A B-ultrasonic guided kidney puncture model training body and a preparation method thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a B-ultrasound guided kidney puncture model training body and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of medical devices. The training body is composed of a trunk model and built-in liver, kidney, lesion, lung, spleen, spine, ureter and perirenal tissue models, wherein the lung, kidney and ureter are provided with a cavity structure. The trunk, liver, kidney and lesion main body structures are made of special hydrogel, and are matched with various functional additives to control the performance; the spine is made of hard polymer material; and the lesion and perirenal tissue are additionally provided with corresponding additives to optimize the simulation effect. The whole preparation is completed through layering and step-by-step pouring and solidification, the model completely reproduces the anatomical structure and tissue mechanics and acoustic characteristics of the waist and abdomen of a human body, has good self-healing ability, and can be repeatedly punctured. The training body has high simulation degree, stable performance, is convenient to carry and use, can meet the training needs of multiple clinical operations such as kidney puncture biopsy, lesion ablation and nephrostomy, and effectively solves the problems of poor simulation, low durability and inconvenience in use of traditional models.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of medical device technology, specifically to a training model for ultrasound-guided renal puncture and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Kidney biopsy is a core method for diagnosing kidney pathology. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) offers advantages such as real-time imaging, no radiation exposure, and minimally invasive safety, and is widely used in routine urological surgeries and emergency treatments. This procedure has a high technical threshold, demanding excellent hand-eye coordination, spatial awareness, and anatomical recognition skills from the operator. The puncture step in establishing the percutaneous renal access during PCNL is the core of the entire procedure. According to relevant literature and clinical guidelines, operators need to accumulate 15-20 clinical cases to master this technique. Currently, PCNL procedures are primarily performed by urologists. Therefore, a professional and reliable preoperative simulation training system is essential for improving the operational skills of practitioners and reducing clinical surgical risks.

[0003] Ultrasound-guided visceral and renal biopsy is a core clinical procedure in interventional ultrasound. Physicians need standardized practical training using simulation models before starting work, and related training techniques already exist on the market. Patent CN216211823U discloses a training model structure for ultrasound-guided visceral biopsy. This model integrates four modules: kidney, liver, nerve block, and vascular tumor puncture. The organ and soft tissue modules are injection molded from thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), with a matching skeletal structure made of nylon. It includes multi-sized liver and kidney lesions, simulated circulatory tubing, and an infrared alarm device for accidental puncture. However, this model only relies on a physical phantom for basic operation practice, is complex to assemble, and has poor portability and replaceability. Patent application CN122050220A discloses a mixed reality-based... The Renal Biopsy Quantitative Teaching and Assessment System integrates mixed reality registration, dynamic respiratory simulation of a physical kidney phantom, and matching with real clinical ultrasound images. It enables quantitative scoring of student operation data and closed-loop verification between virtual and real systems. However, the system's physical phantom is designed for a single anatomical structure of one kidney, resulting in insufficient anatomical integration. Furthermore, due to the virtual environment, the actual tactile sensation and feedback lack realism. The phantom uses a 3D-printed core with a composite silicone encapsulation structure, but its self-healing properties and tolerance for repeated punctures are inferior to thermoplastic elastomers and specialized hydrogel materials, limiting the scope of the training environment. Meanwhile, several mature non-biological simulation devices, such as the UROSON simulator and the SafeToAct series of kidney models, are also used in ultrasound-guided renal biopsy teaching, enriching current practical training options.

[0004] Despite the variety of existing training models, numerous unavoidable shortcomings remain, failing to fully meet the high standards of clinical training. Models based on silicone rubber and agar exhibit significant deviations in mechanical properties and tactile texture from real human tissue, resulting in suboptimal simulation. While models using excised animal kidneys offer some improvement in realism, the shape and size of animal kidneys differ considerably from human kidneys, raising ethical concerns, and their short preservation time and high cost further complicate matters. Furthermore, most commercially available simulation models are fragmented with numerous parts, requiring reassembly for each use, hindering portability and making flexible use in different teaching environments difficult. In summary, existing equipment generally suffers from insufficient simulation accuracy, poor practicality, and numerous usage limitations, highlighting the urgent need for a more comprehensive and high-performance kidney puncture simulation training phantom. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the aforementioned technical problems, the first aspect of this invention provides an ultrasound-guided renal puncture model training body, comprising a trunk model, a liver model, a kidney model, a renal pelvis model, a lesion model, a lung model, a spleen model, a spine model, a ureter model, and a perirenal tissue model; wherein the liver model, kidney model, lesion model, lung model, spleen model, spine model, ureter model, and perirenal tissue model are distributed within the trunk model, wherein the lung model, renal pelvis model, and ureter model are hollow structures.

[0006] This model integrates structures such as the liver, spleen, spine, kidneys, ureters, perirenal fat, lungs, and lesions into a trunk model, completely replicating the anatomical morphology and tissue relationships of the human lumbar and abdominal region. It distinguishes between hollow structures like the lungs, renal pelvis, and ureters, and solid structures like the rest, accurately reproducing the ultrasound echo characteristics of different tissues to ensure consistency between ultrasound images and clinical findings. This effectively trains users' anatomical recognition, image interpretation, and spatial positioning abilities. The independently designed perirenal fat tissue accurately replicates the real puncture layers and resistance feel, while the built-in lesion model can simulate tumors, cysts, stones, and other lesions. It supports training in various clinical procedures such as kidney biopsy, lesion ablation, nephrostomy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, making it suitable for a wide range of scenarios. Furthermore, its integrated layout eliminates the need for repeated assembly, making it convenient to use and transport, flexibly meeting various teaching and training needs.

[0007] As an feasible example, the kidney model includes a model of the renal parenchyma and its internal structure.

[0008] As an feasible example, the raw materials for preparing the trunk model, liver model, lesion model, kidney model, perirenal tissue model, and spleen model include hydrogel.

[0009] Furthermore, the raw materials for preparing the hydrogel include a water-soluble polymer, a polymer monomer, a reaction initiator, a reaction crosslinking agent, a reaction promoter, and purified water.

[0010] Furthermore, the water-soluble polymer includes one or more of carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, κ-carrageenan, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.

[0011] Furthermore, the reaction monomers include one or more of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, and acrylamide.

[0012] Furthermore, the reaction crosslinking agent includes one or more of potassium chloride, calcium chloride, zirconium chloride, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, N-hydroxymethylacrylamide, and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide.

[0013] Furthermore, the reaction initiator includes one or more of ammonium persulfate, cerium ammonium nitrate, sodium bisulfite, potassium persulfate, and sodium persulfate.

[0014] Furthermore, the reaction promoter includes one or more of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, tetramethylphenylenediamine, ethylenediamine, N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine, and tetramethylethylenediamine.

[0015] This invention utilizes hydrogel to fabricate structures such as the torso, liver, lesions, renal parenchyma, perirenal tissue, and spleen. The physicochemical properties of this material closely resemble human soft tissue, replicating realistic touch, elasticity, and puncture resistance, while also possessing acoustic properties suitable for ultrasound detection, effectively enhancing the model's simulation accuracy. The entire hydrogel system comprises water-soluble polymers, monomers, initiators, crosslinking agents, reaction promoters, and purified water. This complete formulation system allows for precise control of the material's water content, density, and internal structure, ensuring smooth gel curing and comprehensively optimizing the model's overall performance and structural stability. Each ingredient in the formula plays a specific role: water-soluble polymers such as carboxymethyl cellulose and gelatin have good hydrophilicity and extensibility, which can adjust the softness and hardness of the material and enhance the integrity of the matrix; monomers such as acrylic acid and acrylamide build a molecular network, giving the material excellent mechanical properties and self-healing ability, supporting repeated punctures; various cross-linking agents allow molecular chains to combine with each other, improving the strength and morphological stability of the material; initiators and amine reaction promoters work synergistically to precisely control the polymerization rate and uniformity, avoid molding defects, and ensure the quality stability of each batch of models.

[0016] Furthermore, the raw materials for preparing the liver model, spleen model, and lesion model also include additives.

[0017] Furthermore, the additives include one or more of silicon dioxide, hydroxyapatite, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, calcium carbonate, and gypsum.

[0018] Furthermore, the raw materials for preparing the lesion model and the perirenal tissue model also include organic solvents.

[0019] Furthermore, the organic solvents include glycerol and / or ethylene glycol.

[0020] As an feasible example, the raw materials for preparing the spine model are one or more of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyamide, polyetheretherketone and polylactic acid.

[0021] The lesion model in this invention includes, but is not limited to, one of tumors, cysts, and stones.

[0022] The second aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing a training body for ultrasound-guided renal puncture, comprising the following steps: combining a trunk model, a liver model, a kidney model, a renal pelvis model, a lesion model, a lung model, a spleen model, a spine model, a ureter model, and a perirenal tissue model to obtain a training body for ultrasound-guided renal puncture.

[0023] Furthermore, the method for preparing the ultrasound-guided renal biopsy model training body includes the following steps: S1. Mix the raw materials for preparing the lesion model, and after the reaction and solidification, the lesion model is obtained. The type of lesion can be adjusted as needed. S2, fix the prepared lesion model into the kidney mold, add the renal pelvis and internal structure, and then add the pre-prepared hydrogel material to obtain the renal parenchyma structure. Then, put the renal parenchyma structure into the perirenal tissue mold to obtain the entire replaceable kidney model structure including the perirenal tissue model; at the same time, add the liver and spleen materials into the corresponding molds to prepare the liver model structure and spleen model structure respectively. S3, fix the liver model, spleen model, spine model, ureter model, and lung model structure and replacement parts of the placeholder mold into the whole torso mold, and then add the torso material and solidify to obtain the whole torso model; S4. After the reaction is complete, remove all molds and combine the replaceable kidney structure containing the kidney structure into the overall torso model to finally obtain a kidney puncture model training body that can be used for ultrasound guidance.

[0024] Beneficial effects (I) This program uses a specially formulated hydrogel as the raw material for preparing core structures such as the trunk, liver, kidneys, lesions, and spleen. The material's physicochemical properties, softness, and elasticity are highly similar to those of human soft tissue, which can realistically reproduce the tactile sensation and resistance changes during the puncture process. At the same time, the hydrogel has acoustic properties suitable for clinical ultrasound detection, and the imaging effect of each tissue under ultrasound is basically consistent with that of human tissue. Combined with complete anatomical structures, it can highly simulate the real clinical operation environment, helping trainees to accurately practice ultrasound scanning, anatomical identification, and puncture localization skills, and greatly improving the realism and effectiveness of the training.

[0025] (ii) The polymeric monomers in the formulation construct a stable molecular network, giving the hydrogel excellent puncture resistance and self-healing properties. The needle tracks left by punctures can close automatically, and the appearance, feel, and ultrasonic imaging effect of the material do not significantly decrease after multiple punctures. The cross-linking system formed by the combination of the raw materials improves the toughness and damage resistance of the material, making it less prone to cracking, loosening, and deformation. It overcomes the shortcomings of traditional models, which have poor durability and are scrapped after a single use. It can be used for repeated training over a long period of time, effectively reducing the cost of training consumables.

[0026] (III) This invention clarifies the complete raw material system of the hydrogel and the types of each component. By relying on the synergistic regulation of the polymerization reaction rate and reaction uniformity by initiators and reaction promoters, the material can be solidified at a uniform speed and fully, effectively avoiding problems such as local unevenness in hardness and molding defects in the model. The standardized raw material ratio and component selection make the model preparation process feasible and replicable, ensuring that the performance and morphology of different batches of products remain consistent, which is conducive to large-scale production and promotion.

[0027] (iv) Based on customized hydrogel materials, lesion models can realistically simulate different pathological tissues such as kidney tumors, cysts, and stones. Combined with complete abdominal and lumbar anatomical structures, the model can not only complete routine kidney biopsy training, but also meet the clinical operation training needs of nephrostomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy access establishment, and tumor and cyst ablation. At the same time, the operating area is replaceable, which is more effective for simulating different scenarios and long-term reusability. A single device can cover the tiered training of different groups such as medical students and junior physicians, and is suitable for various scenarios such as in-hospital teaching, skills assessment, and off-site training.

[0028] (V) Various human tissue models are integrated into the torso, eliminating the need for additional assembly and simplifying pre-class preparation. The hydrogel matrix is ​​flexible and of moderate weight, making the equipment easy to move and place, and highly portable. Meanwhile, the selected polymer materials have good biocompatibility, release no irritating substances, and are safe and reliable during use. The different components synergistically optimize the overall mechanical properties of the material, ensuring that long-term use will not result in problems such as morphological collapse or tissue misalignment, thus balancing user experience with long-term value. Attached Figure Description

[0029] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the kidney biopsy model training body in Example 1, wherein 1-perirenal tissue model, 2-ureter model, 3-vertebral model, 4-spleen model, 5-lung model, 6-liver model, 7-kidney model, 8-renal pelvis model, 9-lesion model, and 10-trunk model.

[0030] Figure 2 The image shows an ultrasound image of the kidney biopsy model trainee in Example 2.

[0031] Figure 3 The image shows an ultrasound image of the kidney biopsy model trainee in Example 3.

[0032] Figure 4-5 This is a comparative diagram of the kidney biopsy model training subjects before and after puncture in Example 2, wherein... Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating the puncture procedure. Figure 5 The red arrow indicates the location where the needle disappeared after being removed, and... Figure 4 The comparison before and after shows that the kidney biopsy model trainee has good self-healing properties after puncture, the needle marks can disappear quickly, and the kidney biopsy model trainee can be used for repeated punctures.

[0033] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the mechanical properties of different parts of the kidney puncture model training body in Example 2.

[0034] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the mechanical properties of different parts of the kidney puncture model training body in Example 3. Detailed Implementation

[0035] Example 1 This example provides a training body for an ultrasound-guided renal puncture model, including a perirenal tissue model (1), a ureter model (2), a spine model (3), a spleen model (4), a lung model (5), a liver model (6), a kidney model (7), a renal pelvis model (8), a lesion model (9), and a trunk model (10); the perirenal tissue model (1), ureter model (2), spine model (3), spleen model (4), lung model (5), liver model (6), kidney model (7), renal pelvis model (8), and lesion model (9) are distributed inside the trunk model (10); The ureter model (2), lung model (5), and renal pelvis model (7) are hollow structures; The lung model (5) is arranged in the upper left and right cavities of the trunk model (10), the liver model (6) is located below the upper right lung model (5), and the spleen model (4) is located below the upper left lung model (5). The liver model (6) and the spleen model (4) are distributed left and right in the upper abdominal cavity. The spinal model (3) is set through the vertical midline of the torso and is located at the center rear of the overall structure; The two kidney models (7) are arranged on the left and right sides of the lower part of the spine model (3), below the liver model (6) and spleen model (4); each kidney model (7) is provided with a renal pelvis model (8), and the renal pelvis model (8) extends downward to provide a ureter model (2); the kidney model (7) is surrounded by a perirenal tissue model (1). The lesion model (9) is set in the lateral region of the unilateral kidney model (7) near the spinal model (3) and is located adjacent to the renal pelvis model (8); The hierarchical relationship of the model training body positions is as follows: the lung model (5), liver model (6), and spleen model (4) are located in the shallow layer in front; the spine model (3) is located in the deep midline position in the back; the kidney model (7), renal pelvis model (8), ureter model (2), perirenal tissue model (1), and lesion model (9) are located in the middle layer behind the shallow organs and on both sides of the spine model (3); The hierarchical relationship of the model training bodies is as follows: the lung model (5) is located at the top, and the liver model (6) and spleen model (4) are arranged below the lung model (5); the kidney model (7), renal pelvis model (8), ureter model (2), perirenal tissue model (1), and lesion model (9) are located in the area below the liver model (6) and spleen model (4), and are arranged vertically downward along the spine model (3); The left-right position relationship of the model training body is as follows: the liver model (6) is located in the upper right region of the whole, the spleen model (4) is located in the upper left region of the whole; the double kidney model (7) is arranged on the left and right with the spine model (3) as the central axis, and the ureter model (2) extends downward along the left and right sides of the spine model (3); The lesion model (9) is embedded within the coverage area of ​​the perirenal tissue model (1) and can simulate the anatomical structure of lesions around the kidney.

[0036] In this example, the structure of the ultrasound-guided renal biopsy model training body is as follows: Figure 1 As shown.

[0037] Example 2 This example provides a method for preparing a training model for ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy, including the following steps: Mix 400g of κ-carrageenan with 10000g of purified water and stir at 85℃ until completely dissolved, then set aside. Next, take 20g of κ-carrageenan solution and mix it with 20g of an aqueous solution containing 30mg of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 153mg of potassium chloride, 40mg of ammonium persulfate, 10g of acrylamide, and 0.5g of hydroxyapatite. Add (commercially available) red pigment and stir ultrasonically until completely dissolved and homogeneous. Then add 50μL of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine, stir thoroughly, and pour into a mold for the lesion model. Place at 50℃ for 1 hour to cure and obtain the lesion model. In 180g of water, 200mg of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 1.37g of potassium chloride, 220mg of ammonium persulfate, and 90g of acrylamide were added and mixed until the solution was clear. Then, 180g of the dissolved κ-carrageenan solution, 1g of alumina powder, and red pigment were added and mixed thoroughly to obtain prepolymer solution A for renal parenchyma. Similarly, in 800g of water, 900mg of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 3.6g of potassium chloride, 800mg of ammonium persulfate, and 120g of acrylamide were added and mixed until the solution was clear. Then, 800g of the dissolved κ-carrageenan solution, 100g of glycerol, and red pigment were added and mixed thoroughly to obtain prepolymer solution B for perirenal tissue. The prepared lesion model was fixed inside a kidney mold. Then, 300 μL of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine was added to prepolymer solution A, stirred and dispersed, and poured into the kidney mold. The ureter and renal pelvis models were placed in the mold as spacers. After the reaction was completed, the mold was removed and the entire model was placed at 40°C for 1 hour to obtain a kidney parenchyma model. The kidney parenchyma model was placed into a perirenal tissue mold. Then, 1 mL of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine was added to prepolymer solution B, stirred and dispersed, and poured into the perirenal tissue mold. The model was then placed at 40°C for 2 hours to obtain a replaceable kidney model including the perirenal tissue model. Add 600 mg N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 3.85 g potassium chloride, 680 mg ammonium persulfate, and 200 g acrylamide to 500 g water and dissolve thoroughly until the solution is clear. Then add 500 g of the dissolved κ-carrageenan solution and stir well. Take 800 g of the solution and add 3 g of alumina powder and red pigment, mix thoroughly to obtain prepolymer solution C. Add 1 g of alumina powder and red pigment to the remaining solution and mix thoroughly to obtain prepolymer solution D. Add 1 mL of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine to prepolymer solution C, stir and disperse, and pour into a liver mold. React at 45°C for 1 h to obtain a liver model. Similarly, add 250 μL of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine to prepolymer solution D, stir and disperse, and pour into a spleen mold. React at 45°C for 1 h to obtain a spleen model. The spine model was obtained using 3D printing technology, and the material used was acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer.

[0038] The liver, spleen, and spine models prepared above were placed in a mold for the entire torso, with the upper part of the mold containing a structure the size and shape of a lung. The entire mold was then fixed in place. Next, 7000g of purified water was taken, and 3000g of acrylamide, 10g of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 8g of ammonium persulfate, and 10g of potassium chloride were added and stirred thoroughly until completely dissolved. Then, 7000g of the dissolved κ-carrageenan solution was added, mixed evenly, and red pigment was added and stirred thoroughly. This mixture was then poured into the torso mold and cured at 50°C for 12 hours. The mold was removed to obtain an overall torso model containing the liver, spleen, spine, and lung models. A replaceable kidney model was then placed in from below, resulting in a complete training model suitable for ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy.

[0039] The ultrasound image of the kidney biopsy model trainee in this example is as follows: Figure 2 As shown in the diagram, the comparison between the kidney biopsy model trainees before and after the biopsy is as follows: Figure 4 , 5 As shown in the diagram, the mechanical properties of different parts of the kidney puncture model training body are illustrated in the figure below. Figure 6 As shown.

[0040] Example 3 This example provides a method for preparing a training model for ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy, including the following steps: Mix 1500g of polyvinylpyrrolidone with 10000g of purified water and stir at 45℃ until completely dissolved, then set aside. Next, take 20g of polyvinylpyrrolidone solution and mix it with 18g of an aqueous solution containing 25mg of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 30mg of potassium persulfate, 9g of acrylamide, and 0.3g of calcium carbonate powder. Add (commercially available) red pigment and stir ultrasonically until completely dissolved and homogeneous. Then add 45μL of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine, stir thoroughly, and pour into a mold of the lesion model. Place at 50℃ for 1 hour to cure and obtain the lesion model. In 160g of water, 200mg of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 220mg of potassium persulfate, and 80g of acrylamide were added and mixed until the solution was clear. Then, 200g of the dissolved polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, 1g of silica powder, and red pigment were added and mixed thoroughly to obtain prepolymer solution A for renal parenchyma. Similarly, in 700g of water, 900mg of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 800mg of potassium persulfate, and 120g of acrylamide were added and mixed until the solution was clear. Then, 900g of the dissolved polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, 100g of glycerol, and red pigment were added and mixed thoroughly to obtain prepolymer solution B for perirenal tissue. The prepared lesion model was fixed inside a kidney mold. Then, 300 μL of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine was added to prepolymer solution A, stirred and dispersed, and poured into the kidney mold. The ureter and renal pelvis models were placed in the mold as spacers. After the reaction was completed, the mold was removed and the entire model was placed at 45°C for 1 hour to obtain a kidney parenchyma model. The kidney parenchyma model was placed into a perirenal tissue mold. Then, 1 mL of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine was added to prepolymer solution B, stirred and dispersed, and poured into the perirenal tissue mold. The model was then placed at 45°C for 2 hours to obtain a replaceable kidney model including the perirenal tissue model. 600 mg of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 680 mg of potassium persulfate, and 200 g of acrylamide were added to 450 g of water and dissolved thoroughly until the solution was clear. Then, 550 g of the dissolved polyvinylpyrrolidone solution was added and stirred until homogeneous. 800 g of the solution was then mixed thoroughly with 3 g of silica powder and red pigment to obtain prepolymer solution C. The remaining solution was mixed thoroughly with 1 g of silica powder and red pigment to obtain prepolymer solution D. 1 mL of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine was added to prepolymer solution C and stirred to disperse the mixture. This mixture was then poured into a liver mold and reacted at 45°C for 1 hour to obtain the liver model. Similarly, 250 μL of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine was added to prepolymer solution D and stirred to disperse the mixture. This mixture was then poured into a spleen mold and reacted at 45°C for 1 hour to obtain the spleen model. The spine model was obtained using 3D printing technology, with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer as the material.

[0041] The liver, spleen, and spine models prepared above were placed in a mold for the entire torso, with the upper part of the mold containing a structure the size and shape of a lung. The entire mold was then fixed in place. Next, 6000g of purified water was taken, and 2800g of acrylamide, 10g of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and 8g of potassium persulfate were added and stirred thoroughly until completely dissolved. Then, 8000g of the previously dissolved polyvinylpyrrolidone solution was added, mixed evenly, and red pigment was added and stirred thoroughly. This mixture was then poured into the torso mold and cured at 50°C for 12 hours. The mold was removed to obtain an overall torso model containing the liver, spleen, spine, and lung models. A replaceable kidney model was then inserted from below, resulting in a complete training model suitable for ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy.

[0042] The ultrasound image of the kidney biopsy model trainee in this example is as follows: Figure 3 As shown in the diagram, the mechanical properties of different parts of the kidney puncture model training body are illustrated in the figure below. Figure 7 As shown.

Claims

1. A training model for ultrasound-guided kidney biopsy, characterized in that, The model includes a perirenal tissue model (1), a ureter model (2), a spine model (3), a spleen model (4), a lung model (5), a liver model (6), a kidney model (7), a renal pelvis model (8), a lesion model (9), and a trunk model (10); the perirenal tissue model (1), ureter model (2), spine model (3), spleen model (4), lung model (5), liver model (6), kidney model (7), renal pelvis model (8), and lesion model (9) are distributed inside the trunk model (10); The ureter model (2), lung model (5), and renal pelvis model (8) are hollow structures; The lung model (5) is arranged in the upper left and right cavities of the trunk model (10), the liver model (6) is located below the upper right lung model (5), and the spleen model (4) is located below the upper left lung model (5). The liver model (6) and the spleen model (4) are distributed in the upper abdominal cavity in a left-right position. The spinal model (3) is set through the vertical midline of the torso and is located at the center rear of the overall structure; The two kidney models (7) are arranged on the left and right sides of the lower part of the spine model (3), below the liver model (6) and spleen model (4); each kidney model (7) has a renal pelvis model (8) inside, and the renal pelvis model (8) extends downward to connect and set the ureter model (2); the entire kidney model (7) is surrounded by a perirenal tissue model (1). The lesion model (9) can be set at any location; The raw materials for preparing the trunk model (10), liver model (6), lesion model (9), kidney model (7), perirenal tissue model (1), and spleen model (4) include hydrogel; The raw materials for preparing the hydrogel include water-soluble polymer, polymeric monomer, reaction initiator, reaction crosslinking agent, reaction promoter and purified water; The water-soluble polymers mentioned include one or more of carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, κ-carrageenan, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone; The reaction monomers include one or more of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, and acrylamide; The reaction crosslinking agent includes one or more of potassium chloride, calcium chloride, zirconium chloride, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, N-hydroxymethylacrylamide, and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide; The reaction initiator includes one or more of ammonium persulfate, cerium ammonium nitrate, sodium bisulfite, potassium persulfate, and sodium persulfate; The reaction promoters include one or more of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, tetramethylphenyldiamine, ethylenediamine, N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine, and tetramethylethylenediamine; The raw materials for preparing the liver model (6), spleen model (4), and lesion model (9) also include additives.

2. A method for preparing a training model for ultrasound-guided renal puncture according to claim 1, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: The perirenal tissue model (1), ureter model (2), spine model (3), spleen model (4), lung model (5), liver model (6), kidney model (7), renal pelvis model (8), lesion model (9), and trunk model (10) are combined to obtain the ultrasound-guided renal puncture model training body.

Images