A rice full field film hole planting and yield fixing integrated machine and method

Abstract

The present application relates to the field of rice cultivation technology, more particularly to a rice full field film mulching, hole sowing and yield fixing integrated machine and method. The method comprises the following steps: determining the sowing density according to the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area, the lower the accumulated temperature, the higher the density; after tillage, concentrated side layered fertilization is carried out in the middle of the narrow row, slow release in the lower layer and quick-acting in the upper layer; after field surface compaction, full field film mulching is fixed, and then sowing is carried out on the film according to the density, and the two independently adjusted soil bodies are used to fix the film and cover the soil and press; according to the accumulated temperature, the area is divided into zones for management, the sufficient area relies on tillering, and the insufficient area relies on basic seedling yield fixing and deep water heat preservation. The full field film mulching combined with wide and narrow row side layered fertilization can conserve soil moisture, save water and fertilizer; according to the accumulated temperature, the yield is fixed to make the high-cold no-tillering rice area stable yield; the double-path soil taking and weight pressing can reliably fix the film and inhibit the accumulation of water floating and the film fixed not firmly caused by special weather, the double working conditions are adapted, the depth of the film sowing is consistent, the emergence is uniform, the coating and the film under the temperature increase are coordinated to early sowing safety, and the green low-cost stable yield and high yield are realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of rice cultivation technology, and more specifically to an integrated machine and method for rice field mulching and hill-sowing with fixed yield. Background Technology

[0002] Rice is a major food crop in my country, with its cultivation areas spanning the Central Plains rice-growing region with ample accumulated temperature, the ordinary cold-region rice-growing region of northern China, and the ultra-high-altitude cold-region rice-growing region such as Heihe. The effective accumulated temperature varies significantly across these regions, leading to drastically different requirements for sowing density and field management methods. Mulching and hill-planting, a simplified cultivation technique that integrates temperature increase, moisture retention, and weed suppression, represents a revolutionary approach to rice cultivation. It eliminates the need for seedling raising and transplanting, thus avoiding the arduous labor of traditional transplanting and becoming the preferred method for large-scale planting. In recent years, it has been widely adopted in rice cultivation in cold and arid regions.

[0003] For example, Chinese invention patent CN109618777A, entitled "An Electronic Rice Direct Seeding and Mulching Machine," discloses a mulching and sowing machine for direct seeding in paddy fields after water preparation. It consists of mechanical and electrical parts. The mechanical part includes a frame, seed box, seed metering mechanism, mulch film roll, film edge pressing device, perforation mechanism, and film pressing roller. The perforation mechanism uses a perforation bracket on the film support frame in conjunction with a duckbill valve rod on the seed metering device base to punch holes and place seeds on the film. The film edge pressing device moves along a slide rail and presses the film edge into the mud for fixation using a mud pressing bracket. The film pressing roller is mounted on a pull rod to roll the film surface. The electrical part includes a rotary encoder, microprocessor circuit, switch drive circuit, and actuator. The rotary encoder collects the machine's travel speed, and the microprocessor controls the film feeding and seed metering actions synchronously, implicitly including methods for mulching, perforation, sowing, and film edge pressing.

[0004] However, the aforementioned existing technology still has room for improvement in the following aspects:

[0005] Firstly, its fixed and singular sowing parameters, such as seeding rate and hill spacing, need to be improved for yield determination in rice-growing areas with extremely short frost-free periods, such as high-altitude and cold regions, where rice cannot complete effective tillering. Secondly, its design for direct seeding after water preparation needs to be improved for two types of conditions: dry paddy fields with significant differences in surface moisture and shallow cement paddy fields. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This invention provides an integrated machine and method for rice field mulching and hill-sowing with fixed yield, in order to solve the technical problems in the prior art that need to be improved in terms of sowing parameters, adaptability to different rice-growing areas, adaptability to fixed yield in high-altitude and cold regions with few tillers, and adaptability of mulching process conditions.

[0007] The above objectives are achieved through the following technical solutions:

[0008] A method for determining yield by hill-sowing with full-field mulching in rice paddies includes the following steps:

[0009] S1. Determine the sowing density based on the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area. Sowing density is negatively correlated with effective accumulated temperature.

[0010] S2. Tillage and prepare the paddy field to be sown;

[0011] S3. Apply fertilizer in layers according to the wide and narrow row planting layout, and apply the fertilizer in layers to the narrow row planting area.

[0012] S4. Compact the fertilized field surface to form a mulch base;

[0013] S5. Lay the plastic film over the entire compacted field surface and cover the edges and seams of the plastic film with the first layer of soil to fix the film in place. The plastic film will cover the entire field and provide shade.

[0014] S6. On the fixed plastic film, perform hole sowing on the film according to the sowing density determined in step S1.

[0015] S7. Cover the seed holes with the second layer of soil before or after sowing.

[0016] S8. Conduct field management according to the planting area, and determine the population construction path and heat preservation strategy based on the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area: in areas with sufficient effective accumulated temperature, rely on tillering to expand the population and adopt conventional water and fertilizer management; in areas with insufficient effective accumulated temperature, rely on the basic seedling base to directly determine the yield, and adopt deep water heat preservation management to accumulate effective accumulated temperature and avoid low temperature damage.

[0017] In step S8, for cold-region rice-growing areas where the effective accumulated temperature is less than 2500℃, deep-water insulation and management are adopted throughout the process. The water level is dynamically adjusted according to the air temperature to stabilize the field water temperature and soil temperature, accumulate effective accumulated temperature, and ensure that high-density rice plants can normally fill and mature under non-tillering conditions.

[0018] In step S1, the sowing density is divided into levels according to the effective accumulated temperature of ≥10℃ in the planting area: when the effective accumulated temperature of ≥10℃ is ≥4000℃, the sowing density is 5-10 seeds / hole; when the effective accumulated temperature of ≥10℃ is 2500-4000℃, the sowing density is 10-20 seeds / hole; when the effective accumulated temperature of ≥10℃ is less than 2500℃, the sowing density is 20-30 seeds / hole.

[0019] Steps S5 to S7 switch between two working conditions based on field soil moisture. When there is no visible water on the field surface and the volumetric moisture content of the 5-10cm soil layer is not greater than the preset moisture content threshold, it is determined to be a dry soil condition. Field soil is collected and divided into a first soil mass and a second soil mass, which are used to fix the mulch film and cover the planting holes with soil, respectively. In the case of shallow muddy field conditions, field soil collection is stopped, and the first and second soil masses are formed by relying on the field mud to complete the compaction and fixation of the mulch film and the natural backfilling of the planting holes. The preset moisture content threshold can be selected empirically based on the actual situation, as long as the soil is dry.

[0020] In step S2, tillage and subsequent sowing operations are started when the surface temperature stabilizes at 10-12℃ or above; in step S5, the mulch film is ordinary agricultural mulch film or biodegradable mulch film.

[0021] In step S3, the side-layer fertilization is to apply fertilizer in two layers along the vertical direction within the fertilization depth range, with the lower layer being a slow-release fertilizer layer and the upper layer being a fast-acting fertilizer layer.

[0022] A rice field mulching and hill-sowing integrated machine for fixed yield measurement includes:

[0023] Movement module;

[0024] The land preparation module, connected to the travel module, is used to cultivate the paddy field to be sown, making the field surface flat and the soil fine.

[0025] The fertilization module, connected to the travel module, is used to apply fertilizer in layers to the narrow row planting area according to the wide and narrow row planting layout.

[0026] The field compaction module is connected to the traveling module and located after the fertilization module. It is used to compact the fertilized field surface to form a flat and compact film-laying base.

[0027] The mulch film laying module is connected to the traveling module and located after the field compaction module. It is used to lay mulch film over the entire compacted field surface.

[0028] The soil handling module, connected to the traveling module and located after the mulch film laying module, is used to collect field soil and includes a container 62. The container 62 has an inlet and an outlet. A diversion structure connected to the container 62 is provided in the outlet. The diversion structure acts as a partition at the outlet, dividing the outlet into two parts and diverting the field soil in the container 62 into two paths. The first path of field soil is used to cover the edges and seams of the mulch film to fix the mulch film, and the second path of field soil is used to cover the seed holes after sowing.

[0029] The film-covered hole-seeding module is connected to the traveling module and located after the soil operation module. It is used to perform hole-seeding on the laid and fixed film, and the seeding amount per hole is adjustable.

[0030] The seed hole compaction module, connected to the traveling module and located after the film-covered seed hole sowing module, is used to compact the seed holes after sowing, so that the seeds adhere to the soil.

[0031] The field compaction module includes a front primary compaction roller, which is used to compact the loosened field surface after tillage; the seed hole compaction module includes a rear secondary compaction roller, which is used to compact the seed holes after sowing.

[0032] The land preparation module, the side-layer fertilization module, the field surface compaction module, the mulch film laying module, the soil operation module, the mulch film hole sowing module, and the seed hole compaction module can be spliced ​​and combined to form different operating widths; the travel module is a rice transplanter chassis or a tractor-driven agricultural machine.

[0033] The beneficial effects of the present invention, a rice field whole-field mulching hole-sowing integrated machine and method, are as follows:

[0034] This regional density-based yield-determining cultivation system exhibits a negative correlation between sowing density and effective accumulated temperature. In the Central Plains conventional rice-growing areas, 5-10 seeds / hill are planted to increase yield through tillering; in the northern ordinary cold-region rice-growing areas, 10-20 seeds / hill ensures stable yield; and in the ultra-high-altitude cold-region rice-growing areas, 20-30 seeds / hill is planted at a high density. Because ultra-high-altitude cold-region rice cannot effectively tiller, traditional tillering-based yield-increasing models fail in this region, leading to low yields, large fluctuations, and high planting risks. This invention addresses this characteristic by eliminating reliance on tillering and directly determining yield based on the basic seedling base, thus improving upon the deficiencies in planting agronomy for ultra-high-altitude cold-region rice and effectively solving the industry problem of delayed maturity, reduced yield, and crop failure in high-altitude cold-region rice-growing areas.

[0035] The work process is scientific and reasonable, employing a rigid closed-loop procedure of land preparation, lateral fertilization, field surface compaction, full-field mulching and stabilization, sowing on the mulch, and covering the seed holes with soil and compacting. Compaction is performed before mulching, followed by sowing and finally compaction, ensuring the mulch is firmly fixed without tearing. Because seeds are easily suspended after sowing on the mulch, leading to uneven emergence and seedlings of varying sizes at high density, this invention uses a second layer of soil to cover and compact the seed, ensuring close contact between the seeds and soil, thereby guaranteeing uniform emergence of high-basic seedlings and preventing gaps in the rows.

[0036] The dual-path independent soil delivery design features a first soil path specifically for covering and securing the edges and seams of the mulch film, and a second soil path specifically for filling planting holes with soil. The soil delivery volume of the two paths can be adjusted independently.

[0037] The entire field is covered with mulch to provide shade and physical weed control, leaving no pesticide residues and meeting green and organic planting standards. Mulching also increases the soil temperature in the cultivated layer by 2-3°C and additionally captures effective accumulated temperature, the specific amount depending on the number of days in the mulching period and the daily temperature increase, alleviating insufficient accumulated temperature in cold regions and reducing the threat of early frost.

[0038] The wide-narrow row side-layer fertilization method concentrates fertilizer in layers in the narrow row planting area, isolates fertilizer and seeds to reduce the risk of seedling burn, and can match the amount of fertilizer according to the sowing density, increasing fertilizer utilization rate by about 30%. Combined with mulching, it reduces nutrient loss and saves fertilizer. The layering is done in two layers along the vertical direction, with the lower layer being a slow-release long-acting fertilizer layer and the upper layer being a fast-acting fertilizer layer, so that nutrients are released in stages according to the growth stage and the fertilizer supply cycle is extended.

[0039] Deep fertilization and full-field mulching reduce water evaporation, saving more than 50% of water in non-high-altitude and cold regions. It can be combined with intermittent irrigation management where the next irrigation does not continue the previous irrigation. This means that the field surface is dried before each irrigation, and the newly irrigated water does not continue the water remaining from the previous irrigation, thereby extending the drying time of the field, improving soil aeration and root development, and ensuring the healthy growth of the plant population while saving a lot of water.

[0040] Based on the effective accumulated temperature, the population construction path and insulation strategy are determined. In areas with insufficient effective accumulated temperature, deep-water insulation pipes are used, with a water layer depth of 5-10cm and the water level dynamically adjusted according to the air temperature. Due to the problem of insufficient early frost grouting caused by the accumulated temperature gap in cold regions, this invention uses deep water layers to store heat during the day and release heat at night to mitigate the diurnal temperature difference, thereby continuously accumulating effective accumulated temperature and avoiding low-temperature damage. Combined with dry and wet dual-condition adaptive design and modular quick-disassembly splicing width, it is suitable for plots of different sizes, making it a versatile and universally applicable solution. Attached Figure Description

[0041] Figure 1 A flowchart of a rice planting method using whole-field mulching and hole sowing is shown;

[0042] Figure 2 The flowchart for determining the dual-condition switching is displayed;

[0043] Figure 3 This diagram illustrates the mapping between seeding density and effective accumulated temperature zones.

[0044] Figure 4 This diagram shows the positional relationship of each module in a rice field mulching and hill-sowing integrated machine for fixed yield.

[0045] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the wet-laying method for placing stones in pits with soil is shown;

[0046] Figure 6 A structural schematic diagram of the soil-drawing box 621, the grid 622, and the disk 623 is shown;

[0047] Figure 7 A schematic diagram of the structure of disk 623 and groove 624 is shown;

[0048] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the elastic pocket 626 is shown;

[0049] Figures 9 to 11 The image shown is a real-world illustration of Example 4.

[0050] In the diagram: 1. Traveling module; 2. Land preparation module; 3. Fertilization module; 4. Field compaction module; 5. Mulch film laying module; 6. Soil operation module; 61. Lifting mechanism; 62. Container; 621. Soil loading box; 622. Grid; 623. Disc; 624. Groove; 625. Slide; 626. Elastic sump; 627. First drive unit; 628. Straight groove; 629. Second drive unit; 630. Water tank; 631. Water pipe; 633. Outlet; 7. Seed hole compaction module; 71. Second roller. Detailed Implementation

[0051] To make the objectives and advantages of the present invention clearer, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and the present invention will be further described in conjunction with the embodiments; it should be understood that the specific embodiments described are merely for explaining the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0052] It should be noted that in the description of this invention, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", etc., which indicate directions or positional relationships, are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings. This is only for the convenience of description and is not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, it should not be construed as a limitation of this invention.

[0053] Furthermore, it should be noted that, in the description of this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0054] Combination Figures 1 to 3 A method for rice cultivation using full-field mulching and hole sowing includes the following steps:

[0055] S1: Determine the sowing density based on the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area. The sowing density is negatively correlated with the effective accumulated temperature. The lower the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area, the higher the sowing density should be.

[0056] S2: Till the paddy field before sowing. Start the operation when the surface temperature is 12℃ or above to make the field surface level and the soil fine. Soil temperature is a prerequisite for seed germination. Sowing too early and encountering low temperature will cause seed rot and slow emergence, while sowing too late will waste the effective accumulated temperature.

[0057] S3: Apply fertilizer in layers according to the wide and narrow row planting layout, and concentrate the fertilizer in layers in the narrow row planting area.

[0058] Specifically, the planting rows are arranged in a strip pattern of alternating wide and narrow rows. The narrow row spacing is usually set at 15-20 cm, and the wide row spacing is usually set at 35-40 cm. The narrow row strip serves as the dense planting core area for fertilization and sowing, while the wide row strip is reserved for ventilation, light penetration, and work passages. A fertilization trench is dug in the middle of the narrow row strip, and the fertilizer applied in this trench is shared by the two rows on both sides of the narrow row, thereby reducing the number of trenches and concentrating the fertilizer in the root distribution layer. The fertilization position is to the side and below the seeds, that is, away from the seed row and applied below the seed layer. The fertilization depth depends on the type of fertilizer and the root distribution layer, so that the fertilizer falls into the concentrated layer of rice roots, reducing surface volatilization and leaching with water, while keeping it isolated from the seed layer and avoiding burning the seedlings. This stratification refers to applying fertilizer in two vertical layers within the fertilization depth range: the lower layer, applied 8-10 cm below the soil surface, is a slow-release, long-acting fertilizer layer, containing controlled-release fertilizer and organic fertilizer, serving as a nutrient reservoir throughout the entire growth period. It releases nutrients slowly in the early stages, preventing seedling burn, and provides continuous fertilization in the middle and later stages. The upper layer, applied 5-6 cm below the soil surface and still below the seed layer, is a fast-acting fertilizer layer, containing fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer to meet the needs of tillering and early growth after hill sowing. This vertical separation of the two layers allows nutrients to be released in stages according to the rice's growth phases, extending the fertilization cycle and reducing nutrient loss. The general application rate is 35-50 kg per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares).

[0059] S4: Compact the fertilized field surface to form a flat and compact film base.

[0060] S5: Lay the mulch film over the compacted field surface and cover the edges and seams of the mulch film with the first layer of soil to fix it in place; the mulch film covers the entire field to block light and physically suppress weeds.

[0061] S6. On the fixed plastic film, perform hole sowing on the film according to the sowing density determined in step S1.

[0062] S7. Cover the seed hole with the second layer of soil and compact the seed hole to make the seeds adhere to the soil; the amount of soil transported from the first layer to the second layer should be adjusted as needed.

[0063] S8. Conduct field management according to the planting area, and determine the population construction path and heat preservation strategy based on the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area: in areas with sufficient effective accumulated temperature, rely on tillering to expand the population and adopt conventional water and fertilizer management; in areas with insufficient effective accumulated temperature, rely on the basic seedling base to directly determine the yield, and adopt deep water heat preservation management to accumulate effective accumulated temperature and avoid low temperature damage.

[0064] Specifically, the water depth for deep-water insulation is typically set at 5–10 cm, depending on the temperature fluctuation range and insulation requirements. Areas with insufficient effective accumulated temperature and higher insulation needs require deeper water layers. Water has a high specific heat capacity; deep water layers store heat during the day and release it at night, mitigating the impact of diurnal temperature differences on the rice root zone and young panicles. Maintaining a deep water layer stabilizes the field microclimate, continuously accumulates effective accumulated temperature, and avoids insufficient grain filling caused by early frost and low-temperature damage.

[0065] Further explanation of steps S5 to S7:

[0066] To determine whether there is shallow water accumulation in the field, if it is a dry paddy field, collect soil samples and divide them into two streams, and use them to fix the mulch film and cover the planting holes with soil respectively; if it is a shallow paddy field, rely on the fluidity of the mud in the field to naturally complete the compaction and fixing of the mulch film and the backfilling and covering of the planting holes with soil.

[0067] Full field mulching refers to the following: if 1.4-meter mulch film is used, for example, if mulch film with a width of 1.4 meters is used, the edge of the next roll of mulch film covers the edge of the previous roll of mulch film, that is, the two mulch films are parallel and have an overlapping part, the overlap width is generally 5 to 10 cm, that is, there is no gap between the mulch films.

[0068] This is designed to correspond to three typical accumulated temperature regions: the Central Plains conventional rice-growing area, the northern ordinary cold-region rice-growing area, and the ultra-high-altitude cold-region rice-growing area. The following examples differ in their adaptation conditions for each region. These adaptation conditions include the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area, the duration of stable soil temperature, and the hardness of the cold soil slurry. This results in differences in sowing density, activation confirmation intensity, fertilization amount, mulching necessity level, and management methods. The adaptation conditions and differentiated execution parameters for each example are described below.

[0069] On the other hand, rice seeds can be coated. The coating layer contains film-forming substances, bactericidal and insecticidal components for seed treatment. After coating, the surface regularity and individual grain separation of the rice seeds are improved, providing a basis for consistent seeding for subsequent precision hill sowing on the film. In this way, rice seed coating and under-film warming work together to support the sowing accuracy and the safety of maximizing accumulated temperature for yield determination by zone. The film-forming substances in the coating layer make the rice seeds regular in shape and less prone to sticking together, thereby reducing the deviation between the number of grains per hill and the preset number of grains when sowing on the film. This keeps the consistency of the number of grains in the hill within the preset allowable range, providing a prerequisite for accurate seeding for determining the sowing density based on effective accumulated temperature and directly determining the yield based on the basic seedlings. The bactericidal components in the coating layer inhibit seed-borne and soil-borne fungal diseases such as seedling blight and damping-off. In synergy with the effect of increasing the temperature under the film by 2-3°C after full-field mulching, the effective accumulated temperature threshold for sowing can be lowered, allowing for an attempt to seize the early effective accumulated temperature 5-7 days earlier. At the same time, it controls the rotting of seeds and the decline in seedling rate under low temperature and high humidity conditions, thus achieving both early sowing to seize the accumulated temperature and safe seedling emergence.

[0070] Example 1, the suitable conditions are: the effective accumulated temperature of the annual average daily temperature in the planting area is ≥10℃ and the soil is loose loam; this condition corresponds to the low-density tillering planting mode, and the sowing density is 5 to 10 seeds / hole.

[0071] Start-up confirmation: In the Central Plains rice-growing areas, spring temperatures rise quickly and the risk of late spring frost is low. Operations can be started when the ground temperature reaches a stable level of 12℃ or above for at least 5 consecutive days, providing a relatively wide window for operation. Perform steps S1 to S8: Module 2 tillages and harrows the field surface to a depth of 10cm; Module 3 applies fertilizer in layers at a depth of 8cm in the middle of the narrow rows, using a 40cm wide row and a 20cm narrow row layout. The lower layer is a slow-release, long-acting fertilizer layer, and the upper layer is a fast-acting fertilizer layer. The goal for this area is to increase yield through tillering, so the fertilizer amount per plant is matched to the lower limit to avoid lodging caused by overcrowding; First, compact and loosen the field surface using conventional methods; When laying the mulch, lay 0.01mm ordinary agricultural mulch across the entire field. The mulch is mainly for physical weed suppression and moisture retention. Collect topsoil at a depth of 3-5cm. Compact the first layer of soil around the edges and seams of the mulch to form a continuous windbreak and mulch-fixing strip; Module 3 adjusts the seeding rate to a low density of 5-10 seeds per hole, and sows seeds through holes spaced 15cm apart; After covering the seed holes with the second layer of soil, compact the soil again to ensure the seeds adhere to the soil.

[0072] Conventional water and fertilizer management is adopted in the field. The Central Plains rice-growing region has abundant light and temperature resources. After the basic seedlings of 5-10 grains per hill survive, the population expands through vigorous tillering, ultimately increasing the total yield by the number of panicles produced from tillers. Physical shading and weed suppression are achieved throughout the entire process using mulch film, eliminating the need for herbicides. Mulching conserves moisture, resulting in irrigation water savings exceeding 50%. Combined with lateral, layered, concentrated fertilization, fertilizer savings exceed 30%, achieving green, low-cost, stable, and high yields.

[0073] Example 2, suitable conditions are: planting area, effective accumulated temperature of 2500-4000℃ with an annual average daily temperature ≥10℃, stable surface temperature of 12℃ or above in spring for no less than 7 days, and moderate soil coldness; this condition corresponds to a medium-density balanced planting mode, with a sowing density of 10-20 seeds / hole.

[0074] Spring temperatures in cold regions are unstable, and the risk of late spring frosts is higher than in the Central Plains. Once the ground temperature stabilizes at 12℃, it must remain stable for at least 7 days to confirm there is no risk of late spring frost before restarting. Follow steps S1 to S8: Module 2 tills and harrows the field surface, leveling and breaking it up finely. The tillage depth is typically set at 10-12cm, depending on the degree of soil coldness. In this embodiment, it is set at 11cm, which breaks up the shallow cold soil layer, buries weeds, and avoids disturbing the plow pan too deeply. Module 3 applies fertilizer in a 40cm wide row and 20cm narrow row layout to improve fertilizer utilization. The fertilizer application position is 10cm from the seeds on both sides. Fertilizer is applied in concentrated layers at a depth of 8-12cm in the middle of the narrow rows, matching the fertilizer amount to the medium density level. If the soil is shallow, the depth is 5-6cm. First, compact and loosen the field surface. When laying the mulch film, use 0.01mm ordinary agricultural mulch film across the entire field. The mulch film serves a dual purpose: physical weed suppression and warming. Its necessity is higher than the Central Plains model. Collect topsoil at a depth of 3-5cm. Compact the first layer of soil along the edges and seams of the mulch film to form a continuous windbreak and mulch-fixing strip. Adjust the seeding rate to a density of 10-20 seeds / hole on the mulch film planting module, and plant the seeds in holes with a spacing of 14cm. After covering the planting holes with the second layer of soil, compact the soil again to ensure the seeds adhere to the soil. The agronomical basis for this density design is that the accumulated temperature in cold regions only supports limited tillering. If the density is too low, there will be insufficient basic seedlings and insufficient ears. If the density is too high, the population will be too dense and individual plants will not develop well. The seeding rate of 10-20 seeds / hole balances the basic seedling base and the number of effective tillers, taking into account both the population base and the growth of individual plants.

[0075] During the mid-growth stage, implement moderate deep-water insulation and management, with a water depth of 5-8 cm. Adjust the water and soil temperatures dynamically according to air temperature to stabilize the field water and soil temperatures, compensate for insufficient accumulated temperature in cold regions, promote young panicle differentiation and grain filling, and achieve large panicle development and early maturity. The combined effect of mulching (increasing temperature by 2-3℃ and additionally capturing approximately 150℃ of effective accumulated temperature) and deep-water insulation significantly reduces the threat of early frost to yield, achieving stable and high yields in the region.

[0076] Example 3, suitable conditions: The planting area has an annual average daily temperature ≥10℃ with an effective accumulated temperature of less than 2500℃, an extremely short frost-free period, a stable spring surface temperature of 12℃ for at least 10 consecutive days to avoid late spring frosts, and severe soil compaction due to cold. These conditions correspond to a high-density, non-tillering yield-fixing model, with a sowing density of 20-30 seeds / hole. In this area, the safe growth period for rice is only 130-140 days, and the vegetative growth cycle cannot complete effective tillering, rendering traditional cultivation methods relying on tillering for increased yield ineffective.

[0077] Startup Confirmation: Heihe experiences the slowest spring warming and the highest risk of late spring frosts. Once the ground temperature stabilizes at 12℃, strict confirmation for at least 10 days is required before starting. Follow steps S1 to S8: Module 2 tills and harrows the field surface, leveling and breaking it up. The tillage depth is typically set at 12cm, depending on the compaction of the cold, hardened soil. In this embodiment, 12cm is used to break up the surface cold, hardened soil, bury weeds, and avoid disturbing the plow pan too deeply. Module 3 applies fertilizer in a 40cm wide-narrow row layout, with 20cm narrow rows. Fertilizer is applied in layers at a depth of 8cm in the middle of the narrow rows, matching the fertilizer amount to the upper limit of the high-density population's needs. First, the loosened field surface is compacted, with a compaction intensity of... The soil should be compacted to ensure that the loose, cold soil is fully settled and provides a firm base for mulching. When laying the mulch, use 0.01mm ordinary agricultural mulch throughout the field. Mulching is a necessary measure to seize effective accumulated temperature. Collect topsoil at a depth of 3-5cm. The first layer of soil should be compacted along the edges and seams of the mulch to form a continuous windbreak and mulch-fixing strip. The seeding module on the mulch should be set to a high-density planting setting of 20-30 seeds per hole, with holes spaced 12cm apart. After the second layer of soil covers the planting holes, it should be compacted a second time to ensure that the seeds adhere to the soil.

[0078] This embodiment overturns the conventional agronomic understanding of increasing yield through tillering. It adopts a unique model that eliminates tillering and determines yield based on the number of basic seedlings. It directly locks in the number of ears and yield in the field by relying on a high base of basic seedlings, without relying on tillering throughout the entire growth period.

[0079] The basic seedling base number is calculated as follows: Using a wide-narrow row layout of 40cm wide rows and 20cm narrow rows, with an average row spacing of 30cm and a plant spacing of 12-18cm, the theoretical number of plants per acre is approximately 12,000-15,000. The plant spacing is linked to the number of seeds per plant; a lower number of seeds per plant is used when the plant spacing is denser, and a higher number of seeds per plant is used when the plant spacing is wider, ensuring a stable seed count of approximately 300,000-370,000 seeds per acre, consistent with the conventional sowing rate range for precision dry-seeding in cold regions. The field seedling survival rate for direct seeding under mulch is typically 85%-90%, depending on the seed germination rate and soil moisture under the mulch. In this example, it is estimated at 85%, resulting in a basic seedling count of approximately 260,000-310,000 plants per acre. This is sufficient to directly lock in the target yield based on the number of ears under non-tillering conditions, while also not exceeding the upper limit of the canopy's photosynthetic capacity, thus avoiding excessive canopy closure that could lead to disease and lodging. In contrast, the Central Plains model of Example 1 sows only 60,000 to 120,000 seeds per mu, relying on 3 to 5 effective tillers per plant to expand the population. The population construction paths of the two models are completely different, which is a manifestation of the core agronomic logic that sowing density is negatively correlated with effective accumulated temperature.

[0080] In terms of supporting management, the entire field is covered with plastic film to increase and retain heat. The film increases the soil temperature in the cultivated layer by 2-3℃ and gains approximately 150℃ of effective accumulated temperature. Throughout the growth process, an 8-10cm deep water layer is maintained for heat retention, with the water level dynamically adjusted according to air temperature to continuously accumulate effective accumulated temperature. The synergy between the film-covered warming and deep-water heat retention allows high-density planted rice to obtain the accumulated temperature conditions required for normal grain filling and maturity within a very short growth period, avoiding the risks of early frost and low-temperature damage, and solving the industry pain point of delayed maturity, reduced yield, and crop failure in rice in high-altitude and cold-climate rice-growing areas.

[0081] Example 4, combined with Figures 9 to 11 In 2026, dry-land planting was conducted in Kordai County, Zhambyl Region, Kazakhstan. The experimental field planting parameters were as follows: Rice variety: Wuchang Daohuaxiang No. 2, seeding rate: 10-15 grains / hole; Planting time and temperature: May 7th. Steps S1 to S8 were followed, with 35 kg of basal fertilizer applied per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares). The trial planting area was 0.5 mu (approximately 0.067 hectares). No herbicides were used, and seedlings emerged between May 28th and May 31st.

[0082] Weather changes and management: Frost occurred on May 13th; first irrigation on June 9th; second irrigation on June 15th (tillering began); third irrigation on June 20th; subsequent irrigations followed a method of watering only slightly less than the previous irrigation. Field drying began on July 12th; irrigation resumed on July 20th; irrigation continued until the end of July. By August 10th, rice ears were mostly fully emerged; grain filling was completed by the end of August.

[0083] In terms of mulch film selection, ordinary agricultural mulch film is low in cost and high in strength, suitable for conventional planting that prioritizes input-output ratio; biodegradable mulch film, with a thickness of 0.012mm, degrades naturally in the field after harvest, requiring no manual recycling, making it suitable for green organic rice bases and solving residual film pollution at the source. Biodegradable mulch film is preferred, as the mulch film laying module is directly compatible, and switching can be achieved simply by changing the film roll.

[0084] Combination Figure 4 To adapt to the above cultivation methods, this embodiment provides an integrated rice field mulching and hill-sowing machine for fixed yield. The traveling module 1 uses a high-speed rice transplanter chassis with the transplanting mechanism removed as the main carrier. It can also be equipped with a tractor-driven agricultural machine, eliminating the need to purchase new power equipment, resulting in low modification costs and strong adaptability. The main carrier is equipped with various operating modules, which work in sequence according to the following steps: land preparation, fertilization, soil extraction, compaction, mulching and fixing, hill sowing, and covering and compacting the soil. The entire machine can complete all planting procedures in one trip. Each operating module is described in detail below.

[0085] The land preparation module 2 is connected to the rear end of the tractor, while the travel module 1 serves as the support for the entire machine. It can be a traveling agricultural machine, such as a tractor and its rear-mounted steel frame with ground wheels, or a chassis with travel functionality. Specifically, the land preparation module 2 includes a toothed harrow, which is used to level and finely break up the field surface, breaking up clods, removing debris and weeds, and creating a level seedbed for subsequent mulching and sowing. It also distributes some soil to both sides of the mulch film. The wheel track is typically 1.2 meters, and the mulch film width is 1.4 meters.

[0086] The fertilization module 3 operates immediately after the land preparation module 2, for example, by connecting it to the rear of a tractor. For wide-narrow row planting layouts, it concentrates and layers the fertilizer in the middle of the narrow row planting area. In wide-narrow row layouts, the wide row spacing is typically set at 35–40 cm, and the narrow row spacing at 15–20 cm, depending on the target planting density and the tillering characteristics of the variety. In this embodiment, the wide row spacing is set at 40 cm and the narrow row spacing at 20 cm, which not only provides space for rice tillering and canopy closure, improving ventilation and light penetration within the plant population, but also facilitates concentrated ditching and fertilization in the middle of the narrow rows. Fertilization depth is typically set at 5–10 cm, depending on the fertilizer type and root distribution layer. In this embodiment, it is set at an 8 cm lateral depth, which allows the fertilizer to be applied to the root zone, reducing surface volatilization and leaching, while also keeping it isolated from the seed layer to avoid burning the seedlings. This lateral stratified fertilization is applied in two layers vertically: a lower layer of slow-release, long-acting fertilizer and an upper layer of fast-acting fertilizer. The vertical separation of the two layers allows for the tiered release of nutrients. Fertilizer is supplied in one furrow in the middle of the narrow row, while the two rows on both sides share the fertilizer. By reducing the number of furrows, energy consumption is reduced, and the concentrated, stratified fertilizer supply extends the nutrient release cycle, thereby increasing fertilizer utilization by more than 30%.

[0087] On the other hand, for planting layouts with wide and narrow rows, fertilization module 3 can adopt a double-row single-ditch fertilization mechanism.

[0088] The field compaction module 4 is located behind the fertilization module 3. For example, a front-mounted first roller can be used as a front-mounted initial compaction roller. This roller compacts the loosened field surface after fertilization, compacting the soil surface structure and providing a flat and compact base for mulching. The first roller can be installed at the lower rear of the fertilization module 3. If the field surface is not compacted before mulching, the loose soil layer will settle unevenly under the load of the covering soil, causing the mulch film to wrinkle, become suspended, and be blown away by the wind later. The front-mounted initial compaction roller eliminates the looseness of the field surface, ensuring that the mulch film adheres to the field surface throughout the entire process. This lays the structural foundation for a completely sealed mulch film covering of the entire field, while also reducing soil moisture evaporation and seepage, and improving soil moisture retention.

[0089] The mulch film laying module 5 is located behind the field compaction module 4 and connected to the rear of the fertilization module 3, or it can be connected to a steel frame with ground wheels at the rear of the tractor, with the mulch film laying module 5 attached to the steel frame. The mulch film laying module 5 unrolls and flattens the entire roll of mulch film, achieving continuous coverage of the entire field as the machine moves. Ordinary agricultural mulch film or biodegradable mulch film can be used. The thickness of the mulch film is usually set between 0.008 and 0.012 mm, depending on the mulch film material and tensile strength requirements. In this embodiment, ordinary agricultural mulch film is set to 0.01 mm and biodegradable mulch film is set to 0.012 mm, which ensures the tensile and tear strength of the mulch film, prevents it from breaking under the load of soil compaction, and controls the cost of the film. When biodegradable mulch film is selected, it generally needs 90 days to degrade. After harvest, the mulch film naturally degrades into organic matter, eliminating white pollution in farmland from the source.

[0090] Please see Figure 4 The soil handling module 6 works in conjunction with the mulch film laying module 5, with two sets configured to form a dual-path, independently adjustable soil extraction scheme. The soil handling module 6 can be an existing product, such as a soil extraction, distribution, and covering mechanism. It can also be modified, for example, by using a lifting mechanism 61 connected to the soil handling module 6, with an independent start / stop mechanism driven by a telescopic cylinder. The soil extraction depth is 0-8cm, collecting fine, dry surface soil from the field. This soil is then divided into two independently adjustable paths via an adjustable diversion structure. Specifically, the adjustable diversion structure includes a built-in adjustable diversion baffle. By adjusting the baffle angle, the flow cross-section of the two paths is changed, thereby independently distributing the soil delivery volume of the two paths: the first path, consisting of field soil, covers the edges and seams of the mulch film, forming a windbreak and film-fixing strip; the second path, consisting of field soil, covers the seed holes after sowing, completing the filling of the seed holes. The thickness of the soil covering the first layer of film is typically set at 2–4 cm, depending on the local spring wind force and the tensile strength of the film. In this embodiment, it is set at 3 cm, which can both secure the film edges and seams, resist strong spring winds from tearing the film, and avoid excessive soil covering that wastes soil transport and damages the film. The thickness of the soil covering the second layer of seed holes is typically set at 1–3 cm, depending on the soil moisture and the seed's ability to emerge from the soil. In this embodiment, it is set at 2 cm, which can both seal the seed holes, maintain the moisture inside the holes, and prevent rainwater from directly washing away the seeds, and avoid excessive soil covering that can cause soil compaction and make it difficult for seedlings to emerge from the soil. The depth of soil extraction depends on the field moisture and soil quality. In dry fields, this embodiment sets it at 3–5 cm, which can both obtain dry and fine topsoil, ensuring the quality of film stabilization and soil covering, and avoid bringing in wet clay clods that block the soil transport channels when extracting soil too deeply.

[0091] For ease of understanding, the soil handling module 6 is further described, comprising a soil sampling unit, a soil storage unit, and a conveying unit. Specifically, the soil sampling unit is a conventional agricultural soil sampler, or a chain sampler, which collects soil from both sides of the furrow. Prior to this, the land preparation module 2 has already distributed the soil to both sides, increasing the amount of soil at the sampler and completing the pre-treatment work. The conveying unit is a scraper conveyor belt that transports the soil sampled by the sampling unit to the soil storage unit.

[0092] The soil storage unit includes a container 62 connected to a tractor. The container 62 has an inlet and an outlet. A diversion structure connected to the container 62 is provided inside the outlet. The diversion structure acts as a partition at the discharge outlet, dividing the outlet into two parts to form two outlets 633. The two outlets 633 face downward and are positioned to correspond to the edge of the mulch film and the seed hole after sowing, respectively. This diverts the field soil in the container 62 into two paths. The first path of field soil covers the edge and seam of the mulch film to fix the mulch film, and the second path of field soil covers the seed hole after sowing.

[0093] To further explain, the diversion structure, acting as a baffle, can be rotatably connected to the container 62. Its angle can be adjusted via a drive mechanism to change the size of the two outlets 633. The drive mechanism can be a mechanism that converts linear motion into rotary motion, or a servo motor with a brake function. Alternatively, conventional methods can be adopted, such as installing two independently opening covers at the discharge port to create two outlets 633, one in front and one behind, to control soil discharge, or using electromagnetic valves to control the switch.

[0094] The film-covered sowing module is located behind the soil operation module 6 and the film laying module 5. The number of parallel modules can be increased as needed. It can be connected to the outer shell of the soil operation module 6 or the film laying module 5, or to the steel frame connected to the rear of the tractor. It is used for precision sowing with adjustable seeding rates. The seeding rate per hole is adjustable from 5 to 30 seeds / hole, determined by the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area: sowing density is negatively correlated with effective accumulated temperature; the lower the effective accumulated temperature, the higher the sowing density. The hole spacing is usually set at 15–20 cm, depending on the variety, plant type, and target basic seedling count. In this embodiment, it is set at 12–16 cm, ensuring that the number of holes per unit area meets the basic seedling requirements for each density level, while also reserving space for the group growth of multiple seeds per hole. The seed metering device precisely punches holes in the film and quantitatively distributes the seeds, ensuring uniform plant spacing and consistent sowing depth.

[0095] On the other hand, if the soil handling module 6 is simplified, a slope guidance scheme can be adopted, using a first slope that is lower on the left and higher on the right, and a second slope that is higher on the left and lower on the right, connected to the first slope. The first slope is used to scoop up the soil from the two sides of the mulch film. If the direction shown in the diagram is taken as the reference, the first slope is located on the left side of the mulch film laying position; if the direction of travel is taken as the reference, it is on the side of the forward direction. Unless otherwise specified, the direction shown in the diagram shall prevail. The second slope extends to the right above the mulch film laying position, and the soil slides down to the right and downwards onto the laid mulch film by gravity. Of course, this slope guidance scheme can be used in conjunction with a lifting mechanism to adjust its height. It can also be used in parallel with a soil sampler, with the sampler delivering a portion of the soil into container 62. Container 62 can not only fill the planting holes with soil after sowing but also strengthen the fixation of the mulch film.

[0096] In particular, for working conditions where there is shallow water accumulation on the field surface, the plastic film tends to float. To overcome this problem, the following solution is adopted:

[0097] Combination Figures 2 to 5 This embodiment is a wet-laying scheme for gravel placed in soil, preferably used in conjunction with an embodiment with two outlets 633, one in front and one behind. A soil-drawing box 621 is fixed to each of the front and rear sides of the lower end of the container 62. The two soil-drawing boxes 621 correspond to the two outlets 633 in the left-right direction. A grid 622 is fixed inside the soil-drawing box 621, with the grid 622 higher on the left and lower on the right. The soil-drawing box 621 has two vertical channels, one on the left and one on the right. The right end of the grid 622 connects to an opening on the soil-drawing box 621, which connects the two vertical channels. A disc 623 is rotatably connected to the soil-drawing box 621 in the right vertical channel. Multiple grooves 624 are evenly distributed on the outer circumference of the disc 623, preferably four in number. A first drive unit 627 is installed on the soil-drawing box 621, such as a servo motor used with an encoder, or a Geneva mechanism, to drive the disc 623 to rotate 90° each time. Alternatively, a geared motor can be used to keep the disc 623 rotating slowly. The soil-carrying box 621 forms an arc surface with upper and lower channels. The arc surface and the disc 623 cooperate to form a certain closed space, so that the soil and stones can be kept in the groove 624 until the groove 624 faces downward and the stones and soil are discharged.

[0098] The grid 622 is used to store gravel and also to intercept stones. The opening size of the grid 622 should be smaller than the stones to prevent them from getting stuck. The soil in container 62 will slide into the two outlets 633 and the two soil inlet boxes 621. The soil in the two soil inlet boxes 621 can be discharged downwards to compact the mulch film, or the vertical channel on the left side of the soil inlet box 621 can be closed using a conventional switch to stop the discharge of soil. After the grid 622 guides the stones, such as gravel, to the opening, they fall onto the disc 623. The initial position of the disc 623 is such that one groove 624 faces upwards, so that the groove 624 contains one piece of gravel. When the groove 624 containing gravel faces downwards, another piece of gravel can be discharged downwards. A slide 625 is rotatably connected to the lower part of the soil-collecting box 621. An elastic pocket 626 is fixed to the lower end of the slide 625. The initial position of the slide 625 is higher on the left and lower on the right, with its opening facing upwards towards the gravel discharge position to receive the gravel. The gravel slides down into the rubber elastic pocket 626 by gravity. A straight groove 628 is provided on the slide 625. A second drive unit 629 is installed on the soil-collecting box 621. The second drive unit 629 is used to drive the slide 625 to swing left and right. In this embodiment, when the drive disc 623 rotates 90° each time, the initial position of the slide 625 is the gravel-receiving position. Furthermore, the second drive unit 629 and the first drive unit 627 are activated simultaneously; each 90° rotation of the disc 623 corresponds to one left-right swing of the slide 625. When the slide 625 begins to swing to the left, the gravel is already inside the elastic pocket 626. When the elastic pocket 626 swings to the left, its longitudinal distance decreases, contacting the overlapping area of ​​the two plastic films. The elastic pocket 626 deforms upwards under pressure, and its opening gradually faces downwards. This deformation, combined with the change in orientation, causes the gravel to fall out of the elastic pocket 626. Simultaneously, the elastic pocket 626 compresses the soil, creating a depression beneath the overlapping plastic films, where the gravel can be placed. The second drive unit 629 can employ an eccentric linkage mechanism or an electric telescopic rod. If an eccentric linkage mechanism is used, its end is connected to a pin located within the straight groove 628. Each rotation of the drive end of the eccentric linkage mechanism completes one pull / push of the slide 625, achieving the left-right swaying of the slide 625. Alternatively, the second drive unit 629 can employ an electric telescopic rod. The telescopic end of the electric telescopic rod is connected to a pin, which acts as a transmission component inserted into the straight groove 628. Each extension or retraction of the electric telescopic rod corresponds to one pull / push of the slide 625, completing the left-right swaying motion. If the embodiment of the drive disc 623 is to rotate continuously, the second drive unit 629 also needs to be continuously started. A distance sensor needs to be installed on the soil box 621. By adjusting the drive speed, when the disc 623 has a groove 624 facing down, the slide 625 is also located at the maximum stroke on the right.If the embodiment of the drive disc 623 rotates 90° once and the second drive unit 629 is continuously started, then a distance sensor needs to be installed on the soil box 621. When the distance sensor detects that the slide 625 is at the maximum stroke on the right, the drive disc 623 rotates 90° once, so that a groove 624 faces downward.

[0099] On the other hand, the inclined surface of the grid 622 also carries a small amount of soil to the groove 624. The larger the surface area compared to the opening area on the grid, the greater the amount of soil drawn. The downward-facing groove 624 delivers the soil and gravel together to the slide 625, and finally places them together on two overlapping plastic films, compacting the film while being placed in the depression created by the elastic pocket 626. A water tank 630 containing water is connected to the soil-carrying box 621, and a water pipe 631 is connected to the water tank. The water pipe 631 is connected to the outside of the slide 625, and the outlet of the water pipe 631 is located above the elastic pocket 626, so that the gravel surface is adhered to the moist soil and becomes sticky, increasing the adhesion between them. The purpose is to increase the weight while reducing the phenomenon of the cover soil being blown away, and to enhance the fixation of the plastic film. The gravel wet-placement method with soil can also reduce the amount of cover soil used to fix the edge of the plastic film, and the gravel placement method reduces the amount of gravel used. This embodiment can be used in conjunction with a roller-pressed mulch film system. A mulch film pressing wheel (referred to as the ground wheel) is installed in the working direction of the elastic bag 626. The axial thickness of the ground wheel is less than the overlap width of the mulch film. The mulch film pressing wheel rolls the overlapped mulch film into the soil, providing full-stroke mulch film fixation. The elastic bag 626's working method intermittently reinforces the mulch film fixation effect throughout its entire stroke to cope with windy weather. A lifting and lowering soil covering wheel can be installed on the opposite side of the ground wheel. When the integrated machine is working back and forth, the soil covering wheel can be raised as needed. That is, there is always one soil covering wheel and one ground wheel on either side of the integrated machine.

[0100] In this embodiment, at the lower end of container 62 and between the two soil-importing boxes 621, pipes / channels can be added according to the number of membrane-based seeding modules. The number and position of the channels correspond to the number and position of the membrane-based seeding modules, respectively, for the soil to slide into the seeded holes. Each channel can be controlled to open and close via a solenoid valve.

[0101] In this embodiment, a flow control valve, an electromagnetic micro-valve, or a flow-limiting dripper can be connected in series on the water pipe 631. This valve is opened and closed by the overall controller according to a preset rhythm. The water tank 630 is installed at a high position to supply water by gravity or is equipped with a micro booster pump to supply water at constant pressure. The water volume injected into each hole is 5 to 20 mL, depending on the volume of the pit and the soil moisture. After watering, the valve is closed to prevent continuous water flow from eroding the planting hole.

[0102] Each time the first drive unit 627 completes a 90° rotation, a piece of gravel falls through the groove 624 into the elastic pocket 626. The controller then triggers the second drive unit 629 to complete one slide swing, causing the gravel to fall into the pit. Simultaneously, the flow control valve of the water pipe 631 is opened to inject water in a measured amount. After water injection, the valve is closed. The disc 623, slide 625, and water pipe valve are linked by the same controller according to the above fixed timing sequence, so that the water supply rhythm is strictly synchronized with the beat of each 90° rotation. When the soil extraction and diversion unit is stopped in muddy field conditions, the gravel can be retained and the wet soil placement scheme can be implemented.

[0103] The seed hole compaction module 7, located at the very end of all modules, includes the second roller, the rear-mounted re-pressing roller. This roller precisely compacts the seed holes after sowing, ensuring close contact between the seeds and the soil. Seed suspension is a major cause of uneven germination in high-density sowing. If gaps exist between multiple seeds and the soil after they fall into the seed hole, they will not absorb water and germinate synchronously, resulting in uneven germination times and a mix of large and small seedlings. The rear-mounted re-pressing eliminates these gaps, ensuring that each seed is in close contact with moist soil and germinates synchronously, thus guaranteeing uniform germination even in high-density sowing and preventing gaps in the rows.

[0104] All operating modules of the machine are integrated into a quick-release splicing module based on multi-row operating units. The basic module is usually set to 4-row operating units, depending on the minimum adaptation requirements of the rice transplanter chassis width and small paddy fields. In this embodiment, it is set to 4 rows, which can independently adapt to scattered small paddy field operations and can also be quickly spliced ​​as a standard unit. Each module can use existing equipment as needed or be modified according to actual needs. Multiple basic modules can be spliced ​​and combined into 8-row, 12-row, and 16-row wide-width units, which can adapt to efficient operations in large-area regular farmland, and the operating width is not limited by a single fixed value.

[0105] This embodiment illustrates the machine's adaptability to field soil moisture conditions. When soil moisture varies significantly within the same or adjacent plots, traditional machinery requires equipment replacement based on moisture levels or waiting for drainage, thus delaying agricultural operations.

[0106] Under dry paddy field conditions, with a volumetric moisture content of ≤28%, the soil operation module 6 operates at full load, collecting fine dry soil from the surface layer at a depth of 3-5cm. The adjustable diversion structure distributes the soil delivery volume in two directions according to the needs of membrane consolidation and soil covering. The soil covering at the membrane edges and seams is tight, and the soil covering in the planting holes is appropriate, achieving precise mechanical membrane consolidation and soil covering.

[0107] In shallow, waterlogged paddy fields, the surface is soft, and mechanical soil extraction can easily introduce mud that clogs the channels. In this case, the soil extraction module is raised, and the soil operation module 6 is shut down, retaining the core processes of land preparation, fertilization, compaction, mulching, zoned sowing, and compaction. After the mulch is laid, the fluidity of the mud in the field allows it to naturally settle and compact the edges, fixing the mulch. The seed holes are then naturally backfilled with mud. Although the density of the mud-based mulch and backfill is not as high as that of mechanical soil covering, the wet mud adheres well to the mulch and seed holes, and with the addition of post-compaction compaction, it can meet the requirements for fixation and germination. The two operating conditions can be switched by installing a control module in the cab and connecting it to other modules. The soil operation module 6 can be switched with a single button in the cab without any modifications, allowing the machine to operate in paddy fields with varying soil moisture without being picky about the land or waiting for the right conditions, ensuring timely sowing.

[0108] In this embodiment, taking a 12-row wide-row unit operating in a contiguous field in a typical cold region of Northeast China as an example, the entire machine completes the following operations in one pass: rotary tillage and harrowing to level the land and facilitate soil collection on both sides; applying fertilizer at an 8cm depth in the middle of the narrow rows; compacting the field surface with a front-mounted initial roller; unrolling and flattening the plastic film and laying it across the entire field; after soil collection and diversion, the first pass covers the film edges and seams with soil and compacts them; sowing seeds in holes with 15-20 seeds per hole on the film; filling the seed holes with soil in the second pass; and precise compaction with a rear-mounted secondary roller. The entire process of covering the film, covering the soil, and compacting is completed mechanized in one stop, significantly reducing the number of times the agricultural machinery needs to enter the field. The operation is highly standardized and can be directly replicated and promoted to large-scale planting in various accumulated temperature rice areas.

[0109] Regarding the connection of a certain module to the traveling module, the certain module mentioned can be directly connected to the traveling module, or it can be connected to another module other than the traveling module for ease of installation, or it can be connected to an extension structure of the traveling module such as a steel frame. Since all modules are driven by the traveling module, they are essentially connected to the traveling module.

[0110] In the above-mentioned embodiments related to the use of the second soil, in this embodiment, after the mulch film is laid, the second soil can be first covered with 1 to 3 cm of soil at the sowing position on the mulch film, and then hole sowing can be carried out at the soil-covered position. Finally, the soil is compacted. This makes it easier to control the sowing depth to be consistent and the seedlings will emerge more evenly.

[0111] Corresponding to the above-mentioned embodiment of covering soil before sowing, in terms of the integrated machine, the lower end of the container 62 is also connected to a pipeline for pre-covering soil. The pre-covering soil pipeline extends backward and downward along the frame to the front side of the sowing module on the film. Its soil inlet is aligned with the sowing row in the left and right direction, is strip-shaped along the sowing row direction, and its lower edge is close to the film surface. This allows the second layer of soil in the container 62 to be laid on the film before the sowing position, forming a soil covering strip with a width corresponding to the sowing row. In terms of controlling the amount of soil discharged, an adjustable plate and a metering roller are installed at the soil inlet of the pre-covering soil pipeline. The adjustable plate adjusts the opening along the height direction of the soil inlet to change the cross-section of the soil passage. The opening adjustment method can be a solenoid valve or an electric telescopic valve. The cylinder controls the closing and opening of the bare soil inlet. The outer circumference of the metering roller is evenly distributed with material troughs, which, as the roller rotates, quantitatively carry soil out of the inlet. The metering roller is driven by the ground wheel of the traveling module via a transmission connection, or its speed is adjusted by the controller according to the traveling speed, ensuring that the amount of soil discharged per unit time increases or decreases proportionally with the traveling speed. The thickness of the soil covering strip does not fluctuate with the acceleration or deceleration of the assembly. By adjusting the opening of the insert plate and the speed of the metering roller, the thickness of the soil covering strip is set between 1 and 3 cm, thus becoming the fixed depth reference for planting on the film. The pre-installed soil covering pipe and the channel at the lower end of container 62 leading to the seed holes after sowing are controlled by their respective solenoid valves, allowing for selective opening or simultaneous operation, enabling switching between pre-sowing and post-sowing soil covering methods. If a lower-cost solution is chosen, continuous soil covering can be implemented along the entire traveling route.

[0112] Specifically, the film-based hill-seeding module can employ a duckbill-type hill-seeding wheel, including a wheel-type hill-seeder rotatably connected to the frame. Multiple hill-forming devices are evenly distributed around the outer circumference of the wheel-type hill-seeder. Each hill-forming device consists of a fixed duckbill fixed to the wheel and a movable duckbill hinged to the fixed duckbill. When the movable duckbill rotates to the lower soil-entry position with the wheel, it is pushed open by an opening cam fixed to the frame, and after rotating away, it is closed by a reset component. The wheel is connected to a seed box and contains a built-in seed-discharging wheel with a seed hole. Rice seeds from the seed box fill the holes of the seed-discharging wheel, and after excess seeds are removed from the holes by a seed scraper, they rotate with the wheel and fall through the inner cavity of the duckbill when the hill-forming device opens. The seeding process involves punching holes in the film and quantitatively distributing seeds. The seeding rate per hole can be adjusted from 5 to 30 seeds per hole by changing the seeding wheel with different hole sizes or adjusting the effective volume of the holes. The hole spacing is determined by the transmission ratio between the seeding wheel and the traveling wheel, ensuring that one seeding device enters the soil for every hole distance the machine advances. The seeding wheel is pressed against the film surface by a spring. In embodiments where the soil is first covered by 1 to 3 cm, the seeding device passes through the soil covering strip and the film in sequence to insert into the soil under the film to form holes and distribute seeds. The depth of insertion into the soil is based on the surface of the soil covering strip and does not change with local undulations of the film surface, resulting in consistent seeding depth and uniform seedling emergence in each hole.

[0113] Furthermore, in the embodiment of covering the soil before sowing, the outer circumference of the seeding wheel rolls on the surface of the covering strip. The thickness of the covering strip occupies part of the soil penetration stroke of the seeding device. To ensure that the beak can pierce the mulch film and allow the seeds to fall into the soil beneath the film, the length of the beak of the seeding device is increased from the conventional specification. The increase is matched with the thickness of the covering strip, usually by 1 to 3 cm. This allows the tip of the beak to pass through the covering strip, pierce the mulch film, and insert into the soil beneath the film to reach the preset sowing depth. The seeding wheel still uses the surface of the covering strip as the rolling reference, and the sowing depth under the film in each hole does not fluctuate with the thickness of the covering strip. Reinforcing ribs are provided on the back of the beak. To withstand the increased soil penetration resistance when the extended duckbill passes through the cover strip; the opening time of the movable duckbill is marked by the cam mechanism at a position close to the bottom dead center after the duckbill passes through the cover strip and breaks the film, to avoid premature opening and soil from the cover strip entering the mouth cavity; the front end of the duckbill is equipped with a film cutting blade, which moves with the movable duckbill to cut the film when the duckbill opens, avoiding the film tearing and entanglement that would lead to irregular film holes or tearing and picking of the film; since the cover strip presses the film against the surface of the soil under the film, and the film is in a taut and ground-adhering state, the resistance of the duckbill tip piercing the film is less than that of the bare film surface, resulting in a clean film breaking and regular film holes.

[0114] The above embodiments can be combined arbitrarily, and can be selectively added or deleted as needed. The above embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention. Regarding the drive scheme, other common drive schemes in the mechanical field can also be selected according to the functional purpose. The scope of protection of the present invention is defined by the claims. All equivalent substitutions and improvements under the concept of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for determining yield by hill-sowing with full-field mulching in rice paddies, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Prepare the paddy field for sowing; S2. Apply fertilizer in layers according to the wide and narrow row planting layout, and concentrate the fertilizer in layers in the narrow row planting area; S3. Compact the fertilized field surface to form a mulch base; S4. Lay the plastic film over the entire compacted field surface, and cover the edges of the plastic film with the first layer of soil, so that the plastic film covers the entire field. S5. On the laid and fixed plastic film, perform hole sowing on the film. The sowing density is determined according to the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area. The sowing density is negatively correlated with the effective accumulated temperature. S7. Cover the seed hole with the second layer of soil before or after sowing to make the seeds adhere to the soil.

2. The method for determining yield by hill-sowing and mulching rice in a whole field according to claim 1, characterized in that: S8. Conduct field management according to the planting area, and determine the population construction path and heat preservation strategy based on the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area: in areas with sufficient effective accumulated temperature, rely on tillering to expand the population and adopt conventional water and fertilizer management; in areas with insufficient effective accumulated temperature, rely on the basic seedling base to directly determine the yield, and adopt deep water heat preservation management to accumulate effective accumulated temperature and avoid low temperature damage.

3. The method for determining yield by hill-sowing with mulch film in rice fields according to claim 2, characterized in that: In step S8, for cold-region rice-growing areas where the effective accumulated temperature is less than 2500℃, deep-water insulation and management are adopted throughout the process. The water level is dynamically adjusted according to the air temperature to stabilize the field water temperature and soil temperature, accumulate effective accumulated temperature, and ensure that high-density rice plants can normally fill and mature under non-tillering conditions.

4. The method for determining yield by hill-sowing and mulching rice in a whole field according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the sowing density is divided into levels based on the effective accumulated temperature of the planting area (≥10℃): when the effective accumulated temperature is ≥4000℃, the sowing density is 5-10 seeds / hole; when the effective accumulated temperature is 2500-4000℃, the sowing density is 10-20 seeds / hole; when the effective accumulated temperature is less than 2500℃, the sowing density is 20-30 seeds / hole.

5. The method for determining yield by hill-sowing and mulching rice in a whole field according to claim 1, characterized in that: Steps S5 to S7 switch between two working conditions based on field soil moisture. When there is no visible water on the field surface and the volumetric moisture content of the 5-10cm soil layer is not greater than the preset moisture content threshold, it is determined to be a dry soil condition. Field soil is collected and divided into the first field soil body and the second field soil body, and the mulch film is fixed and the planting hole is covered with soil respectively. In the shallow muddy field condition, field soil collection is stopped, and the first field soil body and the second field soil body are formed by relying on the field mud to complete the mulch film compaction and fixation and the natural backfilling of the planting hole.

6. The method for determining yield by hill-sowing and mulching rice in a whole field according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, tillage and subsequent sowing operations are started when the surface temperature stabilizes at 10-12℃ or above; in step S5, the mulch film is ordinary agricultural mulch film or biodegradable mulch film.

7. The method for determining yield by hill-sowing and mulching rice in a whole field according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, lateral fertilization involves applying fertilizer in two layers along the vertical direction within the fertilization depth range: a lower layer of slow-release fertilizer and an upper layer of fast-acting fertilizer.

8. A rice field mulching and hill-sowing integrated machine for fixed yield, characterized in that, include: Movement module; The land preparation module, connected to the travel module, is used to cultivate the paddy field to be sown, making the field surface flat and the soil fine. The fertilization module, connected to the travel module, is used to apply fertilizer in layers to the narrow row planting area according to the wide and narrow row planting layout. The field compaction module is connected to the traveling module and located after the fertilization module. It is used to compact the fertilized field surface to form a flat and compact film-laying base. The mulch film laying module is connected to the traveling module and located after the field compaction module. It is used to lay mulch film over the entire compacted field surface. The soil handling module, connected to the traveling module and located after the mulch film laying module, is used to collect field soil and includes a container with an inlet and an outlet. The outlet divides the soil in the container into two streams. The first stream of soil covers the edges and seams of the mulch film to fix the mulch film, and the second stream of soil covers the seed holes after sowing. The membrane-based hole-seeding module is connected to the traveling module and located after the soil operation module. It is used to perform hole-seeding on the laid and fixed mulch film. The seed hole compaction module, connected to the traveling module and located after the film-covered seed hole sowing module, is used to compact the seed holes after sowing, so that the seeds adhere to the soil.

9. The integrated rice field mulching and hill-sowing machine according to claim 8, characterized in that: The field compaction module includes a front-mounted primary compaction roller, which is used to compact the loose field surface after tillage. The seed hole compaction module includes a rear compaction roller, which is used to compact the seed holes after sowing.

10. The integrated rice field mulching and hill-sowing machine according to claim 8, characterized in that: The land preparation module, side-layer fertilization module, field surface compaction module, mulch film laying module, soil operation module, film-covered hole sowing module, and seed hole compaction module can be spliced ​​and combined to form different operating widths; the travel module is a rice transplanter chassis or a tractor-driven agricultural machine.

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