A flexible perovskite thin film defect repairing method and system based on wide spectrum pulse light

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of thin film solar cell manufacturing, and discloses a flexible perovskite film defect repairing method and system based on wide-spectrum pulse light, which comprises the following steps: driving a flexible substrate carrying a thin film to move continuously, applying adsorption on the back of the substrate to establish a heat conduction path and lock the lower boundary cold field, injecting an oxygen-containing gas on the surface of the substrate to construct a local gas phase boundary layer; solving the real-time linear velocity of the substrate to dynamically control the trigger delay time; releasing a wide-spectrum strong light pulse to irradiate the thin film, using visible to near-infrared waveband photons to generate photothermal conversion and cooperating with the backside cold field to construct a longitudinal temperature gradient, driving the internal grain directional columnar growth to complete physical repair; and the system comprises a thin film transmission module, an environment regulation module, a synchronous trigger control module and a wide-spectrum pulse light source module for executing the above method. The present application realizes chemical and physical collaborative repair, reduces deep grain boundary defects, and avoids thermal deformation of the flexible substrate.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of thin-film solar cell manufacturing technology, specifically to a method and system for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light. Background Technology

[0002] During the crystallization process of perovskite thin films, defects such as halogen vacancies and uncoordinated metallic lead phases inevitably occur on the surface and at the internal grain boundaries. These defects can become non-radiative recombination centers, directly reducing the conversion efficiency and long-term stability of optoelectronic devices. Existing defect repair methods mainly rely on long-term global thermal annealing or single chemical reagent surface post-treatment.

[0003] However, in the continuous roll-to-roll manufacturing process of flexible perovskite films, these traditional methods have obvious compatibility defects. Due to the low heat resistance threshold of the polymer flexible substrate, global thermal annealing will cause irreversible thermal deformation or structural damage to the underlying substrate. Conventional surface chemical passivation can only treat the shallow surface layer of the film and cannot drive the secondary growth of internal grains, making it difficult to reduce deep grain boundary defects. Existing processes cannot break the contradiction between deep lattice physical repair and thermal damage control of flexible substrates.

[0004] Furthermore, in actual continuous roll-to-roll dynamic transmission conditions, the linear speed of the flexible substrate fluctuates. Existing continuous processing equipment lacks an adaptive triggering mechanism for speed fluctuations, causing deviations between the working position of the external energy source and the target area. At the same time, it is difficult to maintain a stable reactive gas concentration boundary above the high-speed moving film, resulting in poor overall film repair uniformity. Moreover, residual internal stress can cause mechanical damage to the film during the winding process. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a method and system for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light. This method solves the problems of difficulty in simultaneously repairing deep defects and protecting the flexible substrate during continuous manufacturing of flexible perovskite thin films, as well as the low accuracy of processing position matching and uneven repair effects under dynamic continuous transmission.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light, comprising the following steps:

[0007] A flexible substrate carrying a perovskite film is driven to move continuously at a set linear velocity, and a normal adsorption force is applied to the back side of the flexible substrate to establish a solid-solid contact heat conduction path, thereby locking the dynamic temperature of the back side of the flexible substrate within a set lower boundary cold field reference range. Oxygen-containing gas is injected above the exposure area on the surface of the flexible substrate, and a directionally moving local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer is constructed under the action of post-synchronous suction. The real-time linear velocity of the flexible substrate is calculated, and the real-time trigger delay time is calculated based on the real-time linear velocity. When the real-time trigger delay time ends, a broadband intense light pulse containing deep ultraviolet and visible to near-infrared bands is released to irradiate the perovskite film. Deep ultraviolet photons dissociate oxygen molecules in the oxygen-containing gas to generate highly active ozone in situ, initiating a chemical oxidation passivation reaction of surface defects. Visible to near-infrared photons, in conjunction with the lower boundary cold field, construct a longitudinal temperature gradient to drive the directional columnar growth of internal grains to complete physical repair. Under the heat exchange effect of the residual heat relaxation guide roller group, the residual heat of the perovskite film is reduced to a safe room temperature. The ozone-rich exhaust gas is input into the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit for multiphase catalytic decomposition into diatomic oxygen and discharged. The oxygen is then wound up and collected by the room temperature continuous winding mechanism.

[0008] Furthermore, applying a normal adsorption force to the back surface of the flexible substrate establishes a solid-solid contact heat conduction path, locking the dynamic temperature of the back surface of the flexible substrate within a set lower boundary cold field reference range, including: The flexible substrate is wrapped around the outer peripheral surface of a thermostatic microporous vacuum adsorption back roller that has a static fan-shaped main vacuum cavity inside and is connected to a high-intensity vacuum negative pressure source. The high-intensity vacuum negative pressure source provides vacuum pressure, causing the micropore array on the outer wall of the constant temperature micropore vacuum adsorption back roller to generate the normal adsorption force on the back side of the flexible substrate under the action of the vacuum pressure. The normal adsorption force is used to remove residual air between the contact interface of the flexible substrate and the constant temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller, thereby minimizing the interface contact thermal resistance. The dynamic temperature deviation of the back surface of the flexible substrate within the pulse cycle is kept within a set range, and the reference constant temperature of the lower boundary cold field reference range is set within a preset temperature range.

[0009] Furthermore, oxygen-containing gas is injected above the exposure area on the surface of the flexible substrate, and a directionally moving localized oxygen-containing phase boundary layer is constructed under the action of post-synchronous suction, including: The oxygen-containing gas is ejected through a slit-type nozzle at the bottom of the pre-laminar flow air knife. The initial velocity and incident angle of the injected oxygen-containing gas are adjusted to form a thin layer of gas flowing along the wall in a tiny space close to the surface of the flexible substrate. The flow state inside the gas thin film is controlled to be within the laminar flow range, and the upper limit of the Reynolds number is locked below the critical threshold, so that the oxygen molecules in the oxygen-containing gas cover the surface of the perovskite film in a layered structure. The rear micro-negative pressure suction component is activated to synchronously collect the gas at the end of the exposure area, so that the internal pressure of the local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer relative to the external standard atmospheric pressure is maintained within the set micro-negative pressure difference range, thus constructing a fluid balance domain and a dynamic aerodynamic barrier above the exposure area.

[0010] Furthermore, the real-time linear velocity of the flexible substrate is calculated, and the real-time trigger delay time is calculated based on the real-time linear velocity, including: The marking signal on the flexible substrate is captured by a high-speed photoelectric edge sensor and converted into a hardware external interrupt signal. The hardware counter inside the central processing unit directly responds to the hardware external interrupt signal and latches the current absolute position coordinates of the rotary encoder as the starting reference of the target repair area. The real-time linear velocity is calculated by periodically collecting the pulse count of the rotary encoder within the current tangent time period using a hardware timer inside the central processing unit. A speed lower limit start threshold is set, and the trigger output of the current cycle is suspended when the detected real-time linear velocity is lower than the speed lower limit start threshold; Based on the acquired real-time linear velocity and the known physical geometric distance between the high-speed photoelectric edge sensor and the target exposure axis, the real-time trigger delay time is dynamically calculated by combining the inherent system response delay, including circuit conduction delay and thyristor switch discharge turn-on delay.

[0011] Furthermore, irradiating the perovskite thin film with a broadband pulse of intense light encompassing the deep ultraviolet and visible to near-infrared bands includes: The broadband intense light pulse is generated by releasing transient current pulses to the high-voltage xenon lamp array through an energy storage capacitor bank. The transient energy density formed by the broadband intense light pulse on the surface of the flexible substrate is set within a preset energy density range. The deep ultraviolet photons are absorbed by the local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer, resulting in a photochemical dissociation reaction that generates highly active ozone in situ. The highly active ozone and the associated oxygen free radicals act as strong oxidants, penetrating into the surface and grain boundary physical locations of the perovskite film. The visible to near-infrared photons penetrate the local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer and are absorbed by the perovskite film, causing a transient photothermal conversion that raises the surface temperature of the perovskite film to the phase transition peak temperature within the pulse time window.

[0012] Furthermore, physical repair is achieved by driving the directional columnar growth of internal grains, including: Under the synergistic effect of the chemical oxidation potential of ozone and the thermodynamic phase transition driving force of the longitudinal temperature gradient, the surface metallic lead phase undergoes oxidation passivation and iodine vacancies are filled by oxygen-rich groups, guiding the transformation of the non-photoactive phase to a highly crystalline photoactive phase inside the perovskite film. Under the influence of a unidirectional heat flow field, the internal grains undergo directional columnar growth from bottom to top along the opposite direction of the heat flow, thereby completing the reconstruction of the internal lattice sequence and the physical repair of deep grain boundary defects.

[0013] Furthermore, under the heat exchange effect of the residual heat relaxation guide roller assembly, the residual heat of the perovskite film is attenuated to a safe room temperature, including: The perovskite film is transported forward along with the flexible substrate into the residual heat relaxation zone; The residual heat in the surface crystallization region is conducted to the circulating cooling water inside the residual heat relaxation guide roller group through solid-solid contact heat conduction. The total physical coverage path length of the flexible substrate on the residual heat relaxation guide roller group is configured to maintain the sliding heat transfer time greater than a set multiple of the characteristic thermal relaxation time constant. The residual heat on the surface of the flexible substrate is reduced below the glass transition temperature.

[0014] Furthermore, the ozone-rich exhaust gas is input into the in-situ catalytic decomposition unit for decomposition and discharge, including: The ozone-rich exhaust gas generated in the exposure area is continuously extracted by the rear micro-negative pressure suction component and input into the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit. The ozone-rich exhaust gas undergoes a multiphase catalytic decomposition reaction when it passes through the manganese dioxide and copper oxide composite catalyst bed filled inside the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit. The operating temperature inside the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit is kept constant within a set temperature range by a heating and temperature control unit, so that high concentrations of ozone molecules are converted into diatomic oxygen under the action of the catalyst active sites and discharged.

[0015] Furthermore, the winding and collection are performed by a continuous winding mechanism at room temperature, including: The flexible substrate is wound up and collected by the ambient temperature continuous winding mechanism using a tapered winding control mode with gradually decreasing tension. The winding tension of the ambient temperature continuous winding mechanism decreases linearly with the increase of the winding roll diameter. The initial winding tension is set within a preset tension range, and the winding taper ratio is configured within a preset taper ratio range. The tension distribution law based on the adaptive roll diameter adjusts the distribution of interlayer tangential stress and normal pressure inside the roll.

[0016] A second aspect of the present invention also provides a flexible perovskite thin film defect repair system based on broadband pulsed light, the system comprising: A thin film transport module is used to tension and continuously transport a flexible substrate carrying the perovskite thin film, apply a normal adsorption force to the back side of the flexible substrate to establish a solid-solid contact heat conduction path, and lock the dynamic temperature of the back side of the flexible substrate within a set lower boundary cold field reference range. An environmental control module is used to inject oxygen-containing gas above the exposure area on the surface of the flexible substrate and construct a local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer under the action of post-synchronous suction. A synchronous trigger control module is used to detect the real-time linear velocity of the flexible substrate and calculate the real-time trigger delay time; A broadband pulsed light source module is used to release a broadband intense light pulse containing deep ultraviolet and visible to near-infrared bands to irradiate the perovskite film when the real-time trigger delay time ends. Deep ultraviolet photons dissociate oxygen molecules in the oxygen-containing gas to generate highly active ozone in situ, initiating a chemical oxidation passivation reaction of surface defects. Visible to near-infrared photons, in conjunction with the lower boundary cold field, construct a longitudinal temperature gradient to drive the directional columnar growth of internal grains to complete physical repair.

[0017] This invention provides a method and system for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light. It has the following beneficial effects: 1. This invention achieves synergistic chemical passivation of the perovskite film surface and internal physical repair by using broadband high-intensity light pulses combined with a local oxygen-containing gas phase boundary layer. Ozone is generated in situ by dissociating oxygen molecules within the gas phase boundary layer using deep ultraviolet photons to fill iodine vacancies on the film surface and passivate the metallic lead phase. Simultaneously, transient photothermal conversion is achieved by using visible to near-infrared photons to penetrate the film surface. This spatial distribution mechanism based on photon energy of different wavelengths can directly target defect locations for repair and improve crystallinity, avoiding energy waste and uneven repair caused by traditional single external heat source heating.

[0018] 2. This invention establishes a solid-solid contact thermal conduction path by applying a normal adsorption force to the back of a flexible substrate to lock the lower boundary cold field. Combined with the transient photothermal conversion of the film surface, a vertical temperature gradient from top to bottom is established in the film thickness direction. This unidirectional heat flow field can constrain the internal grains of the film to grow in a bottom-up directional columnar shape along the opposite direction of heat flow, thereby reducing deep grain boundary defects. At the same time, the back side cold field and the corresponding residual heat relaxation conduction mechanism limit the continuous conduction of heat to the bottom layer, preventing the bottom flexible substrate from deforming or structurally damaged due to heat accumulation.

[0019] 3. This invention ensures that the light pulse energy is accurately applied to the target exposure area during dynamic transmission by dynamically calculating the trigger delay time in combination with the real-time solution of the flexible substrate linear velocity and the inherent response delay of the system. This reduces the positional deviation caused by equipment delay or belt speed fluctuation. In addition, the tapered winding control mode with gradually decreasing tension is used to adaptively adjust the interlayer stress distribution inside the roll, avoiding mechanical scratches or stress concentration cracks caused by excessive normal pressure during the winding process. Attached Figure Description

[0020] Figure 1 This is a diagram of the module architecture of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a flowchart of the method of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the constant temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller structure of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a topology diagram of the environmental control gas path of the present invention; Figure 5 This is the timing topology diagram for the synchronous triggering control of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating the photochemical and photothermal multi-field synergistic mechanism of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the waste heat relaxation and in-situ catalytic recovery system for exhaust gas of the present invention. Figure 8 Figure 1 shows a performance comparison chart of different processing techniques of the present invention. Figure 2(a) is a comparison chart of photoelectric conversion efficiency and substrate thermal deformation rate, and Figure 3(b) is a comparison chart of average grain size and surface defect state density.

[0021] Among them, 10 is the thin film transport module; 20 is the broadband pulse light source module; 30 is the environmental control module; and 40 is the synchronous trigger control module. Detailed Implementation

[0022] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0023] See attached document Figure 1 This invention provides a flexible perovskite thin film defect repair system based on broadband pulsed light. The system includes: a thin film transmission module 10, a broadband pulsed light source module 20, an environmental control module 30, and a synchronous trigger control module 40.

[0024] The thin film transport module 10 is used to tension and continuously transport a flexible substrate carrying a perovskite thin film, and to provide back-side temperature control and physical adsorption fixation as the flexible substrate passes through the exposure area.

[0025] The broadband pulse light source module 20 is used to transmit a broadband intense light pulse, including the deep ultraviolet band and the visible-near infrared band, across the transmission bandwidth of the flexible substrate.

[0026] The environmental control module 30 is used to construct a directional laminar flow local oxygen-containing phase environment between the broadband pulse light source module 20 and the flexible substrate, and to perform in-situ extraction and reduction decomposition of the ozone tail gas remaining from the reaction.

[0027] The synchronous trigger control module 40 is used to detect the transmission speed and position of the flexible substrate in real time, and adjust the discharge timing of the broadband pulse light source module 20 according to the transmission speed to achieve dynamic online synchronous triggering.

[0028] See attached document Figure 2 This invention provides a method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light, the method comprising the following steps: S1. The thin film transport module 10 drives the flexible substrate carrying the perovskite thin film to move continuously at a set linear speed. When the flexible substrate enters the core exposure area, the thin film transport module 10 applies a normal adsorption force to the back side of the flexible substrate through the internal high-intensity vacuum negative pressure source, removes residual air at the interface to establish a solid-solid contact heat conduction path, and locks the dynamic temperature of the back side of the flexible substrate within the set lower boundary cold field reference range, providing a stable rigid low-temperature physical boundary for subsequent pulsed light impact.

[0029] S2. While maintaining the low-temperature thermal conductivity of the back side of the flexible substrate, the environmental control module 30 injects oxygen-containing gas above the exposure area on the surface of the flexible substrate. Through fluid parameter configuration, the oxygen-containing gas covers the surface of the perovskite film in a laminar flow form limited by the Reynolds number. Under the action of post-synchronous suction, a local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer is constructed with directional movement and static pressure maintained within a slightly negative pressure difference range, providing a high-concentration reactant matrix for subsequent photochemical reactions.

[0030] S3. The synchronous trigger control module 40 periodically captures the marking signal on the flexible substrate and calculates the real-time linear velocity corresponding to the aforementioned set linear velocity in combination with the hardware counter. Based on the real-time linear velocity and the known physical geometric distance, it dynamically calculates the real-time trigger delay time when the target repair area reaches directly below the exposure axis, and sends a microsecond-level hard real-time trigger command to the broadband pulse light source module 20 when the internal hardware timer countdown ends.

[0031] S4. After receiving the trigger command, the broadband pulse light source module 20 releases a transient current pulse to the high-pressure xenon lamp array, generating a broadband intense light pulse containing deep ultraviolet and visible to near-infrared bands to irradiate the perovskite thin film on the surface of the flexible substrate. In the deep ultraviolet band, photons dissociate oxygen molecules in the local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer to generate highly active ozone in situ, initiating the chemical oxidation passivation reaction of surface defects. At the same time, photons in the visible to near-infrared band are absorbed by the thin film and undergo transient photothermal conversion. Together with the lower boundary cold field maintained on the back of the thin film, a longitudinal temperature gradient is constructed in the thickness direction of the thin film. The internal grains are guided to grow in a directional columnar shape by the thermodynamic phase transition driving force to complete the reconstruction of the deep lattice sequence.

[0032] S5. After multiple collaborative repairs, the perovskite film is moved out of the exposure area along with the flexible substrate. Under the heat exchange effect of the residual heat relaxation guide roller group, the residual heat on its surface is steadily reduced to a safe room temperature. At the same time, the environmental control module 30 inputs the extracted ozone-rich exhaust gas into the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit for multiphase catalytic decomposition into diatomic oxygen and discharge. Finally, the high crystallinity finished film is flattened and collected by the room temperature continuous winding mechanism with a tapered winding control mode of gradually decreasing tension.

[0033] See attached document Figure 3 The thin film transport module 10 includes an unwinding mechanism, a room-temperature continuous winding mechanism, multiple sets of constant tension guide rollers, and a constant-temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller located below the core exposure area. The unwinding mechanism and the room-temperature continuous winding mechanism are located at the beginning and end of the transport path, respectively, to achieve stable feeding and winding of the flexible substrate. The outer wall temperature-controlled surface of the constant-temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller has a microporous array and a spiral temperature-controlled flow channel inside. The spiral temperature-controlled flow channel is connected to an external constant-temperature circulating cooler through a rotary joint. The thin film transport module 10 controls the tension and linear speed of the flexible substrate by adjusting the speed difference between the unwinding mechanism and the room-temperature continuous winding mechanism. For the specific implementation of S1, it can be processed through the following sub-steps: S110, the thin film transport module 10 drives the flexible substrate to wrap around the outer peripheral surface of the constant temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller at a set linear speed. The specific value of the set linear speed is configured between 1 m / min and 15 m / min according to process requirements. The stationary fan-shaped main vacuum cavity inside the constant temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller is connected to a high-intensity vacuum negative pressure source. The opening angle of the stationary fan-shaped main vacuum cavity matches the physical wrap angle of the flexible substrate on the constant temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller to avoid air leakage and pressure loss in the microporous array of the unwrapped area. The vacuum pressure provided by the high-intensity vacuum negative pressure source is set between -50 kPa and -95 kPa. The specific value is dynamically matched according to the material stiffness, substrate thickness and transport speed of the flexible substrate. Under the action of vacuum pressure, the microporous array generates a normal adsorption force on the back of the flexible substrate. This adsorption force overcomes the bending stress of the flexible substrate and the air entrainment pressure under high speed, and keeps the back of the flexible substrate tightly attached to the precision machined surface of the constant temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller that rotates synchronously with the flexible substrate.

[0034] S120, the vacuum adsorption action removes residual air between the flexible substrate and the constant-temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller, minimizing the interfacial contact thermal resistance and establishing an efficient solid-solid contact heat conduction path. At this time, the back of the flexible substrate exchanges heat through the constant-temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller, and its heat flux density balance relationship is shown in the following formula: ; In the formula, This represents the heat flux density through the interface per unit time. Indicates the interfacial heat transfer coefficient; Indicates the dynamic temperature on the back side of the flexible substrate; This indicates the constant temperature of the outer surface of the thermostatic microporous vacuum adsorption back roller; by improving the interfacial heat transfer coefficient through vacuum adsorption, the dynamic temperature of the back of the flexible substrate is maintained at a low temperature during the pulse repair process.

[0035] In this embodiment, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing vacuum pressure. Under vacuum bonding, its value differs by orders of magnitude from that under natural contact. This change in thermal conductivity allows the back side of the flexible substrate to counteract the thermal shock from the front pulse light, keeping the temperature deviation of the back side of the flexible substrate within a set range during the pulse cycle. The temperature fluctuation deviation is strictly limited to ±2°C to ±5°C. This temperature lock-in state achieved through physical adsorption provides a stable lower boundary cold field condition for the subsequent construction of the longitudinal temperature gradient within the perovskite layer. The reference constant temperature of this lower boundary cold field is set in the range of 5°C to 15°C, ensuring that the heat flow is directionally conducted along the direction perpendicular to the substrate, rather than diffusing laterally within the substrate plane. This avoids thermal deformation or thermal shrinkage damage to the flexible substrate due to local overheating, ensuring the physical deformation stability of the film during high-speed transmission.

[0036] See attached document Figure 4 The environmental control module 30 is positioned below the broadband pulse light source module 20 and spans the entire transmission width of the flexible substrate. Its main physical components include a pre-laminar flow air knife located upstream of the flexible substrate transmission and a post-micro negative pressure suction assembly located downstream of the flexible substrate transmission. The gas inlet of the pre-laminar flow air knife is connected to a high-purity oxygen source or an oxygen-enriched mixed gas source through a mass flow controller. The exhaust end of the post-micro negative pressure suction assembly is connected to an external exhaust pipeline and a variable frequency vacuum pump group through a buffer tank. For the stable pressure supply of the gas source and the basic operating logic of the vacuum pump group, conventional pneumatic control valve groups and variable frequency suction pump bodies can be used for construction. For the specific implementation of S2, it can be processed through the following sub-steps: S210, the environmental control module 30 injects oxygen-containing gas into the exposure area of ​​the flexible substrate surface through a pre-laminar flow air knife. As a preferred method, the pre-laminar flow air knife is designed with a tapered flow channel and a flow equalization buffer chamber. After buffering, the gas is ejected from a slit-type nozzle at the bottom of the pre-laminar flow air knife. The width of the slit-type nozzle is set in the range of 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm, and the angle between the nozzle fluid axis and the feed direction of the flexible substrate surface is configured between 15 degrees and 45 degrees. The gas injection speed is controlled by a mass flow controller in the gas path. By adjusting the initial velocity and incident angle of the injected gas, a thin layer of gas flowing close to the wall is formed in a small space close to the surface of the flexible substrate. The physical thickness of the gas thin layer is related to the dynamic pressure of the airflow and the viscous shear force brought in by the movement of the substrate.

[0037] During the transport of this thin gas layer, its internal flow state is controlled within the laminar flow domain, and its hydrodynamic state is characterized by the following Reynolds number formula: ; In the formula, The Reynolds number represents the airflow. Indicates the density of the injected gas; Indicates the characteristic flow rate of the gas; This indicates the hydraulic diameter of the slit of the pre-laminar flow air knife; The viscosity of the gas is represented by the mass flow controller, which adjusts the gas flow rate to limit the characteristic flow velocity. Combined with the critical transition characteristics of laminar flow in fluid mechanics, the upper limit of the Reynolds number obtained by the computer is locked below the critical threshold of 2000 through parameter tuning. This fluid parameter configuration based on the Reynolds number allows the gas to maintain regular streamline parallel motion when it comes into contact with a high-speed moving flexible substrate. Oxygen molecules cover the surface of the perovskite film in a layered structure, forming a local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer with high concentration and no random vortex diffusion in a specific spatial region.

[0038] S220, while the front laminar flow air knife continuously injects air, the environmental control module 30 activates the rear micro-negative pressure suction component to synchronously collect the gas at the end of the exposure area. The rear micro-negative pressure suction component is equipped with an air inlet with a physical opening size larger than the width of the front slit. Its suction volume rate is set by frequency conversion control to 1.2 to 1.5 times the air inlet volume rate of the front laminar flow air knife. Based on the asymmetric ratio parameters of the above-mentioned airflow, a fluid balance domain with a static pressure slightly lower than the external environment is constructed above the exposure area. The micro-negative pressure difference between the inside and the external standard atmospheric pressure is maintained between -10 Pascal and -50 Pascal. When the directionally moving local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer reaches the end of the illumination area, it is driven into the rear air inlet by the static pressure difference. A dynamic aerodynamic barrier is established between the rear air inlet and the exhaust port. The oxygen-containing flow and its subsequent reaction products are confined within the boundary of this barrier and transported in a single direction without overflowing into the external space.

[0039] See attached document Figure 5 As a preferred embodiment, the synchronous trigger control module 40 includes a high-speed photoelectric edge sensor, a rotary encoder, and a central processing unit with a hard real-time core. The high-speed photoelectric edge sensor is mounted near the unwinding edge of the thin film transfer module 10 and upstream of the broadband pulse light source module 20, enabling non-contact capture of the marking lines on the flexible substrate surface. The rotary encoder is coaxially mounted at the end of the drive roller shaft of the thin film transfer module 10. For the hardware selection of the high-speed photoelectric edge sensor and the basic communication architecture of the central processing unit core, a conventional industrial-grade photodetector and pulse counting board are used for matching. For the specific implementation of S3, the following sub-steps can be used for processing: S310, the synchronous trigger control module 40 captures the marking signal on the flexible substrate through the high-speed photoelectric edge sensor and converts it into a hardware external interrupt signal. The hardware counter inside the central processing unit directly responds to the external interrupt signal and latches the current absolute position coordinates of the rotary encoder as the starting reference of the target repair area. Meanwhile, the hardware timer inside the central processing unit periodically collects the pulse count of the rotary encoder within the current tangent time period at a sampling frequency of 100Hz to 2kHz. The real-time linear velocity of the flexible substrate is calculated in real time by using the pre-stored encoder resolution and the outer diameter data of the transmission roller. As a preferred method, the frequency of the hardware pulse signal output by the rotary encoder is set between 10kHz and 50kHz. This high-frequency pulse signal can cover the micro-transient jitter caused by tension discrete fluctuations or mechanical resonance during continuous transmission of the flexible substrate, and obtain transient velocity curve data with high time resolution.

[0040] The S320 central processing unit dynamically calculates the real-time trigger delay time when the flexible substrate target repair area reaches directly below the exposure axis of the broadband pulse light source module 20 based on the acquired real-time linear velocity and the physical geometric distance between the sensor and the light source axis. When the internal hardware timer countdown ends, it outputs a microsecond-level hard real-time trigger command to the discharge circuit of the broadband pulse light source module 20. The control system is equipped with a calculation dead zone protection mechanism for special low-speed or instantaneous shutdown states. By setting an explicit speed lower limit start threshold, it avoids calculation overflow faults when the denominator approaches zero. In this embodiment, the safety preset value of the lower speed threshold is 0.1 meters per minute. When the detected real-time linear velocity is lower than the lower speed threshold, the system automatically suspends the trigger output of the current cycle. The physical compensation relationship between the dynamic trigger delay time under normal continuous transmission and the inherent response delay of the system is characterized by the following formula: ; In the formula, Indicates the real-time delay time for the output trigger command; This indicates the known physical distance between the high-speed photoelectric edge sensor and the exposure axis of the broadband pulse light source module 20, with a value range set between 50 mm and 200 mm. The table shows the real-time linear velocity of the flexible substrate acquired during the current sampling period. This represents the inherent system response delay, which includes circuit conduction delay and thyristor switch discharge and opening delay. The calibrated value of this response delay is between 5 microseconds and 50 microseconds and is stored in the system memory as a fixed constant.

[0041] After the hardware timer of the central processing unit loads the calculated real-time delay time and executes hardware-level decrement counting, the physical alignment of the discharge timing with the moving position of the flexible substrate is achieved. This hard real-time triggering mechanism based on dynamic linear velocity compensation can adapt to the speed discrete fluctuations of the flexible substrate over a wide range. In the continuous roll-to-roll transmission path, the set overlap rate of the exposure spot on the surface of the perovskite film is maintained. The control parameter of the set overlap rate is configured in the range of 20% to 50%. The broadband intense light pulse generated by the broadband pulse light source module 20 is sequentially projected onto each process area of ​​the perovskite film, reducing the exposure defects caused by mechanical transmission jitter. This makes the processed perovskite film exhibit uniform repair quality in physical space, thereby maintaining high spatial consistency of defect repair of flexible perovskite film in high-speed winding production process.

[0042] See attached document Figure 6The broadband pulsed light source module 20 is positioned above the transport path of the thin-film transport module 10 and directly opposite the local oxygen-containing boundary layer constructed by the environmental control module 30. It contains a high-pressure xenon lamp array, a pulse shaping network, and a high-pressure discharge circuit. The high-pressure discharge circuit is connected to the electrodes of the high-pressure xenon lamp array and is equipped with a high-density energy storage capacitor bank and a thyristor switch. The basic electrical topology of the high-pressure discharge circuit and the constant-current charging cycle control logic of the energy storage capacitor bank can be hardware-built using a conventional high-power pulsed power supply and a semiconductor discharge switch. For the specific implementation of S4, the following sub-steps can be used: S410, after receiving the microsecond-level hard real-time trigger command sent by the synchronous trigger control module 40, the broadband pulse light source module 20 conducts the internal high-voltage discharge circuit. The energy storage capacitor bank releases transient current pulses to the high-voltage xenon lamp array to generate broadband intense light pulses. As a preferred method, the light-emitting tube of the high-voltage xenon lamp array is made of deep ultraviolet high-transmittance synthetic quartz tube without cutoff filter elements. The lower limit of the spectral transmission of this specific material extends to the deep ultraviolet band of 160 nanometers and continuously covers the visible to near-infrared band. The transient energy density formed by the output broadband intense light pulse on the surface of the flexible substrate is set in the range of 1 to 10 joules per square centimeter. The high-energy deep ultraviolet photons and visible to near-infrared photons contained therein synchronously irradiate the perovskite thin film on the surface of the flexible substrate and the local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer covering it within the microsecond-level pulse width.

[0043] In S420, deep ultraviolet photons with wavelengths less than 242 nm in a broadband high-intensity light pulse are absorbed by the laminar flow local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer constructed on the thin film surface by the environmental control module 30. After absorbing high-energy ultraviolet photons, diatomic oxygen molecules in the gas film undergo photochemical dissociation to generate highly reactive oxygen free radicals. Under the fluid collision constraint of the laminar boundary layer, the free oxygen free radicals combine with the surrounding undissociated oxygen molecules and generate high-concentration ozone in situ on the thin film electrode surface. The highly reactive ozone generated in situ directly covers the surface of the perovskite thin film with lattice defects, reducing the concentration attenuation loss ratio of externally introduced ozone in long-distance transmission pipelines. The highly reactive ozone and the associated oxygen free radicals act as strong oxidants to penetrate into the surface and grain boundary physical positions of the perovskite thin film, initiating a deep ultraviolet photolysis-mediated chemical oxidation passivation reaction of surface defects.

[0044] In S430, within the same physical cycle of the deep ultraviolet photon-triggered gas-phase photochemical reaction, visible to near-infrared photons in the broadband intense light pulse penetrate the gas film and are absorbed by the perovskite film, resulting in transient photothermal conversion. After absorbing photon energy, the surface lattice of the perovskite film generates phonon vibrations, causing the surface temperature to rise to the set phase transition peak temperature within a pulse time window of several hundred microseconds. As a preferred method, the phase transition peak temperature is set in the range of 120 to 180 degrees Celsius based on the crystallization characteristics of the perovskite material. At the bottom position in the film thickness direction, the film transmission module 10 maintains a constant rigid low-temperature physical boundary by relying on the constant temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller. The instantaneous heat of the film surface and the forced cooling field at the bottom together construct a longitudinal temperature gradient in the film thickness direction of several hundred nanometers. The transient heat flow conduction state in this longitudinal temperature gradient region is shown in the following one-dimensional heat conduction formula.

[0045] ; In the formula, Indicates along Conductive heat flux density in the axial direction; This represents the equivalent thermal conductivity of perovskite materials; This represents the absolute temperature inside the thin film. This represents the longitudinal temperature gradient along the film thickness direction; by adjusting the transient energy density of the broadband high-intensity light pulse and the temperature control parameters at the bottom of the isothermal microporous vacuum adsorption back roller, the absolute value of this temperature gradient is maintained at 10 ppm per meter. 7 Up to 10 9 Within the critical interval of Kelvin.

[0046] Under the synergistic effect of the chemical oxidation potential of highly active ozone and the thermodynamic phase transition driving force of the longitudinal temperature gradient, the surface metallic lead phase undergoes oxidation passivation and iodine vacancies are filled by oxygen-rich groups. The non-photoactive phase inside the film transforms into a highly crystalline photoactive phase. Under the constraint of a unidirectional heat flow field, the internal grains undergo directional columnar growth from bottom to top along the opposite direction of heat flow, completing the reconstruction of the internal lattice sequence and the physical repair of deep grain boundary defects.

[0047] See attached document Figure 7The exhaust pipe of the rear micro-negative pressure suction component of the environmental control module 30 is connected to the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit. The thin film transfer module 10 is equipped with a residual heat relaxation guide roller group and a room temperature continuous winding mechanism on the downstream side of the core exposure area. The exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit is equipped with a heating and temperature control unit and filled with a composite catalyst bed of manganese dioxide and copper oxide. As a preferred embodiment, the residual heat relaxation guide roller group is circulated with room temperature cooling water and its outer surface is covered with a scratch-resistant and heat-conducting rubber layer. The constant tension taper control algorithm of the room temperature continuous winding mechanism and the frequency conversion drive logic of the three-phase asynchronous motor can be matched with a conventional tension sensor closed-loop control system. For the specific implementation of S5, it can be processed through the following sub-steps: S510, after multiple collaborative repairs, the perovskite film is transported forward along with the flexible substrate into the residual heat relaxation zone. The flexible substrate is cooled by the heat exchange effect of the residual heat relaxation guide roller group. The residual heat in the surface crystallization area is conducted to the circulating cooling water inside the residual heat relaxation guide roller group through solid-solid contact heat conduction. As a preferred method, the surface temperature control range of the residual heat relaxation guide roller group is constantly controlled between 10 degrees Celsius and 20 degrees Celsius, so that the residual temperature of the outer high-temperature perovskite film after the defect repair is completed and it is removed from the exposure area is steadily reduced to the set safe room temperature state. The actual surface temperature of the film corresponding to this safe room temperature state is between 20 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius. The change law of the film dynamic temperature with the transmission time satisfies the following thermal relaxation exponential decay formula.

[0048] ; In the formula, This indicates the instantaneous temperature of the perovskite film during transient cooling. This indicates the set control temperature of the surface of the waste heat relaxation guide roller assembly; This indicates the initial entry temperature of the perovskite film when it enters the residual heat relaxation zone, i.e., the highest residual temperature boundary condition after leaving the isothermal microporous vacuum adsorption back roller. This indicates the actual sliding heat transfer time of the flexible substrate in the residual heat relaxation zone; This represents the characteristic thermal relaxation time constant of the perovskite material-flexible substrate composite structure; In this embodiment, the value of the characteristic thermal relaxation time constant is determined by the specific heat capacity and contact thermal resistance of the substrate material and falls within the range of 0.5 milliseconds to 5.0 milliseconds. While maintaining the set process line speed, the sliding heat transfer time is adjusted by configuring the total physical coverage path length of the flexible substrate on the residual heat relaxation guide roller assembly. Greater than the characteristic thermal relaxation time constant Five times that of the glass transition temperature, the residual heat on the surface of the flexible substrate is reduced to below the glass transition temperature. Taking PET flexible substrate as an example, its corresponding heat safety threshold is limited to below 60 degrees Celsius.

[0049] S520, the rear micro negative pressure suction component of the environmental control module 30 continuously extracts the ozone-rich exhaust gas generated in the exposure area and inputs it into the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit. The ozone-rich exhaust gas undergoes a multiphase catalytic decomposition reaction when passing through the manganese dioxide and copper oxide composite catalyst bed. As a preferred approach, the mass ratio of manganese dioxide to copper oxide in the composite catalyst bed is set to 3:1, and the packing density is controlled between 0.8 and 1.2 grams per cubic centimeter. High concentrations of ozone molecules are rapidly converted into diatomic oxygen under the action of the catalyst active sites. The heating and temperature control unit inside the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit maintains the working temperature inside the catalytic reactor constant within the range of 40 degrees Celsius to 60 degrees Celsius. This specific temperature range ensures the stability of the catalyst's reactivity during the continuous winding-to-winding production cycle, so that the residual ozone concentration in the exhaust gas reaches the safe emission standard, that is, the ozone phase concentration at the exhaust port is controlled below the safe threshold of 0.1 ppm.

[0050] S530, the flexible substrate that has completed the cooling and thermal relaxation is wound up at the end of the thin film transfer module 10 by a room temperature continuous winding mechanism. As a preferred approach, the ambient temperature continuous winding mechanism adopts a tapered winding control mode with gradually decreasing tension. The winding tension decreases linearly with the increase of the winding roll diameter. The initial winding tension is set between 50 Newtons and 120 Newtons, and the winding taper ratio is configured within the range of 10% to 30%. This tension distribution law based on roll diameter adaptability adjusts the distribution of interlayer tangential stress and normal pressure inside the roll, avoiding interlayer stress concentration or local extrusion deformation and damage of high-quality crystalline perovskite films during the winding overlap process. At the physical and mechanical level, it maintains the crystal structure stability and macroscopic surface flatness of the long roll material in the final wound product state.

[0051] To aid in understanding the technical solution of this invention, a method and system for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light are provided below.

[0052] The processing object in this embodiment is a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate with a thickness of 100 micrometers, whose surface is pre-coated with a methylamine lead iodide perovskite precursor film. The equipment parameters and process operation are as follows: The feed line speed of the thin film transfer module 10 is set to 5 meters per minute. When the flexible substrate enters the core exposure area, it is covered on the surface of the constant temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller. The suction pressure inside the back roller is maintained at -85 kPa. The externally connected circulating chiller controls the surface temperature of the back roller at 12 degrees Celsius. The vacuum environment removes the air between the substrate and the back roller, establishing a solid-solid heat transfer contact interface. The dynamic temperature of the back side of the substrate then decreases and is maintained in the range of 12 to 14 degrees Celsius.

[0053] The pre-slit channel of the environmental control module 30 introduces pure oxygen with a mass fraction of 99.9% into the film surface at an incident angle of 30 degrees. The fluid system regulates the inlet flow rate through the mass flow controller to maintain the Reynolds number at around 1200, so that the oxygen flows in a laminar form to adhere to the film surface. The rear suction port works continuously with a slight negative pressure difference of -30 Pascals. The gas in the collection area enters the 50-degree Celsius reaction chamber loaded with manganese dioxide composite catalyst.

[0054] The synchronous trigger control module 40 controls the broadband pulse light source array based on the displacement feedback from the encoder. The light source uses a high-transmittance quartz tube and outputs broadband pulse light with an energy density of 4.5 joules per square centimeter. The pulse light trigger period is matched with the linear velocity to maintain a spot overlap rate of 30%. Deep ultraviolet photons irradiate the laminar oxygen film on the surface of the thin film to generate ozone, which participates in the chemical reaction. Visible and near-infrared photons irradiate the perovskite thin film to induce heat exchange. The processed thin film enters the residual heat relaxation zone composed of 15-degree Celsius water-cooled rollers, cools down to 25 degrees Celsius, and is then wound up by a constant tension mechanism.

[0055] Sampling was performed for the above process conditions, and a conventional hot air annealing process group and a conventional pulsed light process group without auxiliary environment were set up as references for comparative testing. The parameters of grain size, surface defect state density, substrate thermal deformation rate and device photoelectric conversion efficiency were extracted and recorded in the table below.

[0056] Table 1: Comparison of Performance Test Data for Flexible Perovskite Thin Films under Different Processing Processes

[0057] According to Table 1 and Figure 8According to the data, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the process in this embodiment reaches 21.43%, which is higher than the 15.65% of conventional pulsed light treatment and the 13.92% of traditional hot air annealing. The physical basis for this efficiency difference lies in the growth state of the crystal structure inside the film. This technical solution relies on the constant temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller to set a cold field boundary on the back of the flexible substrate. Broadband pulsed light undergoes photothermal conversion on the front of the film, which creates a longitudinal temperature gradient in the thickness direction of the film. The one-dimensional thermodynamic conduction mechanism drives the perovskite grains inside to grow in a columnar shape in a direction perpendicular to the substrate. The average grain size of the process in this embodiment is 826.4 nanometers. In contrast, the average grain size of conventional pulsed light treatment is only 342.8 nanometers in an environment lacking unidirectional heat flow guidance. The increased grain size reduces the number of grain boundaries in the film and reduces nonradiative recombination of charge carriers during interlayer transport.

[0058] Tests on the surface defect state density show that the defect state density of the process in this embodiment is 0.58 × 10⁻⁶. 16 cm -3 Compared to the other two processes, conventional pulsed light processing operates in an open air environment with complex gas composition and in a convective and divergent state. The oxidation reaction induced by pulsed light is difficult to treat the film surface in a concentrated manner. This technical solution uses the environmental control module 30 to combine pre-gas injection and post-suction to maintain a directional laminar flow oxygen-containing boundary layer above the exposure area with a Reynolds number limit. Oxygen molecules in the deep ultraviolet photon dissociation region of the light source generate ozone molecules in situ. These reaction products penetrate into the grain boundary structure under the constraint of the laminar flow field, undergo oxidation reaction to fill iodine vacancies and achieve oxidation passivation of free metallic lead, repairing the vacancy in the crystal lattice.

[0059] The data on the thermal deformation rate of the substrate reflects the physical stability of the system's mechanical operation. Table 1 shows that the thermal deformation rate of the substrate in conventional pulsed light treatment is 4.37%. After the substrate is subjected to light impact, the contact thermal resistance of the residual air layer at the interface blocks heat conduction. The temperature of the polyethylene terephthalate substrate exceeds the glass transition point and undergoes plastic deformation. The thermal deformation rate of the substrate in this embodiment is 0.07%. The thin film transport module 10 reduces the interfacial air by negative pressure suction, reducing the contact thermal resistance to the range of solid heat transfer. The heat is carried away by the cold fluid circulation, and the temperature deviation on the back side of the substrate is physically limited. This change in the thermal conduction structure enables the system to limit the total amount of heat input to the substrate while increasing the incident light energy density, maintaining the flat geometric shape of the substrate under continuous roll-to-roll transport, and meeting the manufacturing requirements for the flatness of the underlying layer in the subsequent film coating deposition process.

[0060] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: A flexible substrate carrying a perovskite film is driven to move continuously at a set linear velocity, and a normal adsorption force is applied to the back side of the flexible substrate to establish a solid-solid contact heat conduction path, thereby locking the dynamic temperature of the back side of the flexible substrate within a set lower boundary cold field reference range. Oxygen-containing gas is injected above the exposure area on the surface of the flexible substrate, and a directionally moving local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer is constructed under the action of post-synchronous suction. The real-time linear velocity of the flexible substrate is calculated, and the real-time trigger delay time is calculated based on the real-time linear velocity. When the real-time trigger delay time ends, a broadband intense light pulse containing deep ultraviolet and visible to near-infrared bands is released to irradiate the perovskite film. Deep ultraviolet photons dissociate oxygen molecules in the oxygen-containing gas to generate highly active ozone in situ, initiating a chemical oxidation passivation reaction of surface defects. Visible to near-infrared photons, in conjunction with the lower boundary cold field, construct a longitudinal temperature gradient to drive the directional columnar growth of internal grains to complete physical repair. Under the heat exchange effect of the residual heat relaxation guide roller group, the residual heat of the perovskite film is reduced to a safe room temperature. The ozone-rich exhaust gas is input into the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit for multiphase catalytic decomposition into diatomic oxygen and discharged. The oxygen is then wound up and collected by the room temperature continuous winding mechanism.

2. The method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light according to claim 1, characterized in that, Applying a normal adsorption force to the back surface of the flexible substrate to establish a solid-solid contact heat conduction path, thereby locking the dynamic temperature of the back surface of the flexible substrate within a set lower boundary cold field reference range, including: The flexible substrate is wrapped around the outer peripheral surface of a thermostatic microporous vacuum adsorption back roller that has a static fan-shaped main vacuum cavity inside and is connected to a high-intensity vacuum negative pressure source. The high-intensity vacuum negative pressure source provides vacuum pressure, causing the micropore array on the outer wall of the constant temperature micropore vacuum adsorption back roller to generate the normal adsorption force on the back side of the flexible substrate under the action of the vacuum pressure. The normal adsorption force is used to remove residual air between the contact interface of the flexible substrate and the constant temperature microporous vacuum adsorption back roller, thereby minimizing the interface contact thermal resistance. The dynamic temperature deviation of the back surface of the flexible substrate within the pulse cycle is kept within a set range, and the reference constant temperature of the lower boundary cold field reference range is set within a preset temperature range.

3. The method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light according to claim 1, characterized in that, Injecting oxygen-containing gas above the exposure area on the surface of the flexible substrate, and constructing a directionally moving localized oxygen-containing phase boundary layer under the action of post-synchronous suction, includes: The oxygen-containing gas is ejected through a slit-type nozzle at the bottom of the pre-laminar flow air knife. The initial velocity and incident angle of the injected oxygen-containing gas are adjusted to form a thin layer of gas flowing along the wall in a tiny space close to the surface of the flexible substrate. The flow state inside the gas thin film is controlled to be within the laminar flow range, and the upper limit of the Reynolds number is locked below the critical threshold, so that the oxygen molecules in the oxygen-containing gas cover the surface of the perovskite film in a layered structure. The rear micro-negative pressure suction component is activated to synchronously collect the gas at the end of the exposure area, so that the internal pressure of the local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer relative to the external standard atmospheric pressure is maintained within the set micro-negative pressure difference range, thus constructing a fluid balance domain and a dynamic aerodynamic barrier above the exposure area.

4. The method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light according to claim 1, characterized in that, Calculating the real-time linear velocity of the flexible substrate and, based on the real-time linear velocity, calculating the real-time trigger delay time, includes: The marking signal on the flexible substrate is captured by a high-speed photoelectric edge sensor and converted into a hardware external interrupt signal. The hardware counter inside the central processing unit directly responds to the hardware external interrupt signal and latches the current absolute position coordinates of the rotary encoder as the starting reference of the target repair area. The real-time linear velocity is calculated by periodically collecting the pulse count of the rotary encoder within the current tangent time period using a hardware timer inside the central processing unit. A speed lower limit start threshold is set, and the trigger output of the current cycle is suspended when the detected real-time linear velocity is lower than the speed lower limit start threshold; Based on the acquired real-time linear velocity and the known physical geometric distance between the high-speed photoelectric edge sensor and the target exposure axis, the real-time trigger delay time is dynamically calculated by combining the inherent system response delay, including circuit conduction delay and thyristor switch discharge turn-on delay.

5. The method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light according to claim 1, characterized in that, Irradiating the perovskite thin film with a broadband pulse of intense light encompassing the deep ultraviolet and visible to near-infrared bands, including: The broadband intense light pulse is generated by releasing transient current pulses to the high-voltage xenon lamp array through an energy storage capacitor bank. The transient energy density formed by the broadband intense light pulse on the surface of the flexible substrate is set within a preset energy density range. The deep ultraviolet photons are absorbed by the local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer, resulting in a photochemical dissociation reaction that generates highly active ozone in situ. The highly active ozone and the associated oxygen free radicals act as strong oxidants, penetrating into the surface and grain boundary physical locations of the perovskite film. The visible to near-infrared photons penetrate the local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer and are absorbed by the perovskite film, causing a transient photothermal conversion that raises the surface temperature of the perovskite film to the phase transition peak temperature within the pulse time window.

6. The method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light according to claim 1, characterized in that, Driven internal grain directional columnar growth to complete physical repair, including: Under the synergistic effect of the chemical oxidation potential of ozone and the thermodynamic phase transition driving force of the longitudinal temperature gradient, the surface metallic lead phase undergoes oxidation passivation and iodine vacancies are filled by oxygen-rich groups, guiding the transformation of the non-photoactive phase to a highly crystalline photoactive phase inside the perovskite film. Under the influence of a unidirectional heat flow field, the internal grains undergo directional columnar growth from bottom to top along the opposite direction of the heat flow, thereby completing the reconstruction of the internal lattice sequence and the physical repair of deep grain boundary defects.

7. The method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light according to claim 1, characterized in that, The residual heat of the perovskite film is attenuated to a safe room temperature under the coating heat exchange effect of the residual heat relaxation guide roller assembly, including: The perovskite film is transported forward along with the flexible substrate into the residual heat relaxation zone; The residual heat in the surface crystallization region is conducted to the circulating cooling water inside the residual heat relaxation guide roller group through solid-solid contact heat conduction. The total physical coverage path length of the flexible substrate on the residual heat relaxation guide roller group is configured to maintain the sliding heat transfer time greater than a set multiple of the characteristic thermal relaxation time constant. The residual heat on the surface of the flexible substrate is reduced below the glass transition temperature.

8. The method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ozone-rich exhaust gas is fed into the in-situ catalytic decomposition unit for decomposition and discharge, including: The ozone-rich exhaust gas generated in the exposure area is continuously extracted by the rear micro-negative pressure suction component and input into the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit. The ozone-rich exhaust gas undergoes a multiphase catalytic decomposition reaction when it passes through the manganese dioxide and copper oxide composite catalyst bed filled inside the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit. The operating temperature inside the exhaust gas in-situ catalytic decomposition unit is kept constant within a set temperature range by a heating and temperature control unit, so that high concentrations of ozone molecules are converted into diatomic oxygen under the action of the catalyst active sites and discharged.

9. The method for repairing defects in flexible perovskite thin films based on broadband pulsed light according to claim 1, characterized in that, The winding and collection are performed by a continuous winding mechanism at room temperature, including: The flexible substrate is wound up and collected by the ambient temperature continuous winding mechanism using a tapered winding control mode with gradually decreasing tension. The winding tension of the ambient temperature continuous winding mechanism decreases linearly with the increase of the winding roll diameter. The initial winding tension is set within a preset tension range, and the winding taper ratio is configured within a preset taper ratio range. The tension distribution law based on the adaptive roll diameter adjusts the distribution of interlayer tangential stress and normal pressure inside the roll.

10. A flexible perovskite thin film defect repair system based on broadband pulsed light, characterized in that, The system using the flexible perovskite thin film defect repair method based on broadband pulsed light according to any one of claims 1 to 9 comprises: A thin film transport module is used to tension and continuously transport a flexible substrate carrying the perovskite thin film, apply a normal adsorption force to the back side of the flexible substrate to establish a solid-solid contact heat conduction path, and lock the dynamic temperature of the back side of the flexible substrate within a set lower boundary cold field reference range. An environmental control module is used to inject oxygen-containing gas above the exposure area on the surface of the flexible substrate and construct a local oxygen-containing phase boundary layer under the action of post-synchronous suction. A synchronous trigger control module is used to detect the real-time linear velocity of the flexible substrate and calculate the real-time trigger delay time; A broadband pulsed light source module is used to release a broadband intense light pulse containing deep ultraviolet and visible to near-infrared bands to irradiate the perovskite film when the real-time trigger delay time ends. Deep ultraviolet photons dissociate oxygen molecules in the oxygen-containing gas to generate highly active ozone in situ, initiating a chemical oxidation passivation reaction of surface defects. Visible to near-infrared photons, in conjunction with the lower boundary cold field, construct a longitudinal temperature gradient to drive the directional columnar growth of internal grains to complete physical repair.

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