A fentanyl full-cycle traceability system and method

Abstract

The application discloses a fentanyl whole-process tracing system and method, and relates to the technical field of drug safety supervision and Internet of Things application.The application comprises a national tracing platform, an RFID tag for giving a unique identity to a medicine bottle, a pharmaceutical enterprise automatic production line tracing module, a medical institution intelligent management module and a circulation verification module; the RFID tag adopts specific antenna design resisting liquid interference, ultrathin PET substrate and strong water-based adhesive to ensure reliable pasting and reading on a glass ampoule bottle.The application realizes single-branch accurate identification and batch rapid inventory of fentanyl medicines through RFID technology, solves the problems of missed reading and misreading in liquid medicines and metal environment, ensures that data cannot be tampered with, forms a closed-loop tracing from production to destruction, and effectively prevents illegal circulation and abuse of fentanyl.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of drug safety supervision and Internet of Things application technology, and in particular to a fentanyl full-process traceability system and method. Background Technology

[0002] Traditional management models for narcotic and psychotropic drugs have significant flaws. For example, a "drug-finding crisis" in the operating room of a top-tier hospital due to a discrepancy between the number of fentanyl vials and the inventory exposed problems such as unclear drug distribution, high error rates in manual records, and the inability to trace paper ledgers in real time. Peking University First Hospital also found in its "three-tiered basic management" system that manual procurement, acceptance, storage, and allocation relied on manual record-keeping and verification, resulting in inefficiency and error risks. Medical institutions generally face operational pain points such as mismatches between drug requisition filings and the HIS system, and omissions in manual counting of drugs nearing their expiration date, leading to frequent adverse events.

[0003] With the changing drug situation, the risk of abuse of narcotic and psychotropic drugs has intensified. In 2024, 46 new psychoactive substances and 4 new narcotic and psychotropic drugs were added to the list of controlled substances in China, and 11,000 related criminal cases were solved. Criminals disguised tramadol and other substances as "milk tea powder" and "e-cigarette oil," and a 19-year-old teenager, Xiao Su, developed addiction symptoms after taking them. Such cases highlight the serious harm of illegal circulation. The National Medical Products Administration's Document No. 16 of 2024 dynamically adjusted the list, adding four substances, including dextromethorphan, to the Class II list of psychotropic drugs, and upgrading midazolam to Class I, requiring the establishment of a full-chain traceability system. Against this backdrop, the policy of assigning codes to individual vials is urgent and necessary.

[0004] Currently, various provinces have proposed plans specifying that by 2026, all types of narcotic and psychotropic drugs must be traceable by barcode scanning. This system achieves full traceability from production to use through "one item, one code," marking a shift in my country's regulation of narcotic and psychotropic drugs from "batch management" to "single-unit level" refined control. This not only meets the regulatory requirements of international conventions such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs for contracting parties, but also solves the current problem that "box-level traceability" cannot accurately locate the flow of individual units.

[0005] Currently, drug traceability mainly relies on barcode or QR code technology, collecting information by scanning each ampoule. However, the unique characteristics of fentanyl-related drugs place significantly higher technical demands on traceability systems than on conventional drugs. While RFID technology can achieve batch identification, its direct application to liquid drugs like fentanyl, which are packaged in glass ampoules, presents significant shortcomings when facing the following core challenges: (1) Weak data security and anti-tampering capabilities As a strictly controlled narcotic drug, fentanyl's traceability data must possess extremely high security, authenticity, and immutability. Traditional barcodes and QR codes, serving only as information carriers, lack data encryption and anti-cloning capabilities, making them vulnerable to forgery or replacement. Without effective encryption mechanisms during data transmission and storage, traceability information faces the risk of illegal interception, alteration, or theft, failing to meet the mandatory regulatory requirements for information security of specially controlled drugs.

[0006] (2) Insufficient reliability of coding and association in high-speed production environment

[0007] In large-scale production, fentanyl packaging speeds typically exceed 150 boxes per minute. Traditional barcode technology relies on manual scanning of each fentanyl or single-pass reading, which is inefficient and prone to errors. RFID technology faces bottlenecks due to the high-speed, densely packed flow of multiple tags, leading to missed or incorrect readings. Existing reading devices often struggle to balance reading speed and accuracy when handling densely packed, fast-moving pharmaceutical packages, resulting in data misalignment or missing information across bottle-box-carton levels, directly impacting the integrity of the traceability chain.

[0008] (3) The problem of strong interference of liquid medicines to radio frequency identification

[0009] Fentanyl injection solutions are typically packaged in glass ampoules or vials. The liquid inside (especially electrolyte-containing solutions) strongly absorbs and reflects ultra-high frequency radio frequency signals, causing impedance mismatch in RFID tags, a sharp drop in reading distance, or even complete inability to identify them. Furthermore, in scenarios such as smart cabinets in medical institutions, dozens to hundreds of medications are stacked haphazardly with tags facing randomly. Existing ordinary RFID tags struggle to achieve 100% batch reading rates in this complex environment of "high liquid interference + dense multi-tags," severely hindering the practical application of intelligent management.

[0010] (4) The challenges of refined and universal management of medical institution terminals

[0011] In clinical practice, large hospitals require "second-level inventory, accurate reimbursement, and patient-drug linkage" for fentanyl management, demanding that smart cabinets quickly identify all medications within and connect to the hospital's HIS system in real time. However, existing smart cabinets often suffer from slow inventory speeds, high missed read rates, and frequent cross-reading due to unreasonable antenna design and suboptimal read / write algorithms. On the other hand, many grassroots medical institutions lack the funding and space to deploy smart cabinets. How to provide them with lightweight, mobile management tools while ensuring a closed-loop traceability system, achieving full coverage of the "one drug, one code" traceability system, remains a pressing issue.

[0012] To address the aforementioned issues, a fentanyl end-to-end traceability system and method are proposed to solve the problems existing in the current technology, which is an urgent problem to be solved by those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0013] In view of this, the present invention provides a fentanyl end-to-end traceability system and method to solve the technical problems in the prior art.

[0014] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A fentanyl end-to-end traceability system includes: The National Drug Traceability Platform serves as a data hub, storing and managing data across the entire process. RFID electronic tags are attached to the smallest packaging unit of fentanyl as its unique identifier. The pharmaceutical company's automated traceability subsystem includes an automatic labeling station, a bottle-box-carton multi-code association and binding station, and an automatic inbound and outbound data collection station, enabling unmanned data collection and association in the production process; Intelligent management terminals for medical institutions are used for the storage, dispensing, verification, and inventory of medicines. The circulation verification terminal is used to quickly verify box-level units in the logistics transit and hospital warehousing processes.

[0015] The above-mentioned system, optionally, uses RFID electronic tags with a flexible etched aluminum antenna resistant to liquid interference, with an antenna area of ​​17mm×17mm to 18mm×18mm, a substrate of 38μm thick polyester PET film, and a permanent acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive.

[0016] In the above-mentioned system, optionally, in the pharmaceutical enterprise automated traceability subsystem, the bottle-box-carton multi-code association binding station adopts a high-speed RFID reader based on the E710 chip, a directional near-field antenna and a metal shield, and is configured with an anti-cross-reading algorithm. When the production line speed is not less than 150 boxes per minute, a reliable association with a miss rate of 0 and a cross-reading distance between adjacent stations of less than 10cm is achieved.

[0017] Optionally, the intelligent management terminal for medical institutions in the aforementioned system is a fentanyl intelligent cabinet, which is equipped with at least one RFID reading antenna array inside.

[0018] Optionally, the above system employs a narrow-beam antenna design and combines Session 2 mode with a dynamic Q-value algorithm to achieve a 100% identification rate for batch inventorying of hundreds of medicines that are randomly stacked and facing different directions in the cabinet within 4 seconds.

[0019] In the above system, the RFID electronic tag chip can be selected from Impinj M830, Fudan Micro FM13UF0051E or Jiewat JMW8116 chip, with an operating frequency band of 920MHz-925MHz.

[0020] Optionally, when the RFID electronic tag is affixed to a 1ml ampoule in the above system, its maximum reading distance is not less than 2 meters in the 902-928MHz frequency band when it is parallel to the polarization direction of the reader antenna.

[0021] A method for full-process traceability of fentanyl, based on the fentanyl full-process traceability system described in any one of the above claims, includes the following steps: S1. At the pharmaceutical production end, RFID tags are affixed to fentanyl drugs, and multi-level binding of bottles, boxes, and cartons is completed; S2. In the distribution process, RFID reading and writing equipment is used to verify the entry and exit of medicines, logistics transportation, and receipt. S3. At the medical institution level, medicines are stored, retrieved, inventoried, and their usage records are kept through smart cabinets or handheld PDAs. S4. At the disposal end, expired or returned medicines are identified by RFID and disposal information is recorded. S5. All data is uploaded to the fentanyl traceability platform in real time, enabling traceability of the entire drug lifecycle.

[0022] Optionally, the label production method in S1 includes the following methods as described above: Choose either lamination or bonding technology based on the product style; For the most popular styles, a lamination process is used; for the remaining styles, a bonding process is used. Use Avery 915 strong adhesive water-based tape as the adhesive layer to fit the surface of the ampoule; High-speed coding equipment is used for tag encoding and writing, while RFID printers are used for small-batch or urgent orders.

[0023] Optionally, the above method, S5, includes a sub-step for encrypted data transmission and security management: The coding data is generated online in real time based on the order. The encoded file is transmitted to the traceability platform after being encrypted; The data is used and stored by designated personnel and machines, and after the coding is completed, it is sent back to the platform and the local copy is destroyed. For medical institutions that do not have smart cabinets, handheld PDAs or PADs with integrated RFID reading and writing and barcode scanning functions are provided. They are connected to the traceability platform and the hospital's HIS system through an encrypted network to achieve mobile traceability management.

[0024] As can be seen from the above technical solution, compared with the prior art, the present invention provides a fentanyl end-to-end traceability system and method, which has the following beneficial effects: (1) Accurate and reliable: The customized anti-liquid RFID tag solves the problem of liquid medicine identification and ensures the identifiability of a single medicine in various scenarios.

[0025] (2) High efficiency and convenience: It realizes the fully automatic connection of the production line and the second-level batch inventory of warehousing and medical links, which greatly improves the efficiency of supervision and reduces manual intervention and errors.

[0026] (3) Closed-loop throughout the entire process: It covers all key links from raw materials to destruction, realizes transparent management of the entire life cycle of "one item, one code", and effectively blocks illegal circulation paths.

[0027] (4) Security and tamper-proof: RFID-based electronic identities are difficult to copy and forge. Combined with encrypted data transmission, the security and credibility of traceability data are guaranteed.

[0028] (5) Flexible adaptation: The system is designed with two medical terminal solutions: smart cabinet and handheld PDA, which can adapt to the actual situation of medical institutions of different levels and achieve full coverage of traceability. Attached Figure Description

[0029] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without creative effort.

[0030] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall architecture of the fentanyl end-to-end traceability system disclosed in this invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the automated production traceability process for pharmaceutical companies disclosed in this invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the principle of the bottle-box-carton RFID association binding station disclosed in this invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the process for full-case acceptance in the distribution stage disclosed in this invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the dedicated RFID electronic tag disclosed in this invention; Figure 6 The 20th invention disclosed herein Schematic diagram of the 11mm antenna reading range performance; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the antenna directional readout performance disclosed in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0032] In this application, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used merely to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. The terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element.

[0033] See Figure 1 As shown, this invention discloses a fentanyl end-to-end traceability system, comprising: The National Drug Traceability Platform serves as a data hub, storing and managing data across the entire process. RFID electronic tags are attached to the smallest packaging unit of fentanyl as its unique identifier. The pharmaceutical company's automated traceability subsystem includes an automatic labeling station, a bottle-box-carton multi-code association and binding station, and an automatic inbound and outbound data collection station, enabling unmanned data collection and association in the production process; Intelligent management terminals for medical institutions are used for the storage, dispensing, verification, and inventory of medicines. The circulation verification terminal is used to quickly verify box-level units in the logistics transit and hospital warehousing processes.

[0034] The platform generates a globally unique identifier for each fentanyl vial. Dedicated RFID tags are manufactured and initialized in a controlled tagging factory and then supplied to pharmaceutical companies. Pharmaceutical companies complete labeling and multi-level packaging association on the production line, with data uploaded to the platform in real time. The medication is then distributed to medical institutions via logistics and used under the management of smart cabinets or handheld devices. Finally, empty bottles or expired medications are destroyed under monitoring, and the information is verified on the platform, forming a closed loop.

[0035] Furthermore, the RFID electronic tag uses a flexible etched aluminum antenna that is resistant to liquid interference, with an antenna area of ​​17mm×17mm to 18mm×18mm. The substrate is a 38μm thick polyester PET film, and the adhesive is a permanent acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive.

[0036] Furthermore, in the pharmaceutical automated traceability subsystem, the bottle-box-carton multi-code association binding station adopts a high-speed RFID reader based on the E710 chip, a directional near-field antenna, and a metal shield, and is equipped with an anti-cross-reading algorithm. When the production line speed is not less than 150 boxes per minute, a reliable association with a miss rate of 0 and a cross-reading distance between adjacent stations of less than 10cm is achieved.

[0037] Furthermore, the intelligent management terminal for medical institutions is a fentanyl intelligent cabinet, which is equipped with at least one RFID reading antenna array inside.

[0038] Furthermore, the antenna array adopts a narrow beam antenna design and combines Session 2 mode with dynamic Q-value algorithm to achieve a 100% identification rate for batch inventory of hundreds of medicines that are randomly stacked and facing different directions in the cabinet within 4 seconds.

[0039] Furthermore, the RFID electronic tag chip is selected from Impinj M830, Fudan Micro FM13UF0051E or Jiewat JMW8116 chip, with an operating frequency band of 920MHz-925MHz.

[0040] Furthermore, when an RFID electronic tag is affixed to a 1ml ampoule, in the 902-928MHz frequency band, when it is parallel to the polarization direction of the reader antenna, its maximum reading distance is no less than 2 meters.

[0041] and Figure 1 Corresponding to the system shown, this invention also discloses a fentanyl end-to-end traceability method, including the following steps: S1. At the pharmaceutical production end, RFID tags are affixed to fentanyl drugs, and multi-level binding of bottles, boxes, and cartons is completed; S2. In the distribution process, RFID reading and writing equipment is used to verify the entry and exit of medicines, logistics transportation, and receipt. S3. At the medical institution level, medicines are stored, retrieved, inventoried, and their usage records are kept through smart cabinets or handheld PDAs. S4. At the disposal end, expired or returned medicines are identified by RFID and disposal information is recorded. S5. All data is uploaded to the fentanyl traceability platform in real time, enabling traceability of the entire drug lifecycle.

[0042] Furthermore, the label production method in S1 includes: Choose either lamination or bonding technology based on the product style; For the most popular styles, a lamination process is used; for the remaining styles, a bonding process is used. Use Avery 915 strong adhesive water-based tape as the adhesive layer to fit the surface of the ampoule; High-speed coding equipment is used for tag encoding and writing, while RFID printers are used for small-batch or urgent orders.

[0043] Furthermore, S5 includes sub-steps for encrypted data transmission and security management: The coding data is generated online in real time based on the order. The encoded file is transmitted to the traceability platform after being encrypted; The data is used and stored by designated personnel and machines, and after the coding is completed, it is sent back to the platform and the local copy is destroyed. For medical institutions that do not have smart cabinets, handheld PDAs or PADs with integrated RFID reading and writing and barcode scanning functions are provided. They are connected to the traceability platform and the hospital's HIS system through an encrypted network to achieve mobile traceability management.

[0044] In one specific embodiment: pharmaceutical manufacturing process

[0045] like Figure 2 As shown, after being cleaned and dried, the medicine bottles enter the automatic labeling station. The labeling machine uses Avery Dennison 915 strong adhesive water-based tape to attach the RFID tags (see structure below). Figure 5 The label is firmly attached to the bottle. After labeling, the medicine bottle enters the bottle-box linkage station. Figure 3 The production line is designed with dual tracks, operating at a speed of 150 boxes per minute. Each track is equipped with a high-speed reader based on the Impinj E710 chip, connected to a directional near-field antenna and shielded with a metal cover. As the medicine bottle passes horizontally, the reader quickly reads the EPC code on the bottle label and binds it to the subsequently read EPC code of the packaging box within the system. The system algorithm filters out tags with excessively low RSSI values ​​or abnormal reading positions, effectively preventing cross-reading between adjacent tracks or medicine boxes. Successfully bound medicine boxes are automatically sealed, and box-to-box association is completed via RFID tags on the boxes. The entire box information is collected in batches by the gate-type reader upon shipment and uploaded to the national platform.

[0046] In one specific embodiment: Hospital usage phase

[0047] The fentanyl smart cabinet has multiple layers for storing medications. Each layer has an embedded antenna array at the bottom, consisting of one main antenna and two compensating antennas, connected to a multi-channel reader / writer. When a nurse swipes their card to retrieve medication, the cabinet door unlocks, and the system records the retrieval. After the medication is retrieved, the cabinet door is closed, triggering an automatic inventory check. The reader / writer uses Session 2 mode and a dynamic Q-value algorithm to accurately identify the EPC codes of all medications in the cabinet within 1-2 seconds, compares them with the system inventory, automatically completes the dispensing and accounting process, and synchronizes the data to the hospital's HIS and the national platform. For bulk medications, a handheld PDA can be used for the same operation.

[0048] Example: Distribution and Acceptance Process

[0049] like Figure 4 As shown, after the medicines are delivered to the hospital's central pharmacy, staff use a handheld PDA or a fixed reader to closely examine the entire box of medicines. Within 2-3 seconds, the device reads the information from all bottle-level RFID tags inside the box and compares it with the delivery order pushed by the platform. If the quantity and type match perfectly, the delivery is confirmed; if a shortage or mixing with other medicines is found, the system immediately issues an alarm, and an on-site investigation is conducted.

[0050] See Figure 6 As shown, the anti-liquid antenna design takes into account good reading performance and sensitivity. The newly designed inlay can identify drugs at a distance of more than 2 meters.

[0051] See Figure 7 As shown, the antenna's directional reading performance is better in the lateral inlay direction, with a longer reading range, but it is prone to label slippage. Both the lateral and vertical models meet the requirements for bonding and group reading, but their performance is poor in environments without liquids. The newly designed square loop antenna has a larger imaginary part, making it compatible with both liquids and non-liquids (compatible with empty bottles and vials, with better consistency and better suitability for group reading in smart cabinets).

[0052] For the system or system embodiments, since they are basically similar to the method embodiments, the description is relatively simple, and relevant details can be found in the description of the method embodiments. The systems and system embodiments described above are merely illustrative. The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate, and the components shown as units may or may not be physical units, that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the modules can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs. Those skilled in the art can understand and implement this without creative effort.

[0053] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A fentanyl end-to-end traceability system, characterized in that, include: The National Drug Traceability Platform serves as a data hub, storing and managing data across the entire process. RFID electronic tags are attached to the smallest packaging unit of fentanyl as its unique identifier. The pharmaceutical company's automated traceability subsystem includes an automatic labeling station, a bottle-box-carton multi-code association and binding station, and an automatic inbound and outbound data collection station, enabling unmanned data collection and association in the production process; Intelligent management terminals for medical institutions are used for the storage, dispensing, verification, and inventory of medicines. The circulation verification terminal is used to quickly verify box-level units in the logistics transit and hospital warehousing processes.

2. The fentanyl end-to-end traceability system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The RFID electronic tag uses a flexible etched aluminum antenna that is resistant to liquid interference, with an antenna area of ​​17mm×17mm to 18mm×18mm. The substrate is a 38μm thick polyester PET film, and the adhesive is a permanent acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive.

3. The fentanyl end-to-end traceability system according to claim 2, characterized in that, In the pharmaceutical automated traceability subsystem, the bottle-box-carton multi-code association binding station uses a high-speed RFID reader based on the E710 chip, a directional near-field antenna, and a metal shield, and is equipped with an anti-cross-reading algorithm. When the production line speed is not less than 150 boxes per minute, it achieves a reliable association with a miss rate of 0 and a cross-reading distance of less than 10cm between adjacent stations.

4. The fentanyl end-to-end traceability system according to claim 3, characterized in that, The intelligent management terminal for medical institutions is a fentanyl intelligent cabinet, which is equipped with at least one RFID reading antenna array inside.

5. A fentanyl end-to-end traceability system according to claim 4, characterized in that, The antenna array adopts a narrow beam antenna design and combines Session 2 mode with dynamic Q-value algorithm to achieve a 100% identification rate for batch inventory of hundreds of medicines that are randomly stacked and facing different directions in the cabinet within 4 seconds.

6. The fentanyl end-to-end traceability system according to claim 5, characterized in that, The RFID electronic tag uses chips selected from Impinj M830, Fudan Microelectronics FM13UF0051E or Jiewat JMW8116 chips, with an operating frequency band of 920MHz-925MHz.

7. A fentanyl end-to-end traceability system according to claim 6, characterized in that, When an RFID electronic tag is affixed to a 1ml ampoule, in the 902-928MHz frequency band, when it is parallel to the polarization direction of the reader antenna, its maximum reading distance is no less than 2 meters.

8. A method for full-process traceability of fentanyl, characterized in that, A fentanyl end-to-end traceability system according to any one of claims 1-7 includes the following steps: S1. At the pharmaceutical production end, RFID tags are affixed to fentanyl drugs, and multi-level binding of bottles, boxes, and cartons is completed; S2. In the distribution process, RFID reading and writing equipment is used to verify the entry and exit of medicines, logistics transportation, and receipt. S3. At the medical institution level, medicines are stored, retrieved, inventoried, and their usage records are kept through smart cabinets or handheld PDAs. S4. At the disposal end, expired or returned medicines are identified by RFID and disposal information is recorded. S5. All data is uploaded to the fentanyl traceability platform in real time, enabling traceability of the entire drug lifecycle.

9. A fentanyl end-to-end traceability method according to claim 8, characterized in that, The label production methods in S1 include: Choose either lamination or bonding technology based on the product style; For the most popular styles, a lamination process is used; for the remaining styles, a bonding process is used. Use Avery 915 strong adhesive water-based tape as the adhesive layer to fit the surface of the ampoule; High-speed coding equipment is used for tag encoding and writing, while RFID printers are used for small-batch or urgent orders.

10. A fentanyl end-to-end traceability method according to claim 8, characterized in that, S5 includes sub-steps for encrypted data transmission and security management: The coding data is generated online in real time based on the order. The encoded file is transmitted to the traceability platform after being encrypted; The data is used and stored by designated personnel and machines, and after the coding is completed, it is sent back to the platform and the local copy is destroyed. For medical institutions that do not have smart cabinets, handheld PDAs or PADs with integrated RFID reading and writing and barcode scanning functions are provided. They are connected to the traceability platform and the hospital's HIS system through an encrypted network to achieve mobile traceability management.

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