceway: On a raceway grinding machine, the raceway is rough ground using a special tooling with process bosses at both ends for positioning.

[0043] Step S8.2: Flaw detection (full inspection): Inspect the inside and surface of the race for defects such as cracks, pores, inclusions, and folds.

[0044] Step S8.3: Pickling (sampling inspection): Check for defects on the ground surface.

[0045] Step S8.4: Stabilization treatment (full inspection): Eliminate or reduce residual stress generated during processing to ensure dimensional stability.

[0046] Step S9: Raceway finishing and polishing, the specific operations are as follows: Step S9.1: Precision grinding of the raceway: The raceway is precision ground on a raceway grinding machine to improve its machining accuracy.

[0047] Step S9.2; Flaw Detection (Full Inspection): Perform a full flaw detection again.

[0048] Step S9.3: Pickling (sampling inspection): Sampling inspection is carried out again.

[0049] Step S9.4: Polishing the raceway: Polish the raceway on a lathe using a clamping fixture to further improve surface quality and reduce surface roughness.

[0050] Step S10: Final processing and inspection, the specific operations are as follows: Step S10.1: Final milling of two planes and process bosses: Remove the allowance reserved on both end faces on the milling machine, and mill the process auxiliary bosses that serve as positioning references to complete the final machining of both end faces.

[0051] Step S10.2: Remove sharp angles, sharp edges and burrs: The fitter removes the burrs, sharp edges and burrs generated during the final processing.

[0052] Step S10.3: Final inspection: Based on the product drawings, conduct a comprehensive inspection of the dimensions and accuracy of the bearing outer ring to ensure that all requirements are met.

[0053] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing, characterized in that: Includes the following steps, Step S1: Cutting: On a sawing machine, the carburized steel long bar is cut into cylindrical forging billets of a fixed length; Step S2: Forging, the sawn cylindrical forging blank is die-forged to initially form the basic geometric contour of the bearing outer ring, and to obtain a forging that is close to the final shape of the part; Step S3: Milling and turning before carburizing; Step S4: Carburizing treatment, heating and holding the outer ring of the bearing in a specific medium to allow carbon atoms to diffuse into its surface and form a carburized layer; Step S5: Remove the carburized layer from the designated area; Step S6: Heat treatment. The outer ring of the bearing is heat treated so that the surface hardness of the raceway with the carburized layer reaches ≥58HRC, while the surface hardness of other surfaces where the carburized layer has been removed is controlled at 35-45HRC. Step S7: Finishing structural features; Step S8: Rough grinding and quality inspection of the raceway; Step S9: Finishing and polishing of the raceway; Step S10: Final processing and inspection.

2. The machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The pre-carburizing milling process in step S3 includes the following steps: Step S3.1: Flat rod end face, rough turning of rod end outer diameter and chamfer: Turn the rod end part of the bearing to form a rough reference for subsequent machining; Step S3.2: Rough machining of the ball head, transition cone surface and stepped outer surface: Using the outer circle of the rod end as a reference, rough machine the ball head part, transition cone surface and stepped outer surface of the bearing outer ring; Step S3.3: Rough milling of inner hole, two end faces and process bosses: Rough mill the inner hole of the raceway on the machining center, and rough mill the two end faces of the bearing; mill two process auxiliary bosses on each end face of the bearing as a unified reference for all subsequent machining processes; Step S3.4: Machining the raceway: Machining the raceway of the bearing outer ring on a lathe, with appropriate grinding allowance.

3. The machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The step S5, removing the carburized layer from the designated area, includes the following steps: Step S5.1: Flat bar end face, precision machine bar end outer diameter and chamfer: Remove the carburized layer from the bar end portion; Step S5.2: Semi-finish milling of both end faces and process bosses: Remove the carburized layer from both end faces and perform semi-finish milling on the process bosses to improve their accuracy; Step S5.3: Flat section, repair bar end outer diameter and chamfer: Remove the carburized layer at the bar end outer diameter and leave machining allowance; Step S5.4: Finish machining of the ball head, transition cone surface and outer surface of the step: Remove the carburized layer from the ball head, transition cone surface and outer surface of the step, and leave machining allowance.

4. The machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing as described in claim 1, characterized in that: Step S7 is the process of finishing structural features. Includes the following steps, Step S7.1: Flat bar end face, repair bar end outer diameter and chamfer: Remove heat treatment oxide scale to further improve the accuracy of the bar end part, as a reference for subsequent steps; Step S7.2: Precision milling of both end faces, both sealing grooves and process bosses: Remove oxide scale from both end faces, precision mill the process bosses to improve their accuracy as a precision reference, and machine the sealing grooves on both end faces into place; Step S7.3: Finish machining of the rod end outer diameter, end face and chamfer: Perform final finishing on the rod end portion; Step S7.4: Repair the ball head, transition cone surface and outer surface of the step: Perform final finishing on the ball head, transition cone surface and outer surface of the step to meet the requirements of the drawing; Step S7.5: Remove sharp angles, sharp edges and burrs: Remove the burrs, sharp edges and burrs generated in the previous processing by a fitter; Step S7.6: Finish turning the inner groove: Machining the oil groove in the middle of the inner surface on a lathe; Step S7.7: Drill through holes on the end face: Machin through holes on the end face on a milling machine; Step S7.8: Drilling the slanted hole and grease injection hole: Machining the slanted hole on the rod end and the grease injection hole on the ball head on a milling machine; Step S7.9: Drill deep hole and mill internal thread: Machin the deep hole and internal thread on the rod end on a milling machine; Step S7.10: Deburring: The fitter removes burrs from deep holes, angled holes, grease injection holes, and threads; Step S7.11: Machining external threads: Machining external threads on the rod end on a lathe.

5. The machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The step S8, rough grinding and quality inspection of the raceway, includes the following steps: Step S8.1 Rough grinding of raceway: On a raceway grinding machine, the raceway is rough ground using a special tooling with process bosses at both ends for positioning. Step S8.2 Flaw Detection: Inspect the inside and surface of the race for defects such as cracks, pores, inclusions, and folds; Step S8.3 Pickling: Check for defects on the ground surface; Step S8.4 Stabilization treatment: Eliminate or reduce residual stress generated during processing to ensure dimensional stability.

6. The machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The S9 raceway finishing and polishing process includes the following steps: Step S9.1 Precision grinding of the raceway: The raceway is precision ground on a raceway grinding machine to improve its machining accuracy; Step S9.2 Flaw Detection: Perform a second full flaw detection; Step S9.3 Pickling: Perform a second pickling inspection; Step S9.4 Polishing the raceway: Polish the raceway on a lathe using a clamping fixture to further improve surface quality and reduce surface roughness.

7. The machining process for the outer ring of a carburized steel spherical rod end self-aligning bearing as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The final processing and inspection process in step S10 includes the following steps: Step S10.1 Final milling of two planes and process bosses: Remove the allowance reserved on both end faces on the milling machine, and mill the process auxiliary bosses that serve as positioning references to complete the final machining of both end faces; Step S10.2 Remove sharp angles, sharp edges and burrs: The fitter removes the burrs, sharp edges and burrs generated during the final processing; Step S10.3 Final Inspection: Based on the product drawings, conduct a comprehensive inspection of the dimensions and accuracy of the bearing outer ring to ensure that all requirements are met.

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