Random pulsed intensity detection apparatus and system

Abstract

A random pulse intensity detection device and system, the random pulse intensity detection device comprises an input module, an integral control module and an output module, wherein: the input module is used for receiving random pulse input and outputting the received random pulse to the integral control module; the integral control module comprises at least one integral circuit, which is used for converting a plurality of random pulses into an analog voltage signal through the integral circuit; and the output module is used for outputting the analog voltage signal.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to, but is not limited to, the field of optical detection technology, and in particular to a random pulse intensity detection device and system. Background Technology

[0002] Photomultiplier tubes output narrow pulses under weak light conditions, and the pulse arrival times are random. When the photon arrival rate is low, threshold discrimination and digital counting can be used; however, as the light intensity increases, pulse overlap, discriminator dead zones, and counting saturation will affect pulse-by-pulse counting.

[0003] Many digital photon counting schemes require the use of discriminators, counters, or microcontrollers to perform event statistics, and then connect to a computer (PC) via a communication interface to read and process the data. In this case, due to the large number of devices and connection ports, these schemes cannot be directly inserted into the user's existing system as a simple analog signal path. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This disclosure provides a random pulse intensity detection device and system that can be directly added to the user's existing measurement link as an independent serial analog module.

[0005] This disclosure provides a random pulse intensity detection device, including an input module, an integration control module, and an output module, wherein: the input module is used to receive random pulse input and output the received random pulse to the integration control module; the integration control module includes at least one integration circuit for converting multiple random pulses into an analog voltage signal through the integration circuit; and the output module is used to output the analog voltage signal.

[0006] For example, the integral control module includes an analog switch, a control module, and multiple integral control branches connected in parallel, with different filtering time constants for the different integral control branches; wherein: The analog switch is connected to the input module, the input terminals of the multiple integral control branches, and the control module, and is used to select and activate the connection between one of the input terminals of the multiple integral control branches and the input module under the control of the control module.

[0007] For example, the integral control module includes a first analog switch, a second analog switch, a linkage control module, and multiple integral control branches connected in parallel, wherein the filtering time constants of different integral control branches are different; wherein: The first analog switch is connected to the input module, the input terminals of the multiple integral control branches, and the linkage control module, and is used to select and connect one of the input terminals of the multiple integral control branches to the input module under the control of the linkage control module. The second analog switch is connected to the output module, the output terminals of the multiple integral control branches, and the linkage control module, and is used to select and connect one of the output terminals of the multiple integral control branches to the output module under the control of the linkage control module. The linkage control module is connected to the first analog switch and the second analog switch, and is used to synchronously control the first analog switch and the second analog switch.

[0008] For example, the passband gain of different integral control branches is the same.

[0009] For example, each of the integral control branches includes one or more of the integral circuits connected in series.

[0010] For example, the integrating circuit includes a first operational amplifier, a first capacitor, a second capacitor, a first resistor, and a second resistor, wherein: The inverting input terminal of the first operational amplifier is directly connected to the output terminal of the first operational amplifier; The first resistor and the second resistor are connected in series and then connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the first operational amplifier; One end of the first capacitor is grounded, and the other end is connected to the non-inverting input of the first operational amplifier; One end of the second capacitor is connected to the output terminal of the first operational amplifier, and the other end is connected to the series connection point between the first resistor and the second resistor.

[0011] For example, the output module includes a bias circuit, wherein the bias circuit is used to perform a circuit zeroing operation to filter out excess DC components in the analog voltage signal.

[0012] For example, the output module includes a gain adjustment unit, wherein the gain adjustment unit is used to amplify the analog voltage signal by a factor corresponding to the received gain control signal.

[0013] For example, the random pulse received by the input module is a voltage pulse or a current pulse. When the received random pulse is a current pulse, the input module includes a transimpedance amplifier for converting the received current pulse into a voltage pulse.

[0014] The random pulse intensity detection device of this disclosure converts multiple random pulses into analog voltage signals through an integrating circuit. The output analog voltage directly corresponds to the light intensity, has a fast response, and can be used in real-time feedback and control systems. Since the output is an analog voltage signal, it does not require the participation of a microcontroller, dedicated counter, or PC. It can be directly connected to the next-level processing module, is plug-and-play, and can be seamlessly embedded into existing systems. It is easy to use, requires no software driver or complex settings, and can work as soon as it is powered on, greatly reducing the operating threshold and equipment cost.

[0015] This disclosure also provides a random pulse intensity detection system, including a random pulse intensity detection device as described in any embodiment of this disclosure, and further including a photodetector and a lower-level processing module, wherein: the output terminal of the photodetector is connected to the input module of the random pulse intensity detection device; the output module of the random pulse intensity detection device is connected to the lower-level processing module, and the lower-level processing module is any one of the following: an oscilloscope, a data acquisition card, and a programmable logic controller.

[0016] Other features and advantages of this disclosure will be set forth in the following description, and will be apparent in part from the description, or may be learned by practicing the disclosure. Other advantages of this disclosure may be realized and obtained by means of the methods described in the description and the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0017] The accompanying drawings are used to provide an understanding of the technical solutions of this disclosure and form part of the specification. They are used together with the embodiments of this disclosure to explain the technical solutions of this disclosure and do not constitute a limitation on the technical solutions of this disclosure.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a random pulse intensity detection device, which is an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of another random pulse intensity detection device as an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an integral control module including four integral control branches, which is an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure.

[0021] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the equivalent circuit structure of an integral control branch, which is an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure.

[0022] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the configuration of the current input version and the voltage input version, which are exemplary embodiments of this disclosure.

[0023] Figure 6 This is an equivalent circuit diagram of a bias circuit as an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 7 A measured comparison of the original random pulse and the processed continuous analog voltage signal when the filtering time constant is marked as 330 μs, which is an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a random pulse intensity detection system, which is an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0025] This disclosure describes several embodiments, but these descriptions are exemplary and not limiting, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of the embodiments described herein. Although many possible combinations of features are shown in the drawings and discussed in the detailed description, many other combinations of the disclosed features are also possible. Unless specifically limited, any feature or element of any embodiment may be used in combination with, or may replace, any feature or element of any other embodiment.

[0026] This disclosure includes and contemplates combinations of features and elements known to those skilled in the art. The embodiments, features, and elements disclosed in this disclosure may also be combined with any conventional features or elements to form a unique inventive scheme as defined by the claims. Any feature or element of any embodiment may also be combined with features or elements from other inventive schemes to form another unique inventive scheme as defined by the claims. Therefore, it should be understood that any feature shown and / or discussed in this disclosure may be implemented individually or in any suitable combination. Therefore, the embodiments are not limited except by the limitations imposed by the appended claims and their equivalents. Furthermore, various modifications and changes may be made within the scope of the appended claims.

[0027] Furthermore, in describing representative embodiments, the specification may have presented methods and / or processes as a specific sequence of steps. However, the method or process should not be limited to the specific order of steps described herein, to the extent that the method or process does not depend on the specific order of steps described herein. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, other sequences of steps are also possible. Therefore, the specific order of steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as a limitation of the claims. Moreover, the claims relating to the method and / or process should not be limited to the steps performed in the order written, and those skilled in the art will readily understand that these orders can be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0028] like Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, this embodiment of the present disclosure provides a random pulse intensity detection device, including an input module 101, an integration control module 102, and an output module 103, wherein: The input module 101 is used to receive random pulse input and output the received random pulse to the integral control module 102; The integral control module 102 includes at least one integral circuit (not shown in the figure) for converting multiple random pulses into analog voltage signals through the integral circuit; Output module 103 is used to output analog voltage signals.

[0029] The random pulse intensity detection device of this disclosure converts multiple random pulses into analog voltage signals through an integrating circuit. The output analog voltage directly corresponds to the light intensity, has a fast response, and can be used in real-time feedback and control systems. Since the output is an analog voltage signal, it does not require the participation of a microcontroller, a dedicated counter, or a PC. It can be directly connected to the next-level processing module, is plug-and-play, and can be seamlessly embedded into existing systems. It is easy to use, requires no software drivers or complex settings, and can work as soon as it is powered on, greatly reducing the operating threshold and equipment cost.

[0030] In some exemplary implementations, such as Figure 1 As shown, the integral control module 102 includes an analog switch 1022, a control module 1021, and multiple parallel integral control branches 1023, each with a different filtering time constant; wherein: Analog switch 1022 is connected to input module 101, input terminals of multiple integral control branches 1023, and control module 1021. Under the control of control module 1021, it is used to select and activate the connection between one of the input terminals of multiple integral control branches 1023 and input module 101.

[0031] The analog switch 1022 of this disclosure is an electronic component / circuit controlled by digital signals to realize the on / off switching of analog signals. The analog switch 1022 can be driven by digital logic control signals, switching its own on / off state by high and low levels, or selecting the corresponding channel by a multi-bit binary address code. In this disclosure embodiment, the high and low level signals or the multi-bit binary code can be generated by the control module 1021.

[0032] In some exemplary embodiments, the control module 1021 can be a mechanical knob. Switching between different knob positions directly outputs high and low levels, driving the analog switch 1022 to select a channel. This control method is simple and convenient. In other exemplary embodiments, the control module 1021 can be connected to an external host computer. The host computer issues control commands. The control module 1021 includes a decoding unit and a level driving unit. The decoding unit maps the control commands to the corresponding channel's binary address code. The level driving unit outputs a control level conforming to the specifications of the analog switch 1022 based on the binary address code. This control level directly drives the analog switch 1022 to switch the specified channel on / off.

[0033] In this embodiment, the value of the filtering time constant τ in the RC filter / integrator circuit is equal to R×C, which is the core parameter that determines the response speed of each integral control branch 1023. Different R and C parameters are selected for different integral control branches 1023, resulting in different filtering time constants τ.

[0034] In this embodiment, the integral control branch 1023 with a smaller filter time constant has a stronger integral action and a faster response speed, enabling it to quickly eliminate small-amplitude steady-state errors. However, it is more sensitive to noise and prone to overshoot and oscillation problems. The integral control branch 1023 with a larger filter time constant has a smoother integral action, resulting in stronger system stability and better suppression of high-frequency noise. However, it eliminates steady-state errors significantly slower. Therefore, the selection of which integral control branch 1023 to activate can be set according to the user's application scenario.

[0035] In some exemplary implementations, such as Figure 2 As shown, the integral control module 102 includes a first analog switch 10221, a second analog switch 10222, a linkage control module 1021, and multiple parallel-connected integral control branches 1023, each with a different filtering time constant; wherein: The first analog switch 10221 is connected to the input module 101, the input terminals of multiple integral control branches 1023, and the linkage control module 1021. It is used to select and connect one of the input terminals of the multiple integral control branches 1023 to the input module 101 under the control of the linkage control module 1021. The second analog switch 10222 is connected to the output module 103, the output terminals of multiple integral control branches 1023 and the linkage control module 1021, and is used to select and connect one of the output terminals of multiple integral control branches 1023 to the output module 103 under the control of the linkage control module 1021. The linkage control module 1021 is connected to the first analog switch 10221 and the second analog switch 10222, and is used to perform synchronous control on the first analog switch 10221 and the second analog switch 10222.

[0036] In this embodiment, the linkage control module 1021 synchronously controls the first analog switch 10221 and the second analog switch 10222. This means that the linkage control module 1021 controls the first analog switch 10221 and the second analog switch 10222 to work together, synchronously selecting the input and output terminals of the same integral control branch 1023, thus avoiding the selection of different branches at both ends. Unselected integral control branches 1023 are simultaneously isolated from both their input and output terminals. By setting up the linkage control module 1021, the first analog switch 10221, and the second analog switch 10222, this embodiment can prevent unselected integral control branches 1023 from affecting selected integral control branches 1023, thereby ensuring stable system operation.

[0037] In this embodiment of the disclosure, the number of multiple integral control branches 1023 can be set as needed, and this disclosure does not limit this.

[0038] In some exemplary embodiments, the passband gain of different integral control branches 1023 is the same.

[0039] In this embodiment of the disclosure, the same passband gain means that all integral control branches 1023 have the same amplification factor for the input signal within their respective allowed effective signal frequency ranges, and there will be no inherent deviation in the signal amplitude output by different branches due to different filtering time constants.

[0040] This embodiment of the invention ensures that the passband gain of each integral control branch 1023 is kept consistent, so that the effective signal amplitude reference of each branch output is completely unified. In subsequent signal merging and comparison processing, no additional gain error is introduced, thus ensuring the accuracy of multi-branch signal fusion. In addition, the average conversion ratio remains consistent in principle when switching branches.

[0041] For example, such as Figure 3 As shown, the random pulse intensity detection device of this embodiment includes four integral control branches 1023. The passband gain K of each integral control branch 1023 is 1, and the filtering time constant τ is different for each branch. Specifically, the filtering time constant τ of the first integral control branch is 10us, the filtering time constant τ of the second integral control branch is 50us, the filtering time constant τ of the third integral control branch is 200us, and the filtering time constant τ of the fourth integral control branch is 330us.

[0042] In some exemplary embodiments, each integral control branch 1023 includes one integral circuit or multiple integral circuits connected in series.

[0043] This embodiment of the disclosure sets up multiple series-connected integration circuits in an integration control branch 1023, which can distribute the integration operation pressure step by step, reduce the output swing burden of a single-stage operational amplifier, reduce DC drift and saturation risks, and significantly improve the accuracy of long-term integration. In addition, by adjusting the parameters of each RC stage, the target equivalent time constant can be accurately synthesized without changing the total passband gain of the branch, thus achieving flexible configuration of the filter time constant.

[0044] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the equivalent circuit structure of an integral control branch 1023. In some exemplary embodiments, such as... Figure 4 As shown, the integrating circuit includes a first operational amplifier U1, a first capacitor C1, a second capacitor C2, a first resistor R1, and a second resistor R2, wherein: The inverting input terminal of the first operational amplifier U1 is directly connected to the output terminal of the first operational amplifier U1; The first resistor R1 and the second resistor R2 are connected in series and then connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the first operational amplifier U1. One end of the first capacitor C1 is grounded, and the other end is connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the first operational amplifier U1; One end of the second capacitor C2 is connected to the output terminal of the first operational amplifier U1, and the other end is connected to the series connection point between the first resistor R1 and the second resistor R2.

[0045] For example, Figure 4 The illustrated integral control branch 1023 includes two integrator circuits connected in series. Integrator circuit 1 includes a first resistor R1, a second resistor R2, a first operational amplifier U1, a first capacitor C1, and a second capacitor C2. Integrator circuit 2 includes a first resistor R1', a second resistor R2', a first operational amplifier U1', a first capacitor C1', and a second capacitor C2'. The input terminal of integrator circuit 1 (one end of the second resistor R2) is the input terminal of integral control branch 1023. The output terminal of integrator circuit 1 is connected to the second resistor R2' of integrator circuit 2. The output terminal of integrator circuit 2 (the output terminal of the first operational amplifier U1') is the output terminal of integral control branch 1023. In practical use, the number of integrator circuits included in each integral control branch 1023 can be set as needed, and this disclosure does not limit this. The integrator circuit can broaden random pulses, and the capacitors are used for charging and discharging to prevent abrupt changes in high-frequency signals, thus achieving the broadening effect.

[0046] In some exemplary embodiments, the random pulse received by the input module 101 is a voltage pulse or a current pulse. When the received random pulse is a current pulse, the input module 101 includes a transimpedance amplifier 1012 for converting the received current pulse into a voltage pulse.

[0047] In this embodiment of the disclosure, such as Figure 1 and Figure 5 As shown, the random pulse intensity detection device of this disclosure embodiment may include two input versions: a voltage input version and a current input version, thereby being compatible with high-impedance voltage input and optional transimpedance amplifier current input. The input module of the voltage input version of the random pulse intensity detection device may include a high-impedance input interface 1011 for receiving positive voltage pulses output from an external transimpedance amplifier or preamplifier. During production and assembly, a transimpedance amplifier 1012 may be added to the input module 101 of the current input version of the random pulse intensity detection device to convert the current pulse into a positive voltage pulse; this transimpedance amplifier 1012 is optional.

[0048] In some exemplary implementations, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the output module 103 includes a bias circuit 1031, wherein the bias circuit 1031 is used to perform circuit zeroing operation to filter out the excess DC component in the analog voltage signal.

[0049] In this embodiment of the disclosure, the bias circuit 1031 is used for zeroing and eliminating the DC baseline. Figure 6 This is an equivalent circuit diagram of an exemplary bias circuit 1031. (See diagram below.) Figure 6As shown, the bias circuit 1031 includes a third resistor R3, a fourth resistor R4, a fifth adjustment potentiometer R5, a sixth resistor R6, a seventh resistor R7, an eighth resistor R8, a ninth resistor R9, a second operational amplifier U2, a third capacitor C3, and a fourth capacitor C4. In this circuit, one end of the third resistor R3 is connected to the input terminal, and the other end is connected to the inverting input terminal of the second operational amplifier U2; one end of the fourth resistor R4 is connected to the inverting input terminal of the second operational amplifier U2, and the other end is connected to the moving contact terminal of the fifth adjusting potentiometer R5; one fixed terminal of the fifth adjusting potentiometer R5 is connected to one end of the sixth resistor R6, and the other fixed terminal is connected to one end of the seventh resistor R7; the other end of the sixth resistor R6 is connected to the +12V power supply terminal, and the other end of the seventh resistor R7 is connected to the -12V power supply terminal; one end of the eighth resistor R8 is connected to the inverting input terminal of the second operational amplifier U2, and the other end is connected to the output terminal of the second operational amplifier U2; one end of the ninth resistor R9 is connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the second operational amplifier U2, and the other end is grounded; one end of the third capacitor C3 is grounded, and the other end is connected to the positive power supply terminal of the second operational amplifier U2; one end of the fourth capacitor C4 is grounded, and the other end is connected to the negative power supply terminal of the second operational amplifier U2; the output terminal of the second operational amplifier U2 is the signal output terminal of the bias circuit 1031.

[0050] The non-inverting input of the second operational amplifier U2 is grounded through the ninth resistor R9, setting a reference zero potential. The input signal is connected to the inverting input of the second operational amplifier U2 through the third resistor R3. The fourth resistor R4, the fifth adjusting potentiometer R5, the sixth resistor R6, and the seventh resistor R7 form a voltage divider network. By changing the position of the moving contact of the fifth adjusting potentiometer R5, a suitable DC bias voltage is obtained from the +12V and -12V power supplies. This DC bias voltage is connected to the inverting input of the second operational amplifier U2 through the fourth resistor R4, used to set the static operating point of the operational amplifier and ensure that it can linearly amplify the input signal. The eighth resistor R8 forms the negative feedback loop of the second operational amplifier U2, which stabilizes the gain and output voltage of the second operational amplifier U2 and prevents the second operational amplifier U2 from entering a non-linear operating state. After processing the input signal and bias voltage, the second operational amplifier U2 outputs the signal from the OUTPUT terminal. The third capacitor C3 and the fourth capacitor C4 act as filters to stabilize the power supply voltage and reduce the impact of power supply noise on the circuit.

[0051] In this embodiment of the disclosure, multiple integral control branches 1023 share an adjustable bias circuit 1031 after the analog switch 1022, which can shift the output baseline without changing the filtering parameters of the selected branch.

[0052] In some exemplary implementations, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the output module 103 includes a gain adjustment unit 1032, wherein the gain adjustment unit 1032 is used to amplify the analog voltage signal by a factor corresponding to the gain control signal according to the received gain control signal.

[0053] In this embodiment, the gain adjustment unit 1032 can be a linear / logarithmic rotary potentiometer, directly connected in series in the feedback gain adjustment loop of the operational amplifier, replacing the traditional fixed gain resistor. When the knob is rotated, the moving contact of the potentiometer synchronously changes the equivalent resistance value of the feedback loop, thereby changing the amplification factor of the circuit and realizing direct linkage between knob rotation and gain change.

[0054] For example, in this embodiment of the disclosure, the gain adjustment unit 1032 can amplify by different factors: 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, and 20 V / V; however, this disclosure is not limited thereto. The magnitude and number of amplification factors can be set as needed. In this embodiment of the disclosure, the filter time constant is adjusted by the preceding control module 1021 and the integral control branch 1023, and the subsequent gain amplification factor is adjusted by the gain adjustment unit 1032, thereby making the smoothness, response speed, and output range independent of each other.

[0055] In this embodiment of the present disclosure, when the output module 103 includes both a bias circuit 1031 and a gain adjustment unit 1032, the bias circuit 1031 can be placed before the gain circuit. By placing the bias circuit 1031 before the gain circuit, zeroing and DC baseline elimination can be completed before the signal enters the amplification stage, thereby avoiding the output saturation problem caused by the subsequent high gain amplification of DC error from the root.

[0056] In this embodiment of the present disclosure, an output resistor may be connected in series on the output path of the output module 103 (at the output interface 1033). For example, the resistance value of the output resistor may be about 50Ω. However, the present disclosure does not limit the resistance value of the output resistor.

[0057] In the random pulse intensity detection device of this embodiment, the signal chain is a feedforward structure, and low-frequency or DC components are not fed back to the detector input for cancellation.

[0058] The random pulse intensity detection device of this disclosure can be directly added to the existing measurement link as a single serial module, and the analog output can be directly connected to an oscilloscope, data acquisition card or programmable logic controller (PLC); the core conversion does not rely on a microcontroller, PC and dedicated software, and has few connection ports.

[0059] An exemplary input is a random positive pulse with an amplitude of approximately 4 V and a pulse width of approximately 50 ns. When the interval between two original pulses is greater than approximately 50 ns, they can be distinguished in the original waveform. After entering the integral control branch 1023, each pulse generates a decaying response with a duration determined by the filter time constant τ. Multiple responses are superimposed in the time domain to form a continuous or quasi-continuous analog signal.

[0060] Let λ represent the average pulse arrival rate, and λτ represent the average number of events contained within a time constant. A larger λτ generally results in a smoother output; a shorter time constant results in a faster response but more noticeable random ripple; a longer time constant results in a smoother output but longer setup and recovery times.

[0061] Figure 7 The diagram shows the measured waveforms at a time constant of 330 μs. Cyan represents the original random pulses, and yellow represents the processed continuous analog voltage signal. Individual pulses are clearly visible in the cyan channel; at a time constant of 330 μs, the yellow channel forms a relatively smooth plateau voltage, and the characteristics of individual pulses are almost indistinguishable. This result indicates that this device does not count individual pulses one by one, but rather obtains a continuous voltage that can be read by the next stage device directly through analog accumulation.

[0062] like Figure 8 As shown, this disclosure also provides a random pulse intensity detection system, including the random pulse intensity detection device 10 as described in any embodiment of this disclosure, and further including a photodetector 20 and a lower-level processing module 30, wherein: The output terminal of the photodetector 20 is connected to the input module of the random pulse intensity detection device 10; The output module of the random pulse intensity detection device 10 is connected to the lower-level processing module 30, which can be any one of the following: oscilloscope, data acquisition card, or programmable logic controller (PLC).

[0063] When using the random pulse intensity detection device of this disclosure embodiment, the user can connect it via a single path: "detector or preamplifier → this device → oscilloscope, data acquisition card or PLC". The core conversion is completed entirely by analog feedforward circuit, without the need for a microcontroller, dedicated counter or PC, and has fewer connection ports; apart from power supply, only one signal input and one analog output need to be connected, making it convenient to use, requiring no software driver or complex settings, and it can work as soon as it is powered on, greatly reducing the operating threshold and equipment cost.

[0064] In this embodiment of the disclosure, the lower-level processing module 30 can be an oscilloscope, a data acquisition card, a PLC, or other high-impedance analog input devices.

[0065] Ordinary low-pass circuits with fixed parameters struggle to balance output smoothness and response speed. This disclosure addresses this issue by simulating and accumulating random pulses output from the same photodetector. Different integral control branches with varying filter time constants are selected based on application requirements. While maintaining the same passband gain for each integral control branch, the smoothness and response speed are adjusted. A usable analog voltage is then output through a subsequent bias circuit and gain adjustment unit, achieving a balance between output smoothness and response speed. This random pulse intensity detection device, as an independent cascaded analog module, can be directly integrated into the user's existing measurement network.

[0066] The random pulse intensity detection device disclosed herein can realize the discrete characteristic erasure of random pulses. Here, "discrete characteristic erasure" means reducing the distinguishability of individual pulses in the output waveform, while retaining information related to the average pulse arrival rate or incident light intensity, without indicating a change in the physical quantum state of photons.

[0067] It should be noted that the above embodiments or implementation methods are merely exemplary and not restrictive. Therefore, this disclosure is not limited to the content specifically shown and described herein. Various modifications, substitutions, or omissions can be made to the form and details of the implementations without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A random pulse intensity detection device, characterized in that, It includes an input module, an integral control module, and an output module, wherein: The input module is used to receive random pulse input and output the received random pulse to the integral control module; The integral control module includes at least one integral circuit for converting multiple random pulses into analog voltage signals via the integral circuit. The output module is used to output the analog voltage signal.

2. The random pulse intensity detection device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The integral control module includes an analog switch, a control module, and multiple parallel-connected integral control branches, each with a different filtering time constant; wherein: The analog switch is connected to the input module, the input terminals of the multiple integral control branches, and the control module, and is used to select and activate the connection between one of the input terminals of the multiple integral control branches and the input module under the control of the control module.

3. The random pulse intensity detection device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The integral control module includes a first analog switch, a second analog switch, a linkage control module, and multiple parallel-connected integral control branches, each with a different filtering time constant; wherein: The first analog switch is connected to the input module, the input terminals of the multiple integral control branches, and the linkage control module, and is used to select and connect one of the input terminals of the multiple integral control branches to the input module under the control of the linkage control module. The second analog switch is connected to the output module, the output terminals of the multiple integral control branches, and the linkage control module, and is used to select and connect one of the output terminals of the multiple integral control branches to the output module under the control of the linkage control module. The linkage control module is connected to the first analog switch and the second analog switch, and is used to synchronously control the first analog switch and the second analog switch.

4. The random pulse intensity detection device according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, The passband gain is the same for all integral control branches.

5. The random pulse intensity detection device according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, Each of the integral control branches includes one or more integral circuits connected in series.

6. The random pulse intensity detection device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The integrating circuit includes a first operational amplifier, a first capacitor, a second capacitor, a first resistor, and a second resistor, wherein: The inverting input terminal of the first operational amplifier is directly connected to the output terminal of the first operational amplifier; The first resistor and the second resistor are connected in series and then connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the first operational amplifier; One end of the first capacitor is grounded, and the other end is connected to the non-inverting input of the first operational amplifier; One end of the second capacitor is connected to the output terminal of the first operational amplifier, and the other end is connected to the series connection point between the first resistor and the second resistor.

7. The random pulse intensity detection device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The output module includes a bias circuit, wherein the bias circuit is used to perform a circuit zeroing operation to filter out excess DC components in the analog voltage signal.

8. The random pulse intensity detection device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The output module includes a gain adjustment unit, wherein the gain adjustment unit is used to amplify the analog voltage signal by a factor corresponding to the received gain control signal.

9. The random pulse intensity detection device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The random pulses received by the input module are either voltage pulses or current pulses. When the received random pulses are current pulses, the input module includes a transimpedance amplifier for converting the received current pulses into voltage pulses.

10. A random pulse intensity detection system, characterized in that, The device includes the random pulse intensity detection device as described in any one of claims 1 to 9, and further includes a photodetector and a lower-level processing module, wherein: The output terminal of the photodetector is connected to the input module of the random pulse intensity detection device; The output module of the random pulse intensity detection device is connected to the lower-level processing module, which can be any one of the following: oscilloscope, data acquisition card, or programmable logic controller.

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