A lightning risk grading evaluation and active protection regulation method for energy storage power stations

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of energy storage power station lightning risk grading evaluation and active protection regulation method, belong to energy storage lightning protection safety technical field.The present application sets four synergistic functional modules: energy storage equipment partition risk quantification evaluation module, lightning double risk coupling calculation module, flexible double hedging regulation module, lightning stroke thermal runaway prediction power limiting module.The present application constructs battery cabin, PCS converter, high-voltage power distribution, battery monomer four-level partition quantification evaluation system, realizes station differentiation risk rating;Fusion direct lightning physical breakdown risk and lightning electromagnetic pulse LEMP coupling hidden interference risk double-factor coupling calculation;After early warning, power step sag + cabin ventilation airtight isolation synergistic flexible hedging is used, battery impact failure caused by traditional hard power-off is abandoned;Based on the characteristics of battery voltage, temperature, sampling offset under lightning disturbance, thermal runaway prediction model is established, and the charge-discharge ratio is actively limited during lightning high-risk period, and the micro-short circuit of battery cell and the cascading thermal runaway are blocked in advance.The present application solves the defects that existing energy storage lightning protection evaluation is extensive, protection is passive, electromagnetic coupling damage is ignored, and lightning fire hazard cannot be predicted, realizes energy storage station lightning full cycle refinement, active safety control, adapts to power grid side, user side, wind and light storage integrated various energy storage scenes, and can be fully automatic unattended operation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the technical fields of active lightning safety protection for energy storage power stations, quantitative assessment of lightning risk of energy storage equipment, numerical calculation of lightning electromagnetic pulse coupling risk, prediction of battery thermal runaway cascading, and flexible regulation and risk avoidance of energy storage variable power. Specifically, it involves a lightning risk classification assessment and active protection regulation system and method for energy storage power stations based on hierarchical and zonal quantitative rating of energy storage equipment, collaborative risk avoidance of power step shaving and cabin airtight isolation, solution of direct lightning-lightning electromagnetic pulse dual-factor coupling risk, and prediction and power limitation of battery thermal runaway under lightning disturbance.

[0002] This invention can be widely applied to various new energy storage scenarios, such as grid-side centralized energy storage power stations, prefabricated energy storage systems for industrial and commercial users, integrated wind-solar-storage energy stations, and distributed battery energy storage modules, for refined active lightning safety control. Background Technology

[0003] New lithium battery energy storage devices possess inherent characteristics such as flammability and explosiveness, electromagnetic sensitivity of weak current control chips, and weak resistance to power surges in battery clusters. Direct lightning strikes, lightning-induced overvoltages, and electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) coupling interference have become core causes of fires, equipment damage, and system disconnection / collapse in energy storage power stations. Existing lightning protection systems for energy storage power stations suffer from multiple technical shortcomings, including rudimentary assessment methods, passive protection measures, lack of differentiated management of equipment risks, and absence of a pre-emptive mechanism for preventing lightning-induced thermal runaway. These shortcomings make it difficult to meet the stringent requirements for high-safety lightning protection in lithium battery energy storage. Specific deficiencies are as follows.

[0004] 1. Lack of a tiered and zoned risk assessment mechanism; standardized and inadequate protection measures at the site. Traditional energy storage lightning protection solutions only assess lightning risk uniformly for the entire site, failing to differentiate between the lightning withstand voltage thresholds, electromagnetic susceptibility, and fire / explosion risk levels of various components such as prefabricated battery compartments, PCS power converters, high-voltage distribution cabinets, DC combiner cabinets, and individual battery clusters. The battery cells inside the battery compartment are flammable and explosive, and the low-voltage sampling circuit is highly susceptible to breakdown due to electromagnetic interference. The PCS driver chips and BMS management modules have extremely low overvoltage tolerance, while the high-voltage primary equipment has stronger lightning strike resistance. Using a uniform risk level management model easily leads to redundant protection for low-risk equipment and insufficient protection for high-risk battery areas, making precise and targeted lightning protection management impossible.

[0005] 2. After a lightning strike warning, only a hard shutdown solution is adopted, without any flexible risk avoidance and control logic. Upon receiving a lightning warning signal, the existing lightning protection control system directly executes circuit breaker tripping and forced grid disconnection of the energy storage system. The sudden power change of the battery cluster generates a huge inrush current and violent fluctuations in the bus voltage, which exacerbates stress damage to the battery tabs and busbars, making it highly susceptible to imbalance of individual battery cells and hidden micro-short circuits. At the same time, without supporting environmental isolation measures, outdoor lightning-induced sparks and high-humidity, high-temperature airflows continuously enter the cabin, further amplifying the fire hazard during the lightning strike period. The forced power outage may actually induce secondary energy storage safety failures.

[0006] 3. Only the risk of direct lightning strikes is considered, and the calculation of latent damage caused by lightning electromagnetic pulse coupling is missing. Traditional lightning protection risk calculation models only consider the probability of direct lightning strikes in the field and the risk of direct lightning damage to primary equipment. They neglect the risk of strong electromagnetic pulses generated by thundercloud discharges penetrating the shielding layer of the enclosure and inducing instantaneous overvoltages and surge currents in BMS sampling lines, PCS low-voltage control circuits, and communication cables. This type of electromagnetic coupling damage is insidious and does not immediately cause equipment shutdown, but it can damage battery sampling accuracy and equalization control logic. Over the long term, it can significantly increase the probability of battery consistency degradation and thermal runaway chain reactions. Current technologies cannot quantify and assess this type of hidden risk.

[0007] 4. Lack of proactive measures to predict and prevent lightning-induced thermal runaway cascading failures, allowing only post-incident troubleshooting. The instantaneous high voltage and strong electromagnetic interference generated by lightning strikes can cause distortion in battery voltage and temperature sampling, failure of the battery equalization circuit, and induce micro-short circuits in individual cells. Existing energy storage monitoring systems can only alarm and respond after the battery experiences temperature rise or voltage difference exceeding limits. They cannot predict the trend of cascading thermal runaway based on the duration of lightning strikes, electromagnetic field strength, and battery operation disturbance characteristics. They also cannot take power limiting and control measures in advance during high-risk periods of lightning strikes. This delay in accident response can easily lead to major safety accidents such as cabin combustion and explosion.

[0008] In summary, current lightning protection technologies for energy storage power stations suffer from several shortcomings, including incomplete risk assessment, inadequate risk dimensions, rigid protection and control methods, and delayed prediction of safety incidents. Passive lightning protection management models are insufficient to meet the industry's development needs for highly reliable, refined, and full-cycle active lightning protection for new energy storage power stations. Summary of the Invention 1. The technical problem to be solved by the present invention

[0009] To address the technical shortcomings of existing energy storage power stations, such as the lack of hierarchical and zonal lightning risk assessment, the simplistic protection and control strategies, the failure to quantify the hidden risks of lightning electromagnetic pulse coupling, and the inability to predict the potential for lightning-induced thermal runaway cascade hazards, this invention provides a method for lightning risk classification assessment and active protection and control of energy storage power stations, solving four core pain points.

[0010] 1. Addresses the issues of traditional lightning protection stations having a uniform rating system, lacking differentiated risk assessments for equipment, and insufficient protection in high-risk battery areas; 2. Solve the problem of battery power surges and voltage oscillations caused by instantaneous hard power outages after lightning strike warnings, which can induce latent cell failures; 3. To address the problem that existing technologies only calculate direct lightning strikes and neglect the hidden breakdown damage of weak current circuits coupled by lightning electromagnetic pulses, leaving long-term safety hazards; 4. To address the problem that without a lightning strike disturbance, the pre-judgment mechanism for thermal runaway can only handle accidents after they occur, and cannot prevent fire and explosion accidents from happening through operational strategies. 2. Complete technical solution of the present invention Option 1: A lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control system for energy storage power stations

[0011] A lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control system for energy storage power stations includes four functional modules that are interconnected and coordinated: a zoned risk quantification assessment module for energy storage equipment, a lightning dual risk coupling calculation module, a flexible dual risk avoidance control module, and a lightning thermal runaway prediction and power limiting module.

[0012] 1. Zoned Risk Quantitative Assessment Module for Energy Storage Equipment The system incorporates a prefabricated energy storage chamber, PCS converter, high-voltage power distribution equipment, and a four-level hierarchical and zoned standardized evaluation system for individual battery clusters. It pre-inputs the electromagnetic susceptibility, flammability and explosiveness classification, lightning withstand voltage threshold, and historical lightning fault weight coefficients of each zone's equipment. It collects real-time environmental and equipment operation data, quantifies and outputs the lightning risk score for each independent zone, and dynamically classifies the risk into four levels: low, medium, high, and extremely high, providing a quantitative basis for differentiated lightning protection control for each zone.

[0013] 2. Lightning Dual Risk Coupling Calculation Module It incorporates a sub-model for calculating the probability of direct lightning strikes in the field area and a sub-model for spatial coupling induction of lightning electromagnetic pulses; it also receives real-time atmospheric electric field monitoring data, lightning cloud coordinates from the lightning location system, and lightning current amplitude monitoring data to solve for the physical strike risk value of direct lightning strikes and the latent interference risk value of LEMP electromagnetic coupling. By fusing the two-dimensional risk results through preset weighting coefficients, it outputs the comprehensive lightning protection level of the entire energy storage station, fully covering all types of lightning strike risks, including primary equipment breakdown, surge damage to weak current chips, and battery sampling distortion.

[0014] 3. Flexible dual-risk avoidance and control module Equipped with a stepped power sag algorithm for energy storage and cabin ventilation and airtight isolation control logic; after receiving medium, high and extremely high level lightning warning signals, the system issues power reduction commands step by step to achieve smooth unloading, avoiding bus voltage oscillation and battery current surge caused by instantaneous grid outage; simultaneously outputs ventilation external circulation lock signal to close the cabin air intake and exhaust valves, achieving physical isolation between the cabin environment and the outdoor lightning environment, eliminating the risk of electric sparks and humid air igniting the battery cells.

[0015] 4. Lightning-induced thermal runaway prediction and power limiting module Real-time data collection of battery cluster cell voltage, temperature, equalization circuit status, and sampling circuit offset under lightning disturbance conditions; combined with real-time electromagnetic field strength and lightning duration input to the prediction model; outputting a battery thermal runaway cascading risk index; when the risk index exceeds the safety threshold, automatically limiting the energy storage system's charge and discharge rate, intercepting high-power charge and discharge scheduling commands from the grid side, and reducing the probability of micro-short circuits in the cells; automatically lifting the power limit after the lightning risk is eliminated.

[0016] Overall system workflow: The system receives real-time multi-source monitoring data from lightning location, atmospheric electric field monitoring, and thundercloud early warning. First, it calculates the independent lightning risk score for each equipment zone through the energy storage equipment zone risk quantification assessment module. Then, it integrates direct lightning strike and lightning electromagnetic pulse risks through the lightning dual risk coupling calculation module to output the comprehensive lightning risk level of the site. Based on the zone risk level and the comprehensive risk level of the site, the system triggers the flexible dual risk avoidance and control module to act, and simultaneously starts the lightning thermal runaway prediction and power limiting module to dynamically constrain the energy storage charging and discharging power. It continuously and cyclically monitors lightning risk parameters. When the electric field strength, thundercloud distance, and lightning current amplitude fall back to the safe threshold range, the system automatically releases the cabin ventilation lock, removes the power limit, and restores the rated power scheduling operation of the energy storage system, completing the closed-loop safety management of the energy storage power station throughout the entire cycle of lightning risk monitoring, assessment, active protection, and automatic reset. Option 2: A method for lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control of energy storage power stations

[0017] A method for lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control of energy storage power stations includes the following closed-loop execution steps: S1. Initialization modeling of basic parameters for hierarchical and zoned energy storage sites Enter the equipment models, lightning withstand voltage parameters, electromagnetic susceptibility coefficients, fire hazard classifications, and safe operation thresholds for the four-level zoning of prefabricated battery compartments, PCS converter control areas, high-voltage distribution cabinets, and individual battery clusters. Build a basic database for zoning lightning risk assessment and complete the configuration of risk weighting coefficients for each zoning.

[0018] S2, Quantitative Solution of Two-Dimensional Risk Coupling of Lightning The system integrates multi-source monitoring data from lightning location system, atmospheric electric field meter, and lightning current monitoring device in real time. It calculates the physical risk value of direct lightning strike in the field area and the latent risk value of electromagnetic pulse coupling in space lightning, and outputs the comprehensive lightning protection level of the entire energy storage site using a weighted fusion algorithm.

[0019] S3. Differentiated Lightning Risk Level Assessment for Energy Storage Equipment by Zone The four-level zoning evaluation system is invoked, and the inherent parameters of each zone's equipment are combined with real-time lightning monitoring data for weighted calculation. The real-time independent lightning risk level of the energy storage compartment, the electrical control converter area, the high-voltage primary equipment, and the battery cells is determined separately, and the high-risk and vulnerable areas of the site are accurately located.

[0020] S4, Lightning warning triggers flexible dual-risk avoidance and coordinated control. When the risk level of a zone reaches medium risk or above, two types of risk avoidance and control actions are executed simultaneously: First, the energy storage system performs a multi-level stepped power sag to smoothly unload the charging and discharging load, replacing the traditional instantaneous hard tripping and eliminating the impact of sudden power changes in the battery cluster; Second, a ventilation lockout command is issued to close the external circulation duct of the cabin, achieving airtight physical isolation of the cabin and preventing outdoor lightning strike hazards from entering the cabin.

[0021] S5. Prediction and active power limiting protection against battery thermal runaway caused by lightning strikes. Continuously monitor the differential pressure, temperature fluctuation, and sampling loop offset characteristics of individual battery cells under lightning electromagnetic interference, input them into the thermal runaway prediction model to calculate the cascading accident risk index; during the period when the risk index exceeds the limit, actively limit the charge and discharge rate of the energy storage system, reject high-power impulsive charge and discharge scheduling, suppress the generation of micro short circuits in the cells in advance, and block the thermal runaway cascading propagation path.

[0022] S6. Automatic reset after lightning risk dissipation, restoring normal operation of energy storage. The system continuously verifies risk parameters such as lightning electric field strength, thundercloud distance, and electromagnetic field strength in real time. Once all parameters return to the preset safety threshold range, the system automatically opens the cabin ventilation external circulation valve, removes the charging and discharging power limit, and restores the rated scheduling operation power of the energy storage system, thus completing the closed-loop process of active protection for a single lightning cycle. 3. Beneficial effects of the present invention 1. Achieve refined, tiered, and zoned differentiated management and control of lightning risks at energy storage sites.

[0023] Breaking away from the existing unified rating and one-size-fits-all protection model for power plants, a four-level hierarchical and zoned quantitative assessment system is established. Based on the different lightning resistance and safety characteristics of battery compartments, converters, and high-voltage equipment, independent risk levels are output. This enables key protection of high-risk battery areas and simplified management of low-risk primary equipment, resulting in more precise allocation of lightning protection resources while balancing safety and equipment operating efficiency. 2. Employing a combination of power-step descent and cabin isolation for flexible disaster mitigation, secondary faults caused by hard power outages are eliminated.

[0024] Abandoning the crude control method of directly shutting down the system after a lightning strike warning, the system eliminates voltage and current surges through multi-stage stable power reduction buffering. At the same time, the sealed enclosure isolates external ignition sources, simultaneously addressing two types of secondary lightning strike hazards: electrical surge damage and environmental ignition. This significantly improves the operational stability of the energy storage system under lightning transition conditions. 3. Two types of lightning risks: full coverage of damage from overt direct lightning strikes and damage from latent electromagnetic pulse coupling.

[0025] A two-factor coupled calculation model is constructed to simultaneously quantify the hidden interference risk of weak current circuits caused by lightning electromagnetic pulses that are ignored by traditional technologies. It fully covers the entire chain of lightning damage, including primary equipment insulation breakdown, surge damage to electronic control chips, and battery sampling failure, thus solving the industry pain point that traditional lightning protection only protects against direct lightning strikes and leaves hidden faults. 4. Anticipate and prevent lightning-induced thermal runaway, thus preventing energy storage fires and explosions at the source of operational strategies.

[0026] Based on the characteristic prediction model of lightning-induced battery disturbance, the charging and discharging power is actively constrained before the occurrence of thermal runaway faults, reducing the probability of micro-short circuits in the cells and realizing the proactive prevention and control of "risk prediction - active current limiting - accident blocking", which greatly reduces the probability of major safety accidents such as combustion and explosion of the energy storage compartment under lightning strike conditions. 5. Adaptable to fully automated and intelligent operation and maintenance scenarios for unattended energy storage sites.

[0027] The entire assessment and control process is fully automated, requiring no on-site human intervention. It is deeply compatible with the three-level lightning warning system, local grid disconnection linkage, and automatic fault reset operation and maintenance system of the site, meeting the unmanned safety management and control requirements of centralized large-scale energy storage sites. 6. Wide range of application scenarios, compatible with all types of new energy storage facilities.

[0028] This solution is applicable to all mainstream new energy storage application scenarios, including grid-side centralized energy storage power stations, prefabricated energy storage modules for industrial and commercial use, integrated wind-solar-energy storage stations, and distributed residential energy storage modules. It is highly versatile and easy to implement and upgrade. Attached Figure Description

[0029] Figure 1 is a block diagram of the overall architecture of the energy storage power station lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control system of the present invention; Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the four-level equipment zoning of the energy storage station of the present invention; Figure 3 is a flowchart of the lightning dual risk coupling calculation algorithm of the present invention; Figure 4 is a timing curve diagram of the flexible dual risk avoidance control of the present invention (stepped power sag + ventilation lock-up timing). Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the lightning thermal runaway prediction and power limiting control process of the present invention; Figure 6 is a flowchart of the complete method for active lightning protection and control of energy storage power stations according to the present invention.

[0030] Brief annotations for the attached diagrams: Figure 1: 1 - Energy storage equipment zone risk quantification assessment module, 2 - Lightning dual risk coupling calculation module, 3 - Flexible dual risk avoidance and control module, 4 - Lightning thermal runaway prediction and power limiting module, 5 - External lightning monitoring terminal, 6 - BMS battery management system, 7 - PCS energy storage converter, 8 - Cabin ventilation actuator. Detailed Implementation Example 1: Application of a centralized grid-side 100MW prefabricated containerized energy storage power station

[0031] This embodiment is applied to a grid-side centralized lithium iron phosphate energy storage power station, consisting of 20 standard prefabricated energy storage cabins, 4 PCS converter rooms, and 1 high-voltage distribution building. It is equipped with an atmospheric electric field meter, a lightning location LLS system, cabin ventilation electric valves, a station-wide BMS monitoring platform, and the control system of this invention.

[0032] 1. System initialization phase Perform step S1 to divide the area into four levels: Level 1 prefabricated energy storage compartment (highest level of flammability and explosiveness), Level 2 PCS electrical control converter area (high sensitivity to weak current), Level 3 high-voltage distribution cabinet area (high lightning resistance level), and Level 4 battery cluster individual cells (high risk of micro-short circuits in cells); input the lightning resistance voltage threshold, electromagnetic susceptibility coefficient, and fire risk weighting value for each area to establish a local risk database.

[0033] 2. Coupled Calculation of Lightning Risks Step S2: Real-time access to thundercloud distance, atmospheric electric field intensity, and estimated lightning current amplitude; calculate the direct lightning strike risk score and the LEMP electromagnetic pulse penetration of the cabin shield induced overvoltage risk score respectively, and weightedly fuse them to obtain the comprehensive lightning risk level of the station, which is divided into five levels: no risk, low, medium, high, and extremely high.

[0034] 3. Risk assessment based on regional differences Step S3: Each energy storage compartment, PCS, and high-voltage switchgear is scored independently. In this embodiment, the risk weight of the prefabricated energy storage compartment is 0.6, the weight of the PCS electrical control area is 0.25, and the weight of the high-voltage equipment is 0.15. The independent risk of each area is dynamically output.

[0035] 4. Flexible dual-risk hedging and control measures (triggered by medium-to-high risk) Step S4: Set 4-level power reduction levels: 100% rated → 70% → 40% → 15%, with a 30-second delay for each level to ensure a smooth transition without direct network disconnection. Simultaneously, issue instructions to close all electric air valves for the energy storage compartment's intake and exhaust, ensuring complete sealing of the compartment and preventing outdoor sparks and humid air from entering.

[0036] 5. Thermal runaway prediction and active power limiting Step S5: Real-time collection of battery cell differential pressure, temperature fluctuation, and BMS sampling offset; combined with the duration of thundercloud, a risk index is established. When the risk index is >0.7, the charging and discharging rate of the entire station is limited to 0.2C, and high-power scheduling of 0.5C and above is prohibited to reduce the cell impact current.

[0037] 6. Automatic risk reset When the atmospheric electric field intensity drops back to the safe threshold and the distance to the thundercloud is >10km for 10 minutes, step S6 automatically opens the cabin ventilation, removes the 0.2C rate limit, and restores 100% rated power for grid connection and dispatch.

[0038] Compared with traditional hard power outage lightning protection solutions, this embodiment reduces the bus voltage oscillation amplitude by 82% and the battery cluster inrush current by 76% during the lightning strike warning stage. There are no lightning-induced micro-short circuit faults in the cells, the risk of lightning-induced fire in the cabin is significantly reduced, and no manual operation is required throughout the process, making it suitable for unattended large-scale energy storage sites. Example 2: 2MW prefabricated energy storage system for industrial and commercial users

[0039] This embodiment is a single-compartment energy storage system for industrial and commercial users, equipped with a simple lightning monitoring device for the factory area. It consists of only one battery compartment + PCS integrated equipment. The system of this invention simplifies adaptation to small-scale distributed energy storage: 1. The four-level zoning is simplified into overall cabin zoning, PCS electronic control zoning, and battery cell zoning; 2. Stepped power sag setting has 3 levels: 100%→60%→20%, with a delay of 20 seconds per level; 3. The electromagnetic coupling calculation simplifies the shielding attenuation coefficient, making it suitable for simple shielding structures in small containers; 4. The thermal runaway risk threshold has been lowered. Small-capacity batteries accumulate heat faster, and a risk index > 0.5 triggers power limiting to 0.15C. 5. Automatically reset ventilation and power 5 minutes after lightning dissipates, suitable for industrial and commercial scenarios with frequent short-term thunderstorms. Example 3: Integrated Wind-Solar-Storage Power Station

[0040] A wind-solar-storage power station includes a photovoltaic area, wind turbines, and multiple energy storage modules. The electromagnetic environment is complex, with higher intensity LEMP interference in the space. 1. The lightning dual-risk coupling model adds a correction coefficient for induced lightning interference from the photovoltaic array; 2. The zonal assessment adds a weighted item for wind-solar coupled electromagnetic interference, increasing the risk weight of PCS weak current circuits; 3. During periods of high lightning risk, the power output of energy storage, photovoltaic, and wind turbines will be simultaneously restricted to achieve coordinated risk avoidance across the entire region; 4. The predictive model is superimposed with the characteristics of photovoltaic-side induced overvoltage disturbance, which further reduces the probability of battery sampling distortion-induced thermal runaway.

Claims

1. A lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control system for energy storage power stations, characterized in that: This includes a module for quantitative assessment of zoned risks of energy storage equipment, a module for coupled calculation of dual risks of lightning, a module for flexible dual risk avoidance and control, and a module for predicting and limiting power in case of lightning thermal runaway. The energy storage equipment zoning risk quantification assessment module is used to complete the zoning of prefabricated energy storage compartments, PCS converters, and battery clusters at multiple levels, and to quantify and classify the lightning risk of these multi-level equipment zoning. The lightning dual risk coupling calculation module integrates the physical strike risk parameters of direct lightning strikes in the field area and the latent interference risk parameters of lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) coupling, and calculates and outputs the comprehensive lightning protection level of the entire energy storage station by weighting. The flexible dual-risk avoidance control module is used to simultaneously perform dual risk avoidance actions of energy storage power step-down flexible unloading control and cabin ventilation external circulation lock-in isolation after the lightning warning is triggered. The lightning thermal runaway prediction and power limiting module is used to identify abnormal battery operation characteristics under lightning disturbance, predict the risk of cell-chain thermal runaway, and actively limit the upper limit of the charging and discharging power of the energy storage system during high-risk periods of lightning strikes.

2. The lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control system for energy storage power stations according to claim 1, characterized in that: The energy storage equipment zoning risk quantification assessment module has a built-in four-level hierarchical zoning standardized evaluation system. Based on the electromagnetic sensitivity, flammability and explosiveness hazard level, and lightning withstand voltage threshold of each zone's equipment, it sets differentiated weighting coefficients and dynamically outputs four independent lightning risk levels: low, medium, high, and extremely high, to achieve targeted lightning protection management of energy storage sites by region.

3. The lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control system for energy storage power stations according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lightning dual-risk coupling calculation module simultaneously covers the explicit risk of insulation breakdown of primary equipment caused by direct lightning strikes and the implicit risk of induced overvoltage in weak current control circuits induced by lightning electromagnetic pulses penetrating the cabin shield, thereby achieving a comprehensive quantitative assessment of lightning risks across all equipment and circuits in energy storage stations.

4. A method for lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control of energy storage power stations, characterized in that, It includes the following closed-loop execution steps: S1. Establish a four-level hierarchical and zoning basic database for energy storage stations, input the lightning resistance parameters, electromagnetic susceptibility coefficients and risk assessment thresholds of prefabricated battery compartments, PCS converters, high-voltage power distribution equipment, and individual battery clusters, and complete the initialization of the zoning risk model; S2. Real-time acquisition of multi-source lightning monitoring data, coupled calculation of direct lightning strike damage risk and lightning electromagnetic pulse coupling interference risk, and integrated output of comprehensive lightning protection level of energy storage station; S3. Based on the four-level zoning evaluation system, carry out differentiated risk quantification calculations for each equipment zone, divide independent lightning risk levels, and locate the high-risk and weak areas of lightning at the site. S4. After the high-risk lightning warning is triggered, the energy storage system will implement multi-level power step-down and smooth unloading control, and the external circulation ventilation duct of the cabin will be locked simultaneously to achieve dual flexible risk avoidance of electrical buffer and environmental isolation. S5. Collect battery voltage, temperature, and sampling offset operating characteristics under lightning disturbance conditions, predict the risk of cell cascading thermal runaway, and actively limit the energy storage charge and discharge rate during high-risk periods. S6. After all lightning risk monitoring parameters fall back to the safe threshold, the system automatically releases the cabin ventilation lock and power limit, restores the rated scheduling operation of the energy storage system, and completes the closed-loop management of the entire lightning protection process.

5. The method for lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control of an energy storage power station according to claim 4, characterized in that: In step S4, a multi-stage stepped power sag is used to replace the traditional instantaneous circuit breaker hard disconnection shutdown method, eliminating the inrush current and bus voltage oscillation caused by the instantaneous power change of the battery cluster, and reducing the probability of damage to the battery and converter under lightning strike transition conditions.

6. The method for lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control of an energy storage power station according to claim 4, characterized in that: Step S5 uses lightning electromagnetic disturbance feature identification and battery dynamic power limiting pre-control strategy to suppress cell micro-short circuits induced by lightning interference in advance, block the battery cluster chain thermal runaway conduction path, and achieve proactive prevention of lightning safety accidents at the source of energy storage power stations.

7. The method for lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control of an energy storage power station according to claim 4, characterized in that: Step S4 describes a multi-level stepped power sag setting with 3 to 5 power reduction gradients, and a single-level power hold delay of 20 to 30 seconds, adapting to different capacity specifications of prefabricated energy storage modules.

8. The lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control system for energy storage power stations according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lightning dual-risk coupling calculation module has a built-in cabin metal shielding attenuation correction coefficient, which is used to correct the actual induced overvoltage amplitude after the lightning electromagnetic pulse penetrates the cabin.

9. The method for lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control of an energy storage power station according to claim 4, characterized in that: Step S5: The input features of the thermal runaway prediction model include the duration of thundercloud action, atmospheric electric field intensity, battery equalization voltage deviation, and real-time temperature rise rate of the battery cell.

10. The lightning risk classification assessment and active protection control system for an energy storage power station according to claim 1, characterized in that: The system has a standardized communication interface that can connect to various external devices such as lightning location system (LLS), atmospheric electric field monitor, energy storage BMS platform, and PCS dispatch control system.

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