A tunnel blasting intelligent design system and method based on BS architecture

Abstract

The application discloses a tunnel blasting intelligent design system and method based on a BS architecture, and the system adopts a browser / server architecture and is composed of a front-end display layer, a back-end business layer and a data storage layer, and is internally divided into an engineering parameter input module, a tunnel section modeling module, a blasting parameter calculation module, a blast hole coordinate automatic generation module, a parameter optimization processing module, a design result visualization module and a blasting design achievement generation module.The core technical features of the application are as follows: a general section half-width calculation method supporting multiple section forms such as a circular section, a three-centered circular section and a five-centered circular section is provided, and an accurate blast hole coordinate calculation method for all types of blast holes such as a slotting hole, an expansion slot hole, a caving hole, an inner ring hole, a floor hole and a peripheral hole is realized based on the method; through a parameter automatic calculation and a closed-loop iterative optimization mechanism driven by an internal rule library, the automation of a whole process of tunnel blasting parameter design is realized; and finally, a blasting design parameter table, drawings and construction instruction files are automatically generated.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of engineering informatization and intelligent construction technology, specifically to a tunnel blasting intelligent design system and method based on a B / S architecture. Background Technology

[0002] With the continuous advancement of transportation infrastructure construction and the increasing demand for underground space development, tunnel engineering is gradually extending to areas with high mountains, canyons, and complex geological conditions. In such engineering environments, the drill-and-blast method is widely used in tunnel excavation operations due to its adaptability to construction equipment and high excavation efficiency. Among them, smooth blasting technology, by rationally controlling the distribution of blasting energy, can effectively control the tunnel outline while reducing disturbance to the surrounding rock, and is one of the commonly used excavation methods in current tunnel engineering. In the process of smooth blasting construction, the blasting effect largely depends on the rationality of the borehole layout and blasting parameters. Specifically, it is necessary to comprehensively design the spatial layout of cut holes, expansion holes, collapse holes, inner ring holes, bottom plate holes, and peripheral holes, as well as the charging structure, based on the surrounding rock grade, rock mechanical properties, and tunnel cross-section, so as to control the unit consumption of explosives and the quality of blasting formation.

[0003] Currently, tunnel blasting design mainly relies on the engineering experience of technicians, combining GB6722—2014 "Safety Regulations for Blasting" and similar engineering cases for parameter estimation, and manually drawing borehole layout diagrams using professional drafting software such as AutoCAD. Although some CAD secondary development tools have enabled simple batch layout of boreholes, the above techniques still have the following problems in practical engineering applications: 1. Existing design methods mainly rely on technicians to select parameters based on experience or engineering analogies, lacking a unified parameter calculation and reasoning mechanism. In the process of determining borehole parameters, key parameters such as borehole spacing, row spacing, and charge amount usually need to be calculated manually step by step. The calculation process is cumbersome, and there are significant differences between different designers, resulting in poor consistency of design results and low overall design efficiency. 2. During tunnel construction, the surrounding rock grade and rock mass structure characteristics are spatially heterogeneous. Existing designs are mostly completed in one go before construction. When the surrounding rock grade changes or geological conditions are abnormal, the blasting parameters cannot be quickly adjusted, which can easily lead to problems such as over-excavation, under-excavation, or even surrounding rock instability. 3. Existing methods require manual drawing of borehole layout diagrams using professional drawing software such as AutoCAD, which results in long drawing cycles, high modification costs, and the need to recalculate borehole coordinates for different cross-sectional forms, leading to low versatility. 4. Existing blasting design results are usually stored in the form of scattered files, lacking a unified digital management platform. The reusability of design results is poor, which is not conducive to the accumulation and sharing of engineering data. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a tunnel blasting intelligent design system and method based on a B / S architecture, so as to solve the problems of low automation, poor standardization, insufficient dynamic adaptability, strong dependence on professional software and difficult data management in the existing tunnel blasting design mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To this end, the present invention provides a tunnel blasting intelligent design system based on a B / S architecture. The system is deployed on a cloud server and interacts with the user's browser through the network, including a data storage layer, a back-end business layer and a front-end display layer. The data storage layer is used to persistently store the engineering database, blasting design results, historical scheme library, and structured blasting design rule knowledge base, and provides efficient read and write access; The backend business layer includes an engineering parameter input module, a tunnel cross-section modeling module, a blasting parameter calculation module, an automatic blast hole coordinate generation module, a parameter optimization processing module, a design result visualization module, and a blasting design result generation module. The engineering parameter input module receives and verifies the tunnel geometric parameters, surrounding rock geological parameters, and construction constraints submitted by the user through a browser. The tunnel cross-section modeling module automatically constructs a parameterized tunnel cross-section geometric model based on the geometric parameters and extracts the cross-sectional area, width, height, and effective borehole boundaries. The blasting parameter calculation module connects to a rule knowledge base and, based on the input surrounding rock geological parameters and cross-section geometric model features, drives a built-in parameter inference mechanism to automatically calculate the cyclic progress. The system includes parameters such as the size of the borehole, the cutting method, the explosive consumption per unit volume, and the charging parameters for various boreholes. The automatic borehole coordinate generation module is used to generate the three-dimensional spatial coordinates of all boreholes in the entire cross-section based on the calculated blasting parameters and cross-sectional geometric model, using a preset geometric layout algorithm, and performs cross-sectional boundary verification. The parameter optimization processing module is used to perform constraint checks on the generated borehole coordinates and charging parameters. The design result visualization module is used to render the tunnel cross-section outline and the planar position of all boreholes in real time. The blasting design result generation module is used to format the final optimized design scheme data to generate a downloadable standardized blasting design parameter table, a construction data file containing borehole coordinate information, and a construction instruction manual with illustrations. The front-end presentation layer runs in the user's browser and provides a graphical user interface for inputting engineering parameters, visually monitoring the design process, and interactively displaying the final design results.

[0006] Preferably, when constructing the cross-sectional geometric model, the tunnel cross-section modeling module uses the cross-sectional radius as a parameter for circular cross-sections, and follows the specified parameters. Calculate the effective half-width of the cross-section at any height; for a three-centered circular cross-section, based on the positional relationship between the current height and the switching points of the top arch segment and the side arch segment, and the switching points of the side arch segment and the inverted arch segment, call the corresponding arc parameters of the top arch, side arch, or inverted arch to complete the half-width solution; for a five-centered circular cross-section, add a side wall transition arc segment on the basis of the three-centered circular cross-section modeling, and complete the extended modeling through the continuous tangent relationship of each arc segment, thereby forming a unified segmented contour analysis mechanism applicable to the three cross-section forms.

[0007] Preferably, in the blasting parameter calculation module, the data inside the rule knowledge base is stored in a structured form, which digitizes and logically organizes industry design specifications, local standards, and expert experience data from multiple engineering cases; The parameter reasoning mechanism is used to automatically match and trigger corresponding calculation rules or empirical formulas based on the key geological parameters of the input surrounding rock grade and rock firmness coefficient.

[0008] Preferably, when performing constraint verification, the parameter optimization processing module calculates the peak particle vibration velocity at a certain distance from the blast source based on the Sadovsky formula for the blast vibration safety constraint, and determines whether it exceeds the allowable value of the specification. For geometric interference prevention constraints, traverse all borehole coordinates, calculate the distance between any two boreholes, and determine whether there are boreholes with a distance less than the minimum safe borehole spacing. When the above constraints are not met, the module automatically adjusts the parameters according to the following three heuristic rules: First, when the blasting vibration exceeds the limit, the maximum single-stage charge is gradually reduced and the number of initiation stages is increased simultaneously until the vibration constraint is met; Second, when the explosive consumption deviates significantly from the target value, a positive increment is applied to the spacing of the collapse holes and the spacing of the expansion holes, and the borehole layout is reconstructed; Third, when the surrounding rock grade deteriorates according to the geological feedback from the construction site, the inferior surrounding rock rule library is automatically retrieved, the spacing of the surrounding holes is reduced, and the charge amount of the surrounding holes is recalculated using a decoupled charge structure; After each round of adjustment, the blasting parameter calculation and borehole coordinate generation are retried. When the rate of change of the comprehensive evaluation function is lower than the preset threshold or the maximum number of iterations is reached after multiple consecutive iterations, the module terminates and outputs the scheme with the best evaluation score.

[0009] Preferably, when generating inner-circle holes, the automatic hole coordinate generation module generates hole positions using a uniform circumferential angle distribution method for circular cross-sections; for three-centered circular cross-sections, it generates a discrete set of contour points after the cross-section contour is offset inward by a specified distance, allocates the number of hole positions based on the arc length ratio of each arc segment, and obtains hole position coordinates by sampling at equal arc length intervals; for five-centered circular cross-sections, it allocates the number of holes according to the arc length ratio of each segment of the top arch, each side arch, and the invert arch, and generates hole position coordinates by uniform angle interpolation in segments to ensure uniform distribution of hole spacing in different cross-section areas; when generating peripheral holes, it adopts the same cross-section type adaptive logic as the inner-circle holes, samples and generates hole positions along the design contour line at preset hole spacing equal arc lengths, and maintains a smooth transition of hole positions at the connection of adjacent arc segments to ensure the accuracy of smooth blasting control of the tunnel contour.

[0010] Preferably, when generating the bottom plate holes, the automatic hole coordinate generation module takes the height range between the bottom of the slotted area and the lowest point of the cross section as the hole layout interval, divides it equally according to the preset row spacing, calls the cross section half width calculation result at each row height to obtain the effective hole layout width, and arranges the bottom plate holes evenly according to the preset hole spacing within the width range. For a five-centered circular cross-section, the holes at both ends of the bottom are each reduced inward by one hole spacing.

[0011] Preferably, the front-end presentation layer is built on the Vue framework and uses a component library to implement the user interface, while the back-end business layer is built on the Spring Boot application framework, and the front-end and back-end interact with each other through JSON data format. The design results visualization module renders the cross-sectional outline and borehole layout in vector graphics on the front end, using different colors or graphic symbols to distinguish different types of boreholes.

[0012] A smart design method for tunnel blasting based on a B / S architecture includes the following steps: S1. Engineering Parameter Input: Users input tunnel cross-section type, geometric dimensions of each arc segment, surrounding rock grade and rock mechanics parameters through the front-end display layer. The system performs integrity and rationality checks on the input data. After the checks are passed, the parameters are structured and encapsulated and passed to the subsequent processing module. S2, Tunnel Cross-Section Modeling: Call the tunnel cross-section modeling algorithm, construct a parameterized digital model of the tunnel cross-section in the server memory based on the analyzed geometric parameters, and calculate the key geometric features of the cross-section to form a cross-section data object; S3. Intelligent Reasoning of Blasting Parameters: Taking cross-sectional data objects and surrounding rock geological parameters as input, the system queries a pre-stored blasting design rule knowledge base in the database, triggers matching rule sets, executes a series of automated calculations, and generates a preliminary set of blasting design parameters. This set includes cycle advance, cut-out scheme, borehole diameter, borehole depth, spacing between rows, charge quantity, and plugging length for each area. S4. Automatic generation of borehole coordinates: Based on the preliminary blasting design parameter set and cross-sectional digital model, the analytical geometry algorithm is applied to calculate the three-dimensional coordinates of all boreholes, including slotted holes, auxiliary holes, collapse holes, bottom plate holes and surrounding holes, in the preset coordinate system. The relationship between the hole position and the cross-sectional boundary is verified, invalid hole positions are filtered out, and a structured borehole layout dataset is output. S5. Parameter constraint verification and optimization: Perform multiple verifications on the initial scheme, including blasting vibration constraints, geometric anti-interference constraints, and parameter range constraints. If the conditions are not met, automatically adjust the relevant parameters according to heuristic rules and re-trigger S3 and S4. After multiple iterations, output the optimal scheme with comprehensive evaluation. S6. Visualization of Design Results: The final borehole layout data is rendered as a cross-sectional borehole layout diagram and displayed on the front end to support user interaction, viewing and verification. S7. Generation and output of design results: Generate a summary table of blasting design parameters, design drawings and construction instructions, and package these results data and return them to the user's browser for download and visualization via network response; S8, Closed-loop feedback: Receives dynamically updated surrounding rock grade information from geological advance forecasting or on-site monitoring during construction. When this information changes, it automatically re-executes S3 to S7 to achieve closed-loop processing for dynamic adjustment of the design scheme according to engineering conditions.

[0013] Preferably, in step S3, the process of querying the rule knowledge base includes: First, based on the surrounding rock grade and rock firmness coefficient, the most suitable cutting form is matched in the cutting design rule sub-library; Then, based on the cross-sectional area and the selected slotting method, a reasonable range of cyclic advance and unit explosive consumption is determined in the explosive quantity calculation rule sub-library. Finally, by combining the above parameters, the specific charge structure of various types of boreholes is calculated in detail in the borehole layout and peripheral eye design sub-library.

[0014] Preferably, in step S7, the visualization process includes: The backend business layer encapsulates the final tunnel cross-section outline coordinate sequence and the two-dimensional plane coordinate sequence of all blast holes in JSON format and sends them to the frontend presentation layer. After receiving the data, the JavaScript script in the front-end presentation layer uses HTML5 Canvas or SVG technology to dynamically draw a high-fidelity vector graphic of the gun hole layout within the browser viewport, and supports interactive operations such as zooming, panning, and clicking to view detailed parameters of individual gun holes.

[0015] The present invention proposes a smart tunnel blasting design system and method based on a B / S architecture, the advantages of which are as follows: 1. This invention realizes the fully automated calculation of blasting parameters. By solidifying human experience into executable parameter calculation logic through a built-in rule base, it significantly reduces the reliance on the personal experience of designers and improves the consistency and standardization of design results. 2. A method for accurately calculating the coordinates of blast holes with various cross-sectional forms such as circular, three-centered, and five-centered circles is proposed. It can automatically generate accurate spatial coordinates of various blast holes such as slotted holes, enlarged holes, caving holes, inner ring holes, bottom plate holes, and peripheral holes for different cross-sectional types. The blast hole layout diagram can be automatically generated without the need for professional drawing software. 3. Adopting a B / S architecture, users can access the system through a browser without installing special software, which lowers the threshold for system deployment and use and facilitates multi-terminal collaborative use; 4. It has a parameter closed-loop optimization mechanism, which can automatically trigger recalculation when the design parameters do not meet the constraints, thereby improving the safety and rationality of the design scheme; 5. Supports standardized output, and can automatically generate blasting design parameter tables, borehole layout drawings and construction instructions, effectively improving the efficiency of engineering document management. Attached Figure Description

[0016] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or related technologies, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments or related technologies will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall system architecture of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a diagram of the system engineering parameter input interface for the present invention; Figure 3 This is a diagram showing the result of the automatic arrangement of three-centered circular cross-section blast holes according to the present invention. Figure 4 This is a summary diagram of the output interface and parameters of the blasting design results of this invention; Figure 5 This is a diagram showing the automatic calculation results of various borehole charging parameters according to the present invention; Figure 6 This is a system workflow diagram of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0018] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and beneficial effects of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described in this specification are merely for explaining the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0019] Example: Please see Figure 1-6 The essence of the intelligent tunnel blasting design system described in this invention is a software system that replaces manual calculations with a closed-loop system. Its core value lies not in a single algorithm, but in the system's integration of seven stages—engineering parameter input, cross-section modeling, parameter reasoning, borehole layout, safety verification, optimization iteration, and result output—into a complete automated processing chain. Users only need to complete parameter input through a browser, and the system can automatically complete the entire design process and output technical documents that can be directly used for construction.

[0020] like Figure 5 As shown, this system adopts a browser / server (B / S) architecture, consisting of a front-end presentation layer, a back-end business layer, and a data storage layer. These layers interact via RESTful interfaces. This architectural choice allows users to complete the entire brute-force attack design operation without installing any specialized software, significantly lowering the system deployment threshold and naturally supporting multi-device access and multi-user collaboration.

[0021] The front-end presentation layer is built on the Vue.js framework and the Element UI component library, and is responsible for all UI aspects of user interaction, including parameter input forms, real-time graphical displays of cross-sections and borehole layouts, and previewing and downloading design results. Only structured data is exchanged between the front-end and back-end; no computational logic is carried, ensuring the lightweight and responsive nature of the UI layer.

[0022] The backend business layer, built on the Spring Boot framework, is the carrier of all the system's intelligent design capabilities. Functionally, it can be divided into seven modules: engineering parameter input, tunnel cross-section modeling, blasting parameter calculation, automatic borehole coordinate generation, parameter optimization, design result visualization, and blasting design output generation. These seven modules are sequentially called through standardized data interfaces, forming a complete processing chain from parameter input to output. Each module has clearly defined responsibilities and boundaries, supporting independent maintenance and expansion.

[0023] The data storage layer is responsible for the persistent management of basic engineering parameters, blasting design results, historical schemes, and rule base data. It provides efficient read and write access capabilities through the database management system, and also supports the reuse and retrieval of historical design data.

[0024] System workflow, such as Figure 6 As shown, a complete blasting design task of the system is executed in the order of S1 to S8, forming a closed-loop processing flow of input, modeling, reasoning, hole placement, verification, optimization, output, and feedback. The system behavior and data flow of each step are explained below.

[0025] Step S1 (Engineering Parameter Input): as Figure 1 shown, a user enters the tunnel section type, geometric dimensions of each arc segment, surrounding rock grade, rock mechanical parameters and construction constraint conditions through a front-end Web form. After receiving the data, the system immediately performs integrity verification and rationality check, gives prompts for non-compliant input and prevents the start of subsequent processes. After the verification is passed, the system structurally encapsulates the parameters and transmits them to the section modeling module. This step is the data entry of the entire design link, and its input quality directly determines the reliability of all subsequent design results.

[0026] Step S2 (Tunnel Section Modeling): The system calls the tunnel section modeling module to automatically construct a section geometric model according to the section type and geometric parameters. It supports three forms: circular section, three-centered circular section and five-centered circular section. A unified segmented arc analysis method is adopted to complete the calculation of center coordinates, calculation of adjacent arc switching points and generation of contour curve, and further extract geometric characteristic parameters such as section width, height and area. Meanwhile, inward offset processing is performed on the section contour to generate an effective hole arrangement boundary, which provides a unified geometric constraint basis for all subsequent blast hole arrangement. The output of this step is a complete section geometry data packet for shared calling by subsequent modules.

[0027] Step S3 (Intelligent Inference of Blasting Parameters): The system calls the blasting parameter calculation module, takes the section geometric data output in step S2 and the surrounding rock parameters in step S1 as inputs, and performs parameter inference through the built-in rule base. The rule base includes a cut design rule sub-base, an explosive quantity calculation rule sub-base, a blast hole arrangement rule sub-base and a perimeter hole design rule sub-base. It automatically matches corresponding rules according to current engineering conditions, and completes cyclic footage calculation, cut form selection, cut parameter solution and charging parameter generation in sequence. The key of this step is to convert the design decision process that originally relies on engineers' experience judgment into an executable rule inference process, which realizes the standardization and repeatability of parameter selection. The specific inference logic is as follows: In terms of cyclic footage inference, when the cut form is wedge cut, the initial cyclic footage L' is calculated according to the section width B (the value is (0.1-0.35)B, the coefficient increases with the increase of B), and then through the Protodyakonov coefficient f, according to correction to obtain the final cyclic footage L; when the cut form is non-wedge cut, L' is determined by classification according to the section area S (take 1.5 m when S≤15 m², take 2.0 m when 15 m²<S≤20 m², take 2.5 m when S>20 m²), and L is also obtained after correction by Protodyakonov coefficient. The blast hole drilling depth Ld is determined by the product of the cyclic footage L and the blast hole utilization η (value 0.8-0.95).

[0028] Regarding the matching of cut patterns, a comprehensive judgment is made based on the integrity of the surrounding rock and the rock strength coefficient. When the rock mass is hard and intact, a secondary or tertiary cut is prioritized; when the rock mass is less stable, it is automatically downgraded to a primary cut, thus balancing blasting effectiveness and construction safety. The cut hole length Lk is determined according to... Solve for θ, where θ is the borehole inclination angle and the horizontal projection length is... The coordinates of each level of slotting hole are generated recursively based on the preset level spacing.

[0029] Regarding the generation of charge parameters, the single-hole charge amount... In the formula, α Here, γ represents the charge coefficient, and γ represents the linear charge density. After summarizing the charge results for various borehole types, a total charge verification is performed based on preset safety constraints. The calculation results are then displayed on the screen, such as... Figure 4 As shown.

[0030] Step S4 (Automatic Generation of Hole Coordinates): The system calls the automatic generation module for hole coordinates. Using the cross-sectional contour data from Step S2 and the blasting parameters from Step S3 as input, it automatically calculates the coordinates of slotted holes, enlarged holes, caving holes, inner ring holes, bottom plate holes, and peripheral holes sequentially. The output is a structured hole dataset containing the coordinates, hole type, and detonation sequence number for each hole. The generation process for all types of holes is constrained by the effective hole layout boundary of the cross-section. Boundary detection is performed on each candidate hole position, automatically filtering invalid holes to ensure that the final hole layout is effectively distributed within the cross-sectional area. Enlarged holes and caving holes are generated using layered row and column expansion and polar coordinate equidistant sampling. Inner ring holes and peripheral holes are sampled uniformly with equal arc lengths based on the cross-sectional contour curve to ensure uniform distribution along the contour direction and smooth transition at the arc connection points. The results are as follows: Figure 2 As shown.

[0031] Step S5 (Parameter Constraint Verification): The system performs multiple constraint checks on the complete borehole layout scheme generated in Step S4. One is the blasting vibration safety constraint, based on the Sadovsky formula. The process involves three steps: first, calculating the peak vibration velocity of the mass particles to determine if it exceeds the allowable value specified in the standard; second, applying geometric anti-interference constraints by traversing all borehole coordinates and calculating the Euclidean distance between any two boreholes to determine if there is any borehole overlap; and third, applying cross-sectional boundary constraints to verify whether all boreholes are within the effective borehole layout area. If all constraints are met, the solution proceeds to step S6; otherwise, trigger information is sent back to the parameter optimization module.

[0032] Step S6 (Parameter Optimization and Closed-Loop Iteration): The system calls the parameter optimization processing module to perform multi-objective comprehensive evaluation and automatic adjustment of the initial scheme. A comprehensive evaluation function is established to comprehensively measure the explosive consumption deviation, borehole utilization rate, and over- or under-drilling degree. The formula is as follows: In the formula, This represents the unit consumption of the current scheme. The target unit consumption is set based on the surrounding rock grade; To improve the utilization rate of boreholes; The over- or under-excavation penalty coefficient is dynamically calculated based on the ratio of the spacing between the surrounding holes to the resistance line. , , To evaluate the weighting coefficients, adaptive allocation can be made according to the principle of safety priority or economic priority based on engineering needs.

[0033] When the current blasting scheme is found to have excessive blasting vibration, high explosive consumption, unreasonable hole layout, or changes in surrounding rock conditions, the parameter optimization module automatically calls the corresponding adjustment rules to adaptively correct the blasting parameters and hole mesh structure.

[0034] Specifically, for scenarios with excessive blasting vibration, the energy release process is optimized by reducing the amount of charge per stage and adjusting the number of initiation stages to reduce vibration peaks. For scenarios with high explosive consumption per unit, the hole network structure is reconfigured by adjusting the spacing of the collapse holes and the spacing of the expansion slot holes to reduce overall explosive consumption. For scenarios with deteriorating surrounding rock conditions, the corresponding surrounding rock grade rules are automatically invoked to recalculate the surrounding hole spacing, charge structure, and related blasting parameters to improve the surrounding formation quality and construction safety.

[0035] After parameter adjustments are completed, the blasting parameter calculation process in step S3 and the borehole coordinate generation process in step S4 are executed again to form a new blasting design scheme, and constraint verification and comprehensive evaluation are performed again. Through multiple rounds of automatic adjustment and feedback verification, the blasting parameters, borehole network structure, and construction indicators gradually become reasonable and stable.

[0036] When the change in the scheme is lower than the preset threshold after multiple rounds of adjustments, or when the maximum number of iterations is reached, the iteration is terminated, and the blasting design scheme with the best comprehensive evaluation result is output.

[0037] Step S7 (Design Result Generation and Output): The system transmits the final optimized scheme to the design result visualization module and the blasting design result generation module. The visualization module renders the cross-sectional outline and the planar positions of all blast holes using vector graphics on the front end, distinguishing hole types with different colors and symbols, and supports scaling and panning. Figure 2 As shown. The results generation module automatically outputs a summary table of blasting design parameters, blasting design drawings, and construction instructions, and supports exporting to multiple formats such as Excel and Word. The generated files can be directly delivered to the construction site for use, such as... Figure 3 As shown.

[0038] Step S8 (Result Feedback and Closed-Loop Iteration): When the user manually modifies the design results on the front end, or when the working conditions are updated such as changes in the surrounding rock grade during subsequent use, the parameter optimization module can be automatically or manually triggered. The system will then start executing from step S3 again, update the blasting parameters, reconstruct the borehole layout, and re-output the design results, thereby realizing the closed-loop capability of dynamically adjusting the design scheme according to engineering conditions.

[0039] The engineering parameter input module provides a web-based parameter entry interface, such as... Figure 1 As shown, the system supports structured input of tunnel cross-section type, arc geometry, surrounding rock grade, rock mechanics parameters, and construction constraints. The system performs dual checks on the completeness and rationality of the input data and supports the storage and one-click retrieval of historical parameter data, facilitating parameter reuse for similar projects and avoiding duplicate data entry.

[0040] After receiving the parameters, the tunnel cross-section modeling module calls the corresponding arc analysis method according to the cross-section type, automatically completes the solution of the center coordinates of each arc segment, the calculation of the switching point between adjacent arc segments, and the generation of the cross-section contour curve, extracts geometric feature parameters such as cross-section area, width, and height, and constructs a complete cross-section geometry data package.

[0041] For a three-centered circular cross-section, modeling is completed based on the geometric constraints between the three circular arcs of the top arch, side arches, and invert arch. For a five-centered circular cross-section, a transition arc for the side walls is added to the three-centered circle, and the extended modeling is completed through the continuous tangent relationship of multiple circular arcs. For a circular cross-section, the half-width of the cross-section at any height y is determined by... The calculation process involves automatically switching the corresponding arc segment based on the height position for three-centered and five-centered cross-sections to solve for the half-width, forming a unified segmented contour analysis mechanism. Simultaneously, the module performs inward offset processing on the cross-sectional contour to generate effective hole boundaries, serving as the unified geometric basis for subsequent hole constraints.

[0042] The core of the blasting parameter calculation module is a parameter reasoning mechanism driven by a built-in rule base. The rule base is built upon industry standards, engineering experience, and historical data, and includes four sub-libraries: cut design, explosive quantity calculation, borehole layout, and perimeter hole design. Each rule is stored in a structured format and accessed by the calculation module through a unified interface. This mechanism makes the experience-based judgments that previously existed only in engineers' minds explicit and executable, enabling different users to obtain consistent design results under the same input conditions. This fundamentally solves the problem of inconsistent design results and low standardization in existing technologies.

[0043] After receiving the cross-sectional geometry data packet, the system first matches the cut-out form from the rule base based on the surrounding rock grade and rock mass structure characteristics. Then, it calculates the cycle advance and borehole depth. Based on this, it automatically solves for the cut-out parameters and charge parameters, generating a complete set of basic blasting parameters for use by the subsequent borehole layout module. The entire reasoning process requires no manual intervention, automatically mapping geological conditions to design parameters, achieving full automation of the parameter design stage.

[0044] After receiving the cross-sectional geometry data packet and basic blasting parameters, the automatic borehole coordinate generation module automatically generates the coordinates of six types of boreholes in sequence, using the effective borehole layout boundary of the cross-section as a unified constraint. After each type of borehole is generated, boundary verification is performed to filter out out-of-bounds boreholes and output the set of effective coordinates.

[0045] The cut holes are generated symmetrically and recursively on both sides of the cross-section's central axis based on the cut level and borehole inclination angle, supporting first-, second-, and third-level wedge-shaped cut structures. The cut zone boundary parameters are output synchronously for subsequent hole type calls. The expansion holes are arranged outwards from the outer edge of the cut zone in a layered row-column expansion manner. The effective width at each layer height is provided in real-time by the cross-section half-width calculation method, ensuring that the hole positions are always effectively arranged within the cross-section boundary. The collapse holes are evenly arranged along the arc direction using polar coordinate equidistant sampling, starting from the outer coordinates of the cut zone, uniformly covering different base plate forms such as positive arch, flat bottom, and inverted arch. The inner ring holes and peripheral holes are generated uniformly along the cross-section contour curve using equal arc length sampling. For circular cross-sections, equal-angle interpolation is used; for three-centered and five-centered circular cross-sections, the number of holes is allocated according to the arc length ratio of each segment, ensuring uniform hole spacing and smooth transitions at the arc connection points, providing precise peripheral hole arrangement for smooth blasting control. The bottom plate holes are arranged in layers within the height range from the bottom of the slotted area to the lowest point of the cross section. The edge holes are subject to inward constraint to avoid spatial overlap with the surrounding holes.

[0046] The generation results of the above six types of boreholes are merged into a complete borehole layout dataset, which includes the planar coordinates, borehole type identifier, and detonation sequence number of each borehole, such as... Figure 2 As shown, this dataset serves as both the evaluation input for the parameter optimization module and the rendering data source for the visualization module.

[0047] The parameter optimization module is used to perform constraint verification, comprehensive evaluation, and automatic adjustment of the generated blasting design scheme, and is an important component of realizing intelligent blasting design. By establishing a comprehensive evaluation mechanism that includes explosive consumption per unit area, borehole utilization rate, and over- and under-excavation control, the rationality of the current scheme is analyzed, and the scheme is automatically verified in combination with conditions such as blasting vibration constraints, borehole safety distance constraints, and cross-sectional boundary constraints.

[0048] When issues such as excessive blasting vibration, high explosive consumption, unreasonable borehole layout, or changes in surrounding rock conditions are detected, the system automatically invokes corresponding parameter adjustment rules to correct parameters such as charge quantity, borehole spacing, row spacing, and number of detonation stages. It then re-executes the blasting parameter calculation and borehole coordinate generation process, thus forming a closed-loop optimization mechanism. This module supports dynamic scheme adjustments under changing surrounding rock conditions during construction, improving the engineering adaptability and automation level of blasting design.

[0049] The design results visualization module renders the tunnel cross-section outline and the planar position of all blast holes in real time using vector graphics on the front end. It distinguishes six types of holes—cut holes, expansion holes, collapse holes, inner ring holes, bottom plate holes, and peripheral holes—using different colors and graphic symbols. It supports users to zoom and pan the design drawings, allowing designers to intuitively check the rationality of the hole layout without the need for any professional drawing software.

[0050] The blasting design deliverables generation module automatically organizes the final design scheme into three types of standardized output files: First, a blasting design parameter summary table, containing complete parameters such as hole number, coordinates, hole depth, inclination angle, charge quantity, and detonation sequence for all blast holes; second, blasting design drawings, including cross-sectional outlines and blast hole layout plans; and third, a blasting construction instruction document, including construction precautions and parameter descriptions. All three types of files support export to Excel and Word formats and can be directly delivered to the construction site as technical guidance documents, achieving seamless integration from system design to project implementation.

[0051] In summary, this invention integrates engineering parameter input, cross-section modeling, intelligent parameter reasoning, automatic borehole layout, safety constraint verification, closed-loop optimization iteration, and standardized result output into a complete intelligent tunnel blasting design system through a B / S architecture. This achieves fully automated processing from engineering geological parameters to construction technical documents, significantly improving the efficiency, consistency, and safety of tunnel blasting design.

[0052] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any equivalent substitutions or modifications made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention, based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A tunnel blasting intelligent design system based on a B / S architecture, characterized in that: The system is deployed on a cloud server and interacts with the user's browser via the network, including a data storage layer, a backend business layer, and a frontend display layer; The data storage layer is used to persistently store the engineering database, blasting design results, historical scheme library, and structured blasting design rule knowledge base, and provides efficient read and write access; The backend business layer includes an engineering parameter input module, a tunnel cross-section modeling module, a blasting parameter calculation module, an automatic blast hole coordinate generation module, a parameter optimization processing module, a design result visualization module, and a blasting design result generation module. The engineering parameter input module receives and verifies the tunnel geometric parameters, surrounding rock geological parameters, and construction constraints submitted by the user through a browser. The tunnel cross-section modeling module automatically constructs a parameterized tunnel cross-section geometric model based on the geometric parameters and extracts the cross-sectional area, width, height, and effective borehole boundaries. The blasting parameter calculation module connects to a rule knowledge base and, based on the input surrounding rock geological parameters and cross-section geometric model features, drives a built-in parameter inference mechanism to automatically calculate the cyclic progress. The system includes parameters such as the size of the borehole, the cutting method, the explosive consumption per unit volume, and the charging parameters for various boreholes. The automatic borehole coordinate generation module is used to generate the three-dimensional spatial coordinates of all boreholes in the entire cross-section based on the calculated blasting parameters and cross-sectional geometric model, using a preset geometric layout algorithm, and performs cross-sectional boundary verification. The parameter optimization processing module is used to perform constraint checks on the generated borehole coordinates and charging parameters. The design result visualization module is used to render the tunnel cross-section outline and the planar position of all boreholes in real time. The blasting design result generation module is used to format the final optimized design scheme data to generate a downloadable standardized blasting design parameter table, a construction data file containing borehole coordinate information, and a construction instruction manual with illustrations. The front-end presentation layer runs in the user's browser and provides a graphical user interface for inputting engineering parameters, visually monitoring the design process, and interactively displaying the final design results.

2. The intelligent tunnel blasting design system based on a B / S architecture according to claim 1, characterized in that: The tunnel cross-section modeling module includes precise parametric modeling of complex cross-section forms such as circles, three-centered circles, five-centered circles, and combinations of multi-centered circular arcs, and automatically calculates their geometric center, area, perimeter, and inner and outer safety boundary lines for borehole layout.

3. The intelligent tunnel blasting design system based on a B / S architecture according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the blasting parameter calculation module, the data inside the rule knowledge base is stored in a structured form, which digitizes and logically organizes industry design specifications, local standards, and expert experience data from multiple engineering cases. The parameter reasoning mechanism is used to automatically match and trigger corresponding calculation rules or empirical formulas based on the key geological parameters of the input surrounding rock grade and rock firmness coefficient.

4. The intelligent tunnel blasting design system based on a B / S architecture according to claim 1, characterized in that: When performing constraint verification, the parameter optimization processing module calculates the peak vibration velocity of the mass point at a certain distance from the blast source based on the Sadovsky formula and determines whether it exceeds the allowable value of the specification. For geometric interference prevention constraints, traverse all borehole coordinates, calculate the distance between any two boreholes, and determine whether there are boreholes with a distance less than the minimum safe borehole spacing. When the above constraints are not met, the module automatically adjusts the parameters according to the following three heuristic rules: First, when the blasting vibration exceeds the limit, the maximum single-stage charge is gradually reduced and the number of initiation stages is increased simultaneously until the vibration constraint is met; Second, when the explosive consumption deviates significantly from the target value, a positive increment is applied to the spacing of the collapse holes and the spacing of the expansion holes, and the borehole layout is reconstructed; Third, when the surrounding rock grade deteriorates according to the geological feedback from the construction site, the inferior surrounding rock rule library is automatically retrieved, the spacing of the surrounding holes is reduced, and the charge amount of the surrounding holes is recalculated using a decoupled charge structure; After each round of adjustment, the blasting parameter calculation and borehole coordinate generation are retried. When the rate of change of the comprehensive evaluation function is lower than the preset threshold or the maximum number of iterations is reached after multiple consecutive iterations, the module terminates and outputs the scheme with the best evaluation score.

5. The intelligent tunnel blasting design system based on a B / S architecture according to claim 1, characterized in that: When generating inner-circle holes, the automatic hole coordinate generation module uses a uniform circumferential angle distribution method to generate hole positions for circular cross-sections; for three-centered circular cross-sections, it generates a discrete set of contour points offset inward by a specified distance, allocates the number of hole positions based on the arc length ratio of each arc segment, and samples the hole position coordinates at equal arc length intervals; for five-centered circular cross-sections, it allocates the number of holes according to the arc length ratio of each segment of the top arch, each side arch, and the invert arch, and generates hole position coordinates by uniform angle interpolation in segments to ensure uniform distribution of hole spacing in different cross-section areas; when generating peripheral holes, it uses the same cross-section type adaptive logic as the inner-circle holes, samples the hole positions along the design contour line at preset hole spacing equal arc lengths to generate hole positions, and maintains a smooth transition of hole positions at the connection of adjacent arc segments to ensure the accuracy of smooth blasting control of the tunnel contour.

6. The intelligent tunnel blasting design system based on a B / S architecture according to claim 5, characterized in that: When generating bottom plate holes, the automatic hole coordinate generation module takes the height range between the bottom of the slotted area and the lowest point of the cross section as the hole layout interval, divides it equally according to the preset row spacing, calls the cross section half width calculation result at each row height to obtain the effective hole layout width, and arranges the bottom plate holes evenly according to the preset hole spacing within the width range. For a five-centered circular cross-section, the holes at both ends of the bottom are each reduced inward by one hole spacing.

7. The intelligent tunnel blasting design system based on a B / S architecture according to claim 1, characterized in that: The front-end presentation layer is built on the Vue framework and uses a component library to implement the user interface. The back-end business layer is built on the Spring Boot application framework. The front-end and back-end interact with each other through JSON data format. The design results visualization module renders the cross-sectional outline and borehole layout in vector graphics on the front end, using different colors or graphic symbols to distinguish different types of boreholes.

8. A smart design method for tunnel blasting based on a B / S architecture, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: S1. Engineering Parameter Input: Users input tunnel cross-section type, geometric dimensions of each arc segment, surrounding rock grade and rock mechanics parameters through the front-end display layer. The system performs integrity and rationality checks on the input data. After the checks are passed, the parameters are structured and encapsulated and passed to the subsequent processing module. S2, Tunnel Cross-Section Modeling: Call the tunnel cross-section modeling algorithm, construct a parameterized digital model of the tunnel cross-section in the server memory based on the analyzed geometric parameters, and calculate the key geometric features of the cross-section to form a cross-section data object; S3. Intelligent Reasoning of Blasting Parameters: Taking cross-sectional data objects and surrounding rock geological parameters as input, the system queries a pre-stored blasting design rule knowledge base in the database, triggers matching rule sets, executes a series of automated calculations, and generates a preliminary set of blasting design parameters. This set includes cycle advance, cut-out scheme, borehole diameter, borehole depth, spacing between rows, charge quantity, and plugging length for each area. S4. Automatic generation of borehole coordinates: Based on the preliminary blasting design parameter set and cross-sectional digital model, the analytical geometry algorithm is applied to calculate the three-dimensional coordinates of all boreholes, including slotted holes, auxiliary holes, collapse holes, bottom plate holes and surrounding holes, in the preset coordinate system. The relationship between the hole position and the cross-sectional boundary is verified, invalid hole positions are filtered out, and a structured borehole layout dataset is output. S5. Parameter constraint verification and optimization: Perform multiple verifications on the initial scheme, including blasting vibration constraints, geometric anti-interference constraints, and parameter range constraints. If the conditions are not met, automatically adjust the relevant parameters according to heuristic rules and re-trigger S3 and S4. After multiple iterations, output the optimal scheme with comprehensive evaluation. S6. Visualization of Design Results: The final borehole layout data is rendered as a cross-sectional borehole layout diagram and displayed on the front end to support user interaction, viewing and verification. S7. Generation and output of design results: Generate a summary table of blasting design parameters, design drawings and construction instructions, and package these results data and return them to the user's browser for download and visualization via network response; S8, Closed-loop feedback: Receives dynamically updated surrounding rock grade information from geological advance forecasting or on-site monitoring during construction. When this information changes, it automatically re-executes S3 to S7 to achieve closed-loop processing for dynamic adjustment of the design scheme according to engineering conditions.

9. The intelligent design method for tunnel blasting based on a B / S architecture according to claim 8, characterized in that: In step S3, the process of querying the rule knowledge base includes: First, based on the surrounding rock grade and rock firmness coefficient, the most suitable cutting form is matched in the cutting design rule sub-library; Then, based on the cross-sectional area and the selected slotting method, a reasonable range of cyclic advance and unit explosive consumption is determined in the explosive quantity calculation rule sub-library. Finally, by combining the above parameters, the specific charge structure of various types of boreholes is calculated in detail in the borehole layout and peripheral eye design sub-library.

10. The intelligent design method for tunnel blasting based on a B / S architecture according to claim 8, characterized in that: In step S7, the visualization process includes: The backend business layer encapsulates the final tunnel cross-section outline coordinate sequence and the two-dimensional plane coordinate sequence of all blast holes in JSON format and sends them to the frontend presentation layer. After receiving the data, the JavaScript script in the front-end presentation layer uses HTML5 Canvas or SVG technology to dynamically draw a high-fidelity vector graphic of the gun hole layout within the browser viewport, and supports interactive operations such as zooming, panning, and clicking to view detailed parameters of individual gun holes.

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