A method for preparing a ruminant feed based on lamb fattening

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of mutton fattening feed preparation, and particularly relates to a ruminant feed preparation method based on mutton fattening, comprising the following steps: S1, collecting basic data of mutton and feed; S2, intelligently analyzing data and determining an optimal formula scheme; S3, selecting raw materials according to the scheme and pre-treating the raw materials; S4, mixing part of the materials and primary granulating; S5, filling with liquid medicine and solidifying coating treatment; S6, mixing the remaining materials and secondary granulating; S7, granule hole sealing coating and product detection; the present application can form a penetrating porous fiber skeleton in the raw materials by a composite pre-treatment process of microbial fermentation softening and steam explosion, so that the skeleton can increase the adhesion sites of rumen microorganisms and the fermentation efficiency when the feed is prepared, and the low-temperature granulation, vacuum negative pressure injection and low-temperature solidification anchoring lamp technology used in the preparation can avoid the damage of traditional high-temperature processing to heat-sensitive components such as enzyme preparations, probiotics and vitamins.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of lamb fattening feed preparation technology, specifically to a method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening. Background Technology

[0002] Lamb fattening refers to the scientific feeding and management of lambs during the specific stage from weaning to slaughter, providing them with high-energy, high-protein, and nutritionally balanced feed to maximize daily weight gain, shorten the slaughter period, improve meat quality, and increase the economic benefits of lamb farming. Because the rumen of lambs is not yet fully developed, their digestive physiology differs significantly from that of adult ruminants; therefore, the selection of fattening feed is particularly crucial. In practice, easily digestible total mixed rations (TMRs) are typically used, containing high-quality roughage, high-energy concentrates (such as corn), high-quality protein sources (such as soybean meal), and necessary minerals, vitamins, and functional additives. The aim is to promote the rapid establishment and healthy development of the rumen microecology, achieving efficient weight gain while avoiding metabolic diseases such as acidosis.

[0003] Currently, some lamb fattening feed preparation technologies have emerged in this field. For example, patent application CN202510184487.1, published on April 11, 2025, describes a lamb animal feed based on wolfberry leaves and its preparation method. This feed contains raw materials such as corn, wheat, wolfberry leaves, and soybean meal, and is supplemented with trace elements such as Fe, Zn, and Se. This technology utilizes bioactive substances such as flavonoids and polysaccharides in wolfberry leaves to supplement nutrition, reduce feed costs, and enhance lamb immunity. However, its disadvantages are: the feed is only a simple physical mixture without targeted pretreatment of the crude fiber raw materials, resulting in a dense fiber structure that limits the colonization and fermentation efficiency of lamb rumen microorganisms; at the same time, heat-sensitive active ingredients (such as polysaccharides) in the formula are easily inactivated under traditional high-temperature pelleting processes, and there is a lack of targeted release and protection mechanisms for active ingredients in the rumen, leading to low functional utilization and difficulty in achieving precise nutritional regulation.

[0004] For example, patent application CN201410580508.3, published on January 14, 2015, describes a traditional Chinese medicine feed for fattening lambs and its preparation method. This technology mixes pear pomace, hay, soybean residue, and traditional Chinese medicine additives, then prepares the feed through silage fermentation. Its advantage is that silage technology addresses the issues of high acidity in pear pomace and low utilization of effective components from traditional Chinese medicine. However, its disadvantages are: this technology only uses solid-state fermentation for pretreatment, resulting in limited damage to the fiber structure, and it does not involve multiple coatings and isolation protection for active ingredients (such as effective components of traditional Chinese medicine and probiotics). During feed processing, storage, and passage through the lamb's rumen, active ingredients are easily degraded by high temperatures, gastric acid, and rumen microorganisms, leading to poor controllability of activity and release in the final intestinal tract. Furthermore, this technology fails to provide precise, phased, and regional nutrient supply tailored to the physiological characteristics of the rumen at different fattening stages of lambs.

[0005] However, existing technologies and commonly used feeds are mostly simple mixtures of roughage and concentrate or ordinary pelleted feeds. The coarse fiber raw materials such as straw are not extruded, resulting in a dense fiber structure and low rumen digestibility in lambs. Furthermore, ordinary extruded pelleted feeds undergo high-temperature and high-pressure processing, causing a large amount of heat-sensitive functional components such as enzymes, probiotics, and vitamins to be inactivated during processing. Moreover, existing commercially available lamb feeds do not adequately promote rumen development in lambs, resulting in low daily weight gain and unsatisfactory feed conversion rates. Feeds prepared by farmers themselves generally suffer from nutritional imbalances, uneven mixing, and are prone to metabolic diseases such as rumen acidosis.

[0006] In view of this, there is an urgent need to design a method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening to solve the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening, so as to overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings in the prior art.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A method for preparing ruminant feed for lamb fattening includes the following steps: Step S1. Basic data collection of lambs and feed: Search and analyze relevant companies and research materials, and collect data on lamb growth performance, rumen development and health status based on the analysis. At the same time, collect data on the nutritional composition of feed ingredients, rumen degradation characteristics and activity threshold of functional additives based on the analysis. It should be noted that the lamb data includes at least breed, age, initial weight, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, diarrhea rate, rumen pH, rumen volatile fatty acid concentration, plasma immunoglobulin G level, and antioxidant indicators. The feed ingredient characteristic data include at least the dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude ash content of each type of ingredient, as well as the dynamic degradation rate of rumen organic matter determined by the nylon bag method. The activity threshold data of the functional additives include at least the enzyme activity retention rate of cellulase in an environment of pH 5.0-7.0, the survival half-life of probiotics above 35°C, and the oxidative degradation rate constant of vitamin E above 35°C.

[0009] Step S2. Data intelligent analysis and optimal formula determination: Based on the data collected in step S1, with lamb weight gain and rumen health as the goals, the degradation rate-fattening prediction model is used to optimize and analyze the data. Then, detailed feed formulas are generated manually, and detailed preparation processes are also determined. It should be noted that: The degradation rate-fattening prediction model is established using the rumen organic matter degradation rate regression equation and the fattening index prediction formula. The rumen organic matter degradation rate regression equation is shown below: In the formula: ED is the 48h dynamic degradation rate of organic matter, 145.387 represents the theoretical limit of organic matter degradation rate when all nutritional indicators are 0; DM is the dry matter content, with a coefficient of -0.606 indicating that for every 1% increase in DM, ED decreases by 0.606%; CP is the crude protein content, with a coefficient of -2.364 indicating that for every 1% increase in CP, ED decreases by 2.364%; EE is the crude fat content, with a coefficient of -4.041 indicating that for every 1% increase in EE, ED decreases by 4.041%; NDF is the neutral detergent fiber content, with a coefficient of -1.857 indicating that for every 1% increase in NDF, ED decreases by 1.857%; ADF is the acid detergent fiber content, with a coefficient of +2.271 indicating that within the data range of this invention, ADF and ED are statistically positively correlated; ASH is the crude ash content, with a coefficient of +7.573 indicating that for every 1% increase in ASH, ED increases by 7.573%. The equation is applicable to the following raw material ranges: DM 85%-95%, CP 5%-48%, EE 1%-10%, NDF 15%-75%, ADF 10%-45%, ASH 2%-12%. The fattening index prediction formula calculates the ED values ​​of each raw material obtained from the rumen organic matter degradation rate regression equation, and then weights and sums them according to the dry matter mass ratio of each raw material in the feed formula to obtain the weighted average degradation rate ED of the total mixed ration. diet The expected daily weight gain (ADG) of lambs is then predicted using the following linear formula, as shown below: In the formula, the slope 4.82 represents ED dietFor every 1 percentage point increase, ADG increases by 4.82 g / day, and the intercept -198.5 corresponds to the ED required to maintain metabolism. diet The theoretical lower limit; this formula applies to ED. diet Within the range of 45%-75% and lambs aged 75-210 days, the coefficient of determination R of the regression equation was... 2 ≥0.85; It should be noted that: The optimal formula and process selection adjustments for step S2 are shown below: For lambs aged 2-3 months (early fattening stage): When ADG≥300g / d, it is determined to be a superior formula and is directly output as the optimal formula; When 230g / d≤ADG<300g / d, it is judged as a qualified formula, and the concentrate-to-crude oil ratio is slightly adjusted or rumen-protected amino acids are added before output; When ADG < 230 g / d, it is judged as an unqualified formula, and raw materials with high degradation rate should be selected again or the pretreatment process parameters should be adjusted. For lambs aged 4-6 months (mid-fat stage): When ADG≥230g / d, it is determined to be a superior formula and is directly output as the optimal formula; When 180g / d≤ADG<230g / d, it is considered a qualified formula. The concentrate-to-crude oil ratio is then slightly adjusted or rumen-protected amino acids are added before output. When ADG < 180 g / d, it is judged as an unqualified formula, and raw materials with high degradation rate should be selected again or the pretreatment process parameters should be adjusted. For lambs aged 7-9 months (late fattening stage): When ADG≥200g / d, it is determined to be a superior formula and is directly output as the optimal formula; When 140g / d≤ADG<200g / d, it is considered a qualified formula. The concentrate-to-crude oil ratio should be slightly adjusted or rumen-protected amino acids should be added before output. When ADG < 140 g / d, it is judged as an unqualified formula, and raw materials with high degradation rate should be selected again or the pretreatment process parameters should be adjusted. The optimal formula output in step S2 should correspond to an expected daily weight gain (ADG) that is not lower than the threshold of the "superior formula" in that stage.

[0010] Step S3. Select raw materials and pre-treat them according to the plan: Select the corresponding crude fiber raw materials and refined raw materials according to the optimal formula and preparation process obtained in step S2. Then, the crude fiber raw materials are subjected to steam explosion and microbial fermentation softening pre-treatment in sequence. In addition, friction particles composed of food-grade inert substances are selected according to the formula. It should be noted that: The specific pretreatment of crude fiber raw materials is as follows: (1) First, carry out microbial fermentation softening pretreatment: After crushing the crude fiber raw material, adjust the moisture content to 45%-55%, inoculate with a compound strain of white rot fungi, plant lactobacillus and yeast in a mass ratio of 2:3:1, the inoculation amount is 0.3%-0.8% of the dry weight of the material, and carry out closed anaerobic solid fermentation at 20-35℃ for 7-14 days to make the crude fiber degradation rate ≥15% and the crude protein content increase by 3-6 percentage points; (2) Steam explosion treatment: The fermented and softened material is kept under pressure of 140-160℃ and 1.0-1.2MPa for 3-5 minutes, and then the pressure is released instantly to form a permeable porous fiber skeleton with a porosity of ≥30% inside the material. The friction particles composed of food-grade inert materials are one or more of the following: walnut shell powder, coconut shell powder, lignin particles, or microcrystalline cellulose. The friction particles, composed of food-grade inert materials, have a particle size of 100-500 micrometers and a Mohs hardness of ≤3. The addition amount accounts for 1-3% of the total dry matter mass of the final feed. The friction particles, made of food-grade inert material, are sterilized by high-pressure steam at 121°C during the preparation process.

[0011] Step S4. Partial material mixing and primary granulation: The porous coarse fiber raw material, part of the fine material and inert friction particles pretreated in step S3 are fed into a ball mill for grinding and mixing. Then the primary mixture is fed into a granulator and granulated once under low temperature conditions to obtain porous basic particles. It should be noted that: The specific process parameters for low-temperature single-stage granulation are as follows: material moisture content is adjusted to 17%, feeding speed is 500 r / min, granulation die temperature is ≤60℃, and ring die compression ratio is 1:6 to 1:8. The resulting porous basic particles have a density of 1100-1150 kg / m³, a molding rate of ≥99%, a pulverization rate of ≤8%, and retain through-holes formed by steam explosion inside the particles. Inert friction particles are uniformly embedded in the particle matrix.

[0012] Step S5. Drug filling and curing coating treatment: The porous basic particles obtained in step S4 are sent into a vacuum injection device, and then the functional drug solution is injected into the depth of the pores of the porous basic particles using a vacuum negative pressure process under low temperature. The particles are then taken out and dried at low temperature to allow the active ingredients to solidify and anchor on the inner wall of the pores. Then, they are sent into a coating device to coat the particles with a soluble coating. It should be noted that: The functional medicine solution is prepared in stages according to the fattening stage of lambs, specifically as follows: The medication in the early fattening stage mainly consists of probiotics that promote rumen development and cell-degrading enzymes, including at least Ruminococcus and Prevotella 1. The medication solution during the mid-stage of fattening mainly consists of growth-promoting bacteria and rumen stability regulators, including at least Bacillus subtilis and yeast. The medication solution in the later stage of fattening is mainly composed of lipid metabolism regulating bacteria and lactic acid utilizing bacteria, including at least lactic acid bacteria and giant cocci. The functional liquid contains the following components by weight: 5-15 parts cellulase, 10-20 parts compound probiotics, 3-8 parts Clostridium butyricum or butyrate, 2-5 parts compound Chinese herbal extract (composed of dried ginger, Pueraria lobata and Aucklandia lappa in a ratio of 2:2:1), 5-15 parts sodium bicarbonate or magnesium oxide, 1-5 parts compound vitamins, and the remainder is sterile water or fermentation supernatant. The specific process parameters for vacuum negative pressure injection, low-temperature drying, and soluble coating are as follows: Vacuum negative pressure injection: vacuum degree -0.08 to -0.095 MPa, pressure holding and impregnation for 10-15 minutes, the amount of drug solution injected is 8-15% of the dry basis mass of the porous basic particles; Low-temperature drying: Drying is carried out in a fluidized bed at 35-40℃ until the particle moisture content is 10-12%; Soluble coating: Spray with a starch dextrin solution or corn gluten ethanol solution with a mass concentration of 5-10% and spray hot air temperature ≤50℃ to form a transparent protective film with a thickness of 5-15 micrometers. This film dissolves instantly upon contact with rumen fluid.

[0013] Step S6. Mixing and secondary granulation of remaining materials: Mix the granules obtained in step S5 with the remaining concentrate and auxiliary additives, and perform secondary granulation at a low temperature lower than the initial granulation temperature to form core-shell structured granules with drug-loaded granules as the core and nutritional supplements as the outer shell. It should be noted that: The temperature of secondary granulation is ≤55℃, and the ring die compression ratio is 1:4 to 1:6, which is lower than the compression ratio of primary granulation. The core-shell structured particles consist of a porous particle loaded with functional drug solution, and an outer shell containing residual concentrate, minerals, rumen-protected amino acids, and appetite stimulants. The outer shell is 0.5-1 mm thick.

[0014] Step S7. Particle sealing and coating and product testing: The core-shell particles obtained in step S6 are fed into the coating equipment, and an outer functional coating is applied to the particles to seal the surface pores and regulate the release rate. Then, the finished product is tested for physical indicators, active ingredient retention rate, hygiene and safety, and in vitro rumen fermentation simulation to ensure that it meets the requirements for lamb rumen health. It should be noted that: The outer functional coating is: sprayed with food-grade wax or calcium fatty acid, with a coating thickness of 2-5 micrometers, used to seal residual openings on the particle surface and control the slow release rate of internal nutrients in the rumen; The product testing specifically includes: The physical properties require a particle density of 1100-1150 kg / m³, a forming rate of ≥99%, and a pulverization rate of ≤8%. The activity indicators require a cellulase activity retention rate of ≥80% and a probiotic viable count of ≥1×10⁻⁶. 6 CFU / g, vitamin retention rate ≥80%; Hygiene and safety indicators require a negative result for E. coli and Salmonella; The in vitro rumen fermentation simulation test requires a gas production of ≥200 mL / g organic matter in 24 hours, a stable pH value of the final fermentation product of 5.8-6.8, and an ammonia nitrogen concentration of 5-30 mg / dL.

[0015] In the above technical solution, the present invention provides a method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening, which has the following beneficial effects: (1) When preparing feed, the raw materials can be treated by a composite pretreatment process of microbial fermentation softening and steam explosion, which can form a through-porous fiber skeleton inside the raw materials. This skeleton can increase the attachment sites and fermentation efficiency of rumen microorganisms during feed preparation. At the same time, the low-temperature granulation, vacuum negative pressure injection and low-temperature curing anchoring lamp technology used in the preparation can avoid the destruction of heat-sensitive components such as enzymes, probiotics and vitamins by traditional high-temperature processing, so that cellulase activity and probiotic live bacteria count are largely preserved, effectively improving the digestibility and utilization rate of crude fiber in lambs and the stability of feed functional components.

[0016] (2) The present invention constructs a core-shell structure particle with drug-loaded particles as the core and nutritional supplements as the outer shell, and combines it with functional drug solutions prepared in stages, as well as soluble inner coating and outer functional coating, to realize the gradient release of active ingredients in the lamb's rumen and targeted delivery to the hindgut, effectively avoiding premature degradation of functional substances by rumen microorganisms, thereby meeting the precise nutritional needs of lambs at different fattening stages and improving the bioavailability of additives.

[0017] (3) When preparing feed, the present invention can use the degradation rate-fattening prediction model to quantitatively optimize the feed formula, and then measure the dynamic degradation rate of organic matter of each raw material and calculate the weighted average degradation rate of the total mixed diet to linearly predict the expected daily weight gain of lambs, so that the formula design can be transformed from experience-based judgment to scientific decision-making.

[0018] (4) When preparing feed, the food-grade inert friction particles that have been sterilized can generate mild physical stimulation in the rumen of lambs when feeding them, promote the development of rumen papillae, and form a dual anti-acid poisoning mechanism of chemical buffering + physical stimulation with the buffer in the formula, so as to achieve efficient weight gain under the premise of ensuring rumen health. Attached Figure Description

[0019] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments recorded in this invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings.

[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the process flow for an embodiment of the present invention, which provides a method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening.

[0021] Figure 2 Examples and comparative weight gain curves provided for an embodiment of the method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 3 This is a bar chart comparing the active ingredients of an embodiment and a comparative example of a method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0023] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0024] like Figure 1-3 As shown in the figure, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening, comprising the following steps: Step S1. Basic data collection of lambs and feed: Search and analyze relevant companies and research materials, and collect data on lamb growth performance, rumen development and health status based on the analysis. At the same time, collect data on the nutritional composition of feed ingredients, rumen degradation characteristics and activity threshold of functional additives based on the analysis. It should be noted that the lamb data includes at least breed, age, initial weight, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, diarrhea rate, rumen pH, rumen volatile fatty acid concentration, plasma immunoglobulin G level, and antioxidant indicators. The feed ingredient characteristic data include at least the dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude ash content of each type of ingredient, as well as the dynamic degradation rate of rumen organic matter determined by the nylon bag method. The activity threshold data of the functional additives include at least the enzyme activity retention rate of cellulase in an environment of pH 5.0-7.0, the survival half-life of probiotics above 35°C, and the oxidative degradation rate constant of vitamin E above 35°C.

[0025] Step S2. Data intelligent analysis and optimal formula determination: Based on the data collected in step S1, with lamb weight gain and rumen health as the goals, the degradation rate-fattening prediction model is used to optimize and analyze the data. Then, detailed feed formulas are generated manually, and detailed preparation processes are also determined. It should be noted that: The degradation rate-fattening prediction model is established using the rumen organic matter degradation rate regression equation and the fattening index prediction formula. The rumen organic matter degradation rate regression equation is shown below: In the formula: ED is the 48h dynamic degradation rate of organic matter, 145.387 represents the theoretical limit of organic matter degradation rate when all nutritional indicators are 0; DM is the dry matter content, with a coefficient of -0.606 indicating that for every 1% increase in DM, ED decreases by 0.606%; CP is the crude protein content, with a coefficient of -2.364 indicating that for every 1% increase in CP, ED decreases by 2.364%; EE is the crude fat content, with a coefficient of -4.041 indicating that for every 1% increase in EE, ED decreases by 4.041%; NDF is the neutral detergent fiber content, with a coefficient of -1.857 indicating that for every 1% increase in NDF, ED decreases by 1.857%; ADF is the acid detergent fiber content, with a coefficient of +2.271 indicating that within the data range of this invention, ADF and ED are statistically positively correlated; ASH is the crude ash content, with a coefficient of +7.573 indicating that for every 1% increase in ASH, ED increases by 7.573%. The equation is applicable to the following raw material ranges: DM 85%-95%, CP 5%-48%, EE 1%-10%, NDF 15%-75%, ADF 10%-45%, ASH 2%-12%. The fattening index prediction formula calculates the ED values ​​of each raw material obtained from the rumen organic matter degradation rate regression equation, and then weights and sums them according to the dry matter mass ratio of each raw material in the feed formula to obtain the weighted average degradation rate ED of the total mixed ration. diet The expected daily weight gain (ADG) of lambs is then predicted using the following linear formula, as shown below: In the formula, the slope 4.82 represents ED diet For every 1 percentage point increase, ADG increases by 4.82 g / day, and the intercept -198.5 corresponds to the ED required to maintain metabolism. diet The theoretical lower limit; this formula applies to ED. diet Within the range of 45%-75% and lambs aged 75-210 days, the coefficient of determination R of the regression equation was... 2 ≥0.85; It should be noted that: The optimal formula and process selection adjustments for step S2 are shown below: For lambs aged 2-3 months (early fattening stage): When ADG≥300g / d, it is determined to be a superior formula and is directly output as the optimal formula; When 230g / d≤ADG<300g / d, it is judged as a qualified formula, and the concentrate-to-crude oil ratio is slightly adjusted or rumen-protected amino acids are added before output; When ADG < 230 g / d, it is judged as an unqualified formula, and raw materials with high degradation rate should be selected again or the pretreatment process parameters should be adjusted. For lambs aged 4-6 months (mid-fat stage): When ADG≥230g / d, it is determined to be a superior formula and is directly output as the optimal formula; When 180g / d≤ADG<230g / d, it is considered a qualified formula. The concentrate-to-crude oil ratio is then slightly adjusted or rumen-protected amino acids are added before output. When ADG < 180 g / d, it is judged as an unqualified formula, and raw materials with high degradation rate should be selected again or the pretreatment process parameters should be adjusted. For lambs aged 7-9 months (late fattening stage): When ADG≥200g / d, it is determined to be a superior formula and is directly output as the optimal formula; When 140g / d≤ADG<200g / d, it is considered a qualified formula. The concentrate-to-crude oil ratio should be slightly adjusted or rumen-protected amino acids should be added before output. When ADG < 140 g / d, it is judged as an unqualified formula, and raw materials with high degradation rate should be selected again or the pretreatment process parameters should be adjusted. The optimal formula output in step S2 should correspond to an expected daily weight gain (ADG) that is not lower than the threshold of the "superior formula" in that stage.

[0026] Step S3. Select raw materials and pre-treat them according to the plan: Select the corresponding crude fiber raw materials and refined raw materials according to the optimal formula and preparation process obtained in step S2. Then, the crude fiber raw materials are subjected to steam explosion and microbial fermentation softening pre-treatment in sequence. In addition, friction particles composed of food-grade inert substances are selected according to the formula. It should be noted that: The crude fiber raw materials can be selected from one or more of the following: corn stalks, wheat stalks, rice straw, peanut vines, soybean stalks, alfalfa hay, sheep grass, fodder rapeseed, beet meal, and soybean hulls; The harvesting period for both corn stalks and wheat stalks is from the tasseling stage to the milk stage, with a cutting length of ≤3cm and a crude fiber content of ≥30%. The concentrate feed ingredients are selected from one or more of the following: corn, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, wheat bran, wheat middlings, sorghum, and barley; Among them, all the corn was crushed and passed through a 2.0mm sieve, and all the soybean meal was crushed and passed through a 1.5mm sieve. The specific pretreatment of crude fiber raw materials is as follows: (1) First, carry out microbial fermentation softening pretreatment: After crushing the crude fiber raw material, adjust the moisture content to 45%-55%, inoculate with a compound strain of white rot fungi, plant lactobacillus and yeast in a mass ratio of 2:3:1, the inoculation amount is 0.3%-0.8% of the dry weight of the material, and carry out closed anaerobic solid fermentation at 20-35℃ for 7-14 days to make the crude fiber degradation rate ≥15% and the crude protein content increase by 3-6 percentage points; (2) Steam explosion treatment: The fermented and softened material is kept under pressure of 140-160℃ and 1.0-1.2MPa for 3-5 minutes, and then the pressure is released instantly to form a permeable porous fiber skeleton with a porosity of ≥30% inside the material. The friction particles composed of food-grade inert materials are one or more of the following: walnut shell powder, coconut shell powder, lignin particles, or microcrystalline cellulose. The friction particles, composed of food-grade inert materials, have a particle size of 100-500 micrometers and a Mohs hardness of ≤3. The addition amount accounts for 1-3% of the total dry matter mass of the final feed. The friction particles, made of food-grade inert material, are sterilized by high-pressure steam at 121°C during the preparation process.

[0027] Step S4. Partial material mixing and primary granulation: The porous coarse fiber raw material, part of the fine material and inert friction particles pretreated in step S3 are fed into a ball mill for grinding and mixing. Then the primary mixture is fed into a granulator and granulated once under low temperature conditions to obtain porous basic particles. It should be noted that: The specific grinding and mixing process is as follows: The coarse fiber raw material and the refined raw material are fed into a ball mill according to the specified ratio. The ball mill speed is 40-60 r / min, the grinding media are zirconia balls or steel balls with a diameter of 10-20 mm, the filling rate is 25%-35%, and the grinding and mixing time is 15-25 minutes. After grinding and mixing, all materials pass through a 40-mesh standard sieve, the residue rate on the sieve is ≤2%, and the coefficient of variation of mixing uniformity is ≤5%. Before entering step S4 granulation, the moisture content of the material after grinding and mixing is adjusted to 16%-18%, and it continues to be mixed in a twin-shaft paddle mixer at a speed of 50-80 r / min for 3-5 minutes to ensure that the moisture and material are fully integrated. The specific process parameters for low-temperature single-stage granulation are as follows: material moisture content is adjusted to 17%, feeding speed is 500 r / min, granulation die temperature is ≤60℃, and ring die compression ratio is 1:6 to 1:8. The resulting porous basic particles have a density of 1100-1150 kg / m³, a molding rate of ≥99%, a pulverization rate of ≤8%, and retain through-holes formed by steam explosion inside the particles. Inert friction particles are uniformly embedded in the particle matrix.

[0028] Step S5. Drug filling and curing coating treatment: The porous basic particles obtained in step S4 are sent into a vacuum injection device, and then the functional drug solution is injected into the depth of the pores of the porous basic particles using a vacuum negative pressure process under low temperature. The particles are then taken out and dried at low temperature to allow the active ingredients to solidify and anchor on the inner wall of the pores. Then, they are sent into a coating device to coat the particles with a soluble coating. It should be noted that: The functional medicine solution is prepared in stages according to the fattening stage of lambs, specifically as follows: The medication in the early fattening stage mainly consists of probiotics that promote rumen development and cell-degrading enzymes, including at least Ruminococcus and Prevotella 1. The medication solution during the mid-stage of fattening mainly consists of growth-promoting bacteria and rumen stability regulators, including at least Bacillus subtilis and yeast. The medication solution in the later stage of fattening is mainly composed of lipid metabolism regulating bacteria and lactic acid utilizing bacteria, including at least lactic acid bacteria and giant cocci. The functional liquid contains the following components by weight: 5-15 parts cellulase, 10-20 parts compound probiotics, 3-8 parts Clostridium butyricum or butyrate, 2-5 parts compound Chinese herbal extract (composed of dried ginger, Pueraria lobata and Aucklandia lappa in a ratio of 2:2:1), 5-15 parts sodium bicarbonate or magnesium oxide, 1-5 parts compound vitamins, and the remainder is sterile water or fermentation supernatant. The specific process parameters for vacuum negative pressure injection, low-temperature drying, and soluble coating are as follows: Vacuum negative pressure injection: vacuum degree -0.08 to -0.095 MPa, pressure holding and impregnation for 10-15 minutes, the amount of drug solution injected is 8-15% of the dry basis mass of the porous basic particles; Low-temperature drying: Drying is carried out in a fluidized bed at 35-40℃ until the particle moisture content is 10-12%; Soluble coating: Spray with a starch dextrin solution or corn gluten ethanol solution with a mass concentration of 5-10% and a spraying hot air temperature ≤50℃ to form a transparent protective film with a thickness of 5-15 micrometers. This film dissolves instantly upon contact with rumen fluid. After the functional drug solution is injected under vacuum negative pressure and dried at low temperature to a moisture content of 10-12%, the granules are coated with an inner soluble coating. The specific process is as follows: (1) Preparation of coating material: Use a starch dextrin solution with a mass concentration of 5%-10% or a corn gluten ethanol solution with a mass concentration of 2%-5% as the coating solution. Add 0.1%-0.3% of Tween-80 as a plasticizer to the coating solution, stir evenly, and filter to remove insoluble matter. (2) Coating equipment and parameters: The dried drug-loaded particles are fed into a fluidized bed coating machine. The inlet air temperature of the fluidized bed is controlled at 45-55℃, the outlet air temperature is controlled at 35-45℃, the atomization pressure is 0.15-0.25MPa, the spraying rate is 10-20mL / min, and the total amount of coating liquid is 8%-15% of the particle mass. (3) Coating process control: The bottom spraying method is adopted to maintain the good fluidization state of the particles during the coating process and avoid clumping; after the spraying is completed, continue to fluidize and dry in hot air at 45-50℃ for 5-10 minutes to allow the coating film to fully cure. (4) Coating film characteristics: It forms a transparent, continuous, soluble protective film with a thickness of 5-15 micrometers. The film completely dissolves in rumen fluid at pH 6.0-7.0 within 30 seconds and has moisture-proof and oxidation-proof functions under normal temperature storage conditions.

[0029] Step S6. Mixing and secondary granulation of remaining materials: Mix the granules obtained in step S5 with the remaining concentrate and auxiliary additives, and perform secondary granulation at a low temperature lower than the initial granulation temperature to form core-shell structured granules with drug-loaded granules as the core and nutritional supplements as the outer shell. It should be noted that: The auxiliary additives specifically include the following components: Remaining concentrate components: Corn flour, soybean meal, and other energy and protein ingredients that were not used up in the initial formulation are used to provide basic nutrients such as starch and protein. Mineral and macro-element premix: Calcium sources (such as calcium carbonate and calcium hydrogen phosphate), phosphorus sources, salt, and magnesium sources (such as magnesium oxide) are used to meet the needs of lambs for bone development and rumen buffering. Rumen-protected amino acids: Rumen-protected lysine and rumen-protected methionine are used to avoid rumen microbial degradation and are directly absorbed in the small intestine, thereby improving protein utilization and promoting muscle growth. Slow-release buffer: Sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide, or zeolite powder are used to slowly release alkaline ions in the rumen, stabilize the rumen pH, and prevent subacute rumen acidosis caused by concentrate-based diets. Appetite enhancers: Feed flavoring agents (such as milk flavoring and fruit flavoring), sweeteners (such as sodium saccharin and cyclamate), or fermentation supernatant concentrates are used to increase lamb feed intake, especially suitable for the early weaning period or the transition period of changing feed. Adhesives / Additives: Bentonite, lignin sulfonate, or pregelatinized starch are used to enhance the adhesion between the outer shell and the inner shell during secondary granulation, ensuring the integrity of the core-shell structure. The proportions of each material are shown below: Remaining concentrate: 30-50%; Mineral premix: 2-5%; Rumen-protected amino acids: 0.5-2% (of which lysine:methionine in a ratio of 3:1-2:1); Sustained-release buffer: 1-3%; Appetite enhancer: 0.1-0.5%; Adhesive additives: 0.5-2%; The temperature of secondary granulation is ≤55℃, and the ring die compression ratio is 1:4 to 1:6, which is lower than the compression ratio of primary granulation. The core-shell structured particles consist of a porous particle loaded with functional drug solution, and an outer shell containing residual concentrate, minerals, rumen-protected amino acids, and appetite stimulants. The outer shell is 0.5-1 mm thick.

[0030] Step S7. Particle sealing and coating and product testing: The core-shell particles obtained in step S6 are fed into the coating equipment, and an outer functional coating is applied to the particles to seal the surface pores and regulate the release rate. Then, the finished product is tested for physical indicators, active ingredient retention rate, hygiene and safety, and in vitro rumen fermentation simulation to ensure that it meets the requirements for lamb rumen health. It should be noted that: The outer functional coating is: sprayed with food-grade wax or calcium fatty acid, with a coating thickness of 2-5 micrometers, used to seal residual openings on the particle surface and control the slow release rate of internal nutrients in the rumen; After secondary granulation to form core-shell structured particles, a functional pore-sealing coating is applied to the outer layer. The specific process is as follows: (1) Coating material preparation: Use food-grade wax (selected from beeswax, carnauba wax, rice bran wax or one or more) or calcium fatty acid (selected from calcium stearate, calcium palmitate or one or more) and use it after melting; or use a wax aqueous emulsion with a mass concentration of 10%-20% and an emulsion particle size ≤1μm; (2) Coating equipment and parameters: The granules after secondary granulation are fed into a rotary drum coating machine or a fluidized bed coating machine. The coating temperature is controlled at 50-60℃ (when using the melt method) or 40-50℃ (when using the emulsion spraying method). The atomization pressure is 0.2-0.3MPa, the spraying rate is 8-15mL / min, and the amount of coating material is 1%-3% of the total mass of the granules. (3) Coating process control: adopt a multi-layer thin coating method. After each layer is sprayed, cold air (20-25℃) is circulated for 30-60 seconds to cure. A total of 2-4 layers are sprayed. After spraying, the coating is cured at 40-45℃ for 15-30 minutes to ensure that the coating film is intact, continuous and free of cracks. (4) Coating film characteristics: Forms a hydrophobic sealing film with a thickness of 2-8 micrometers. This film can block the remaining open pores on the particle surface, dissolve slowly in rumen fluid (dissolution time ≥ 60 minutes), control the slow release rate of internal starch and functional components, and avoid a sudden increase in local acid peaks; (5) Quality inspection: After coating is completed, samples are taken for testing. The coating uniformity is required to be ≥95%, the coating film integrity is required (microscopic examination shows no exposed core or cracks), and the release rate of coated particles in artificial rumen fluid at 37℃ is ≤30% after 2 hours and ≥80% after 6 hours. The product testing specifically includes: The physical properties require a particle density of 1100-1150 kg / m³, a forming rate of ≥99%, and a pulverization rate of ≤8%. The activity indicators require a cellulase activity retention rate of ≥80% and a probiotic viable count of ≥1×10⁻⁶. 6 CFU / g, vitamin retention rate ≥80%; Hygiene and safety indicators require a negative result for E. coli and Salmonella; The in vitro rumen fermentation simulation test requires a gas production of ≥200 mL / g organic matter in 24 hours, a stable pH value of the final fermentation product of 5.8-6.8, and an ammonia nitrogen concentration of 5-30 mg / dL.

[0031] Example 1 This embodiment provides a method for preparing ruminant feed for lamb fattening. Taking the preparation of a pelleted feed specifically for 2-3 month old lambs in the early fattening stage as an example, the specific steps are as follows: Step S1. Collection of basic data on lambs and feed Lamb data collection: Growth data of 2-3 month old male Hu sheep lambs were collected, specifically: initial weight 15.2 kg, target average daily gain (ADG) ≥ 300 g / d. Reference values ​​for health indicators were also collected: diarrhea rate < 3%, rumen pH stable at 6.0-6.8, and plasma immunoglobulin G level > 5 g / L.

[0032] Feed ingredient data collection: Potential feed ingredients such as corn, soybean meal, alfalfa meal, and corn stalks were selected, and their nutritional components were determined. The 48-hour dynamic degradation rate (ED) of rumen organic matter was measured using the nylon bag method. For example, the ED of alfalfa meal was 62%, corn stalks were 48%, corn was 78%, and soybean meal was 72%.

[0033] Data collection on functional additives: Determine the activity thresholds of key additives, such as the enzyme activity retention rate of cellulase at pH 6.2 > 95%, and the survival half-life of Lactobacillus plantarum at 40°C.

[0034] Step S2. Intelligent data analysis and determination of the optimal formulation scheme Formula optimization: The S1 data was input into the "degradation rate-fattening prediction model" for iterative calculation. The preliminary formula model predicted an ADG of 285g / d, which was determined to be a "qualified formula".

[0035] Solution adjustment: Based on the model's suggestions, it was decided to fine-tune the ratio of refined to crude protein and add 0.5% of rumen-protected methionine.

[0036] Final output: Optimal formulation (dry matter basis): 35% pretreated corn stalks, 40% corn, 18% soybean meal, 3% wheat bran, 3% mineral and vitamin premix, and 1% friction pellets. Simultaneously, a matching low-temperature granulation and staged coating process was determined. Based on model prediction, this final formulation has a weighted average degradation rate (EDdiet) of 65.1% and an expected ADG of 315 g / d, meeting the "superior efficiency formulation" standard (≥300 g / d).

[0037] Step S3. Select and pre-treat raw materials according to the plan. Raw material selection: Corn stalks harvested at the tasseling stage and chopped to ≤3cm are selected as crude fiber raw materials; corn that has been crushed and passed through a 2.0mm sieve and soybean meal with a 1.5mm sieve are selected as concentrate raw materials.

[0038] Composite pretreatment: Microbial fermentation softening: After crushing the corn stalks, the moisture content was adjusted to 50%. A microbial culture consisting of white-rot fungi, *Lactobacillus plantarum*, and yeast in a 2:3:1 ratio was inoculated at a rate of 0.5%. The mixture was then subjected to sealed anaerobic solid-state fermentation at 30℃ for 10 days. After fermentation, the crude fiber degradation rate of the stalks reached 18%, and the crude protein content increased by 4 percentage points.

[0039] Steam explosion: The fermented and softened material is fed into a steam explosion tank and pressurized at 150℃ and 1.1MPa for 4 minutes, followed by instantaneous pressure release. The treated material forms a permeable porous fiber skeleton with a porosity of 35%.

[0040] Friction particle preparation: Select walnut shell powder with a particle size of 200-300 micrometers and a Mohs hardness of 2.5 as inert friction particles, and sterilize it with high-pressure steam at 121℃ for 20 minutes before use.

[0041] Step S4. Partial material mixing and initial granulation Grinding and mixing: 35 parts of pretreated porous corn stalks, 20 parts of corn, and 1 part of friction particles are fed into a ball mill and ground and mixed at 50 r / min for 20 minutes, so that all materials pass through a 40 mesh sieve.

[0042] Low-temperature single-stage granulation: The moisture content of the mixture is adjusted to 17% and fed into the granulator. The granulation die temperature is controlled at 55℃, the ring die compression ratio is 1:7, and the feeding speed is 500 r / min. Porous basic granules with a density of 1120 kg / m³ are obtained, with a molding rate of 99.5%, a pulverization rate of 5%, well preserved internal through-holes, and uniformly embedded inert friction particles.

[0043] Step S5. Solution filling and curing coating treatment Preparation of functional medicine solution: For lambs in the early fattening stage, a medicine solution is prepared to promote rumen development. By weight: 10 parts cellulase, 15 parts compound probiotics mainly composed of rumen cocci and Prevotella, 5 parts Clostridium butyricum, 3 parts compound Chinese herbal extract (dried ginger, kudzu root, and costus root in a 2:2:1 ratio), 10 parts sodium bicarbonate, 2 parts compound vitamins, and the remainder is sterile water.

[0044] Vacuum negative pressure injection: The porous basic particles are fed into a vacuum injection device and impregnated under a vacuum of -0.09MPa for 12 minutes, so that the functional drug solution is drawn into the internal pores of the particles. The injection volume is 12% of the dry basis mass of the particles.

[0045] Low-temperature drying and curing: The particles are removed and dried in a fluidized bed at 38°C to a moisture content of 11%, so that the active ingredients are cured and anchored on the inner wall of the pores.

[0046] Soluble inner coating: The dried drug-loaded particles are fed into a fluidized bed coating machine and sprayed with an 8% starch dextrin solution at a hot air temperature of 45°C to form a protective film with a thickness of 10 micrometers that can be instantly dissolved in rumen fluid.

[0047] Step S6. Mixing and secondary granulation of remaining materials Shell material mixing: The granules obtained from S5 are thoroughly mixed with the remaining 20 parts corn, 18 parts soybean meal, 3 parts wheat bran, 3 parts mineral premix, 0.5 parts rumen-protected methionine, and 0.1 parts palatability enhancer.

[0048] Low-temperature secondary granulation: The mixture is fed into a granulator, and the temperature is controlled at ≤50℃. The ring die compression ratio is 1:5 for secondary granulation. This forms core-shell structured particles with drug-loaded particles as the core and nutritional supplements as the outer shell. The outer shell thickness is approximately 0.8mm.

[0049] Step S7. Particle sealing and coating and product testing Outer pore-sealing coating: The core-shell particles are fed into a rotary drum coating machine and sprayed with molten food-grade rice bran wax. The coating thickness is 3 micrometers, which is used to seal the residual pores on the surface and achieve slow release into the rumen.

[0050] Product testing: Physical properties: Particle density 1130 kg / m³, forming rate 99.8%, pulverization rate 4%.

[0051] Activity indicators: Cellulase activity retention rate 89%, probiotic viable count 2.5 × 10⁻⁶ 6 CFU / g, Vitamin E retention rate 92%.

[0052] Hygiene and safety: Neither E. coli nor Salmonella were detected.

[0053] In vitro rumen fermentation simulation: 24-hour gas production was 235 mL / g organic matter, the pH of the fermentation broth was stable at 6.4, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration was 15 mg / dL. All indicators met the requirements.

[0054] Comparative Example 1: This comparative example adopts the technical solution of Example 1 in the patent application document with publication number CN202510184487.1, and prepares a lamb feed based on wolfberry leaves. Specifically: Formula composition: corn 48%, wheat 15%, wolfberry leaf powder 15%, soybean meal 18%, dicalcium phosphate 1.5%, salt 0.5%, and trace element and vitamin premix 2%.

[0055] Preparation method: The wolfberry leaves were dried at 60℃, pulverized, and passed through a 40-mesh sieve to obtain wolfberry leaf powder. Crush the corn, wheat, and soybean meal separately and pass them through a 20-mesh sieve; Place all raw material powders and premixed materials into a mixer and stir for 15 minutes to ensure uniformity; The mixed powder is fed into a ring die pellet mill, where it is steam-conditioned and pelleted at a conditioning temperature of 85°C. The pellets are then cooled and sieved to obtain the finished feed pellets.

[0056] Comparative Example 2: This comparative example adopts the technical solution of Example 1 in the patent application document with publication number CN201410580508.3, and prepares a fermented silage feed for fattening lambs. Specifically: Formula composition: 50% fresh pear residue, 25% dried peanut vines and straw, 20% wet soybean residue, and 5% Chinese herbal medicine additives (Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, tangerine peel, hawthorn, etc. are compounded in proportion).

[0057] Preparation method: Chop the dried peanut vines and straw into 2-3 cm lengths; Mix fresh pear pulp, wet soybean pulp, chopped grass, and Chinese herbal medicine additive powder in a specific ratio, and adjust the moisture content to 60%-65%. Pack the mixture into silage bags, compact them layer by layer, remove all air, and then seal them. Anaerobic solid-state fermentation at room temperature for 45 days yields the finished silage; simply unpack and use before feeding.

[0058] The following table is obtained from the analysis of the above embodiments, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2: The comparison table of the embodiments, Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 is shown below. In summary, this application achieves quantitative scientific decision-making in formulation and process, elevating experience-based feeding to data-driven precision nutrition, ensuring efficient fattening results with a daily weight gain of ≥300g / d for lambs, which is significantly superior to existing technologies.

[0059] The foregoing has only described certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention by way of illustration. Undoubtedly, those skilled in the art can modify the described embodiments in various ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the foregoing drawings and descriptions are illustrative in nature and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing ruminant feed for lamb fattening, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step S1. Basic data collection of lambs and feed: Search and analyze relevant companies and research materials, and collect data on lamb growth performance, rumen development and health status based on the analysis. At the same time, collect data on the nutritional composition of feed ingredients, rumen degradation characteristics and activity threshold of functional additives based on the analysis. Step S2. Data intelligent analysis and optimal formula determination: Based on the data collected in step S1, with lamb weight gain and rumen health as the goals, the degradation rate-fattening prediction model is used to optimize and analyze the data. Then, detailed feed formulas are generated manually, and detailed preparation processes are also determined. Step S3. Select raw materials and pre-treat them according to the plan: Select the corresponding crude fiber raw materials and refined raw materials according to the optimal formula and preparation process obtained in step S2. Then, the crude fiber raw materials are subjected to steam explosion and microbial fermentation softening pre-treatment in sequence. In addition, friction particles composed of food-grade inert substances are selected according to the formula. Step S4. Partial material mixing and primary granulation: The porous coarse fiber raw material, part of the fine material and inert friction particles pretreated in step S3 are fed into a ball mill for grinding and mixing. Then the primary mixture is fed into a granulator and granulated once under low temperature conditions to obtain porous basic particles. Step S5. Drug filling and curing coating treatment: The porous basic particles obtained in step S4 are sent into a vacuum injection device, and then the functional drug solution is injected into the depth of the pores of the porous basic particles using a vacuum negative pressure process under low temperature. The particles are then taken out and dried at low temperature to allow the active ingredients to solidify and anchor on the inner wall of the pores. Then, they are sent into a coating device to coat the particles with a soluble coating. Step S6. Mixing and secondary granulation of remaining materials: Mix the granules obtained in step S5 with the remaining concentrate and auxiliary additives, and perform secondary granulation at a low temperature lower than the initial granulation temperature to form core-shell structured granules with drug-loaded granules as the core and nutritional supplements as the outer shell. Step S7. Particle sealing and coating and product testing: The core-shell particles obtained in step S6 are fed into a coating equipment, where an outer functional coating is applied to the particles to seal surface pores and regulate the release rate. The finished product is then tested for physical indicators, retention rate of active ingredients, hygiene and safety, and in vitro rumen fermentation simulation to ensure that it meets the requirements for lamb rumen health.

2. The method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1: The lamb data includes at least the breed, age, initial weight, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, diarrhea rate, rumen pH, rumen volatile fatty acid concentration, plasma immunoglobulin G level, and antioxidant indicators. The feed ingredient characteristic data include at least the dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude ash content of each type of ingredient, as well as the dynamic degradation rate of rumen organic matter determined by the nylon bag method. The activity threshold data of the functional additives include at least the enzyme activity retention rate of cellulase in an environment of pH 5.0-7.0, the survival half-life of probiotics above 35°C, and the oxidative degradation rate constant of vitamin E above 35°C.

3. The method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2: The degradation rate-fattening prediction model is established using the rumen organic matter degradation rate regression equation and the fattening index prediction formula. The rumen organic matter degradation rate regression equation is shown below: In the formula: ED is the dynamic degradation rate of organic matter over 48 hours, DM is the dry matter content, CP is the crude protein content, EE is the crude fat content, NDF is the neutral detergent fiber content, ADF is the acid detergent fiber content, and ASH is the crude ash content. The fattening index prediction formula calculates the ED values ​​of each raw material obtained from the rumen organic matter degradation rate regression equation, and then weights and sums them according to the dry matter mass ratio of each raw material in the feed formula to obtain the weighted average degradation rate ED of the total mixed ration. diet The expected daily weight gain (ADG) of lambs is then predicted using the following linear formula, as shown below: In the formula, the slope 4.82 represents ED diet For every 1 percentage point increase, ADG increases by 4.82 g / day, and the intercept -198.5 corresponds to the ED required to maintain metabolism. diet The theoretical lower limit; this formula applies to ED. diet Within the range of 45%-75% and lambs aged 75-210 days, the coefficient of determination R of the regression equation was... 2 ≥0.

85.

4. The method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening according to claim 1, characterized in that, The specific steps of the composite pretreatment of the crude fiber raw material in step S3 are as follows: (1) First, carry out microbial fermentation softening pretreatment: After crushing the crude fiber raw material, adjust the moisture content to 45%-55%, inoculate with a compound strain of white rot fungi, Lactobacillus plantarum and yeast in a mass ratio of 2:3:1, the inoculation amount is 0.3%-0.8% of the dry weight of the material, and carry out closed anaerobic solid fermentation at 20-35℃ for 7-14 days; (2) Steam explosion treatment: The fermented and softened material is kept under pressure of 140-160℃ and 1.0-1.2MPa for 3-5 minutes, and then the pressure is released instantly to form a permeable porous fiber skeleton with a porosity of ≥30% inside the material.

5. The method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3: The friction particles composed of food-grade inert materials are one or more of the following: walnut shell powder, coconut shell powder, lignin particles, or microcrystalline cellulose. The friction particles, composed of food-grade inert materials, have a particle size of 100-500 micrometers and a Mohs hardness of ≤3. The addition amount accounts for 1-3% of the total dry matter mass of the final feed. The friction particles, made of food-grade inert material, are sterilized by high-pressure steam at 121°C during the preparation process.

6. The method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4: The specific process parameters for low-temperature single-stage granulation are as follows: material moisture content is adjusted to 17%, feeding speed is 500 r / min, granulation die temperature is ≤60℃, and ring die compression ratio is 1:6 to 1:

8. The resulting porous basic particles have a density of 1100-1150 kg / m³, a molding rate of ≥99%, a pulverization rate of ≤8%, and retain through-holes formed by steam explosion inside the particles. Inert friction particles are uniformly embedded in the particle matrix.

7. The method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5: The functional medicine solution is prepared in stages according to the fattening stage of lambs, specifically as follows: The medication in the early fattening stage mainly consists of probiotics that promote rumen development and cell-degrading enzymes, including at least Ruminococcus and Prevotella 1. The medication solution during the mid-stage of fattening mainly consists of growth-promoting bacteria and rumen stability regulators, including at least Bacillus subtilis and yeast. The medicine solution in the later stage of fattening is mainly composed of lipid metabolism regulating bacteria and lactic acid utilizing bacteria, including at least lactic acid bacteria and giant cocci. The functional liquid contains the following components by mass: 5-15 parts cellulase, 10-20 parts compound probiotics, 3-8 parts Clostridium butyricum or butyrate, 2-5 parts compound Chinese medicine extract, 5-15 parts sodium bicarbonate or magnesium oxide, 1-5 parts compound vitamins, and the remainder is sterile water or fermentation supernatant.

8. The method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5: The specific process parameters for vacuum negative pressure injection, low-temperature drying, and soluble coating are as follows: Vacuum negative pressure injection: vacuum degree -0.08 to -0.095 MPa, pressure holding and impregnation for 10-15 minutes, the amount of drug solution injected is 8-15% of the dry basis mass of the porous basic particles; Low-temperature drying: Drying is carried out in a fluidized bed at 35-40℃ until the particle moisture content is 10-12%; Soluble coating: Spray with a starch dextrin solution or corn gluten ethanol solution with a mass concentration of 5-10%, and spray with hot air at a temperature ≤50℃ to form a transparent protective film with a thickness of 5-15 micrometers.

9. A method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S6: The temperature of secondary granulation is ≤55℃, and the ring die compression ratio is 1:4 to 1:6, which is lower than the compression ratio of primary granulation. The core-shell structured particles consist of a porous particle loaded with functional drug solution, and an outer shell containing residual concentrate, minerals, rumen-protected amino acids, and appetite stimulants. The outer shell is 0.5-1 mm thick.

10. A method for preparing ruminant feed based on lamb fattening according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S7: The outer functional coating is: sprayed with food-grade wax or calcium fatty acid, with a coating thickness of 2-5 micrometers; The product testing specifically includes: Physical properties require a particle density of 1100-1150 kg / m³ 3 Molding rate ≥ 99%, powdering rate ≤ 8%; The activity indicators require a cellulase activity retention rate of ≥80% and a probiotic viable count of ≥1×10⁻⁶. 6 CFU / g, vitamin retention rate ≥80%; Hygiene and safety indicators require a negative result for E. coli and Salmonella; The in vitro rumen fermentation simulation test requires a gas production of ≥200 mL / g organic matter in 24 hours, a stable pH value of the final fermentation product of 5.8-6.8, and an ammonia nitrogen concentration of 5-30 mg / dL.

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