Optical fiber chemical membrane electrode implementation method

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of optical fiber chemical film electrode implementation methods, to realize the synergistic catalysis of light, electricity, proton / ion by the close coupling of high light transmittance optical fiber network, multilayer interface chemical film electrode and adjustable light source-spectrometer system.The film electrode is composed of three layers of composite structure of anode optical fiber chemical catalytic layer, proton / ion exchange layer and cathode optical fiber chemical catalytic layer, and the functional surface includes optical fiber catalytic surface, chemical catalyst layer, photocatalyst layer, double electric layer surface, conductive layer and gas-permeable / liquid-permeable layer, which ensures the instantaneous separation and directional migration of carriers, the free transport of reactants / products.The optical fiber chemical scattering layer realizes uniform divergent light illumination using photonic crystal or non-uniform refractive index optical fiber, and can flexibly control the reaction rate and product distribution by adjusting light intensity, wavelength and electric layer bias.The system is suitable for hydrogen fuel cell, direct methanol fuel cell, normal temperature and pressure synthesis of methanol and synthesis of ammonia and other photoelectrochemical reactions, and has high energy efficiency, low cost and modular scalability.

Description

I. Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the fields of chemistry, materials science, and energy technology, specifically to a multilayer catalytic electrode based on an optical fiber catalytic membrane and its implementation method. II. Background Technology

[0002] Traditional electrochemical catalysis systems typically rely on noble metal catalysts and a single electrocatalytic mechanism, resulting in low catalytic efficiency, high energy consumption, and limited scalability. Meanwhile, photocatalysis, as a green and clean energy conversion method, has received widespread attention from academia and industry in recent years. However, single photocatalytic modes often face the recombination effect of photogenerated electrons and holes, leading to limitations in reaction rate and energy utilization efficiency.

[0003] In recent years, multilayer interfacial membrane technology has gradually become a research hotspot in the fields of chemistry and materials. By sequentially combining materials with different functional levels, interfacial reaction kinetics can be significantly improved, mass and heat transfer efficiency can be enhanced, and overall catalytic performance can be effectively improved. However, in existing multilayer membrane systems, the light-driven and electro-driven processes are often designed separately, lacking a truly highly coupled catalytic platform integrating light, electricity, and matter. Furthermore, the potential of optical fibers, as an important medium for light transmission and control, in photocatalysis and electrochemical catalysis has not yet been fully explored.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need to propose a novel fiber-optic catalytic membrane electrode and its implementation method, which can utilize the high-efficiency light transmission capability of the fiber structure and the multilayer interface effect of the catalytic membrane to achieve efficient separation, directional migration, and catalytic reaction of photogenerated electrons and ions. By introducing optical components such as photonic crystal fibers, optical splitters, and light sources, and combining multilayer interface membrane chemical mathematics theory and modular design, not only can the activity and regeneration capability of catalyst particles be improved, but it also has excellent scalability and economy, making it suitable for large-scale industrial applications. III. Summary of the Invention

[0005] 3.1 Problems to be solved

[0006] This invention addresses several key technical challenges in existing photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, thermochemical reaction catalysis, and multilayer membrane catalysis systems, and proposes the following innovative solutions:

[0007] • Existing systems have low efficiency in separating photogenerated electrons and ions, and insufficient photo-electric synergy, resulting in severe carrier recombination. The catalytic reaction rate and energy conversion efficiency cannot meet the requirements of large-scale applications.

[0008] Traditional catalytic membrane structures have a single function and lack multi-layer interface coupling design, making it impossible to simultaneously achieve a high degree of integration of fiber optic catalytic surface, thermochemical catalytic layer, electrocatalytic layer and proton / ion channel, which limits the precise transport and synergistic effect of reactants and charge carriers.

[0009] • Photocatalyst particles have limited activity and are prone to deactivation during long-term operation. They also lack an online regeneration mechanism, making it difficult to achieve high cycle stability and long-term reliable operation.

[0010] • Insufficient light field control capability: Existing light source-optical splitter-fiber system cannot form a uniform and tunable divergent light field at the catalytic interface, making it difficult to finely adjust the reaction rate, selectivity and product distribution.

[0011] Multilayer interfacial film electrodes are difficult to assemble in a modular and standardized manner, resulting in high costs for industrial expansion and making it difficult to meet the needs of flexible combinations and rapid deployment for different scales and reaction types;

[0012] Fuel cells (hydrogen fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, etc.) rely on precious metal catalysts, which are costly and prone to poisoning and deactivation. There is an urgent need for new catalytic systems that are low-cost, highly active, and regenerable.

[0013] Thermochemical catalysis (such as Haber–Bosch ammonia synthesis and VO-catalyzed sulfur trioxide) is inefficient and energy-intensive under ambient temperature and pressure conditions, and there is an urgent need to introduce photoexcitation methods to reduce the reaction energy barrier and improve selectivity.

[0014] The lack of a systematic mathematical model for multilayer interfacial membrane chemistry makes it difficult to predict and optimize the transport and reaction kinetics of light, electricity, proton / ion and reactants from the perspective of multi-physics coupling.

[0015] Therefore, this invention, based on the innovative design of a high-transmittance optical fiber network and a multilayer catalytic membrane electrode, introduces a photonic crystal fiber scattering layer, a tunable light intensity / wavelength light source, a double-layer electric field, and a proton / ion exchange channel to construct a highly coupled multilayer interface chemical platform of light, electricity, and matter. This effectively overcomes the above-mentioned technical bottlenecks and improves the catalytic reaction rate, energy utilization efficiency, and system scalability.

[0016] 3.2 Content of the Invention

[0017] 3.2.1 Overview of Fiber Optic Chemical Systems

[0018] This invention proposes a "fiber optic chemistry system" that organically combines fiber optic transmission with multilayer interface chemistry, providing a novel platform for photoelectrocatalytic synergy in almost all chemical reactions. The core technical features of this system are as follows:

[0019] • Fiber optic chemistry utilizes the end face of a high-transmittance fiber to construct a continuous diverging surface, directionally coupling excitation light (selectively from LED lasers, gas lasers, solid-state lasers, sunlight, or LEDs) to a micro / nano-scale film electrode. The fiber diverging surface can achieve a uniform light field distribution through an optical splitter and a fiber chemical scattering layer (photonic crystal fiber or non-uniform refractive index fiber).

[0020] • Multilayer interface chemistry involves stacking three layers of film electrodes sequentially on the fiber divergence surface:

[0021] 1. Anode fiber optic chemical catalyst layer

[0022] 2. Proton / ion exchange layer

[0023] 3. Cathode fiber chemical catalyst layer

[0024] Each catalytic layer is composed of a uniformly interwoven fiber optic catalytic surface, thermochemical catalytic particles, photocatalyst particles, electrocatalyst particles, a double electrical layer, a conductive layer, and a gas / liquid permeable layer, enabling the free flow of reactants and products and the directional migration of electrons and ions.

[0025] • Photoelectric synergy enhancement: Photoexcited charge carriers simultaneously separate under the electric field of the electric double layer, with the photoexcitation interface and the electric field separation interface physically coinciding, avoiding recombination losses. The reaction direction, rate, and product distribution can be precisely controlled by adjusting the light intensity, wavelength, and double-layer bias / current.

[0026] • The dynamic catalyst control light intensity can be programmed to enhance the activity of thermochemical, photochemical and electrocatalyst particles in real time, and achieve catalyst regeneration by photo-excitation decomposition of residues, activating novel active sites such as single atoms, nanostructures and heterojunctions.

[0027] • Modular Engineering: This system adopts standardized optical fibers, optical splitters, and membrane electrode units, which can be expanded in series and parallel on a large scale. It has high scalability, low marginal expansion cost, and applicability to multiple reaction scenarios, meeting the needs of various chemical processes such as ammonia synthesis, methanol synthesis, and fuel cells.

[0028] 3.2.2 Fiber Optic System Composition

[0029] The optical fiber system of this invention is used for efficient coupling of light energy to a multilayer interfacial catalytic membrane, and mainly includes the following components:

[0030] • Tunable light sources include high-power LEDs in the ultraviolet to near-infrared band and gas lasers (such as Ar) + Kr + Solid-state lasers (such as Nd:YAG) and solar simulation light sources can meet the excitation light requirements of different catalyst band gaps and reaction systems.

[0031] • Optical splitters use fiber optic gratings, beam splitting prisms, or integrated wavelength division multiplexers to divide the output of a single light source into multiple beams; different wavelengths or powers can be allocated according to preset ratios to achieve multi-region, multi-band coordinated excitation.

[0032] • Fiber chemical scattering layer

[0033] - A diverging surface composed of photonic crystal fiber or non-uniform refractive index fiber array.

[0034] – Photonic crystal fibers achieve wavelength selection and localized focusing by controlling the band gap and mode field through periodic microstructures;

[0035] - Non-uniform optical fibers can generate controllable scattering angles and light intensity gradients by varying the cladding thickness or refractive index distribution.

[0036] - The radiating surface is closely attached to the surface of the catalyst layer to ensure that the light energy is evenly distributed on the anode and cathode catalyst layers, thereby improving the light utilization efficiency.

[0037] Interfaces and Deployment

[0038] – The light source and optical splitter are quickly connected using standard fiber optic connectors (FC / PC, SC / APC);

[0039] - The fiber optic network is deployed in a pluggable modular manner within the catalyst reactor, with the arrangement density customized according to the shape of the reaction zone;

[0040] – The scattering layer can be conjugate-encapsulated with the catalytic membrane to avoid light loss and fluid wetting, ensuring long-term stable operation.

[0041] 3.2.3 Fiber Chemical Scattering Layer

[0042] This invention involves depositing a fiber optic chemical scattering layer on the surface of a multilayer interface film electrode to efficiently and uniformly distribute excitation light to each functional interface, specifically including:

[0043] The scattering surface of the photonic crystal fiber employs a periodic refractive index-tunable structure, utilizing the bandgap effect and mode field focusing to achieve localized enhancement and selective transmission of light at specific wavelengths. The fiber end face is microfabricated to form a microlens array, further improving the divergence uniformity of the incident light and the interface light intensity.

[0044] • Non-uniform refractive index fiber scattering surfaces create adjustable scattering angles and light intensity gradients by introducing refractive index gradients or doped regions into the fiber cladding. Fibers of different structures and diameters, arranged in specific combinations, can cover both the anode and cathode catalyst layers, achieving wide-range control of light distribution.

[0045] The uniform illumination design ensures the scattering layer adheres closely to the surface of the anode / cathode fiber chemical catalyst layer, guaranteeing the same light power density on both sides and avoiding overexposure or dark areas. A micron-level sandwich structure is used between the scattering surface and the catalyst layer, balancing optical coupling and fluid isolation.

[0046] • Dynamic light intensity adjustment, combined with an adjustable light source and light splitter, can adjust the light intensity distribution in each region of the scattering layer in real time; by selecting different scattering angles or changing the input power, it can achieve online optimization of the catalyst active center and regeneration process to meet the needs of multi-stage reactions.

[0047] • Encapsulation and compatibility: The scattering layer is encapsulated with a high-transmittance, chemically resistant polymer or glass, and is quickly integrated with the membrane electrode module through standardized fiber optic mechanical and optical interfaces, supporting mass production and convenient maintenance and replacement.

[0048] 3.2.4 Three-layer structure of fiber optic chemical membrane electrode

[0049] The fiber optic chemical membrane electrode of this invention is composed of three layers of composite structure stacked sequentially. Each layer is tightly bonded to a functional membrane via a microstructured fiber array to achieve multi-field coupled catalysis of light, electricity, and protons / ions. Specifically, it includes:

[0050] • Anode fiber chemical catalytic layer—depositing special catalytic particles for water oxidation or organic molecule oxidation on the fiber divergence surface; —providing directional light excitation with photonic crystals or non-uniform fiber arrays, driving the oxidation reaction with photogenerated holes; —the double electric layer field, in conjunction with the conductive layer, directionally separates and transports the generated electrons to the external circuit; —the gas-permeable / liquid-permeable layer ensures the free diffusion and discharge of reactants and products.

[0051] • Proton / ion exchange layer — Employs a highly selective proton exchange membrane (PEM) or anion / cation exchange membrane (AEM); — Provides unidirectional ion or proton channels, blocking reverse permeation of electrons and unreacted substances; — Microchannels within the membrane are in close contact with the anode and cathode interfaces, reducing resistance and ensuring rapid proton / ion transport; — The material possesses excellent chemical stability and mechanical strength, adapting to long-term photoelectric cycling environments.

[0052] • Cathode fiber chemical catalytic layer—Depositing reduction reaction-specific catalytic particles (such as CO2 reduction, N2 reduction, or O2 reduction catalysts) on the fiber divergence surface; —Photonic crystal or non-uniform fiber array continues to provide auxiliary excitation, and photogenerated electrons and protons are directionally aggregated under the electric double layer field; —Conductive layer guides electrons to the reaction center, promoting multi-electron / multi-proton reduction reactions; —Gas-permeable / liquid-permeable layer ensures efficient transport and desorption of reactants (CO2, N2, O2) and products (CH3OH, NH3, H2O).

[0053] The above three-layer structure, through the high integration of the optical fiber surface, functional film, catalyst layer and double electric layer, achieves seamless coupling of photoexcitation, electron / ion separation and chemical reaction, thus forming a highly efficient and controllable optical fiber chemical membrane electrode.

[0054] 3.2.5 Intertwined Structure of Chemical Functional Surfaces in Optical Fibers

[0055] The anode and cathode fiber optic chemical catalytic layers of this invention employ a "functional surface interweaving" design, seamlessly integrating multiple interface functions to form a highly synergistic catalytic reaction platform, specifically including:

[0056] • The diverging surface, composed of multiple fiber end faces, is responsible for directional light energy coupling and distribution, ensuring that the entire catalytic layer obtains uniform photoexcitation.

[0057] • Chemical reaction catalytic particle layer deposition targets electrocatalytic particles for specific reactions (such as methanol oxidation, CO2 reduction, N2 reduction, etc.) to achieve efficient activation and conversion of reactants.

[0058] • Photocatalyst particle layer composite semiconductor photocatalyst (such as TiO2, g-C3N4) particles, which generate electron-hole pairs through photoexcitation, providing auxiliary charge carriers for chemical catalysis.

[0059] • Thermochemical reaction catalyst particle layers, such as iron particles in Haber ammonia synthesis and V2O5 particles in sulfur trioxide synthesis, enhance their thermocatalytic activity through photoexcitation, and achieve residue decomposition and catalyst regeneration.

[0060] • The dual-electric layer is an interfacial electric field region naturally formed between the catalytic particle layer and the conductive layer, which is used to instantly separate photogenerated and electrogenerated carriers and suppress recombination loss.

[0061] • The conductive layer, consisting of conductive carbon cloth, ITO film, or metal mesh, is responsible for rapidly collecting and outputting electrons to complete the closure of the external circuit.

[0062] • A mass transfer layer composed of porous materials (carbon paper, foam, or microporous membrane) that is permeable to air / liquid ensures a steady supply of reactants (gas or liquid) and timely desorption and discharge of products.

[0063] In this interwoven structure, the optical fiber catalytic surface is tightly superimposed with the chemical catalytic particle layer, the photocatalyst particle layer, the thermochemical catalyst particle layer, the double electric layer, the conductive layer, and the gas / liquid permeable layer. Reactants and products can freely diffuse, adsorb, and desorb; electrons and ions migrate rapidly along a predetermined direction under the synergistic effect of photoexcitation and the double electric layer electric field, realizing a highly efficient and controllable catalytic reaction with triple coupling of light, electricity, and heat.

[0064] 3.2.6 Controllable reaction parameters

[0065] This invention achieves precise control over the direction, rate, and product selectivity of optical fiber chemical reactions through multi-dimensional parameter adjustment. Specific technical solutions include:

[0066] • Light intensity adjustment utilizes adjustable power light sources (LEDs, lasers, or solar simulators) to precisely control the range of incident light intensity (e.g., 10–500 mW / cm²). 2 The concentration of photogenerated carriers can be adjusted linearly or nonlinearly to change the reaction rate in real time.

[0067] • Wavelength selection: By switching different wavelengths of excitation light (UV, Vis, NIR), the absorption spectrum of each photocatalyst is matched, so that specific catalysts or reactants are preferentially excited, thereby achieving programmable control of multi-path reaction selectivity and product distribution.

[0068] • Double-layer bias / current control applies an adjustable DC bias or constant current mode to the layered film electrode system, precisely adjusting the intensity of the built-in electric field at the interface, promoting the directional migration of photogenerated / electrogenerated electrons and ions, and further controlling the transformation of reaction intermediates and final products.

[0069] • Real-time feedback and optimization are combined with online electrochemical (CV, EIS) and optical (spectral, intensity) monitoring. The above parameters are dynamically adjusted through a closed-loop control system to achieve the best match between catalytic efficiency and product selectivity.

[0070] 3.2.7 Photoelectric Co-separation

[0071] In the multilayer interface fiber optic chemical film electrode of the present invention, efficient carrier management is achieved through a photoelectric synergistic separation mechanism, and the specific technical features are as follows:

[0072] • Synchronous light excitation and electric field separation: Photons excite photochemical / electrochemical catalysts through the catalytic surface of optical fibers, instantaneously generating electron-hole pairs or electron-proton pairs; at the same time, the built-in electric field of the double layer and the applied bias voltage instantly separate photogenerated and electrogenerated carriers at the same interface.

[0073] • The interface overlap design physically overlaps the optical excitation interface (fiber divergence surface) and the electric field separation interface (electric double layer), eliminating the need for an additional separation layer. Once the charge carriers are generated, they immediately enter the electric field region, avoiding recombination losses caused by diffusion.

[0074] • Directed migration channels are located along the thickness of the catalyst layer. The electric field of the double layer forms a stable potential gradient, allowing electrons to migrate along the direction of the conductive layer and protons or ions to migrate along the direction of the exchange membrane, thus achieving rapid and directional carrier transport.

[0075] • Recombination suppression and efficiency enhancement: Photoelectric synergistic separation suppresses the recombination of electron-hole pairs and ion-electron pairs to the greatest extent, enabling the vast majority of excited charge carriers to participate in the target chemical reaction, significantly improving quantum efficiency and Faraday efficiency.

[0076] • Structural integration and simplification: Due to the high integration of the photoexcitation and electric field separation interface, the system does not require an additional separation layer or isolation layer, which greatly simplifies the structure and improves overall stability and manufacturing economy.

[0077] 3.2.8 Uniformly divergent light surface

[0078] The uniformly diverging optical surface of this invention is constructed through a light source-beam splitter-multiple optical fiber system, and has the following technical features:

[0079] • Modular light source—the light source (high-power LED, gas laser, solid-state laser or solar simulator) is quickly connected to the optical splitter via standardized fiber optic connectors (such as FC / PC, SC / APC) to ensure lossless optical energy transmission and flexible replacement.

[0080] The multi-fiber divergent array splitter evenly distributes light energy to multiple optical fibers. The end faces of the optical fibers are arranged in a planar array to form a uniform divergent light field covering the entire catalyst layer, avoiding excessively high or low local light intensity.

[0081] • Photonic crystal fiber is used in part of the divergent array design. Its periodic microstructure enables bandgap modulation and mode field focusing, which enhances the local intensity of light at a specific wavelength and improves the light energy utilization rate of the catalytic interface.

[0082] • Non-uniform refractive index fiber design: Other fibers use refractive index gradient or local doping processes to form a controllable scattering angle and light intensity gradient in the cladding. Through optimization of the combination of diameter and refractive index, a uniform distribution of the light field on a macroscopic scale can be achieved.

[0083] • The light field uniformity verification divergence surface design ensures that the light spot has no overlap or dark area, with a coverage of 95%, and can be combined with microlens arrays or diffuse reflection coatings to further smooth the edge of the light spot and ensure illumination stability during long-term operation.

[0084] • The easy-to-integrate and maintain fiber optic array and its mechanical support adopt pluggable modular packaging, which fits tightly with the catalytic membrane electrode. It can be quickly disassembled and assembled without special tools, supporting large-scale production and field maintenance and upgrades.

[0085] Photonic fiber achieves uniform light scattering:

[0086] In this invention, a photonic crystal fiber array is introduced as a scattering layer in an optical fiber chemistry system to achieve highly uniform distribution and enhanced wavelength selectivity of the excitation light. The specific technical solution is as follows:

[0087] • Periodic refractive index structured photonic crystal fibers form a periodic photonic bandgap structure by arranging tiny pores or refractive index gradient regions at equal intervals around the fiber core in the fiber cladding. This bandgap structure can selectively transmit or reflect light in the UV, Vis, or NIR bands according to design requirements, ensuring that only light of the target wavelength can be efficiently coupled into the catalytic interface.

[0088] • Mode field focusing and scattering homogenization: At the fiber end, special microstructures (such as graded apertures, fluorinated layers, or microlens arrays) are used to perform mode conversion and dispersion of the light field, transforming the incident light from a Gaussian distribution to an approximately flat-top distribution. When multiple such fiber end faces are arranged in a close array, a large-area, uniformly intense diverging light surface can be formed on the catalyst layer surface.

[0089] • By adjusting the diameter, period, and arrangement of the pores, the center wavelength and bandwidth of the photonic bandgap can be flexibly controlled to match the absorption peaks of different photocatalysts or reactants, thereby further improving the efficiency and selectivity of light energy utilization.

[0090] • The embedded scattering layer encapsulates the photonic crystal fiber array closely to the surface of the multilayer interface film electrode and is fixed by a high-transmittance, chemically inert encapsulation material (such as fluorinated polymer or borosilicate glass), which ensures both optical coupling efficiency and meets the requirements for sealing and fluid isolation of electrochemical reactions.

[0091] • Adjustable light distribution and dynamic response, combined with an adjustable light source and optical splitter, enable the photonic crystal fiber array to allocate power and wavelength in different channels and switch different excitation strategies online; after real-time monitoring of the light field distribution during the reaction, the local light intensity can be quickly adjusted by replacing or deflecting the fiber module to optimize the catalytic performance.

[0092] • Modular integration and maintenance: The photonic crystal fiber scattering layer is integrated with the membrane electrode assembly in the form of a pluggable module, which facilitates quick installation, disassembly and replacement; the modular design is compatible with a variety of catalyst stack sizes and shapes, which is beneficial for large-scale production and field maintenance.

[0093] Uniform scattering achieved by non-uniform refractive index fiber: To further improve the optical field uniformity of the fiber chemical catalysis layer, this invention employs a non-uniform refractive index fiber array as the scattering layer. Specific technical solutions include:

[0094] • Refractive index gradient design introduces a continuous or stepwise refractive index change along the radial or axial direction within the fiber cladding. By precisely controlling the doping concentration and distribution, multiple scattering of incident light is achieved at the core-cladding interface.

[0095] • Local doping regions are set at specific locations in the fiber cladding to form micron / nano-scale doping domains (e.g., Ge or F doping regions), creating local refractive index mismatch points and enhancing the light scattering and diffusion effects inside the fiber.

[0096] • The multi-diameter combination array uses non-uniform refractive index optical fibers of different diameters and geometries arranged in parallel on the scattering surface. Through staggered arrangement, the spatial superposition of scattering angles and intensities is achieved, which further suppresses hot spots and fills dark areas.

[0097] • The refractive index gradient from the center to the edge of the gradient scattering angle fiber array can be designed to be linear or nonlinear, so that the incident light diverges from the center to the periphery at different angles, ensuring a 5% difference in light intensity across the entire catalytic layer surface.

[0098] • Closely encapsulating the catalytic interface involves encapsulating the non-uniform refractive index fiber end face and the membrane electrode surface on the same plane using a transparent polymer adhesive layer or optical-grade epoxy resin bonding to ensure optical coupling efficiency and chemical stability.

[0099] The replaceable modular scattering layer assembly can be quickly connected to the catalytic electrode via standard FC / APC or MPO fiber optic connectors, supporting customized scattering characteristics and on-site replacement to meet the light field distribution requirements of different reaction systems.

[0100] 3.2.9 Photoexcitation reactants

[0101] In the fiber optic chemistry system of this invention, the reactant molecules are directly photoexcited by coinciding the catalytic surface of the optical fiber with the multilayer functional surface. The specific technical solution is as follows:

[0102] • The optical fiber catalytic surface layout consists of multiple optical fiber end faces evenly arranged along the surface of the catalytic membrane electrode, forming a continuous diverging light surface, which enables reactant molecules to obtain uniform and high-density photoexcitation within the catalytic layer.

[0103] • The fiber catalytic surface is completely superimposed with multiple functional surfaces such as the thermochemical reaction catalytic particle layer (e.g., iron, V2O5), the photocatalyst particle layer (e.g., TiO2, g-C3N4), the electrocatalyst particle layer, the double electrical layer, the conductive layer, and the gas / liquid permeable layer, ensuring seamless coupling of light energy with chemical, electrochemical, and mass transfer functions at the same interface.

[0104] • Optical energy direct transfer optical fiber releases excitation light locally at the interface, directly acting on reactants (such as CO2, N2, H2O molecules) adsorbed on the catalytic particles, exciting their electrons to transition to a high-energy excited state, and significantly reducing the activation energy.

[0105] • The synergistic effect of activity enhancement and regeneration of excited-state reactants with photoexcitation thermal catalysts (such as iron and V2O5) and photocatalysts not only enhances the reaction activity, but also regenerates the catalyst through photolysis residues, thus extending its service life.

[0106] • The photoexcitation-generated electron-ion pairs of the coupling separation mechanism immediately enter the electric field region of the double layer at the same interface, are synchronously separated and directionally migrate to the conductive layer or exchange membrane, avoiding recombination loss and ensuring reaction efficiency.

[0107] • System integration advantages: The photoexcitation function is directly integrated into the catalytic interface, eliminating the need for additional optical components or diffuse reflection structures. This simplifies system design, reduces energy loss, and facilitates modular large-scale production and application.

[0108] 3.2.10 Interface Overlap Design

[0109] This invention employs an interface overlap design, highly integrating optical, electronic, catalytic, and mass transfer functions on the same physical interface. Specific technical solutions include:

[0110] • The optical fiber's diverging surface is coplanar with the catalyst layer. The optical fiber end face directly forms the upper surface of the catalyst layer, eliminating the need for additional optical coupling structures and ensuring uniform release of light energy in the catalyst particle region.

[0111] • The catalytic medium embedded in the double electric layer forms a nano / micro-scale double electric layer region between the optical fiber and the catalytic particles. The built-in electric field is achieved through the interface charge distribution and completely coincides with the photoexcitation region.

[0112] • The catalyst particle layer and conductive layer are superimposed. Chemical catalysts (including thermochemical catalyst particles such as iron and V2O5; as well as photo / electrocatalysts) and conductive supports (such as carbon cloth and metal films) are deposited together on the same optical fiber divergence surface, and the catalytic reaction and electron collection are carried out simultaneously.

[0113] • The reactant / product channel is integrated with the gas / liquid permeable layer and the catalyst layer to form a microporous structure. Reactant molecules are directly adsorbed and desorbed at the interface of photoexcitation and electric field separation, and the product is immediately removed from the catalytic region without the need for additional diffusion channels.

[0114] • Seamless multi-functional interface: Through precise micro-machining and interlayer bonding, optical fibers, catalyst particle layers, double-electric layers, conductive layers and air / liquid permeable layers are tightly stacked in the thickness direction to form a seamless integrated multi-layer interface.

[0115] Performance advantages

[0116] 1. Minimize the transport distance of photoexcited charge carriers to the reaction site;

[0117] 2. Avoid energy and mass loss caused by interface mismatch;

[0118] 3. Improve photoelectric synergistic separation efficiency and catalytic activity to achieve efficient and controllable photoelectrochemical reactions.

[0119] 3.2.11 Enhanced Activity of Photoexcited Chemical Catalysts and Catalyst Types

[0120] To further improve the catalytic efficiency of the optical fiber chemical system and ensure its long-term stable operation, the present invention proposes the following technical solution:

[0121] 1. Photoexcitation enhances the activity of chemical catalysts.

[0122] • By employing chemical catalysts optimized for photoexcitation (such as surface-modified metal nanoparticles or doped semiconductors), and utilizing the high-density light provided by the optical fiber divergence surface, the electron / hole generation efficiency of the active sites on the surface of the catalytic particles is significantly improved, thereby enhancing the adsorption and activation capabilities of the reactants.

[0123] • Utilizing photoexcitation to generate active free radicals (e.g., ·OH, This process decomposes organic or inorganic residues accumulated on the surface of catalyst particles and within their microporous structures in situ, achieving self-cleaning and active regeneration of the catalyst layer and extending the catalyst's service life.

[0124] • Photo-excited thermochemical reaction catalysts—such as iron for Haber ammonia synthesis and vanadium pentoxide for sulfur trioxide synthesis—expand their electronic structure locally under light irradiation, thereby enhancing their surface activity and catalytic regeneration capabilities.

[0125] 2. Catalyst Types: This invention's system is compatible with a variety of catalytic materials, specifically including:

[0126] Thermochemical catalysts:

[0127] –Metals and alloys: Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Co–Pt, Ni–Mo, Co–Mo –Steam reforming, hydrodesulfurization, hydrocracking, hydrogenation / dehydrogenation of fine chemicals;

[0128] –Metal oxides: V2O5, MoO3, Fe2O3, CuO, CeO2–ZrO2——SO2 oxidation, water-gas conversion, automobile exhaust purification;

[0129] –Porous supports: MCM-41, SBA-15, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes – for dispersing metals, hydroisomerization, alkylation, and dechlorination;

[0130] – Homogeneous catalysts: RhCl(PPh3)3, NaOH, KOH – for olefin hydrogenation, C–C coupling, and biodiesel transesterification.

[0131] • Photochemical catalysts:

[0132] –Metal oxides: TiO2, ZnO – stable, low cost, and responsive to ultraviolet light;

[0133] –Non-metallic semiconductor: g-C3N4, black phosphorus – visible light response, tunable bandgap;

[0134] –Metal sulfides: CdS, MoS2 – Highly reactive to visible light, but generally stable;

[0135] –Heterojunction composite materials: TiO2 / g-C3N4, Ag / TiO2 – reduce carrier recombination;

[0136] – Doped and modified materials: N–TiO2, Ag–ZnO – expand the light absorption range and improve activity.

[0137] Electrochemical catalysts include noble metals (Pt, IrO2, RuO2) and non-noble metals (Fe–N–C, CoP, MoS2), transition metal oxides (NiFe LDH, MnO2), etc., used in reactions such as OER, HER, ORR, CO2RR;

[0138] • Single-atom and MOF-derived catalysts: Fe1 / N–C, Co1 / g-C3N4, ZIF-8–derived Co–N–C, etc., have high selectivity and multifunctional catalytic performance.

[0139] 3.2.12 Chemical Mathematical Theory of Multilayer Interfacial Films

[0140] This invention, based on a mathematical model of multi-physics coupling, provides a unified description of the dynamics of light, electricity, proton / ion migration, and chemical reactions, mainly including:

[0141] • On the fiber catalytic surface, the local generation rate of charge carriers from photon absorption can be expressed as:

[0142] G(x,t)=σ abs (λ)I(x,t)c cat (x),

[0143] Where σ abs Let I(x,t) be the catalyst absorption cross section, I(x,t) be the light intensity distribution, and c be the light intensity distribution. cat (x) represents the catalyst concentration distribution.

[0144] • The transport and recombination of photogenerated electrons / holes and ions in multilayer films are described by the continuity equation:

[0145]

[0146] Where c i D i μ i These represent the concentration, diffusion coefficient, and mobility of the i-th type of carrier, respectively; E is the local electric field; and G is the local electric field. i With R i To generate and compound terms.

[0147] • Electro-ion coupling transport model: Protons or ions in the exchange membrane and electric double layer satisfy the Poisson–Nernst–Planck equation:

[0148]

[0149] Where φ is the electric potential, z i q and q represent the charge carrier valence and charge quantity, respectively.

[0150] • The convective diffusion of reactants and products in porous permeable layers, coupled with hydrodynamics, is described by the Navier–Stokes equations and connectivity equations:

[0151]

[0152] Where u and p are the fluid velocity and pressure, respectively, and μ f It represents viscosity.

[0153] • Electrochemical reaction kinetics: interfacial reaction rates follow the Butler–Volmer equation.

[0154]

[0155] Where j0 is the exchange current density, α a,c η is the charge transfer coefficient, and η is the overpotential.

[0156] The multi-layer interface coupling solution adopts the finite element / volume numerical method, which integrates the above equations into a unified solution framework, coupling the optical field, field-driven carrier transport, fluid flow and interface reaction, and accurately predicting the local current density, concentration distribution and product selectivity in the reactor.

[0157] 3.2.13 Laws of Optical Fiber Chemistry

[0158] The laws of optical fiber chemistry describe the role of optical fibers in chemical reactions, including four fundamental laws: light transmission, photocatalysis, electron transfer, and interfacial synergistic effects.

[0159] 1. Fiber Optic Law

[0160] In an optical fiber, the light intensity I(z) attenuates along the fiber length z according to a modified Lambert-Beer law:

[0161]

[0162] in:

[0163] • I0: Incident light intensity;

[0164] • α: Material absorption coefficient;

[0165] ·α s : Scattering attenuation coefficient;

[0166] ·α c : Fiber coupling loss coefficient;

[0167] •z: Light propagation distance.

[0168] 2. Photoexcitation Law

[0169] The rate G of electron-hole pair generation on the catalytic surface of the optical fiber is proportional to the local light intensity I:

[0170] G = η qe αI

[0171] in:

[0172] ·η qe Quantum efficiency;

[0173] • α: Absorption coefficient;

[0174] • I: Local light intensity.

[0175] 3. Photoelectron Transfer Law

[0176] In multilayer interfaces, the mobility μ of photogenerated electrons e Affected by the local electric field E and the interface potential ψ:

[0177] μ e =μ0(1+γE+δψ)

[0178] in:

[0179] μ0: Intrinsic mobility of the material;

[0180] γ: Electric field enhancement factor;

[0181] ·δ: Potential enhancement factor;

[0182] E: Local electric field;

[0183] ·ψ: Interface potential.

[0184] 4. The Synergistic Law of Photo-Electro-Catalysis

[0185] In multi-layered interfaces, the total reaction rate r after the synergistic effect of light, electricity, and catalysis is the product of the contributions of each factor:

[0186] r = k0f light (I)f electric (E)f catalyst (C)

[0187] in:

[0188] f light (I)=1-e -βI ,f electric (E)=1+γE,f catalyst (C)=θ C

[0189] •k0: Intrinsic reaction rate;

[0190] ·β: Light intensity factor;

[0191] γ: Electric field factor;

[0192] ·θ C Catalyst surface coverage.

[0193] Significance of the Law

[0194] The laws of fiber optic chemistry systematically describe the multifunctional role of optical fibers in chemical reactions through four fundamental principles, providing a theoretical basis for the structural design and performance optimization of fiber optic chemical membrane electrodes. These laws can be used to simulate synergistic processes involving light, electricity, and catalysis, predict reaction efficiency, and guide material selection and operational parameter optimization.

[0195] The method and apparatus of this invention have the advantages of significant synergistic effect, high catalytic efficiency, low material cost, and modular expansion, and are applicable to fields such as fuel cells, CO2 reduction, energy storage and environmental catalysis.

[0196] Innovation of this invention

[0197] 1. Fiber optic chemistry system: fiber surface chemistry and multilayer interface chemistry. A reaction interface is constructed through a high-transmittance fiber optic network and a multilayer composite film electrode to achieve a high degree of coupling between light, electricity, proton / ion and chemical catalysis.

[0198] 2. The fiber optic system includes a tunable light source (LED laser, gas laser, solid-state laser, solar simulator, or sunlight), an optical splitter, and a fiber chemical scattering layer, used to uniformly distribute and couple the excitation light to the fiber end face.

[0199] 3. Fiber chemical scattering layer

[0200] • Photonic crystal fiber or non-uniform refractive index fiber array enhances the ability to control the optical field and the utilization rate of light energy.

[0201] • Uniform irradiation of the anode and cathode optical fiber chemical catalyst layers;

[0202] • Adjustable light intensity allows for dynamic control of catalyst activity and regeneration capacity.

[0203] 4. Three-layer film electrode structure

[0204] • Anode fiber chemical catalyst layer

[0205] • Proton / ion exchange layer

[0206] • Cathode fiber chemical catalyst layer

[0207] 5. The functionally interwoven anode / cathode catalytic layer uniformly interweaves the optical fiber divergence surface, chemical catalytic particle layer, photocatalyst layer, double electrical layer, conductive layer and gas / liquid permeable layer, allowing reactants / products to flow freely and electrons / ions to migrate in a directional manner.

[0208] 6. Controllable reaction parameters: By adjusting the light intensity, light wavelength, and double-layer bias / current, the direction, rate, and product distribution of the chemical reaction can be controlled in real time.

[0209] 7. Photoelectric Co-excitation Separation: While photoexcites the generation of charge carriers, they are simultaneously separated in the electric field of the double layer; the photoexcitation interface and the electric field separation interface coincide, which significantly improves the directional migration rate and suppresses recombination.

[0210] 8. The modular light source with uniform diverging optical surface consists of a beam splitter and multiple optical fibers; the diverging surface can be designed using photonic crystal fiber or non-uniform fiber.

[0211] 9. The photoexcitation of reactants is achieved by aligning the catalytic surface of the optical fiber with each functional surface, which excites reactant molecules to transition to highly active states, thereby increasing the reaction activity.

[0212] 10. Interface Overlap Design: The optical fiber diverging surface, dual electrical layer, catalyst (photocatalyst particles, electrocatalyst particles, thermochemical catalyst particles) particle surface, conductive layer, and gas / liquid permeable layer are seamlessly superimposed on the same interface, shortening the transmission distance and reducing energy / mass loss.

[0213] 11. Photoexcitation enhances the activity of chemical catalysts.

[0214] • Photoexcitation-specific chemical catalysts enhance the surface activity of catalytic particles;

[0215] • Utilizing photogenerated free radicals to decompose residues, achieving online self-cleaning and catalyst regeneration;

[0216] • Construct novel active sites such as single atoms, nanostructures, and heterojunctions.

[0217] 12. Types of photochemical catalysts

[0218] • Metal oxides: TiO2, ZnO (stable, low cost, UV responsive)

[0219] Non-metallic materials: g-C3N4, black phosphorus (visible light response, tunable bandgap)

[0220] • Metal sulfides: CdS, MoS2 (highly reactive under visible light, moderately stable)

[0221] • Composite materials: TiO2 / g-C3N4, Ag / TiO2 (heterojunction, reduced composite density)

[0222] • Doped materials: N–TiO2, Ag–ZnO (expand absorption range, improve activity)

[0223] 13. Types of photoexcited electrocatalysts

[0224] Precious metals: Pt, IrO2, RuO2 (HER, OER, ORR)

[0225] Non-precious metals: Fe–N–C, CoP, MoS2 (HER, ORR)

[0226] • Transition metal oxides: NiFe LDH, MnO2, Co3O4 (OER, CO2RR)

[0227] • MOF derivative: ZIF-8–derived Co–N–C (multi-functional platform)

[0228] • Single-atom catalysts: Fe1 / N–C, Co1 / g-C3N4 (highly selective CO2RR / ORR)

[0229] 14. Typical application systems include fiber optic chemical hydrogen fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, and room temperature and pressure synthesis of methanol and ammonia. Each system includes: (1) stack structure; (2) chemical reaction formula; (3) working process; (4) working conditions; (5) theoretical calculations; and (6) application examples.

[0230] 15. The mathematical theory of multilayer interface film chemistry establishes a multiphysics coupling model including light absorption rate, carrier continuity, Poisson–Nernst–Planck, Navier–Stokes and Butler–Volmer equations to accurately describe the dynamics of light, electricity, and mass transport and reaction.

[0231] 16. A novel chemical system is constructed based on a multi-layer interface catalytic structure using an optical fiber catalytic membrane, realizing a chemical reaction platform with high coupling between light, electricity, and matter, breaking through the bottleneck of traditional single catalysis.

[0232] 17. Advantages of multilayer membrane theory: The multilayer interface structure significantly expands the reaction area, improves mass and heat transfer efficiency, and optimizes overall catalytic performance.

[0233] 18. Modular and economical optical splitters, light sources and fiber optic networks can be expanded in series and parallel on a large scale. The modular design achieves low marginal expansion costs and high maintainability.

[0234] advantage

[0235] • No need for or significantly reduced use of precious metal catalysts, avoiding poisoning problems;

[0236] Low cost, high stability, and easy to scale up production;

[0237] Modular design supports applications in multiple scenarios.

[0238] Beneficial effects of the present invention

[0239] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0240] • It achieves a highly coupled catalytic process involving light, electricity, and matter, significantly improving the separation efficiency and directional migration rate of photogenerated electrons and ions.

[0241] • The multi-layer interface membrane structure effectively expands the reaction area and improves mass transfer, heat transfer efficiency and overall catalytic performance.

[0242] • The introduction of photonic crystal fiber, optical splitter, and light source system enhances the ability to control the light field, enabling dynamic control of the activity and regeneration capacity of catalyst particles through light intensity adjustment.

[0243] • By utilizing the chemical mathematical theory of multilayer interface films, a new chemical system was developed, breaking through the performance bottleneck of traditional photocatalysis and electrocatalysis technologies.

[0244] • It adopts a modular design, which can realize large-scale integration of fiber optic networks, optical splitters and light sources. It has high scalability and low marginal expansion cost, and has good prospects for industrial application.

[0245] The system is highly economical and versatile, and can be widely applied in fields such as energy conversion, environmental management, and fine chemicals. IV. Description of the attached drawings

[0246] Figure 1 Fiber optic chemical stack structure diagram V. Detailed Implementation Methods

[0247] The specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that these embodiments are merely illustrative and do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0248] Implementation Case 1: For example Figure 1 As shown, the optical fiber chemical stack of the present invention adopts a three-dimensional modular stacking structure, and the numbered components are described as follows:

[0249] • 101 Anode Fiber Optic Chemical Catalytic Layer: Located on the left side of the stack, it is composed of multiple fiber divergence surfaces, chemical catalyst layers, double electrical layers, conductive layers, and gas / liquid permeable layers, and is responsible for photoexcitation and oxidation reactions; the thermochemical catalyst works synergistically with the photocatalyst and electrocatalyst to achieve high activity and regeneration.

[0250] • 102 Proton / Ion Exchange Membrane: Made of PEM or AEM material, it provides highly selective proton / ion channels, prevents reverse electron migration, and maintains electron neutrality.

[0251] • 103 cathode fiber chemical catalyst layer: symmetrical with the 101 structure, receiving H + It reacts with electrons and is reduced to produce products under photoelectric synergy.

[0252] • 104 / 109 end plates: The positive and negative end plates are made of corrosion-resistant titanium alloy or graphite, which are responsible for external circuits, structural support and sealing, and integrate fiber optic interfaces.

[0253] • 105 / 108 bipolar plate: sandwiched between the end plate and the membrane electrode, made of graphite or titanium alloy, balancing conductivity and corrosion resistance, with internal gas / liquid channels.

[0254] • 106 / 107 diffusion layer: Porous carbon paper or nickel foam adhered to the inside of the bipolar plate to optimize gas / liquid diffusion and product discharge, ensuring a continuous supply of reactants and thermal management.

[0255] This heap consists of n sets of unit modules connected in series and / or in parallel. Each unit contains:

[0256] If connected in series, the stack voltage

[0257] U stack =nU cell ,

[0258] If connected in parallel, the output current will be...

[0259] I stack =nI cell .

[0260] Implementation Case 2: Fiber Optic Chemical Film Electrode

[0261] Membrane electrode structure

[0262] The fiber optic chemical membrane electrode of this invention consists of three functional membranes and a peripheral support structure, as shown in the overall diagram. Figure 1 .in:

[0263] 1.101 Anode Fiber Chemical Catalytic Layer: The anode layer is located on the left side of the membrane electrode and is composed of several interpenetrating functional surfaces:

[0264] • Fiber divergence surface: Several high-transmittance fiber end faces are uniformly distributed along the interface and are used to directionally output the excitation light coupled by the beam splitter to the catalyst layer.

[0265] • Chemical catalyst layer: deposited thermochemical catalyst particles, electrocatalyst particles and photocatalyst particles, which synergistically adsorb and activate reactants;

[0266] • Dual-electric level: Enhances the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs or electron-proton pairs in the nano / micro-scale charge separation region naturally formed at the catalytic interface;

[0267] • Conductive layer: Conductive carbon cloth, ITO film or metal mesh are used to realize the rapid transport of photogenerated / electrogenerated electrons to external circuits;

[0268] • Permeable / permeable layer: The porous structure ensures the permeability of reactants (such as water, methanol, or nitrogen) and products (such as H₂). + Efficient diffusion and elimination of O2.

[0269] This layer undergoes an oxidation reaction under the action of optical fiber excitation and electric field coupling, for example:

[0270]

[0271] 2.102 The proton / ion exchange membrane is placed between the anode and cathode layers, and uses highly selective perfluorosulfonic acid (PEM) or anion / cation exchange (AEM) membrane materials:

[0272] • Allow H + Or the required anions / cations can pass through rapidly under the drive of an electric field;

[0273] • Prevents the back-permeation of electrons and unreacted substances, maintaining the electrical neutrality of the interface;

[0274] • Effectively prevents cross-permeation, ensuring the purity of the reaction on both sides.

[0275] 3.103 Cathode Fiber Chemical Catalytic Layer: The cathode layer is located on the right side of the membrane electrode, with a structure symmetrical to the anode layer. It is formed by interweaving fiber optic divergence surfaces, chemical catalyst layers, electrical double-layer surfaces, conductive layers, and gas / liquid permeable layers in the same manner. Its main functions are:

[0276] • It receives ions transferred from the proton / ion exchange membrane and electrons introduced by external circuitry;

[0277] • Driving reduction reactions on the surface of the catalyst layer, for example:

[0278] N2+6H + +6e - →2NH3;

[0279] • Rapid desorption and removal of products (such as NH3 or CH3OH) ensures continuous operation of the interface.

[0280] Through the tight stacking and interweaving of the three functional membranes, the fiber optic chemical membrane electrode of the present invention can achieve photoelectrochemical synergistic catalysis under ambient temperature and pressure conditions, and has the following advantages:

[0281] • Wide applicability: Suitable for various chemical reactions such as water splitting, CO2 reduction, and N2 reduction;

[0282] • High light energy utilization: The design of the fiber divergence surface and photonic crystal ensures uniform and high-density coupling of the excitation light;

[0283] • High carrier separation efficiency: The double electric layer and the applied electric field work together to suppress carrier recombination;

[0284] • Multi-catalyst synergy: The interweaving of thermochemical, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic particles enhances activity and selectivity, and supports catalyst self-cleaning / regeneration;

[0285] • No or low amount of precious metals: Inexpensive thermochemical catalysts such as iron and V2O5 and non-precious metal electrocatalysts can be used to reduce costs and the risk of poisoning.

[0286] • Modular and easily expandable: Multiple units can be stacked in series or parallel, and the output voltage / current can be flexibly adjusted to achieve large-scale engineering applications.

[0287] Implementation Case 3: Programmable Optoelectronic Cooperative Control

[0288] Controlled chemical reaction driven technology

[0289] This invention achieves online programmable control of the direction, rate, and product distribution of catalytic reactions by precisely controlling the optical and electrochemical parameters of fiber optic chemical membrane electrodes. The specific technical solution includes:

[0290] • Light intensity-adjustable response rate is achieved by using a tunable power light source (LED, laser, or solar simulator) at an input of 10–500 mW / cm² at the fiber optic divergence surface. 2 Different light intensities within a given range directly alter the generation rate of photogenerated carriers (electrons, holes, and protons). Increasing the light intensity significantly boosts the reaction rate, while decreasing the light intensity slows down the reaction in real time, enabling precise control over the reaction rate.

[0291] • Wavelength-selective product distribution: By switching between multiple excitation wavelengths such as UV, Vis, and NIR, the absorption spectra of different photocatalysts or adsorbates are matched to preferentially initiate specific reaction pathways. Short-wavelength light is conducive to the generation of high-energy intermediates and the realization of deep reduction (e.g., CO2 to CH3OH), while long-wavelength light is more suitable for mild conversion (e.g., CO2 to CO). Online wavelength switching allows for dynamic adjustment of the main product type.

[0292] • Bias strength affects reaction kinetics by applying an adjustable DC bias of 0–3V or 0–100mA / cm at the double electrical layer. 2A constant current is applied, creating interfacial electric field gradients of varying intensities. Higher bias voltages result in faster carrier migration and more vigorous oxidation / reduction reactions; lower bias voltages lead to milder reactions and higher selectivity. By precisely setting the bias voltage, it is possible to flexibly switch between high throughput and high selectivity.

[0293] • Current density modulation and branch selection: Adjusting the external circuit current density affects interfacial carrier accumulation and charge distribution. High current density conditions promote multi-electron / multi-proton transfer reactions, generating high-value products (such as C2–C3 compounds); low current density conditions tend to favor single-electron or two-electron processes, producing simple molecules (such as H2, CO). Fine-tuning of current density provides the ability to synthesize multiple products within the same system.

[0294] The synergistic regulation of the four parameters mentioned above—light intensity, wavelength, bias voltage, and current density—enables the present invention to perform full-process online optimization of reaction rate, pathway, and product selectivity under ambient temperature and pressure conditions, thus constructing a highly efficient, reversible, and customizable green photoelectrocatalytic synthesis platform.

[0295] Implementation Case 4: Photoelectric Co-operated Carrier Separation Technology

[0296] Photoelectric co-carrier separation technology

[0297] This invention employs an integrated interface design of "photoexcitation-electric field separation," simultaneously achieving carrier generation and directional separation within the same catalytic layer. This effectively suppresses electron-hole and ion recombination, thereby improving catalytic efficiency. Specific technical highlights include:

[0298] • Unified interface design: The photoexcitation interface and the electric field separation interface are completely overlapped: the fiber divergence surface, the chemical catalyst layer and the double electric layer are intertwined into one, and the built-in electric field is triggered by photon irradiation to achieve instant separation.

[0299] • Synchronous excitation and separation: When photons are incident on the catalyst layer, electron-hole pairs or electron-proton pairs are generated instantaneously. At the same time, the built-in electric field of the double layer automatically pushes electrons and ions in opposite directions. Charge carrier generation and separation occur simultaneously without the need for additional separation structures.

[0300] • Directional migration inhibits recombination. Electrons after separation are rapidly collected by the conductive layer (carbon cloth / metal mesh / ITO) and transported to the external circuit, while protons or other ions migrate directionally to the opposite electrode through the exchange membrane, completely isolating them in space and time and minimizing recombination.

[0301] • Continuous and stable separation efficiency: The intensity and distribution of the built-in double electric layer electric field are determined by the nanostructure of the catalyst layer and the applied bias voltage. It can maintain efficient separation under high light intensity and high reaction rate conditions without mechanical isolation or additional cooling.

[0302] • Broad material compatibility: This photoelectric co-separation technology can be combined with various photocatalytic materials (such as TiO2, g-C3N4) and electrocatalytic materials (such as Pt, Pd, Ni-based catalysts). Regardless of the difference in semiconductor band gap or potential gradient, it can achieve efficient carrier separation at the same interface.

[0303] Implementation Case 5: Optical Coupling System

[0304] Optical coupling system

[0305] The optical coupling system of this invention is responsible for efficiently and uniformly transporting and distributing the excitation light emitted from an external light source to the catalytic interface. Its key components and operating mode are as follows:

[0306] • The light source uses a tunable, highly stable laser or a high-power LED, with a wavelength range covering ultraviolet to near-infrared to match the absorption characteristics of different catalyst layer materials.

[0307] • Optical splitters use fiber optic gratings or beam splitters to distribute the output of a single light source into multiple beams. They can be optimized in terms of spatial or wavelength groups to ensure that each fiber receives the same or a preset proportion of optical power.

[0308] • Fiber optic networks and uniform divergence surfaces

[0309] – Photonic crystal fiber array: By controlling the band gap and mode field through periodic refractive index structure, selective coupling and local focusing of specific wavelengths can be achieved;

[0310] - Non-uniform refractive index fiber array: By designing different cladding thicknesses or doping gradients, tunable scattering angles and light intensity gradients can be generated.

[0311] - The end faces of multiple optical fibers are arranged on the surface of the catalyst layer to form a "uniformly divergent surface" to ensure that the light energy coverage on the anode and cathode catalyst layers is 95%, with no overlap or dark areas.

[0312] • Interface and Packaging: The light source and optical splitter can be quickly connected to the fiber optic network via standard FC / PC or SC interfaces; the diverging surface can be equipped with a microlens array or diffuse reflection coating to optimize the smoothness of the light spot edge and avoid hot spots; the overall packaging uses high light transmittance and chemical corrosion resistant materials to ensure long-term stable operation of the system.

[0313] Implementation Case 6: Photoexcitation Reactants

[0314] Photoexcited reactants

[0315] In the fiber optic chemical membrane electrode of the present invention, high-density, controllable wavelength excitation light is directly irradiated onto the catalytic interface where reactant molecules are located through the fiber divergence surface, thereby achieving photoexcitation of the reactants and improving their chemical activity. The specific technical solution is as follows:

[0316] • Directional optical coupling uses an optical splitter to couple light emitted from an external light source through a photonic crystal fiber or a non-uniform refractive index fiber network to the fiber divergence surface in the membrane electrode, ensuring that the excitation light is uniformly distributed across the entire catalytic layer surface, so that all reactant molecules can obtain sufficient light energy.

[0317] • Photoexcited state transition: Incident light is selectively absorbed by reactant molecules adsorbed on the surface of catalytic particles, causing them to transition to an excited state and form a high-energy intermediate. Excited-state molecules have lower activation energies and higher reaction rates, promoting subsequent oxidation or reduction processes.

[0318] Wavelength-selective modulation can match the absorption peaks of different reactants or catalysts by switching the excitation wavelength, preferentially exciting specific molecules or energy levels, and selectively enhancing the desired reaction pathway—such as short wavelengths driving deep reduction and long wavelengths promoting partial oxidation.

[0319] • The light intensity is controllable and the rate is adjustable. The excitation light intensity can be changed linearly or non-linearly, thereby controlling the number of excited molecules and the reaction rate in real time. Mild and controllable conversion can be achieved under low light intensity, while high light intensity can drive rapid high-throughput synthesis.

[0320] • The interface molecular enrichment fiber divergence surface combined with the porous gas / liquid permeable layer enables reactants to be enriched at the catalytic interface, enhancing photon-molecule coupling efficiency and improving single photon utilization and overall conversion efficiency.

[0321] Implementation Case 7: Photoexcited Thermochemical Reaction Catalyst Active Particles

[0322] Photoexcited thermochemical reaction catalyst active particles

[0323] This invention introduces a photoresponsive function into the thermochemical reaction catalyst layer of the membrane electrode to achieve optical enhancement of the activity of the thermochemical catalyst particles. The main technical solution is as follows:

[0324] • Photo-excited thermochemical catalysts: Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Co–Pt, Ni–Mo, Co–Mo, V2O5, MoO3, Fe2O3, CuO, CeO2–ZrO2, MCM-41, SBA-15, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, NaOH, and KOH, respectively used for steam reforming, hydrodesulfurization, hydrocracking, fine chemical hydrogenation / dehydrogenation, SO2 oxidation, water-gas shift, automobile exhaust purification, metal dispersion, hydroisomerization, alkylation, dechlorination, olefin hydrogenation, C–C coupling, and biodiesel transesterification;

[0325] • Photoresponsive surface modification involves loading photosensitive semiconductor nanosheets (such as N–TiO2, g-C3N4) onto the surface of thermal catalyst particles. Visible to near-infrared light is injected through the optical fiber divergence surface, generating photogenerated carriers and injecting them into the thermal catalyst particles, thereby increasing their surface electron density and synergistically reducing the reaction activation energy.

[0326] • The interface composite structure bridges the thermocatalytic particles and photocatalytic nanostructures through a carbon-based binder layer or a metal-organic framework (MOF), forming a tight electro-optic coupling interface. This shortens the photogenerated electron transport path and maintains micron-sized channels, ensuring rapid diffusion of reactants and products at high temperatures.

[0327] • Enhanced activation energy and selectivity: Under illumination, photogenerated electrons participate in the stability of reaction intermediates on the thermocatalytic surface, significantly reducing the activation energy of the reaction (by 20–40 kJ / mol); photoexcitation promotes specific pathways (such as preferential reduction of N2 to NH3), suppresses side reactions, and improves selectivity.

[0328] Implementation Case 8: Photoexcited Photocatalyst Particles

[0329] Enhanced activity and synergistic separation of photoexcited photocatalysts

[0330] This invention employs a variety of photochemical materials in the photocatalyst layer of the membrane electrode and combines them with a built-in electric double-layer field to achieve a synergistic effect of photoexcitation and electric field separation, significantly improving the reaction rate and economy. The main scheme is as follows:

[0331] • Multiple types of photocatalysts were optimized and selected, including metal oxides (TiO2, ZnO), non-metallic semiconductors (g-C3N4, black phosphorus), metal sulfides (CdS, MoS2), composite heterojunction materials (TiO2 / g-C3N4, Ag / TiO2), and doped modified structures (N–TiO2, Ag–ZnO), covering the full spectrum response of UV–Vis–NIR.

[0332] • The optical fiber divergence surface, photocatalyst particle layer and double electric layer of the photoexcitation-electric field integrated interface are physically overlapped: Once the photogenerated electron-hole pairs are generated, they are directionally separated by the built-in electric field of the double electric layer at the same interface, avoiding recombination and achieving zero-delay migration.

[0333] • Real-time rate and selectivity control are achieved by adjusting the incident light intensity (10–500 mW / cm²). 2 The concentration of photogenerated carriers and separation efficiency can be adjusted linearly or nonlinearly by adjusting the wavelength and applied bias voltage (0–3V), thereby precisely controlling the reaction rate and product distribution.

[0334] • Improved economic efficiency significantly reduces reliance on precious metal catalysts, with most active sites being occupied by photocatalysts; efficient synergistic separation reduces energy waste, resulting in a significant decrease in the cost of product conversion per unit of energy.

[0335] Implementation Case 9: Photoexcited Electrocatalyst Particles

[0336] Photoexcited electrocatalyst layer

[0337] This invention introduces photoresponsive functionality into the electrocatalyst layer of the membrane electrode, improving the efficiency of multi-electron / multi-proton reactions through the synergistic effect of photoexcitation and electric field. The main technical solutions are as follows:

[0338] • Multiple electrocatalyst options: — Noble metals: Pt, IrO2, RuO2; suitable for HER / OER / ORR; — Non-noble metals: Fe–N–C, CoP, MoS2; highly active ORR / HER; — Transition metal oxides: NiFe LDH, MnO2, Co3O4; excellent OER / CO2RR performance; — MOF derivatives: ZIF-8–Co–N–C; multifunctional CO2RR platform; — Single-atom catalysts: Fe1 / N–C, Co1 / g-C3N4; achieving highly selective CO2RR / ORR.

[0339] • Photoresponsive structures are integrated on the surface of electrocatalyst particles or modified with photosensitive semiconductors (such as TiO2, g-C3N4) at the interface. Visible / near-infrared light provided by the optical fiber divergence surface is used to indicate the generation of charge carriers, thereby enhancing the surface electric field and electron density.

[0340] • Interface band optimization enables rapid and directional injection of charge carriers from photoresponsive sites to electrocatalytic active sites by constructing heterostructures (electrocatalyst-photocatalyst) or conductive carbon bridging, thereby reducing energy loss.

[0341] • Synergistic photoelectrolysis, under the influence of the built-in electric field of the double layer, allows photogenerated electrons and electrogenerated electrons to migrate together along the conductive layer to the reaction center, while protons / ions move directionally through the exchange membrane, enabling efficient multi-electron / multi-proton reactions (such as CO2RR and N2RR).

[0342] Implementation Case 10: Ammonia Synthesis via Fiber Optics at Room Temperature and Pressure

[0343] Ambient temperature and pressure optical fiber chemical synthesis ammonia stack structure

[0344] This invention provides a fiber-optic chemical ammonia synthesis stack that operates at ambient temperature and pressure. Its modular structure allows for large-scale series and parallel expansion, and it mainly comprises the following components:

[0345] 1. The optical coupling unit (101) includes a tunable wavelength high-intensity LED / laser and an optical splitter to uniformly distribute the excitation light to a network of multiple optical fibers; a photonic crystal fiber or a non-uniform refractive index fiber forms a diverging surface to irradiate the catalyst layer with directional light.

[0346] 2. Anode fiber chemical catalytic layer (102) — composed of fiber divergence surface, nitrogen adsorption activated catalyst (such as Fe–Mo nano-alloy) or catalyst-free particles, double electrical layer, conductive layer and gas-permeable layer interwoven; — activated N2 molecules and generated H under photoexcitation and electric field. + (Originating from water ionization or precipitation on the side of the proton exchange membrane);

[0347] 3. Proton / ion exchange membrane (103) — using perfluorosulfonic acid (PEM) to allow H₂ to pass through. + It allows and prevents the reverse migration of electrons and other ions; — maintaining charge neutrality within the reactor and efficiently transporting protons to the cathode catalyst layer.

[0348] 4. Cathode fiber chemical catalytic layer (104) — with the same symmetrical structure as the anode layer, using Ni–Fe bimetallic nanocatalysts or without catalyst particles; — receives H₂ permeating from the exchange membrane. + Electrons injected from the external circuit combine with N-activated intermediates under photoelectric synergy to generate NH3; after the product NH3 desorbs from the surface of the catalyst layer, it enters the collection system through the liquid permeation layer.

[0349] 5. Bipolar plate and diffusion layer (105 / 106) — The bipolar plate is made of corrosion-resistant graphite or titanium alloy and is equipped with gas / liquid distribution channels; — The diffusion layer is made of porous carbon paper or nickel foam to ensure efficient transport of N2, H2O and product NH3.

[0350] 6. End plate and support frame (107 / 108) — The end plate is used for external circuits, electrode sealing and thermal management; — The support frame keeps the units aligned and provides modular series and parallel connection holes to meet different output voltage / current requirements.

[0351] The units can be connected in series to increase the total voltage, depending on the required synthesis scale.

[0352] U stack =n U cell

[0353] Or connect in parallel to increase the output current:

[0354] I stack =nI cell ,

[0355] Where n is the number of units, U cell I cell These are the nominal voltage and current of the unit, respectively.

[0356] This ambient temperature and pressure fiber-optic chemical ammonia synthesis stack structure integrates fiber-optic directional light excitation, double-layer electric field separation, and proton / ion migration, realizing a green ammonia synthesis process that is efficient, energy-saving, and free of precious metal catalysis.

[0357] Chemical reaction equation for the synthesis of ammonia using optical fiber at room temperature and pressure

[0358] In this system, nitrogen and water directly synthesize ammonia under ambient temperature and pressure conditions through photoelectric synergy of fiber optic chemical membrane electrodes, while simultaneously releasing oxygen. The main reaction can be represented as follows:

[0359] Anode (oxidation reaction):

[0360] Cathode (reduction reaction): N₂ + 6H₂ + +6e - -→2NH3

[0361] Overall response:

[0362] Or it can be written in the form without fractions as:

[0363] 2N2 + 6H2O → 4NH3 + 3O2

[0364] intermediate reaction process

[0365] In the room-temperature and atmospheric-pressure fiber optic chemical synthesis of ammonia, the overall reaction can be divided into two main parts: the photoelectric oxidation of water and the stepwise protonation reduction of nitrogen. The intermediate processes of each step are as follows:

[0366] 1. Photoelectro-oxidation of water (anodic process)

[0367]

[0368] 2. Stepwise protonation reduction of nitrogen (cathode process)

[0369]

[0370] 3. Product desorption and recycling

[0371] NH3(ads)-→NH3(g),O2(ads)-→O2(g).

[0372] In the aforementioned intermediate process, driven by the synergistic effect of photogenerated charge carriers and the electric field of the electric double layer, water molecules are oxidized to generate protons and electrons, while nitrogen molecules are gradually protonated and reduced to ammonia, ultimately achieving...

[0373]

[0374] Ammonia Synthesis at Room Temperature and Pressure Using Fiber Optics: Mathematical Analysis of Photoexcited Carrier Generation and Directional Separation of the Electric Double Layer

[0375] 1. Mathematical Model

[0376] 1. Photoexcited carrier generation rate

[0377] G = σabs Ic r

[0378] in

[0379] ·σ abs Catalyst absorption cross section (m) 2 ),

[0380] • I: Light intensity (W / m²) 2 ),

[0381] ·c r : Concentration of reactants at the interface (mol / m 3 ).

[0382] 2. Steady-state concentration and drift equilibrium (ignoring recombination and diffusion gradients)

[0383]

[0384] in

[0385] ·μ n Electron mobility (m) 2 / V·s),

[0386] E: Electric field strength of the double layer (V / m)

[0387] • L: Catalyst layer thickness (m)

[0388] ·n: Steady-state electron concentration (m -3 ),

[0389] ·v n Electron drift velocity (m / s)

[0390] ·t sep Electron separation time (s).

[0391] 2. Parameter substitution and quantitative calculation

[0392] Typical values:

[0393] I = 1.0 × 10 3 W / m 2 ,σ abs =1.0×10 -20 m 2 ,

[0394] μ n =4.0×10 -7 m 2 / (V·s),

[0395] E = 1.0 × 10 6 V / m,L=1.0×10-7 m.

[0396] G = σ abs Ic r = (1×10 -20 (1×10) 3 (1.0) = 1.0 × 10 -17 mol / (m 3 ·s),

[0397] G N =GN A =1.0×10 -17 ×6.02×10 23 ≈6.02×10 6 pairs / (m 3 ·s),

[0398]

[0399] v n =μ n E = 4.0 × 10 -7 ×1.0×10 6 =0.4m / s,

[0400]

[0401] 3. Conclusion

[0402] In the room temperature and pressure fiber optic chemical synthesis of ammonia system, the electron-proton pairs generated by photoexcitation can be synchronously and directionally extracted from the catalytic interface by the electric double layer electric field within about 0.25 μs, almost achieving "generation-separation" synchronization, which greatly suppresses carrier recombination loss, thus providing a solid carrier management foundation for efficient and controllable ammonia synthesis.

[0403] Note: In actual systems, the separation time can be further shortened by increasing the electric field or thinning the catalyst layer.

[0404] Implementation Case 11:

[0405] Composition of fiber optic chemical synthesis methanol stack

[0406] In the optical fiber chemical synthesis methanol apparatus of the present invention, the stack is composed of several functional modules stacked vertically, and the specific structure is as follows:

[0407] 1. Optical coupling unit (101) — including tunable intensity, high stability LED / laser and optical splitter, which uniformly distributes the excitation light to the fiber divergence surface of the subsequent catalyst layer through photonic crystal fiber or non-uniform refractive index fiber network.

[0408] 2. Anode fiber optic chemical catalyst layer (102)

[0409] • Fiber divergence surface: Provides high-density optical excitation in a directional manner.

[0410] • Chemical catalyst layer: deposited water oxidation catalyst, which oxidizes water to generate protons and electrons under photoelectric synergy.

[0411] • Dual electric layer: The naturally formed interface electric field region enhances the separation of photogenerated carriers.

[0412] • Conductive layer: Conductive carbon cloth, which draws electrons to the external circuit.

[0413] • Liquid permeable layer: The porous structure ensures efficient transport of water and product O2.

[0414] 3. Proton / ion exchange membrane (103) — Made of PEM material, it provides a one-way channel for protons, prevents electrons from passing through and maintains the electrical neutrality of the interface, while preventing cross-permeation of reactants.

[0415] 4. Cathode fiber chemical catalytic layer (104)

[0416] • Fiber optic divergence surface: Same as the anode layer, continuously photoexcites the CO2 adsorption layer.

[0417] • Chemical catalyst layer: CO2 is deposited and reduced with protons and electrons to form CH3OH under photoelectric synergy.

[0418] • Dual-electric level: Electric field drives the directional migration of charge carriers and suppresses recombination.

[0419] • Conductive layer: Metal mesh or conductive carbon cloth, used for rapid electron collection.

[0420] • Permeable / permeable layer: Ensures efficient transport and emission of CO2, product CH3OH and byproduct H2O.

[0421] 5. Bipolar plate and diffusion layer (10⁵ / 10⁶)

[0422] • Bipolar plate material: corrosion-resistant graphite or titanium alloy, with internal gas / liquid distribution channels.

[0423] • Diffusion layer: porous carbon paper or metal foam to optimize the diffusion and expulsion of reactants (CO2, H2O) and products (CH3OH, O2).

[0424] 6. End plate and bracket (107 / 108) — The end plate is used to connect to the external power supply and fix the light source. The bracket keeps each unit aligned and provides a modular connection interface, which can be flexibly connected in series or parallel according to the required voltage or current.

[0425] This methanol synthesis stack, operating at ambient temperature and pressure, achieves efficient photoelectric reduction of CO2 and photoelectric oxidation of water through the synergistic effect of light source, optical fiber, catalyst layer, electric field, and exchange membrane, directly outputting methanol and oxygen. It possesses engineering advantages such as low energy consumption, no precious metals, and easy scalability.

[0426] Chemical reaction equation for the chemical synthesis of methanol using optical fiber

[0427] In this fiber optic chemical membrane electrode, water is oxidized at the anode to produce protons and electrons through photoelectric co-excitation and double-layer separation; at the cathode, the protons and electrons react with carbon dioxide to gradually reduce it to methanol. The main chemical equations are as follows:

[0428] Anode (photoelectro-oxidation reaction)

[0429]

[0430] Cathode (photoelectric reduction reaction)

[0431]

[0432] Overall reaction (at room temperature and pressure)

[0433] Combining the two halves of the reaction, we obtain the overall reaction equation:

[0434]

[0435] intermediate steps of the reaction

[0436] To illustrate the reaction mechanism, a simplified stepwise protonation-reduction process can be shown:

[0437] CO2+e - +H + →CO2H *

[0438] CO2H * +e - +H + →HCOOH *

[0439] HCOOH * +e - +H + →H2CO * +H2O

[0440] H2CO * +e - +H + →H3CO *

[0441] H3CO * +e - +H+ →CH3OH

[0442] Implementation Case 12:

[0443] Fiber Optic Chemical Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Stack Construction

[0444] The fiber-optic chemical direct methanol fuel cell stack (DMFC stack) of the present invention is composed of several unit modules stacked vertically, and each unit module includes the following key parts:

[0445] 1. Optical coupling unit—composed of a high-transmittance fiber optic network and a beam splitter, receives excitation light from an adjustable-intensity LED / laser and forms a uniformly divergent light field on the surface of the catalyst layer to drive the photochemical reaction.

[0446] 2. Anode fiber optic chemical catalyst layer

[0447] • Fiber divergence surface: Multiple fiber end faces are arranged at the catalytic interface to directionally irradiate the methanol solution layer;

[0448] • Chemical catalyst layer: No catalyst required;

[0449] • Dual-electric level: The built-in electric field at the interface promotes the separation of photogenerated electrons and protons;

[0450] • Conductive layer: Conductive carbon cloth or metal film, which leads electrons to the external circuit;

[0451] • Permeable layer: The porous structure ensures efficient diffusion and discharge of methanol and its products CO2 and H2O.

[0452] 3. Proton / ion exchange membrane—Uses a proton exchange membrane (PEM) or anion exchange membrane (AEM) to provide proton channels and block methanol cross-permeation while maintaining electroneutrality.

[0453] 4. Cathode fiber chemical catalyst layer

[0454] • Fiber divergence surface: Provides an auxiliary light source for the visible light responsive photocatalytic layer;

[0455] • Chemical catalyst layer: Non-precious metal catalyst, or no catalyst required, used for oxygen reduction reaction;

[0456] • Dual-electric layer: Enhances the recombination efficiency of electrons / protons on the cathode surface;

[0457] • Conductive layer: metal mesh or carbon paper, which introduces electrons to complete the closure of the external circuit;

[0458] • Breathable layer: The porous layer ensures the supply of O2 and the discharge of the product H2O.

[0459] 5. Bipolar plate and diffusion layer

[0460] • Bipolar plates: made of conductive and corrosion-resistant materials (graphite or titanium alloy), with built-in fuel and air distribution channels;

[0461] • Diffusion layer: carbon paper or metal foam, which optimizes the flow of fuel, oxygen and products, achieving a high reaction area and low pressure drop.

[0462] 6. End plate and support frame—used for fixing external pipelines, electrodes and light sources, providing modular series and parallel interfaces to achieve flexible expansion of required output voltage and current.

[0463] The modules can be connected in series to increase the output voltage or in parallel to increase the output current. The modular design ensures efficient operation of the system at room temperature and pressure, low usage of precious metals, and excellent photoelectrocatalytic synergistic performance, fully meeting the engineering application requirements of direct methanol fuel cells.

[0464] Chemical equation

[0465] In fiber-optic chemical direct methanol fuel cells, the main reactions include the following two half-reactions and the overall reaction:

[0466] Fiber Optic Chemistry Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Chemical Reaction - Intermediate Process

[0467] In this fiber-optic chemical direct methanol fuel cell, methanol is photoelectro-induced and progressively oxidized at the anode, while oxygen is reduced to water at the cathode. The reaction can be divided into the following intermediate steps:

[0468] Anode-methanol photoelectro-oxidation process

[0469]

[0470] Cathode-Oxygen Reduction Process

[0471]

[0472] Overall reaction

[0473]

[0474] In the above intermediate steps, the asterisk "*" indicates the active intermediate species adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst layer. All electrons and protons are separated by the carriers generated by photoexcitation and the electric field of the double layer, and participate in the corresponding half-reactions, ultimately realizing the efficient and controllable methanol fuel cell power generation process.

[0475] Implementation Case 13:

[0476] Composition of fiber optic chemical hydrogen fuel cell stack

[0477] The fiber optic chemical hydrogen fuel cell stack of the present invention is composed of multiple identical unit modules connected in series and parallel, and each unit module includes the following key components:

[0478] 1. Optical coupling unit—composed of a high-transmittance fiber optic network and an optical splitter, where an tunable LED / laser directs the excitation light to the catalytic interface via optical fiber, creating a uniformly divergent light field.

[0479] 2. Anode fiber optic chemical catalyst layer

[0480] • Fiber divergence surface: Multiple fiber end faces are arranged along the surface of the catalyst layer to ensure uniform illumination in the reaction zone;

[0481] • Chemical catalyst layer: Non-precious metals (such as Ni–Mo alloys) catalyze the hydrogen oxidation reaction, or no catalyst is required;

[0482] • Dual-electric level: The natural interface electric field promotes the separation of photogenerated electrons and protons;

[0483] • Conductive layer: ITO thin film or conductive carbon cloth, used for rapid electron transport;

[0484] • Permeable / permeable layer: The porous structure ensures the full diffusion of H2 gas and the discharge of the product H2O.

[0485] 3. Proton / ion exchange membrane—using perfluorosulfonic acid PEM or alkaline AEM, providing highly selective proton channels to prevent backflow of electrons and unreacted hydrogen, maintaining electron neutrality.

[0486] 4. Cathode fiber chemical catalyst layer

[0487] • Fiber divergence surface: Continuous photoexcitation-assisted electrocatalysis;

[0488] • Chemical catalyst layer: deposited oxygen reduction catalyst (such as Fe–N–C, or no catalyst required);

[0489] • Dual-electric level: Enhance the efficiency of electron-proton interface separation;

[0490] • Conductive layer: metal mesh or carbon paper, used for electronic circuit connection;

[0491] • Breathable layer: The porous material ensures oxygen supply and moisture expulsion.

[0492] 5. Bipolar plate and diffusion layer

[0493] • Bipolar plates: corrosion-resistant graphite or titanium alloy, with built-in fuel and oxygen / air distribution channels;

[0494] • Diffusion layer: carbon paper or metal foam, which optimizes gas-liquid flow, reduces pressure drop, and increases reaction area.

[0495] 6. Endplate and external interface—The endplate is used for external circuits, electrical sealing and light source fixation. The modular bracket provides series and parallel connection points, which can be flexibly expanded according to the required voltage or current.

[0496] Each unit module can be connected in series to increase the output voltage or in parallel to increase the output current. The modular design ensures efficient photoelectrocatalysis at room temperature and pressure, and also facilitates the engineering scale-up and maintenance of the system.

[0497] Fiber Optic Chemistry Hydrogen Fuel Cell Chemical Equation

[0498] In this fiber-optic chemical hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen is photoelectrically excited and oxidized at the anode, while oxygen is reduced to water at the cathode. The main reactions can be represented as follows:

[0499] Anode (hydrogenation reaction)

[0500] H2 + 2OH - → 2H₂O + 2e -

[0501] Cathode (Oxygen Reduction Reaction)

[0502]

[0503] Overall reaction (at room temperature and pressure)

[0504]

[0505] In this process, the anode layer couples the excitation light to the catalytic interface via an optical fiber, generating high-density electrons and protons. The electric field of the double layer works in conjunction with the applied bias voltage to directionally separate and transport electrons to the cathode. The generated OH is then circulated through the exchange membrane to complete the continuous power generation process.

[0506] Fiber Optic Chemical Hydrogen Fuel Cell Reaction Intermediate Process

[0507] In this fiber-optic chemical hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen react stepwise on a multilayer interfacial membrane electrode through a series of photoelectric synergistic adsorption, activation, and electron / proton transfer processes to generate water. The intermediate process can be broken down as follows:

[0508] 1. Anode – Hydrogen Adsorption and Oxidation

[0509]

[0510] Combination: H2 + 2OH - →2H₂O + 2e -

[0511] 2. Adsorption and Reduction of Oxygen at the Cathode

[0512]

[0513] merge:

[0514] 3. Carrier Separation and Cycling

[0515] Electrons generated on the optical fiber catalytic surface are transported to the cathode via the conductive layer;

[0516] • Proton / ion exchange membrane channels allow OH to circulate between the electrodes;

[0517] • The built-in electric field of the double layer works in conjunction with the applied bias voltage to ensure the directional migration of electrons and ions and suppress recombination.

[0518] 4. Overall Response

[0519]

[0520] This multi-step intermediate process is carried out efficiently under ambient temperature and pressure, and photoelectric synergy conditions, achieving stable power generation from the hydrogen fuel cell.

[0521] During implementation, the catalytic system adopts a modular design, which facilitates large-scale integration of optical splitters, light sources and fiber optic networks. It has excellent scalability and low marginal expansion costs, and is suitable for various industrial application scenarios such as energy conversion, environmental governance and fine chemicals.

Claims

1. A method for realizing an optical fiber chemical film electrode, characterized in that, include: • Multilayer interface film electrodes, sequentially stacked as follows: (a) Anode fiber chemical catalytic layer; (b) Proton / ion exchange layer, selected from proton exchange membrane (PEM) or anion exchange membrane (AEM); (c) Cathode fiber chemical catalytic layer; Both the anode fiber optic chemical catalytic layer and the cathode fiber optic chemical catalytic layer are uniformly interwoven with fiber optic catalytic surfaces, thermochemical reaction catalytic particles, photocatalyst particles, electrocatalyst particles, double electrical layers, conductive layers, and gas / liquid permeable layers, making them suitable for various chemical reactions. • Light source: LED laser, gas laser, solid-state laser, sunlight or high-power LED, or other light sources; Optical splitter: distributes the excitation light output from the light source to a multi-optical fiber network and can adjust the light intensity and wavelength; Fiber chemical scattering layer: a uniform diverging surface composed of photonic crystal fiber or non-uniform refractive index fiber, closely attached to the surface of the catalyst layer, used to directionally couple the excitation light to the multilayer interface film electrode. • Light source, optical splitter, and fiber optic network, wherein the light source is selected from sunlight, LED laser, solid-state laser, gas laser, or other light sources, and the optical splitter is used to distribute light to the anode fiber chemical catalytic layer and the cathode fiber chemical catalytic layer; • By adjusting the light intensity, light wavelength, external bias voltage between the electric double layers, and current density, precise control over the direction, rate, and product distribution of chemical reactions can be achieved. • Photoexcited carriers, such as electrons and ions, are synchronously separated under the action of the electric field of the double layer. The photoexcitation interface and the electric field separation interface are physically coincident, which significantly suppresses carrier recombination. • The double electric layer consists of electric field regions formed on the anode side and the cathode side, respectively, which are used to simultaneously separate electrons and ions and direct their migration during photoexcitation; • The functional surfaces of the multilayer interfacial membrane electrode—optical fiber catalytic surface, catalytic particle layer, double electrical layer, conductive layer, and gas / liquid permeable layer—are seamlessly interwoven in the same physical thickness direction to form an integrated multilayer catalytic membrane structure. • After photoexcitation, the catalytic particle layer can decompose or transform accumulated residues, realizing the self-cleaning and regeneration of the catalyst and the activation of novel single-atom / nanostructure active sites; • The fiber end faces of the fiber chemical scattering layer are arranged in a planar array and closely adhered to the surface of the multilayer interface film electrode to achieve uniform illumination of the anode and cathode catalyst layers. • The fiber chemical scattering layer is designed with adjustable scattering angle and light intensity gradient to further optimize the light energy utilization of the catalytic interface; • The fiber catalytic surface is a scattering surface designed from photonic crystal fiber or non-uniform fiber, used to achieve uniform light dispersion within the catalytic layer; • By adjusting the light intensity and wavelength of the light source, as well as the voltage and current applied between the electric double layers, dynamic control of the direction, rate, and product distribution of chemical reactions can be achieved. • The optical splitter and fiber optic network employ programmable splitting technology to achieve differentiated control of the light intensity and wavelength of different catalytic units.

2. The fiber optic chemical membrane electrode implementation method according to claim 1, wherein the fiber optic chemical membrane electrode comprises: • The optical fiber catalytic surface is composed of multiple high-transmittance optical fiber end faces, used for directional output of excitation light; • Photo-excited thermochemical catalysts: Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Co–Pt, Ni–Mo, Co–Mo, V2O5, MoO3, Fe2O3, CuO, CeO2–ZrO2, MCM-41, SBA-15, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, NaOH, KOH, used for steam reforming, hydrodesulfurization, hydrocracking, fine chemical hydrogenation / dehydrogenation, SO2 oxidation, water-gas shift, automobile exhaust purification, metal dispersion, hydroisomerization, alkylation, dechlorination, olefin hydrogenation, C–C coupling, and biodiesel transesterification; • Photoexcited "photocatalyst particles": TiO2, ZnO, g-C3N4, black phosphorus, CdS, MoS2, TiO2 / g-C3N4, Ag / TiO2, N–TiO2 or Ag–ZnO; • Photoexcited "electrocatalyst particles": Pt, IrO2, RuO2, Fe–N–C, CoP, MoS2, NiFe LDH, MnO2, Co3O4, ZIF-8–derived Co–N–C, Fe1 / N–C or Co1 / g-C3N4; The thermochemical reaction catalyst is selected from transition metal single catalysts or bimetallic alloy catalysts; the photocatalyst is selected from TiO2, ZnO, g-C3N4, CdS, MoS2 or their composite / doped materials; and the electrocatalyst is selected from Pt, IrO2, RuO2, Fe–N–C, CoP, NiFe LDH or single-atom catalysts, etc. The proton / ion exchange layer allows the desired ions H + Anions or cations can pass through rapidly under the drive of an electric field, while blocking the reverse migration of electrons and unreacted substances, thus maintaining the electrical neutrality of the interface.

3. The fiber optic chemical membrane electrode implementation method according to claim 1 adopts a modular design: the membrane electrode assembly, scattering layer assembly and light source / splitter assembly can be quickly connected in series and parallel through standardized optical fiber and mechanical interfaces, which has low marginal expansion cost and high field maintainability.

4. The method for realizing the fiber optic chemical membrane electrode according to claim 1: a multilayer interface membrane electrode stacked sequentially, wherein the multilayer interface membrane electrode is composed of an anode fiber optic chemical catalytic layer, a proton / ion exchange layer and a cathode fiber optic chemical catalytic layer; the anode fiber optic chemical catalytic layer and the cathode fiber optic chemical catalytic layer are both composed of a uniformly interwoven fiber optic catalytic surface, thermochemical reaction catalytic particles, a photocatalyst particle layer, an electrocatalyst particle layer, a double electrical layer, a conductive layer and a gas / liquid permeable layer.

5. The method for realizing an optical fiber chemical film electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The optical fiber chemical catalytic particle layer includes three different types of catalytic particles: thermochemical reaction catalysts, photocatalysts, and electrocatalysts.

6. In the fiber optic chemical membrane electrode implementation method according to claim 1, the conductive layer can be selected from carbon nanotubes, conductive polymers, or conductive metal meshes to ensure current collection and electron transport efficiency; The air / liquid permeable layer has a microporous structure, which ensures the free flow of chemical reactants and products between the catalyst layers; By integrating a modular stack structure, multiple fiber optic chemical membrane electrode units can be connected in series or in parallel to improve the overall reaction area and scalability.

7. The method for realizing an optical fiber chemical film electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, By monitoring the voltage, current, and light source output parameters between the electric double layers in real time, a closed-loop control algorithm is used to optimize the reaction conditions.

8. In the fiber optic chemical membrane electrode realization method according to claim 1, the catalytic particle layer in the fiber optic chemical system can achieve self-cleaning and self-regeneration through photoexcitation, thereby extending the catalyst's service life; The geometry and porosity of multilayer interfacial membrane structures can be designed at the micro- and nanoscale according to the fluid dynamics and mass transfer requirements of the desired reaction system. Microelectrode arrays or sensor arrays are introduced into the catalytic system to monitor the interfacial charge distribution and carrier concentration online, thereby precisely controlling the reaction.

9. The method for realizing an optical fiber chemical film electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, The catalytic system is applied to chemical synthesis reactions at ambient temperature and pressure, including but not limited to methanol synthesis, ammonia synthesis, direct methanol fuel cells, and hydrogen fuel cells.

10. The method for realizing an optical fiber chemical film electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the direct methanol fuel cell or hydrogen fuel cell, the optical fiber chemical membrane electrode is used as both a photocatalytic layer and an electrocatalytic layer. The dual-electrode layer coincides with the photoexcitation interface, thereby improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers.

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