A lunar base photovoltaic-photothermal coupling heat storage reversible soc dual-mode closed loop system

Abstract

The application discloses a lunar base photovoltaic-photothermal coupling heat storage reversible SOC dual-mode closed loop system, which runs different working modes during lunar day and lunar night through the same reversible solid oxide cell. During the lunar day, the first working mode is run, pure water electrolysis or water-CO2 co-electrolysis can be selected to prepare H2 and O2 or H2, CO and O2, during the lunar night, the second working mode is run, and the stored fuel gas and combustion-supporting gas are used to generate electricity to supply the living area, realizing continuous energy supply day and night, the product H2O or CO2 is recovered after condensation and separation, and is used for lunar day electrolysis raw material supply. The system deeply couples energy and life support, unifies in-situ water taking, product water recovery and living area CO2 capture, realizes the cyclic utilization of water and CO2, and cooperatively meets the O2 supply and fuel preparation requirements, so that the closed loop circulation of water, O2, CO2 and other life support resources is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the field of day and night energy supply technology for lunar bases, specifically relating to a reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system based on lunar photovoltaic-photothermal coupled thermal storage. Background Technology

[0002] To enable long-term stays, lunar bases require a stable and sustainable energy supply in extreme environments. The long lunar day-night cycle means that photovoltaic power generation alone cannot provide continuous power during the lunar night. Furthermore, the base's life support system has rigid requirements for oxygen and carbon dioxide removal, as well as water recycling, creating a strong coupling between energy and resource systems. Currently, during the lunar day, photovoltaic or solar thermal power generation is primarily used, with excess electricity used for water electrolysis to produce and store hydrogen and oxygen. During the lunar night, hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells generate electricity to produce water for recycling.

[0003] However, in the application process, electrolysis and power generation are usually handled by different devices, resulting in large equipment redundancy. Furthermore, the system does not incorporate the carbon dioxide generated in the living area as a usable resource into the high-temperature electrochemical link, making it difficult to achieve closed-loop recycling of water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This application aims to provide a reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system based on lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal energy storage. Using the same reversible solid oxide battery, it operates in a first mode during lunar daytime, selecting either pure water electrolysis or water-CO2 co-electrolysis to produce H2 and O2, or H2, CO, and O2. During lunar nighttime, it operates in a second mode, utilizing stored fuel gas and combustion-supporting gas to generate electricity for the living area, achieving continuous energy supply day and night. The system deeply couples energy and life support, unifying in-situ water intake, product water recovery, and CO2 recovery in the living area, enabling the recycling of water and CO2, while simultaneously meeting the needs for O2 supply and fuel production, thus achieving a closed-loop cycle of life support resources such as water, O2, and CO2.

[0005] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, this application is implemented as follows: In a first aspect, embodiments of this application propose a reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system based on lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage, the system comprising: Photovoltaic thermal panel (1), reversible solid oxide battery (2), heating unit (3) and living area (4); The photovoltaic thermal panel (1) is connected to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) and the living area (4) respectively; the reversible solid oxide battery (2) is connected to the heating unit (3) and the living area (4); the heating unit (3) is connected to the living area (4); The photovoltaic thermal panel (1) is configured to generate electrical energy during the lunar day and supply it to the living area (4) and the reversible solid oxide battery (2). The heating unit (3) is configured to receive and evaporate water obtained from the lunar in-situ during the lunar day and / or water recovered during the lunar night, the obtained water vapor being used as a first raw material gas, and to receive CO2 captured from the living area (4) and CO2 separated from the power generation products during the lunar night, heat the CO2 to a target temperature to obtain a second raw material gas, the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas being transported to the reversible solid oxide battery (2). The reversible solid oxide battery (2) is configured to operate in a first mode during the lunar day and in a second mode during the lunar night. The first working mode includes: receiving the first raw material gas and performing pure water electrolysis to obtain H2 and O2, or receiving the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas and performing water-CO2 co-electrolysis to obtain H2, O2 and CO; wherein a portion of the O2 is supplied to the living area (4), and another portion of the O2 is stored as an auxiliary combustion gas, and the H2 and / or CO is stored as fuel gas. The second working mode includes: receiving the heated combustion gas and the fuel gas to carry out an electrochemical reaction to generate electricity, and supplying the generated electricity to the living area (4).

[0006] Optionally, the photovoltaic thermal panel (1) is connected to the heating unit (3); The photovoltaic thermal plate (1) is also configured to preheat the water obtained from the lunar in-situ or the water recovered during the lunar night using the photothermal effect, and to transport the preheated water to the heating unit (3) for evaporation and superheating to obtain the first raw material gas.

[0007] Optionally, the system further includes a hybrid unit (5); The mixing unit (5) is connected to the heating unit (3) and the reversible solid oxide battery (2) respectively; The mixing unit (5) is configured to receive and adjust the ratio of the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas to obtain a mixed raw material gas when the reversible solid oxide battery (2) is in the water-CO2 co-electrolysis mode, and to deliver the mixed raw material gas to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) for water-CO2 co-electrolysis.

[0008] Optionally, the heating unit (3) includes a gas heat recovery module (31). The gas heat recovery module (31) is connected to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) and the living area (4) respectively; The gas heat recovery module (31) is configured to receive the electrolysis products, water and CO2 discharged by the reversible solid oxide battery (2) during the lunar day, and use the heat carried by the electrolysis products to heat the water and CO2 to obtain the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas. The fuel-side products in the electrolysis products are cooled and then separated by gas-liquid separation to obtain water and H2. When the reversible solid oxide battery (2) performs the water-CO2 co-electrolysis, the electrolysis products after cooling also include CO.

[0009] Optionally, the gas heat recovery module (31) is also connected to the photovoltaic thermal panel (1); The gas heat recovery module (31) is also configured to receive the preheated water discharged from the photovoltaic thermal plate (1) and exchange heat between the preheated water and the electrolysis products to obtain the first raw material gas.

[0010] Optionally, the heating unit (3) further includes an overheating module (32); The overheating module (32) is connected to the gas heat recovery module (31) and the reversible solid oxide battery (2) respectively; The overheating module (32) is configured to heat the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas discharged from the gas heat recovery module (31), and deliver the obtained overheated first raw material gas to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) for the pure water electrolysis, or deliver the obtained overheated first raw material gas and high-temperature CO2 to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) for the water-CO2 co-electrolysis.

[0011] Optionally, the heating unit (3) further includes a heat storage module (33). The system also includes a concentrating solar thermal collection unit (6); The thermal storage module (33) is connected to the concentrating solar collector (6) and the superheating module (32) respectively; The solar concentrating heat collection unit (6) is configured to collect solar heat during the lunar day and heat the heat storage medium for heat storage. The heat storage module (33) is configured to store the heated heat storage medium and transport the heated heat storage medium to the superheat module (32). The overheating module (32) is also configured to exchange heat between the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas discharged by the gas heat recovery module (31) and the heated heat storage medium to obtain the overheated first raw material gas and the second raw material gas at high temperature. The cooled heat storage medium is returned to the concentrating heat collection unit (6) for continued heating and is used in a cycle.

[0012] Optionally, the system further includes a gas-liquid separation unit (7) and a gas storage unit (8). The gas-liquid separation unit (7) is connected to the gas heat recovery module (31) and the gas storage unit (8) respectively; The gas storage unit (8) is connected to the heating unit (3) and the living area (4) respectively; The gas-liquid separation unit (7) is configured to perform gas-liquid separation on the fuel-side products in the cooled electrolysis products discharged from the gas heat recovery module (31), and discharge the H2 obtained after separation, or the synthesis gas composed of the H2 and the CO, into the gas storage unit (8), and the O2 is directly transported to the gas storage unit (8) via the gas heat recovery module (31). The gas storage unit (8) is configured to store the O2, the H2 and the synthesis gas, and to supply the O2, H2 and the synthesis gas to the heating unit (3) respectively, and to supply the O2 to the living area (4); The heating unit (3) is also configured to heat the O2 and H2, or the O2 and the synthesis gas, delivered by the gas storage unit (8) during the lunar night, and deliver the heated gas to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) for electrochemical reaction to generate electricity.

[0013] Optionally, the system further includes a fuel selection unit (9); The fuel selection unit (9) is disposed between the gas-liquid separation unit (7) and the gas storage unit (8); The fuel selection unit (9) is configured to screen the fuel gas discharged from the gas-liquid separation unit (7) and transport the screened fuel gas to the gas storage unit (8) for storage. The fuel gas is either H2 or the synthesis gas.

[0014] Optionally, the fuel selection unit (9) is also disposed between the gas storage unit (8) and the heating unit (3); The fuel selection unit (9) is also configured to select to deliver H2 or the synthesis gas to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) based on the amount of fuel gas stored in the gas storage unit (8).

[0015] Beneficial technical effects: In the embodiments of this application, during the lunar day, the reversible solid oxide battery operates as an electrolyzer in the first working mode, using photovoltaic power to convert water and / or CO2 recovered from the living area into fuel gas and O2, completing the storage of chemical energy from solar energy and supplying oxygen to the living area. During the lunar night, the reversible solid oxide battery operates in the second working mode as a fuel cell, converting the stored chemical energy of fuel gas and combustion-supporting gas into electricity and water to supply the living area. The entire process achieves time-sharing reuse with a single device, avoiding redundant configuration of the electrolyzer and fuel cell, and reducing the complex fluid and pipeline switching required in traditional mode switching.

[0016] In the embodiments of this application, the heating unit heats CO2 and then uses it as a raw material for co-electrolysis. The CO2, a metabolic byproduct of the living area, is incorporated as a carbon resource into a high-temperature electrochemical pathway for closed-loop utilization, simultaneously achieving the recycling and regeneration of O2, water, and CO2. This configuration enables highly integrated system equipment, reducing system structural redundancy, thereby lowering the system's mass, volume, and potential failure points. It also improves the system's reliability in the extreme lunar environment and enables efficient, diurnal solar energy storage and stable power supply, overcoming the problem of power outages during lunar nights. The system deeply couples energy and matter in a closed loop, reducing dependence on external supplies and thus improving resource recycling efficiency.

[0017] Additional aspects and advantages of this application will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of this application. Attached Figure Description

[0018] The above and / or additional aspects and advantages of this application will become apparent and readily understood from the description of the embodiments taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which: Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-photothermal coupled thermal storage proposed in this application during the lunar day. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-photothermal coupled thermal storage proposed in this application during the lunar night.

[0019] Figure label: 1. Photovoltaic thermal panel; 2. Reversible solid oxide battery; 3. Heating unit; 31. Gas heat recovery module; 32. Superheating module; 33. Thermal storage module; 4. Living area; 5. Hybridization unit; 6. Concentrating solar collector unit; 7. Gas-liquid separation unit; 8. Gas storage unit; 9. Fuel selection unit; 10. Water storage unit. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The embodiments of this application will now be described in detail. Examples of these embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this application without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0021] The terms "first" and "second" in the specification and claims of this application may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of this application, unless otherwise stated, "multiple" means two or more. Furthermore, "and / or" in the specification and claims indicates at least one of the connected objects, and the character " / " generally indicates that the preceding and following objects are in an "or" relationship.

[0022] In the description of this application, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential", etc., indicating the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this application.

[0023] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0024] In related technologies, a lunar base needs a stable and sustainable energy supply to achieve long-term residence and continuous operation in extreme environments. Therefore, constructing a comprehensive energy system that can efficiently utilize solar energy during the lunar day, provide long-term stable output during the lunar night, and simultaneously take into account O2 production and resource closed-loop management is one of the key infrastructures for a lunar base.

[0025] The existing technology adopts the "solar power generation + water electrolysis to produce hydrogen and oxygen + hydrogen / oxygen storage + fuel cell power generation" approach. The technical route is as follows: during the lunar day, photovoltaic or solar thermal power generation is used to produce H2 and O2 through low-temperature or high-temperature water electrolysis and store them; during the lunar night, hydrogen and oxygen fuel cells are used to convert H2 and O2 into electrical energy and produce water for recycling.

[0026] Although existing technologies can achieve a certain degree of long-term energy storage and water cycle closure, the following shortcomings still exist for long-term lunar stay applications: First, most systems only focus on water electrolysis and fail to incorporate CO2 generated in the living area as a usable resource into the same high-temperature electrochemical link, making it difficult to achieve a more flexible "pure hydrogen / syngas" energy supply strategy on the fuel side. Secondly, the lack of system-level collaborative design between high-grade solar thermal energy and the heat demand of electrolysis / fuel cells and waste heat recovery from exhaust gas leads to low thermal efficiency in processes such as feed heating, product cooling and condensation, and nighttime heat preservation. Third, electrolysis and power generation typically employ separate devices and thermal management in different temperature zones, resulting in significant equipment redundancy. This poses challenges to the reliability and maintainability of the system during long-term operation on the lunar surface.

[0027] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a closed-loop energy supply system for lunar bases that couples solar energy, thermal storage, and high-temperature electrochemical processes. This system should take into account both in-situ water acquisition and recovery and CO2 recycling in living areas, while also enabling the switching between two modes of electrolytic oxygen production and fuel production, as well as reversible operation of fuel cell power generation. This would improve the system's energy utilization efficiency and resource closure, and enhance its stable energy supply capability during the lunar night.

[0028] Based on this, this application proposes a reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage, such as... Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the system includes: 1. Photovoltaic thermal panel; 2. Reversible solid oxide battery; 3. Heating unit; and 4. Living area. The photovoltaic thermal panel 1 is connected to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 and the living area 4 respectively; the reversible solid oxide battery 2 is connected to the heating unit 3 and the living area 4; the heating unit 3 is connected to the living area 4. The photovoltaic thermal panel 1 is configured to generate electricity during the lunar day and supply it to the living area 4 and the reversible solid oxide battery 2. The heating unit 3 is configured to receive and evaporate water obtained from the lunar in-situ during the lunar day and / or water recovered during the lunar night, with the obtained water vapor serving as the first raw material gas, and to receive CO2 captured from the living area 4 and CO2 separated from the power generation products during the lunar night, heat the CO2 to a target temperature to obtain the second raw material gas, and the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas are delivered to the reversible solid oxide battery 2. The reversible solid oxide battery 2 is configured to operate in a first mode during the lunar day and in a second mode during the lunar night. The first working mode includes: receiving the first raw material gas and performing pure water electrolysis to obtain H2 and O2, or receiving the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas and performing water-CO2 co-electrolysis to obtain H2, O2 and CO; wherein a portion of the O2 is supplied to the living area 4, and another portion of the O2 is stored as a combustion-supporting gas, and the H2 and / or CO is stored as fuel gas. The second working mode includes: receiving the heated combustion gas and the fuel gas to carry out an electrochemical reaction to generate electricity, and supplying the generated electricity to the living area 4.

[0029] It should be noted that the system mainly consists of four parts: photovoltaic thermal panel 1, reversible solid oxide battery 2, heating unit 3, and living area 4; among them, photovoltaic thermal panel 1 is the energy source of the system, which is connected to reversible solid oxide battery 2 and living area 4 respectively, supplying them with electrical energy. The photovoltaic thermal panel 1 operates during the lunar day, converting solar energy into electrical energy. The output electrical energy is divided into two paths: one path directly supplies the living area 4 to meet the power needs of daily equipment operation and life support; the other path supplies the reversible solid oxide battery 2 to drive the subsequent electrolysis reaction. The reversible solid oxide battery 2 is the core of the system's material and energy conversion. The reversible solid oxide battery 2 is connected to the heating unit 3 and the living area 4 respectively. On the one hand, it receives the raw material gas from the heating unit 3, and on the other hand, it delivers the generated products such as O2 to the living area 4 and supplies power to the living area 4 in the power generation mode. The reversible solid oxide battery 2 operates in two modes, switching between two working modes according to the lunar day-night cycle. The reversible solid oxide battery 2 operates in its first mode during lunar daytime. This first mode is electrolysis, where the battery utilizes electricity from the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 to drive a high-temperature electrolysis reaction. This mode offers two operating options: one is pure water electrolysis, which receives only water vapor from the heating unit 3 and decomposes it into H2 and O2; the other is water-CO2 co-electrolysis, which simultaneously receives water vapor and CO2, producing H2, CO, and O2. A portion of the generated O2 is directly sent to the living quarters 4 for the astronauts' breathing, while the other portion is stored as fuel gas. The generated H2 and CO are stored as fuel gases. Specifically, H2 can be stored as fuel gas alone, and H2 and CO can be combined to form syngas for use as fuel gas. During the lunar night, the reversible solid oxide battery 2 switches to the second working mode; the second working mode is the fuel cell power generation mode, in which the battery receives the combustion gas and fuel gas stored during the lunar day and generates electricity through high-temperature electrochemical reaction. The generated electricity is used in the living area 4 to meet the power demand during the lunar night. During the lunar night, the fuel gas supplied to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 can be H2 alone, or it can be a synthesis gas composed of H2 and CO. The power generation products of the reversible solid oxide battery 2 are water vapor and CO2. The water vapor and CO2 can be recycled and reused to produce O2, H2 and CO again through electrolysis.

[0030] Heating unit 3 is connected between living area 4 and reversible solid oxide battery 2. It is responsible for receiving CO2 captured by living area 4 and water obtained in situ on the moon, and then processing it to provide raw material gas to the battery. During the lunar day, heating unit 3 receives water obtained from the lunar surface and evaporates it into water vapor using heat, which serves as the first raw material gas. At the same time, heating unit 3 receives CO2 exhaled by astronauts and generated from waste disposal from living area 4, as well as CO2 separated from power generation products during the lunar night, and heats it to the target temperature, which serves as the second raw material gas. The prepared water vapor and CO2 are transported to the inlet end of reversible solid oxide battery 2. Among them, the water obtained in situ on the moon is polar water ice or hydrous minerals; The target temperature for CO2 heating is at least 700°C; The CO2 sources in Living Area 4 are diverse, including not only the astronauts' breathing, but also CO2 produced through various other means, all of which have been captured.

[0031] It should be noted that the reversible solid oxide battery 2 can select either pure water electrolysis or water-CO2 co-electrolysis mode according to the CO2 storage and load requirements.

[0032] This application addresses the problems of continuous power supply from a single photovoltaic system, redundancy in energy and life support systems, and unused CO2 leading to a closed-loop cycle under the long-term lunar day-night cycle. It introduces a reversible solid oxide battery 2 as a unified electrochemical conversion center, integrating daytime electrolysis and nighttime power generation into a single device. This eliminates the complexity of equipment duplication and mode switching caused by separate configurations of the electrolyzer and fuel cell. Simultaneously, the system connects the living area 4 to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 via a heating unit 3, incorporating the CO2 generated in the living area 4 as the primary raw material into the energy chain. Through water-CO2 co-electrolysis, the CO2 that would otherwise need to be removed is converted into storable fuel gas, transforming carbon from waste into a resource. The system provided in this application not only ensures continuous power supply during lunar day and night but also achieves efficient coordination and recycling of electricity, O2, water, and fuel, significantly reducing dependence on external supplies, lowering system mass and volume, and enhancing the sustainability and reliability of long-term lunar base deployments.

[0033] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 1 As shown, the photovoltaic thermal plate 1 is connected to the heating unit 3; The photovoltaic thermal panel 1 is also configured to preheat the water obtained from the lunar in-situ or the water recovered during the lunar night using the photothermal effect, and to transport the preheated water to the heating unit 3 for evaporation and superheating to obtain the first raw material gas.

[0034] It should be noted that, in addition to generating electricity, the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 is also directly connected to the heating unit 3 to transfer heat energy; The photovoltaic thermal panel 1 can generate electricity and collect heat. When working during the lunar day, its surface converts some solar energy into electrical energy and absorbs a large amount of heat. The system provided in this application embodiment utilizes this photothermal effect to first preheat the low-temperature water obtained from the lunar in-situ, and then transport the water with a higher initial temperature to the heating unit 3 for evaporation and superheating to prepare the first raw material gas - water vapor required for the electrolysis of the reversible solid oxide battery 2. The water preheated by the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 reaches a temperature of 60℃-80℃, for example, one or any two of 60℃, 65℃, 70℃, 75℃ and 80℃.

[0035] In practice, the entire evaporation process of water in the system is broken down into two stages. The first stage is that the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 uses the waste heat of solar energy to initially raise the temperature, and the second stage is that the heating unit 3 performs evaporation and temperature control. This combined heating operation mode realizes the targeted utilization of energy of different grades.

[0036] This embodiment of the application, by setting up a structure connecting the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 and the heating unit 3, transforms the system's energy utilization from the traditional system that solely relies on electrical energy for heating to a multi-stage, cascaded utilization of photovoltaic, thermal, and electrical energy. The low-grade solar thermal energy that might otherwise be lost is redirected to the pretreatment stage of the electrolytic raw materials, thereby reducing the high-grade electrical energy consumed by the heating unit 3 to heat water to its boiling point. This allows more photovoltaic power to be used to drive the electrolytic reaction of the reversible solid oxide battery 2, thus increasing the yield of fuel and O2 during the lunar day. Consequently, the overall energy conversion efficiency of the system is optimized, the fuel reserves required for power generation during the lunar night are more abundant, the energy supply autonomy and material cycle closure of the lunar base throughout the entire day-night cycle are further enhanced, and the thermal management pressure of the entire system is reduced.

[0037] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 1 As shown, the system also includes a mixing unit 5; The mixing unit 5 is connected to the heating unit 3 and the reversible solid oxide battery 2, respectively. The mixing unit 5 is configured to receive and adjust the ratio of the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas to obtain a mixed raw material gas when the reversible solid oxide battery 2 is in the water-CO2 co-electrolysis mode, and to deliver the mixed raw material gas to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 for water-CO2 co-electrolysis.

[0038] It should be noted that the mixing unit 5 is located between the heating unit 3 and the reversible solid oxide battery 2. Its inlet end receives the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas supplied from the heating unit 3, respectively, and its outlet end is connected to the inlet of the reversible solid oxide battery 2. In some embodiments of this application, when the reversible solid oxide battery 2 is in pure water electrolysis mode, the heating unit 3 only outputs the first raw material gas, which can enter the battery through the mixing unit 5. The mixing unit 5 only adjusts the intake amount of the first raw material gas. When the reversible solid oxide battery 2 is in water-CO2 electrolysis mode, the heating unit 3 will output the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas. The first raw material gas and the second raw material gas need to be adjusted in ratio by the mixing unit 5 before entering the battery; wherein, the ratio of the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas is 1:(0.5-2). In practice, the ratio of the first raw material gas to the second raw material gas can also be (0.5-2):1.

[0039] The mixing unit 5 structure in this embodiment can adjust the relative flow rates of the first and second feed gases according to the set co-electrolysis requirements, so as to achieve a specific ratio, and thoroughly mix them internally to form a stable mixed feed gas, which is then delivered to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 for electrochemical reaction. This configuration is to avoid the risk of electrode carbon buildup, decreased reaction efficiency, or product composition deviation due to fluctuations in the ratio.

[0040] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 1 As shown, the heating unit 3 includes a gas heat recovery module 31; The gas heat recovery module 31 is connected to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 and the living area 4 respectively; The gas heat recovery module 31 is configured to receive the electrolysis products, water, and CO2 discharged by the reversible solid oxide battery 2 during the lunar day, and use the heat carried by the electrolysis products to heat the water and CO2 to obtain the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas. The fuel-side products in the electrolysis products are cooled and then separated into water and H2 through gas-liquid separation. When the reversible solid oxide battery 2 performs the water-CO2 co-electrolysis, the cooled electrolysis products also include CO.

[0041] It should be noted that the inlet side of the gas heat recovery module 31 is connected to the outlet of the reversible solid oxide battery 2 and the CO2 capture outlet of the living area 4, respectively, and the outlet side is connected to the inlet of the reversible solid oxide battery 2, which is used to send the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas obtained after heat exchange into the reversible solid oxide battery 2. The water here could be water obtained from the moon in situ, water recovered after the electrolysis products are cooled, or water recovered from power generation during lunar night. The electrolysis products here are divided into two cases: when pure water electrolysis is performed, the electrolysis products include unreacted water vapor, O2, and H2; when water-CO2 co-electrolysis is performed, the electrolysis products include unreacted water vapor, O2, H2, and CO.

[0042] In practice, during lunar daytime electrolysis operation, after the reversible solid oxide battery 2 completes the reaction at high temperature, the discharged electrolytic products are extremely hot and carry a large amount of sensible heat. This high-temperature mixed gas flow is introduced into the gas heat recovery module 31 as a heat source. At the same time, the gas heat recovery module 31 also receives the lower-temperature CO2 captured from the living area 4 and the CO2 separated during power generation during the lunar night. Inside the module, the high-temperature electrolytic product gas flow exchanges heat with the water and CO2 that need to be heated through heat exchange surfaces. The former releases heat and cools down, while the latter absorbs heat and heats up, thereby obtaining the first and second feed gas that meet the requirements of electrolysis. After the heat exchange is completed, the cooled fuel-side product mixture enters the subsequent gas-liquid separation step. Unreacted water vapor condenses into liquid water and is recovered, while H2 is effectively separated and stored. If the operation is a water-CO2 co-electrolysis mode, the cooled products also include CO. Similarly, in this step, CO and H2 are separated together as syngas.

[0043] The entire process tightly integrates heat recovery, raw material preparation, and product separation into a single workflow. It partially replaces the raw material evaporation and superheating processes, which originally required additional electrical energy, with waste heat utilization, thereby reducing the net energy consumption of heating unit 3. This allows more of the electricity generated by photovoltaic thermal panel 1 to be concentrated on the electrolysis gas production itself. The integrated design of heat recovery and raw material preheating also reduces the system's dependence on external heat sources, shortens the heat transfer path, and enables the fuel-side products in the electrolysis process to naturally complete gas-liquid separation during cooling, simultaneously achieving functional coupling of thermal management and product separation.

[0044] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 1 As shown, the gas heat recovery module 31 is also connected to the photovoltaic thermal panel 1; The gas heat recovery module 31 is also configured to receive the preheated water discharged from the photovoltaic thermal plate 1, and to exchange heat between the preheated water and the electrolysis products to obtain the first raw material gas.

[0045] It should be noted that the water used for preheating the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 can be obtained from the lunar surface, or it can be water recovered after the electrolysis products have cooled, or it can be recovered during the lunar night.

[0046] In practice, during the lunar day, the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 preheats the water using the photothermal effect. The preheated water, which has reached a certain temperature but has not yet vaporized, is transported to the gas heat recovery module 31. The preheated water, acting as a cold-side fluid, exchanges heat with the high-temperature electrolysis products discharged from the reversible solid oxide battery 2. The preheated water absorbs the high-temperature sensible heat of the electrolysis products, completing the phase change from liquid water to water vapor, and then transforming into the first raw material gas that meets the requirements of electrolysis.

[0047] In this process, on the one hand, the waste heat of the electrolysis products is effectively recovered, which cools the products and creates conditions for subsequent gas-liquid separation; on the other hand, the waste heat carried by the electrolysis products is used to heat the preheated water. Since the preheated water has a higher starting temperature, less heat is needed for evaporation, which expands the heat source for the entire first raw material gas preparation from a single mode to a composite cascade heating of light and heat and waste heat.

[0048] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 1 As shown, the heating unit 3 also includes an overheating module 32; The overheating module 32 is connected to the gas heat recovery module 31 and the reversible solid oxide battery 2, respectively. The superheating module 32 is configured to heat the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas discharged from the gas heat recovery module 31, and deliver the obtained superheated first raw material gas to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 for the pure water electrolysis, or deliver the obtained superheated first raw material gas and high-temperature CO2 to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 for the water-CO2 co-electrolysis.

[0049] It should be noted that the overheating module 32 is connected in series between the gas heat recovery module 31 and the reversible solid oxide battery 2. The inlet of the overheating module 32 is connected to the outlet of the gas heat recovery module 31, and receives the first raw material gas that has been evaporated and appropriately overheated and the second raw material gas at medium and high temperature. Its outlet is connected to the inlet of the reversible solid oxide battery 2. The temperature of the superheated first raw material gas and the high-temperature CO2 reaches 700℃-850℃, where the high-temperature CO2 is obtained by heating the second raw material gas through the heat module 32; for example, the range of one or any two of 700℃, 720℃, 750℃, 780℃, 800℃, 820℃ and 850℃.

[0050] In this embodiment, the overheating module 32 is a module for temperature control of gaseous raw materials. The temperature level of water vapor or CO2 exiting the gas heat recovery module 31 is limited by the temperature difference of the waste heat exchange terminal, and may not reach the optimal inlet temperature required for high-temperature electrolysis of the reversible solid oxide battery 2, or the temperature may fluctuate and be unstable. The function of the overheating module 32 is to perform a final heating on these gaseous raw materials before they enter the fuel cell stack, further raising their temperature to the target temperature, so that the temperatures of the first and second raw material gases meet the standards. In this way, the overheated first raw material gas will not condense into droplets due to a slight temperature drop during transportation and entry into the fuel cell stack. The overheating module 32 only targets the sensible heat of the gas phase, and compared to the total evaporation of liquid water, its energy consumption is lower, forming a good division of labor and connection with the upstream gas heat recovery module 31.

[0051] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 1 As shown, the heating unit 3 also includes a heat storage module 33; The system also includes a concentrating solar thermal collection unit 6; The thermal storage module 33 is connected to the concentrating solar collector unit 6 and the superheating module 32 respectively; The solar concentrating unit 6 is configured to collect solar heat during the lunar day and heat the heat storage medium for heat storage. The heat storage module 33 is configured to store the heated heat storage medium and transport the heated heat storage medium to the superheat module 32; The overheating module 32 is further configured to exchange heat between the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas discharged from the gas heat recovery module 31 and the heated heat storage medium, thereby obtaining the overheated first raw material gas and the second raw material gas at a high temperature. The cooled heat storage medium is then returned to the concentrating heat collection unit 6 for continued heating and reuse.

[0052] It should be noted that the concentrating heat collection unit 6 is connected to the heat storage module 33 to form an independent heat collection / heat storage loop; the heat storage module 33 is connected to the superheat module 32 to form a heat storage / heat utilization loop. The overheating module 32 maintains its original connection and remains connected in series between the gas heat recovery module 31 and the reversible solid oxide battery 2; The heat storage medium is selected from at least one of molten salt, liquid metal, solid particles, or inert gas.

[0053] In practice, during the lunar day, the solar concentrating unit 6 works independently, collecting high-magnification solar heat by focusing sunlight, using this heat to heat the thermal storage medium, raising its temperature to a higher level and storing it in the thermal storage module 33, thus completing the conversion and storage of solar energy into thermal energy. When the overheating module 32 needs to provide overheating treatment for the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas, the heated high-temperature heat storage medium is transported from the heat storage module 33 to the overheating module 32. Here, the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas from the gas heat recovery module 31 exchange heat with the high-temperature heat storage medium in a non-contact manner. The first raw material gas and the second raw material gas are heated after absorbing the heat of the high-temperature heat storage medium, so that the first raw material gas reaches the overheated state and the second raw material gas is in the high-temperature state, and then they are sent to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 for electrolysis. After releasing heat and cooling down, the heat storage medium returns from the superheat module 32 to the concentrating heat collection unit 6 to be heated again, thus forming a closed loop.

[0054] This embodiment of the application, by setting up a thermal storage module 33 and a concentrating solar collector unit 6, transforms the heat source for the overheating process from electric heating to independently collected and stored solar energy, achieving separation of thermal energy supply and electrical energy supply, and enabling the most rational allocation and utilization of energy of different grades. The structural design of the thermal storage module 33 also allows the system to transcend the thermal inertia of day and night, continuing to support the system's startup or temperature maintenance after entering the lunar night by storing high-temperature heat during the day, which helps to reduce the power consumption and thermal shock of the fuel cell stack reheating during the lunar night mode switch.

[0055] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 1 As shown, the system also includes a gas-liquid separation unit 7 and a gas storage unit 8; The gas-liquid separation unit 7 is connected to the gas heat recovery module 31 and the gas storage unit 8, respectively; The gas storage unit 8 is connected to the heating unit 3 and the living area 4 respectively; The gas-liquid separation unit 7 is configured to perform gas-liquid separation on the fuel-side products in the cooled electrolysis products discharged from the gas heat recovery module 31, and discharge the H2 obtained after separation, or the synthesis gas composed of H2 and CO, into the gas storage unit 8. The O2 is directly transported to the gas storage unit (8) via the gas heat recovery module (31). The gas storage unit 8 is configured to store the O2, the H2 and the synthesis gas, and to supply the O2, H2 and / or the synthesis gas to the heating unit 3, and to supply the O2 to the living area 4; The heating unit 3 is also configured to heat the O2 and H2, or the O2 and the synthesis gas, delivered by the gas storage unit 8 during the lunar night, and deliver the heated gas to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 for electrochemical reaction to generate electricity.

[0056] It should be noted that the gas-liquid separation unit 7 is located downstream of the gas heat recovery module 31, and receives the mixed gas flow of electrolysis products that has been cooled after waste heat recovery; the outlet of the gas-liquid separation unit 7 is connected to the gas storage unit 8. The inlet of the gas storage unit 8 is connected to the gas-liquid separation unit 7, one of its outlets is connected to the heating unit 3, and the other outlet is connected to the living area 4; In some embodiments of this application, the gas storage unit 8 may consist of independently set O2 storage tank, H2 storage tank, CO2 storage tank and syngas storage tank, storing different gases independently; In practice, during the lunar daytime electrolysis operation, the fuel-side products in the high-temperature electrolysis products in the gas heat recovery module 31 exchange heat with the water preheated by the photovoltaic thermal plate 1, as well as the CO2 captured from the living area 4 and the CO2 separated from the power generation products during the lunar night, and then are discharged into the gas-liquid separation unit 7. The gas-liquid separation unit 7 further separates the liquid water in the cooled fuel-side products for separate recovery, and discharges the remaining gas into the gas storage unit 8 for storage. While storing the gas, the gas storage unit 8 also undertakes the task of directly supplying O2 to the living area 4. This part of O2 is sent directly from the gas storage unit 8 without passing through the heating unit 3 and the fuel cell stack, ensuring the continuous and independent supply of oxygen for breathing. During lunar night power generation, the reversible solid oxide battery 2 requires fuel gas and combustion-supporting gas to carry out electrochemical reactions. At this time, O2 stored in the gas storage unit 8 serves as combustion-supporting gas, H2 can be used as fuel gas alone, or H2 and CO can be mixed as fuel gas. The combustion-supporting gas and fuel gas are first transported to the heating unit 3. Since these gases are stored at low temperatures in the low-temperature environment of the lunar night, directly entering the stack which operates at high temperatures would cause severe thermal stress. Therefore, the heating unit 3 preheats the combustion-supporting gas and fuel gas during the lunar night, heating them to a temperature that matches the stack before sending them into the reversible solid oxide battery 2 to generate electricity. The generated electricity is then supplied to the living area 4.

[0057] This embodiment of the application connects the processing of electrolysis products during the lunar day with the supply of gas for power generation at night by setting up a gas-liquid separation unit 7 and a gas storage unit 8. After the high-temperature electrolysis products are cooled by the gas heat recovery module 31, they enter the gas-liquid separation unit 7 to separate water and gas, and the fuel gas and combustion-supporting gas are stored in the gas storage unit 8. This avoids the risks caused by gas condensation or mixing in the pipeline, and also reserves sufficient quantity and quality of reaction gas for power generation at night.

[0058] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 1 As shown, the system also includes a water storage unit 10; The water storage unit 10 is connected to the gas-liquid separation unit 7 and the photovoltaic thermal unit, respectively; The water storage unit 10 is configured to store the water discharged from the gas-liquid separation unit 7 and transport the water and the water obtained in situ on the moon to the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 for preheating.

[0059] It should be noted that the inlet side of the water storage unit 10 is connected to the gas-liquid separation unit 7 and the lunar in-situ water source acquisition end, respectively, to receive water from these two different sources, while the outlet side is connected to the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 as the water supply end for the preheating process. In practice, during system operation, the gas-liquid separation unit 7 continuously separates and produces recycled water. This water includes condensed high-temperature water vapor from unreacted electrolysis during the lunar day, as well as water generated by the fuel cell power generation reaction during the lunar night. In this case, the system can still obtain in-situ water from the lunar external environment as a long-term water replenishment. These two water streams are not necessarily synchronized in terms of time, flow rate, and temperature. If they are directly mixed and fed into the photovoltaic thermal panel 1, it may cause fluctuations in operating conditions. Therefore, by setting up a water storage unit 10 as a buffer container, they are first collected and mixed, and then the water is delivered smoothly and continuously according to the preheating requirements of the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 and the water requirements of subsequent electrolysis. In this way, the entire water circulation path forms a complete closed loop from consumption to recovery to resupply.

[0060] In some embodiments of this application, the gas storage unit 8 is connected to the gas heat recovery module 31 in the heating unit 3; In practice, during lunar night, the reversible solid oxide battery 2 operates in its second mode to generate electricity. The gas storage unit 8 first delivers the stored combustion-supporting gas and fuel gas to the gas heat recovery module 31, where these two gases exchange heat with the high-temperature power generation products discharged from the battery stack. After heat exchange, the combustion-supporting gas and fuel gas are preheated and then sent to the superheating module 32 for further heating before entering the reversible solid oxide battery 2 to participate in the electrochemical reaction. The high-temperature power generation products are discharged after releasing heat and cooling down, and then enter the subsequent gas-liquid separation unit 7. It should be noted that after the power generation products exchange heat with the combustion gas and fuel gas, the combustion gas and fuel gas are heated to 300℃-600℃. The power generation products include water vapor and CO2. After being cooled by heat exchange, they enter the gas-liquid separation unit 7 for separation. The obtained liquid water is stored separately, while the CO2 can be stored in the gas storage unit 8. The stored liquid water, along with water obtained from the lunar surface, can be transported together to heating unit 3 during the lunar day to evaporate and obtain water vapor, which can then be used as the first raw material gas to achieve the recycling of water resources. The CO2 in the gas storage unit 8 can also be transported together with the CO2 captured from the living area 4 to the heating unit 3 and heated to the target temperature, serving as a second raw material gas to realize the recycling and utilization of carbon resources.

[0061] In this embodiment, the gas storage unit 8 is connected to the gas heat recovery module 31 in the heating unit 3. The cold combustion gas and fuel gas are first guided to the gas heat recovery module 31, where they exchange heat with the high-temperature power generation products discharged from the fuel cell stack, thereby reducing the heating energy consumption that would otherwise be provided by electricity. After the high-temperature power generation products have completed heat exchange and cooling, they are sent to the gas-liquid separation unit 7, which makes it easier to recover water and CO2 separately.

[0062] In some embodiments of this application, when the gas storage unit 8 is connected to the gas heat recovery module 31 in the heating unit 3, since the gas heat recovery module 31 is also connected to the superheat module 32 in the heating unit 3, and the superheat module 32 is connected to the heat storage unit, in the lunar night power generation mode, the cold combustion gas and fuel gas discharged from the gas storage unit 8 first enter the gas heat recovery module 31 to exchange heat with the high-temperature power generation products discharged from the reversible solid oxide battery 2, completing the first temperature rise; the gas after preliminary preheating then enters the superheat module 32 to exchange heat with the high-temperature heat storage medium delivered by the heat storage unit, completing the second temperature rise to the target temperature required by the stack, and finally enters the reversible solid oxide battery 2 to participate in the power generation reaction. After the high-temperature heat storage medium releases heat and cools down, it returns to the heat storage unit, waiting to be reheated and recycled by the concentrating solar collector 6 during the next lunar day. It should be noted that the combustion gas and fuel gas reach a temperature of 700℃-850℃ after being heated by the heat module 32.

[0063] In this embodiment, by setting up a heating unit 3, the high-temperature thermal energy stored during the lunar day is connected in series with the waste heat from the power generation products during the lunar night. This allows the preheating process of the lunar night combustion gas and fuel gas to be completed collaboratively by waste heat and stored heat, thereby greatly reducing additional power consumption. Furthermore, the gas enters the fuel cell stack after being heated in stages, resulting in a gentle temperature gradient and extremely low risk of thermal shock. This ensures the thermal safety and lifespan of the fuel cell stack during mode switching and long-term operation.

[0064] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 1 As shown, the system also includes a fuel selection unit 9; The fuel selection unit 9 is disposed between the gas-liquid separation unit 7 and the gas storage unit 8; The fuel selection unit 9 is configured to screen the fuel gas discharged from the gas-liquid separation unit 7 and transport the screened fuel gas to the gas storage unit 8 for storage. The fuel gas is either H2 or the synthesis gas.

[0065] It should be noted that after the gas-liquid separation unit 7 completes the cooling of the high-temperature electrolysis products and the separation of liquid water, the discharged gaseous products include H2, or syngas composed of H2 and CO. If these gas flows are directly sent into the gas storage unit 8, it will cause gas mixing, which will not only reduce the storage purity, but also pose a risk of combustion and explosion. Therefore, in this embodiment of the application, the fuel selection unit 9 is set to receive the mixed gas and to screen it internally using the different physical or chemical properties of the gas. After screening, H2 and syngas in the fuel gas are separately transported to the fuel side of the gas storage unit 8 for storage, while O2 is directly transported to the combustion-supporting side of the gas storage unit 8 for storage via the gas heat recovery module 31.

[0066] In some embodiments of this application, such as Figure 2 As shown, the fuel selection unit 9 is also disposed between the gas storage unit 8 and the heating unit 3; The fuel selection unit 9 is further configured to select, based on the amount of fuel gas stored in the gas storage unit 8, to supply either H2 to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 or to supply the synthesis gas.

[0067] It should be noted that the fuel selection unit 9 is connected in series not only between the gas-liquid separation unit 7 and the gas storage unit 8, but also between the gas storage unit 8 and the gas heat recovery module 31 of the heating unit 3. In practice, when entering the moonlit power generation mode, the fuel gas and combustion-supporting gas stored in the gas storage unit 8 are transported to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 to generate electricity; at this time, the fuel selection unit 9 set at the outlet of the gas storage unit 8 will read or determine the current gas storage volume of the gas storage unit 8. If the gas storage shows that H2 is sufficient but synthesis gas is insufficient or has been exhausted, then select to supply only H2 and O2 to the heating module, allowing the battery to generate electricity in pure hydrogen mode. If H2 is insufficient but syngas is abundant, syngas and O2 can be transported together to allow the battery to generate electricity in a hybrid fuel mode. If both H2 and syngas are abundant, the fuel gas with the largest available quantity can be preferred for transportation; This function of actively switching fuel supply paths based on reserve status means that the system's fuel consumption strategy is no longer a pre-set fixed pattern, but a process of dynamic adjustment based on the accumulation of electrolysis products and current demand.

[0068] This application expands the function of the fuel selection unit 9 from a single product screening to fuel scheduling based on gas storage and power generation needs. This solves the problem that the fuel supply scheme is fixed and cannot be flexibly adjusted according to the actual gas reserves during the lunar night power generation mode. The system can select to deliver pure hydrogen fuel or syngas fuel to the reversible solid oxide battery 2 according to the actual difference in the amount of H2 and syngas in the gas storage unit 8, ensuring that there is always sufficient fuel available during the power generation process and maximizing the continuous power supply time during the lunar night.

[0069] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand this application, the following embodiments are provided to illustrate in detail a reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage.

[0070] Example 1 refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2 The system shown, which operates over a complete lunar day-night cycle, includes the following processes: I. Operational procedures during the lunar day: (1) The photovoltaic thermal panel 1 receives sunlight during the lunar day and converts light energy into electrical energy. The generated electrical energy is divided into two paths: one path supplies the living area 4 to meet the power needs of equipment operation and life maintenance, and the other path supplies the reversible solid oxide battery 2 as the driving power for the electrolysis reaction. (2) Heating unit 3 receives water obtained from the lunar site and water recovered during the lunar night, and uses electricity to heat and evaporate it to obtain high-temperature water vapor as the first raw material gas; at the same time, heating unit 3 receives CO2 captured from living area 4 and CO2 separated from power generation products during the lunar night, and heats it to 800°C to obtain the second raw material gas. (3) When the reversible solid oxide battery 2 is in the first working mode, when pure water electrolysis is performed, the battery receives the first raw material gas and undergoes an electrolysis reaction at high temperature to generate H2 and O2; when water-CO2 co-electrolysis is performed, the battery simultaneously receives the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas and undergoes a co-electrolysis reaction at high temperature to generate H2, CO and O2. (2) Part of the O2 produced by electrolysis is directly supplied to living area 4 as oxygen for breathing, and the other part is stored as fuel gas; the H2 produced by pure water electrolysis is stored separately as fuel gas, and the synthesis gas composed of H2 and CO during water-CO2 co-electrolysis is stored as fuel gas for use in moonlit power generation.

[0071] II. Operating procedures during moonlit night: (1) When the moonlit night arrives, the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 stops generating electricity, and the reversible solid oxide battery 2 switches to the second working mode; (2) Heating unit 3 receives H2 or syngas stored during the lunar day as fuel gas and O2 as combustion-supporting gas, heats them and delivers them to reversible solid oxide battery 2; (3) The reversible solid oxide battery 2 undergoes an electrochemical reaction at high temperature. The fuel gas and O2 undergo electrochemical oxidation, releasing electrical energy and generating water. The generated electrical energy is used in the living area 4 to maintain the base's power supply during the moonlit night.

[0072] Example 2 refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2 The system shown, which operates over a complete lunar day-night cycle, includes the following processes: I. Daytime Operation Procedures: (1) At the beginning of the lunar day, the solar thermal collection unit 6 collects solar heat and heats the low-temperature thermal storage medium (molten salt), and stores the obtained high-temperature thermal storage medium in the thermal storage module 33; the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 receives sunlight, generates electricity and supplies it to the living area 4 and the reversible solid oxide battery 2, and at the same time uses the photothermal effect to preheat the water delivered by the water storage unit 10. (2) The water storage unit 10 transports the water stored inside to the photovoltaic thermal plate 1. This water comes from the fuel-side product water and fuel cell power generation water recovered from the electrolysis products of the gas-liquid separation unit 7, as well as water obtained in situ on the moon. After these waters are collected, they are preheated by the photovoltaic thermal plate 1 and then transported to the gas heat recovery module 31. (3) After the CO2 generated in the living area 4 is captured from various sources, it is transported to the gas heat recovery module 31. The high-temperature electrolysis products discharged from the reversible solid oxide battery 2 also enter the gas heat recovery module 31 at the same time. In the module, the high-temperature electrolysis products serve as a heat source to heat the preheated water and low-temperature CO2. The electrolysis products release heat and cool down. The water absorbs heat and evaporates into water vapor to obtain the first raw material gas. The CO2 is heated to obtain the second raw material gas.

[0073] (4) The fuel-side products in the electrolysis products after cooling enter the gas-liquid separation unit 7, and obtain liquid water and gas through gas-liquid separation. The liquid water is discharged into the water storage unit 10 for recycling, and the gas enters the fuel selection unit 9. The fuel selection unit 9 screens the gas into H2 and syngas. H2 and syngas are respectively transported to the corresponding areas of the gas storage unit 8 for classified storage. O2 is directly stored in the gas storage unit 8 through the gas heat recovery module 31. At the same time, the gas storage unit 8 directly supplies some O2 to the living area 4. (5) The first raw material gas and the second raw material gas discharged from the gas heat recovery module 31 enter the superheating module 32. The superheating module 32 causes the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas to exchange heat with the high-temperature heat storage medium delivered by the heat storage module 33. The first raw material gas is heated to a superheated state, and the second raw material gas is heated to obtain high-temperature CO2. The heat storage medium releases heat and cools down before returning to the heat storage module 33 for recirculation heating. The superheated first raw material gas and high-temperature CO2 are delivered to the mixing unit 5. (6) The mixing unit 5 mixes the superheated first raw material gas and high-temperature CO2. When the system selects the water-CO2 co-electrolysis mode, the mixing unit 5 adjusts the ratio of the two raw materials gas to 1:1 according to the requirements to obtain a mixed raw material gas with uniform composition. The first raw material gas and the second raw material gas after mixing enter the reversible solid oxide battery 2. (7) The reversible solid oxide battery 2 is in the first working mode and selects the water-CO2 co-electrolysis mode. It receives the superheated first raw material gas and high temperature CO2, and carries out electrochemical reaction at high temperature to generate H2, O2 and CO. These gases enter the gas heat recovery module 31 again to repeat the waste heat recovery process of (3).

[0074] II. Operating procedures during moonlit night: (1) When the moonlit night arrives, the photovoltaic thermal panel 1 and the concentrating heat collection unit 6 stop working, and the reversible solid oxide battery 2 switches to the second working mode; (2) The gas storage unit 8 delivers the stored combustion gas and fuel gas to the gas heat recovery module 31; the fuel selection unit 9 selects to deliver H2 or syngas to the gas heat recovery module 31 according to the respective gas storage volume of H2 and syngas in the gas storage unit 8. (3) In the gas heat recovery module 31, the cold combustion gas and fuel gas delivered by the gas storage unit 8 exchange heat with the high-temperature power generation products discharged by the reversible solid oxide battery 2 to complete the first heating. After the high-temperature power generation products release heat and cool down, they enter the gas-liquid separation unit 7 to recover water. The water is discharged into the water storage unit 10 for recycling. (4) After the first heating, the combustion gas and fuel gas enter the superheating module 32 from the gas heat recovery module 31 and exchange heat with the high-temperature heat storage medium stored in the heat storage module 33 to complete the second heating. After reaching the target temperature required by the stack, it is transported to the reversible solid oxide battery 2. After the heat storage medium releases heat and cools down, it returns to the concentrating heat collection unit 6 and is heated again by the concentrating heat collection unit 6 in the next lunar day. (5) The reversible solid oxide battery 2 generates electricity through electrochemical reaction at high temperature. All the generated electricity is supplied to the living area 4. The water vapor and CO2 generated by the power generation enter the gas heat recovery module 31 with the high temperature exhaust gas, repeating the waste heat recovery process of (3) to complete the material and energy closed loop of the entire day and night cycle.

[0075] In summary, this application's embodiments deeply couple photovoltaic thermal energy, high-temperature thermal storage, and reversible solid oxide battery dual-mode operation with life support resource recycling, forming a fully closed-loop energy supply architecture with seamless switching between lunar day and night. During the lunar day, photovoltaic power is prioritized for the load, and surplus power drives the reversible solid oxide battery to switch between pure water or water-CO2 co-electrolysis modes, simultaneously producing fuel gas and O2. High-temperature waste heat is used in a cascade manner for raw material preheating, evaporation, and superheating, condensate is recycled, and captured CO2 is fed back for co-electrolysis, achieving full resource utilization of waste heat, wastewater, and waste gas. During the lunar night, the reversible solid oxide battery switches to fuel cell mode, using stored gas to generate electricity, and the product water and CO2 are recovered and regenerated, achieving a closed-loop cycle. The heat exchange and thermal storage devices are reused in dual modes, with thermal storage providing heating across day and night, eliminating dependence on electric heating. The system integrates energy supply, gas production, oxygen supply, water recovery, and CO2 removal into a compact autonomous operating system, solving the problems of equipment redundancy and complex switching, and providing a high-efficiency, highly closed-loop, and highly reliable solution for the long-term operation of the lunar base.

[0076] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "illustrative embodiment," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of this application. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0077] Although embodiments of this application have been shown and described, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of this application, the scope of which is defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage, characterized in that, The system includes: Photovoltaic thermal panel (1), reversible solid oxide battery (2), heating unit (3) and living area (4); The photovoltaic thermal panel (1) is connected to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) and the living area (4) respectively; the reversible solid oxide battery (2) is connected to the heating unit (3) and the living area (4); the heating unit (3) is connected to the living area (4); The photovoltaic thermal panel (1) is configured to generate electrical energy during the lunar day and supply it to the living area (4) and the reversible solid oxide battery (2). The heating unit (3) is configured to receive and evaporate water obtained from the lunar in-situ during the lunar day and / or water recovered during the lunar night, the obtained water vapor being used as a first raw material gas, and to receive CO2 captured from the living area (4) and CO2 separated from the power generation products during the lunar night, heat the CO2 to a target temperature to obtain a second raw material gas, the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas being transported to the reversible solid oxide battery (2). The reversible solid oxide battery (2) is configured to operate in a first mode during the lunar day and in a second mode during the lunar night. The first working mode includes: receiving the first raw material gas and performing pure water electrolysis to obtain H2 and O2, or receiving the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas and performing water-CO2 co-electrolysis to obtain H2, O2 and CO; wherein a portion of the O2 is supplied to the living area (4), and another portion of the O2 is stored as an auxiliary combustion gas, and the H2 and / or CO is stored as fuel gas. The second working mode includes: receiving the heated combustion gas and the fuel gas to carry out an electrochemical reaction to generate electricity, and supplying the generated electricity to the living area (4).

2. The reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The photovoltaic thermal plate (1) is connected to the heating unit (3); The photovoltaic thermal plate (1) is also configured to preheat the water obtained from the lunar in-situ or the water recovered during the lunar night using the photothermal effect, and to transport the preheated water to the heating unit (3) for evaporation and superheating to obtain the first raw material gas.

3. The reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system also includes a hybrid unit (5); The mixing unit (5) is connected to the heating unit (3) and the reversible solid oxide battery (2) respectively; The mixing unit (5) is configured to receive and adjust the ratio of the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas to obtain a mixed raw material gas when the reversible solid oxide battery (2) is in the water-CO2 co-electrolysis mode, and to deliver the mixed raw material gas to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) for water-CO2 co-electrolysis.

4. The reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage according to claim 1, characterized in that, The heating unit (3) includes a gas heat recovery module (31); The gas heat recovery module (31) is connected to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) and the living area (4) respectively; The gas heat recovery module (31) is configured to receive the electrolysis products, water and CO2 discharged by the reversible solid oxide battery (2) during the lunar day, and use the heat carried by the electrolysis products to heat the water and CO2 to obtain the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas. The fuel-side products in the electrolysis products are cooled and then separated by gas-liquid separation to obtain water and H2. When the reversible solid oxide battery (2) performs the water-CO2 co-electrolysis, the electrolysis products after cooling also include CO.

5. The reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage according to claim 4, characterized in that, The gas heat recovery module (31) is also connected to the photovoltaic thermal panel (1); The gas heat recovery module (31) is also configured to receive the preheated water discharged from the photovoltaic thermal plate (1) and exchange heat between the preheated water and the electrolysis products to obtain the first raw material gas.

6. The reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage according to claim 4, characterized in that, The heating unit (3) also includes an overheating module (32); The overheating module (32) is connected to the gas heat recovery module (31) and the reversible solid oxide battery (2) respectively; The overheating module (32) is configured to heat the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas discharged from the gas heat recovery module (31), and deliver the obtained overheated first raw material gas to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) for the pure water electrolysis, or deliver the obtained overheated first raw material gas and high-temperature CO2 to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) for the water-CO2 co-electrolysis.

7. The reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage according to claim 6, characterized in that, The heating unit (3) also includes a heat storage module (33); The system also includes a concentrating solar thermal collection unit (6); The thermal storage module (33) is connected to the concentrating solar collector (6) and the superheating module (32) respectively; The solar concentrating heat collection unit (6) is configured to collect solar heat during the lunar day and heat the heat storage medium for heat storage. The heat storage module (33) is configured to store the heated heat storage medium and transport the heated heat storage medium to the superheat module (32). The overheating module (32) is also configured to exchange heat between the first raw material gas and the second raw material gas discharged by the gas heat recovery module (31) and the heated heat storage medium to obtain the overheated first raw material gas and the second raw material gas at high temperature. The cooled heat storage medium is returned to the concentrating heat collection unit (6) for continued heating and is used in a cycle.

8. The reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage according to claim 4, characterized in that, The system also includes a gas-liquid separation unit (7) and a gas storage unit (8); The gas-liquid separation unit (7) is connected to the gas heat recovery module (31) and the gas storage unit (8) respectively; The gas storage unit (8) is connected to the heating unit (3) and the living area (4) respectively; The gas-liquid separation unit (7) is configured to perform gas-liquid separation on the fuel-side products in the cooled electrolysis products discharged from the gas heat recovery module (31), and discharge the H2 obtained after separation, or the synthesis gas composed of the H2 and the CO, into the gas storage unit (8), and the O2 is directly transported to the gas storage unit (8) via the gas heat recovery module (31). The gas storage unit (8) is configured to store the O2, the H2 and the syngas, and to supply the O2, the H2 and / or the syngas to the heating unit (3) respectively, and to supply the O2 to the living area (4); The heating unit (3) is also configured to heat the O2 and H2, or the O2 and the synthesis gas, delivered by the gas storage unit (8) during the lunar night, and deliver the heated gas to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) for electrochemical reaction to generate electricity.

9. The reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage according to claim 8, characterized in that, The system also includes a fuel selection unit (9); The fuel selection unit (9) is disposed between the gas-liquid separation unit (7) and the gas storage unit (8); The fuel selection unit (9) is configured to screen the fuel gas discharged from the gas-liquid separation unit (7) and transport the screened fuel gas to the gas storage unit (8) for storage. The fuel gas is either H2 or the synthesis gas.

10. The reversible SOC dual-mode closed-loop system with lunar-based photovoltaic-thermal coupled thermal storage according to claim 9, characterized in that, The fuel selection unit (9) is also disposed between the gas storage unit (8) and the heating unit (3); The fuel selection unit (9) is also configured to select to deliver H2 or the synthesis gas to the reversible solid oxide battery (2) based on the amount of fuel gas stored in the gas storage unit (8).

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