A loess hilly region potato stress resistance yield increasing cultivation method

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of loess hilly region potato stress-resistant yield-increasing cultivation methods, it is related to agricultural cultivation technical field, the method includes: S1: potato seed potatoes are sequentially soaked in low, medium, high concentration gradient acclimation liquid and are acclimated;S2: construct solid functional zone: vertical deep rotary tillage is sequentially applied L4 deep salt base buffer layer, L3 microorganism tunnel layer, L2 nutrient slow-release layer, vertical flow channel is set after ridging L1 to L4, and L1 biological activity cover is laid on ridge surface;S3: sowing acclimation seed potatoes;S4: delay sowing green manure;S5: after green manure natural withering, form composite cover layer with L1 layer;S6: harvest.The application is through multiple technologies cooperation, significantly improves the drought resistance, stress resistance and yield of potato, simultaneously improves soil structure, improves water use efficiency, and is suitable for loess hilly region and similar dry farming agricultural area.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural cultivation technology, specifically to a method for stress-resistant and yield-increasing potato cultivation in the Loess Hilly Area. Background Technology

[0002] The annual precipitation in the Loess Hilly Area and similar dryland farming areas is only 300-450 mm, and the seasonal distribution is extremely uneven. Potato production has long faced the dual constraints of drought and poor soil conditions. Although yield-increasing models mainly based on mulching and chemical fertilizer input can partially alleviate drought, problems such as residual film pollution and soil quality decline are becoming increasingly prominent. Green manure intercropping is a recognized method for improving soil fertility, but the traditional co-existence period between green manure and potatoes is relatively long, and the vigorous growth stage highly overlaps with the potato tuber enlargement stage. The competition between the two for water and nutrients often results in a decline in the yield of the main crop.

[0003] The stress-inducing effects of plant growth regulators have been verified in various crops. However, existing studies mostly employ foliar spraying or seed soaking with single regulators, resulting in short-lived effects that cannot cover the entire nearly 100-day growth period of potatoes and are difficult to integrate with soil microenvironment improvement. Therefore, it is urgent to address the comprehensive technical challenges in existing technologies, such as the short duration of single stress-resistance measures, intense competition between green manure and main crops, and the difficulty in synergistically combining soil water and salt regulation with biological induction. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention addresses the aforementioned problems by providing a stress-resistant and yield-increasing potato cultivation method for the Loess Plateau region. The invention follows the overall approach of "systematic induction, stratified regulation, and synergistic enhancement." First, through gradient domestication of seed potatoes, a gradual stress treatment using multiple signaling molecules is employed to activate the seed potatoes' inherent "stress resistance memory" and defense system. Second, by constructing a "three-dimensional functional zone" in the soil, a highly efficient regulatory network of "water-fertilizer-air-heat-bacteria-salt" with clearly defined functional zones and smooth material exchange is established from the surface to deep soil layers. Third, by combining delayed-planting green manure with the L1 cover layer, a composite cover layer with complementary structure and enhanced function is formed. Finally, active substances are supplemented during key growth periods to consolidate stress resistance. These four interconnected steps produce a significant synergistic effect.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows: This invention provides a method for stress-resistant and yield-increasing potato cultivation in the Loess Hilly Area, specifically comprising the following steps: S1: Seed potato gradient acclimatization: Potato seed potatoes are soaked in acclimatization solutions of three different concentration gradients in sequence, with a recovery period set between adjacent gradients to obtain acclimatized seed potatoes. S2: Soil preparation and construction of three-dimensional functional zones: Vertical deep rotary tillage is carried out on the planting plots. During the tillage process, L4 deep base buffer layer material and L3 microbial tunnel layer material are applied to the soil layers at the corresponding depths in sequence. Then, ridges are formed, and neither the ridge surface nor the furrow surface is covered with film. On the formed ridges, L2 nutrient slow-release layer material is mixed into the tillage layer, mixed evenly and leveled, and then L1 bioactive covering layer is laid on the ridge surface. Finally, vertical guide channels running through L1 to L4 are set at intervals in the longitudinal direction of the ridge.

[0006] A schematic diagram of the longitudinal cross-sectional structure of the "three-dimensional functional zone" is shown below. Figure 1 As shown, the depth ranges of the L4 deep base buffer layer, L3 microbial tunnel layer, and L2 nutrient slow-release layer in the longitudinal soil profile (e.g., 35-45 cm for L4, 20-35 cm for L3, and 5-20 cm for L2) refer to the target depth range where the functional layer materials are concentrated, not that the materials continuously and densely fill the entire soil layer within that range. In actual implementation, the materials of each functional layer are distributed in the corresponding depth range in the form of thin layers, strips, or discrete particles. The specific thickness and distribution density depend on the application rate of each layer. Those skilled in the art can use conventional rotary tillage mixing or layered fertilization operations according to the given application rate to make the materials form an effective functional enrichment layer within the corresponding depth range.

[0007] S3: Potato planting and positioning with soil covering: Sow domesticated seed potatoes on the ridges, cover with soil after planting, and then spread L1 bioactive covering layer. S4: Delayed sowing and field management of green manure: Sow green manure in the furrows 10-20 days after potato emergence; no artificial irrigation is carried out during the potato growth period (on the one hand, to fit the actual production conditions of dryland areas, and on the other hand, to prove that the method of this invention can efficiently capture and store natural precipitation, and build a self-sustaining water and fertilizer system that does not require artificial irrigation). S5: Green manure naturally withers and is returned to the field: After the green manure has reached its peak flowering period, it is not harvested or turned over. After it withers and falls over naturally, its fallen material is mixed with the L1 bioactive covering layer to form a composite covering layer. S6: Potato Harvesting: Harvest the potatoes after they have naturally withered and turned yellow. Green manure residue and L1 bioactive mulch material are left on the surface to degrade naturally.

[0008] Furthermore, in step S1, the acclimatization solution includes a low-concentration acclimatization solution, a medium-concentration acclimatization solution, and a high-concentration acclimatization solution; The low-concentration acclimatization solution contains the following components: sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) 0.3~0.8 μmol / L, sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor) 80~100 μmol / L, melatonin 40~50 μmol / L, spermidine 50~100 μmol / L, betaine 0.5~1.0 mmol / L, reduced glutathione 50~100 μmol / L, and 0.05%~0.1% (v / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution. The solvent is magnetized water (the main function is to improve the permeability and stability of the solution to active ingredients such as S1P), with a magnetization intensity of 0.3~0.8T and a pH of 6.2~6.8. The medium-concentration acclimatization solution contains the following components: S1P 1.0~1.8μmol / L, SNP 100~130μmol / L, melatonin 50~65μmol / L, spermidine 100~150μmol / L, betaine 1.0~1.5mmol / L, reduced glutathione 50~100μmol / L, and 0.05%~0.1% (v / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution. The solvent is magnetized water with a magnetization intensity of 0.3~0.8T and a pH of 6.2~6.8. The high-concentration acclimatization solution contains the following components: S1P 2.0~3.0μmol / L, SNP 130~150μmol / L, melatonin 65~80μmol / L, spermidine 150~200μmol / L, betaine 1.5~2.0mmol / L, reduced glutathione 50~100μmol / L, and 0.05%~0.1% (v / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution. The solvent is magnetized water with a magnetization intensity of 0.3~0.8T and a pH of 6.2~6.8.

[0009] Further, in step S1, the specific operation of gradient acclimatization is as follows: First stage: Immerse seed potatoes in a low-concentration acclimatization solution and treat in complete darkness at 8-12℃ for 2-4 hours. After removal, treat under low light conditions (relative humidity ≥85%), 18-22℃, and light intensity ≤10μmol·m⁻¹. -2 ·s -1 Recovery time is 6-12 hours. Second gradient: Immerse the seed potatoes treated in the first gradient in a medium-concentration acclimatization solution, and treat them in complete darkness at 8-12℃ for 2-4 hours. After removal, treat them under low light conditions (relative humidity ≥85%), 18-22℃, and light intensity ≤10μmol·m⁻¹. -2 ·s -1 Recovery time is 6-12 hours. Third gradient: Immerse the seed potatoes treated in the second gradient in a high-concentration acclimatization solution and treat them in complete darkness at 8-12℃ for 2-4 hours. After removal, treat them under low light conditions (relative humidity ≥85%), 18-22℃, and light intensity ≤10μmol·m⁻¹.-2 ·s -1 After 12-24 hours of recovery, domesticated seed potatoes can be obtained.

[0010] By employing a compound acclimatization solution with three gradient concentrations (low, medium, and high), the system simulates gradually intensifying stress conditions in nature. A recovery period is set after each stress event to allow seed potato cells to repair and consolidate their "memory." The acclimatization solution contains multiple target signaling molecules: sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) regulates stomatal closure and stress-response gene expression; sodium nitroprusside (NO donor) mediates the antioxidant defense system; melatonin directly scavenges reactive oxygen species; spermine stabilizes nucleic acids and membrane structures; and betaine regulates cellular osmotic balance. The synergistic activation of multiple signaling pathways forms a lasting "stress resistance memory" that is inherited by the above-ground parts, maintaining high stress resistance throughout the plant's entire growth cycle.

[0011] Further, in step S2, the tillage depth is 35-45cm; the ridge width is 60-70cm, the ridge height is 15-20cm, and the furrow width is 40-50cm; the method for setting the vertical flow channel is as follows: Holes are drilled vertically every 20-30cm along the ridge direction, with a hole diameter of 1-2cm, penetrating layers L1-L4. The materials of the L1 bioactive covering layer and the L2 nutrient slow-release layer are mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1, and an appropriate amount of water is added to form a paste. This paste is then filled into the holes and compacted. The vertical flow channel penetrates layers L1-L4, and the filling composite gel paste has repeated water absorption properties, maintaining the channel's patency during alternating wet and dry conditions, thus becoming a "high-speed transmission channel" for water, fertilizer, air, and signal molecules.

[0012] Further, in step S2, the L4 deep base buffer layer is a mixture of well-rotted organic fertilizer, bentonite, and vermiculite in a mass ratio of (3~5):(2~3):(1~2); the application rate is 3~6 kg / m³. 2 It is applied to a depth of 35-45 cm below the surface; among them, the high cation exchange capacity of bentonite and the layered adsorption structure of vermiculite can fix Na+ rising with capillary water. + Isobasic ions are prevented from migrating into the topsoil, thus preventing secondary salinization.

[0013] The L3 microbial tunnel layer is a mixture of a composite microbial agent and a carrier. The composite microbial agent contains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosa, and Bacillus brevis, with a viable count ratio of (2~3):(1~2):(1~1.5), and a total effective viable count ≥2×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g, wherein the carrier is biochar or well-rotted straw compost with an organic carbon content of 15%~25%; application rate is 2~5 kg / m³. 2Apply it to a depth of 20-35cm below the ground surface; among them, beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis use biochar as a carrier to stably reproduce during the growth period, form a mycelial network, secrete extracellular polysaccharides to promote the formation of aggregates, and activate nutrients.

[0014] The L2 nutrient slow-release layer is a slow-release granule, which, by weight, contains 60-75 parts of well-rotted organic fertilizer, 15-25 parts of biochar, 5-10 parts of sodium polyaspartate (molecular weight 5000-20000 Da), 0.5-1.5 parts of spermidine, and 1-3 parts of betaine. It is granulated by fluidized bed to obtain granules with a particle size of 2-5 mm. The application rate is 200-400 kg / mu, and it is mixed into the soil to a depth of 5-20 cm below the top of the ridge. The slow-release granules slowly release nutrients and osmotic regulators after contact with water, continuously supplying the rhizosphere for 60 days.

[0015] The L1 bioactive covering layer is a composite gel particle, comprising, by weight, 60-75 parts of gelatinized modified potato starch, 10-15 parts of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5-10 parts of sodium alginate, 0.3-1.5 parts of S1P microcapsules, 1-3 parts of reduced glutathione, 1-2 parts of potassium sulfate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.5-1 parts of citric acid crosslinking agent; the layer thickness is 2-3 cm. The L1 layer has an ultra-high water absorption rate, capable of absorbing and storing rainwater; the S1P microcapsules achieve long-term sustained release of signaling substances (up to 60 days); and simultaneously provide physical barrier to suppress weeds.

[0016] Furthermore, the preparation method of the S1P microcapsules is as follows: S1P is dissolved in PBS buffer containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin at pH 7.2, with a final S1P concentration of 10 μmol / L. 0.2% soluble betaine is added as a osmotic stabilizer to obtain an S1P solution. The S1P solution is mixed with 3% sodium alginate solution (w / v) at a volume ratio of 1:5, emulsified, and then dropped into 3% calcium chloride solution to form microcapsules with a particle size of 100~500 μm. The microcapsules are then filtered, washed, and freeze-dried to obtain the final product.

[0017] Furthermore, in step S3, the sowing depth is 10-15cm, the plant spacing is 30-35cm, the soil covering thickness is 2-3cm, and the thickness of the L1 bioactive covering layer is 2-3cm.

[0018] Further, in step S4, the green manure is arrowhead pea and / or hairy vetch, with a sowing rate of 2.5-3.5 kg / mu. It is sown in the furrows 10-20 days after potato emergence, at which point the potatoes have already secured their ecological niche. The green manure requires less fertilizer in the early stages, thus avoiding the peak water and fertilizer competition during tuber enlargement. After full bloom, it is not turned over but allowed to wither and fall over naturally. The fallen leaves are rich in cellulose, and when mixed with layer L1, they form a thicker and denser composite covering layer, significantly enhancing water retention and moisture conservation.

[0019] Furthermore, active substance reinforcement is carried out once during the potato seedling stage and at the early stage of tuber enlargement: 20-25 days after emergence, a high-concentration acclimatization solution is diluted at a volume ratio of 1:50-1:100 and sprayed on the leaves, at a rate of 30-50L per acre; 70-80 days after sowing, a high-concentration acclimatization solution is diluted at a rate of 1:80-1:120 and applied along the base of the plant, at a rate of 40-60L per acre. During the two critical periods of seedling stage (rapid above-ground growth, requiring stress resistance) and early tuber enlargement (most sensitive to water and salt), high-concentration acclimatization solution is applied through foliar spraying and root irrigation, respectively. Foliar spraying rapidly stimulates the photosynthetic system and antioxidant enzyme activity; root irrigation directly replenishes rhizosphere signaling substances, promoting root growth and nutrient absorption. This targeted reinforcement of "above-ground + below-ground" consolidates and strengthens the seed potato acclimatization and L1-L4 slow-release effect, ensuring that the plant's stress resistance reaches its peak when it needs it most.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: (1) Significant and stable stress resistance and yield increase effect: This invention achieves a systematic improvement in the drought resistance, salt and alkali resistance, and barrenness resistance of potatoes throughout their entire growth period through a four-in-one systematic approach of "seed potato gradient domestication - three-dimensional functional zone construction - green manure synergistic coverage - active substance reinforcement". Multi-point field trials show that the method of this invention can increase potato yield and water use efficiency by more than double compared with the traditional model, and is far superior to the simple superposition of any single technology module, demonstrating a powerful synergistic effect.

[0021] (2) Long-term and sustainable improvement of soil micro-ecological environment: This invention constructs a three-dimensional functional zone from the surface to the deep soil. The composite cover layer formed by the L1 bioactive cover layer and green manure litter can effectively inhibit soil evaporation and prolong the release cycle of signaling substances; the L2 nutrient slow-release layer can continuously supply nutrients and osmotic regulating substances for up to 60 days; the L3 microbial tunnel layer maintains a high density of beneficial bacteria throughout the entire growth period and activates the soil; the L4 deep base buffer layer effectively blocks the migration of salt to the topsoil. The multi-level synergistic effect significantly increases soil organic matter and reduces bulk density, realizing the combination of use and nourishment.

[0022] (3) Green and environmentally friendly, pollution-free: No mulch is used during the entire cultivation process, which completely eliminates residual film pollution. All functional layer materials (modified starch, biochar, alginate, etc.) and green manure litter are completely biodegradable, leaving no environmental residues, which meets the requirements of sustainable agricultural development.

[0023] (4) Strong technical system and feasible operation: This invention deeply integrates advanced plant stress resistance physiology principles with soil science and cultivation techniques to form a standardized and replicable field operation process. The formulations of materials for each functional layer are clear, the preparation methods are clear, and the efficacy of key structures (such as vertical flow channels, microcapsules, etc.) has been experimentally verified, which facilitates large-scale promotion and application in the Loess Hilly Area and similar dryland areas. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is a longitudinal cross-sectional structural diagram of the "three-dimensional functional zone" of the present invention. The rectangular areas covered by each functional layer (L2, L3, L4) are only used to indicate the depth range of that functional layer in the longitudinal cross-section and do not represent that the material continuously fills the rectangular area in the actual soil layer. The material of each functional layer is distributed in the corresponding depth range in the form of thin layers, strips, or discrete particles. The specific thickness and distribution density depend on the actual application amount of each layer. Detailed Implementation

[0025] To make the objectives and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only for explaining the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0026] Unless otherwise specified, the instruments, reagents, and materials used in the following embodiments are all conventional instruments, reagents, and materials already available in the prior art and can be obtained through legitimate commercial channels. Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods and detection methods used in the following embodiments are all conventional experimental methods and detection methods already available in the prior art.

[0027] Preparation Example 1 1. Preparation of S1P microcapsules (1) Dissolve S1P in PBS buffer (pH 7.2) containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin to a final concentration of 10 μmol / L, and add 0.2% soluble betaine as an osmotic stabilizer; (2) Mix sodium alginate and deionized water at a mass ratio of 3:100, stir to dissolve, and prepare a 3% (w / v) sodium alginate solution; (3) Mix the S1P solution obtained in step (1) and the sodium alginate solution obtained in step (2) at a volume ratio of 1:5, and emulsify them at 4000 rpm for 15 min using a homogenizer to obtain an emulsion. (4) Mix calcium chloride and deionized water at a mass ratio of 3:100 to prepare a 3% (w / v) calcium chloride solution; (5) The emulsion obtained in step (3) is dripped into the calcium chloride solution obtained in step (4) through a No. 30 needle or atomizing device at a dripping rate of 1~2 drops / s, while being slowly stirred to form microcapsules; (6) After the addition is complete, continue to solidify in calcium chloride solution for 60 min, filter and collect the microcapsules, and wash them 3 times with deionized water; (7) The washed microcapsules were pre-frozen for 6 hours (-20°C) and then dried under low pressure in a freeze dryer for 48 hours to obtain S1P microcapsules (100~500μm).

[0028] 2. Preparation of gelatinized modified potato starch Take commercially available potato starch, add 3 times its weight of deionized water, stir well, and then place it in an 80℃ water bath for 30 minutes. Next, add 0.2% sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH to 8-9, stir for 10 minutes, and then neutralize with dilute hydrochloric acid to pH 7.0. Spread the gelatinized starch thinly on a tray and dry it at 50℃ for 24 hours until the moisture content is ≤10%. Grind and sieve to obtain gelatinized modified potato starch powder.

[0029] Example 1 A method for stress-resistant and yield-increasing potato cultivation in the Loess Hilly Area includes the following steps: S1: Seed potato gradient acclimatization: Seed potatoes were sequentially immersed in acclimatization solutions of three different concentration gradients, with recovery periods set between adjacent gradients, to obtain acclimatized seed potatoes; specifically: First gradient: Seed potatoes were immersed in a low-concentration acclimatization solution (S1P 0.3μmol / L, SNP 80μmol / L, melatonin 40μmol / L, spermidine 50μmol / L, betaine 0.5mmol / L, reduced glutathione 50μmol / L, 0.05% (v / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution (based on per liter of water content: 4.0% Fe-EDTA, 4.0% Zn-EDTA, 3.0% Mn-EDTA, 0.5% Cu-EDTA, 1.5% Mn-EDTA, 0.5% Cu-EDTA, 1.5% boric acid, 0.1% sodium molybdate, deionized water to a final volume of 1 liter), the solvent being magnetized water with a magnetization intensity of 0.3T and a pH of 6.2), and treated in complete darkness at 8℃ for 2 hours. After removal, the potatoes were placed under low light conditions (relative humidity ≥85%, 18℃, light intensity ≤10μmol·m²) at a relative humidity ≥85%. -2 ·s -1 Recovery time is 6 hours. Second gradient: Seed potatoes treated in the first gradient were immersed in a medium-concentration acclimatization solution (S1P 1.0 μmol / L, SNP 100 μmol / L, melatonin 50 μmol / L, spermidine 100 μmol / L, betaine 1.0 mmol / L, reduced glutathione 50 μmol / L, 0.05% (m / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution, the solvent was magnetized water, the magnetization intensity was 0.3T, pH 6.2), and treated in complete darkness at 8℃ for 2 hours. After removal, they were allowed to recover for 6 hours under conditions of relative humidity ≥85%, 18℃, and low light. The third gradient: The seed potatoes treated in the second gradient were immersed in a high-concentration acclimatization solution (S1P 2.0 μmol / L, SNP 130 μmol / L, melatonin 65 μmol / L, spermidine 150 μmol / L, betaine 1.5 mmol / L, reduced glutathione 50 μmol / L, 0.05% (m / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution, the solvent was magnetized water, the magnetization intensity was 0.3T, pH 6.2), and treated in complete darkness at 8℃ for 2 hours. After being removed, they were allowed to recover for 12 hours under conditions of relative humidity ≥85%, 18℃, and low light to obtain acclimatized seed potatoes.

[0030] S2: Soil Preparation and Construction of Three-Dimensional Functional Zones: First, vertical deep rotary tillage is carried out on the planting plots to a depth of 35cm. During the tillage process, L4 deep base buffer layer and L3 microbial tunnel layer materials are sequentially applied into the soil layers at the corresponding depths: The application rate of L4 deep base buffer layer (a mixture of well-rotted organic fertilizer, bentonite, and vermiculite in a mass ratio of 3:2:1) is 3kg / m². 2 The agent is applied to a depth of 35cm below the ground surface; the L3 microbial tunnel layer is a mixture of composite microbial agent and carrier, wherein the composite microbial agent contains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, and Bacillus laterosporus, with a viable count ratio of 2:1:1 and a total effective viable count ≥2×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g (the carrier is biochar with an organic carbon content of 15%), application rate: 2 kg / m³ 2 Apply the mulch to a depth of 20cm below the soil surface; then create raised beds with a width of 60cm, a height of 15cm, and a furrow width of 50cm. Do not cover the raised bed or furrow surfaces with mulch. Secondly, on the prepared ridges, the L2 nutrient slow-release layer (60 parts of well-rotted organic fertilizer, 15 parts of biochar, 5 parts of sodium polyaspartate, 0.5 parts of spermidine, 1 part of betaine, granulated in a fluidized bed with a particle size of 2 mm) is lightly incorporated into the ridge tillage layer at a rate of 200 kg / mu, and mixed to a depth of 5 cm below the top of the ridge. After mixing and leveling, the L1 bioactive covering layer (60 parts of gelatinized modified potato starch, 10 parts of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5 parts of sodium alginate, 0.3 parts of S1P microcapsules, 1 part of reduced glutathione, 1 part of potassium sulfate, and 0.5 parts of citric acid crosslinking agent) is laid on the ridge surface with a thickness of 2 cm. Finally, vertical flow channels are set at longitudinal intervals through L1 to L4 in the ridge. Specifically, holes are drilled vertically every 20cm along the ridge direction with a diameter of 1cm and a depth through layers L1-L4. The materials of L1 bioactive covering layer and L2 nutrient slow-release layer are mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1, and an appropriate amount of water is added to form a paste. The paste is then filled into the holes and compacted.

[0031] S3: Potato planting and positioning with soil covering: Sow domesticated seed potatoes on the ridges at a depth of 10cm and a plant spacing of 30cm. After sowing, cover with 2cm of soil first, and then spread 2cm of L1 bioactive covering layer. S4: Green manure sowing and field management: 10 days after potato emergence, sow green manure (arrowhead pea) in the furrows at a rate of 2.5 kg / mu; Apply active substance supplements once during the potato seedling stage and once during the early tuber enlargement stage: 20 days after emergence, spray the leaves with a high concentration of acclimatization solution diluted at a volume ratio of 1:50, using 30L per acre; 70 days after sowing, apply the high concentration of acclimatization solution diluted at a volume ratio of 1:80 along the base of the plant, using 40L per acre.

[0032] S5: Green manure naturally withers and is returned to the field: After the green manure has reached its peak flowering period, it is not harvested or turned over. After it withers and falls over naturally, its fallen material is mixed with the L1 bioactive covering layer to form a composite covering layer. S6: Potato Harvesting: Harvest the potatoes after they have naturally withered and turned yellow. Green manure residue and L1 bioactive mulch material are left on the surface to degrade naturally.

[0033] Example 2 A method for stress-resistant and yield-increasing potato cultivation in the Loess Hilly Area includes the following steps: S1: Seed potato gradient acclimatization: Seed potatoes were sequentially immersed in acclimatization solutions of three different concentration gradients, with recovery periods set between adjacent gradients, to obtain acclimatized seed potatoes; specifically: First stage: Seed potatoes were immersed in a low-concentration acclimatization solution (S1P 0.5μmol / L, SNP 90μmol / L, melatonin 45μmol / L, spermidine 75μmol / L, betaine 0.8mmol / L, reduced glutathione 75μmol / L, 0.08% (m / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution, with magnetized water as the solvent, magnetization intensity 0.5T, pH 6.5) and treated in complete darkness at 10℃ for 3 hours. After removal, they were placed under low light conditions (relative humidity ≥85%, 20℃, light intensity ≤10μmol·m) at low humidity. -2 ·s -1 Recovery time is 8 hours. Second gradient: Seed potatoes treated in the first gradient were immersed in a medium-concentration acclimatization solution (S1P 1.4μmol / L, SNP 115μmol / L, melatonin 60μmol / L, spermidine 125μmol / L, betaine 1.2mmol / L, reduced glutathione 75μmol / L, 0.08% (m / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution, the solvent was magnetized water, the magnetization intensity was 0.5T, pH 6.5), and treated in complete darkness at 10℃ for 3h. After removal, they were allowed to recover for 8h under conditions of relative humidity ≥85%, 20℃, and low light. The third gradient: The seed potatoes treated in the second gradient were immersed in a high-concentration acclimatization solution (S1P 2.5μmol / L, SNP 140μmol / L, melatonin 70μmol / L, spermidine 175μmol / L, betaine 1.8mmol / L, reduced glutathione 75μmol / L, 0.08% (m / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution, the solvent was magnetized water, the magnetization intensity was 0.5T, pH 6.5), and treated in complete darkness at 10℃ for 3h. After being removed, they were allowed to recover for 18h under conditions of relative humidity ≥85%, 20℃, and low light to obtain acclimatized seed potatoes.

[0034] S2: Soil preparation and construction of three-dimensional functional zones: First, vertical deep rotary tillage is carried out on the planting plots to a depth of 40cm. During the tillage process, the L4 deep base buffer layer and L3 microbial tunnel layer materials are sequentially applied to the soil layers at the corresponding depths: The L4 deep base buffer layer (a mixture of well-rotted organic fertilizer, bentonite, and vermiculite in a mass ratio of 4:2.5:1.5) is applied at a rate of 4.5kg / m². 2 The agent is applied to a depth of 40cm below the ground surface; the L3 microbial tunnel layer is a mixture of composite microbial agent and carrier, wherein the composite microbial agent contains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, and Bacillus laterosporus, with a viable count ratio of 2.5:1.5:1.2 and a total effective viable count ≥2×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g (the carrier is biochar with an organic carbon content of 20%), application rate: 4 kg / m³ 2Apply the mulch to a depth of 30cm below the soil surface; then create raised beds with a width of 65cm, a height of 18cm, and a furrow width of 45cm. Do not cover the raised bed or furrow surfaces with mulch. Secondly, on the prepared ridges, the L2 nutrient slow-release layer (70 parts of well-rotted organic fertilizer, 20 parts of biochar, 8 parts of sodium polyaspartate, 1.0 part of spermidine, 2 parts of betaine, granulated in a fluidized bed with a particle size of 3.5 mm) is lightly incorporated into the ridge tillage layer at a rate of 300 kg / mu, extending to a depth of 10 cm below the ridge top. After mixing and leveling, the L1 bioactive covering layer (70 parts of gelatinized modified potato starch, 12 parts of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 8 parts of sodium alginate, 1.0 part of S1P microcapsules, 2 parts of reduced glutathione, 1.5 parts of potassium sulfate, and 0.8 parts of citric acid crosslinking agent) is laid on the ridge surface with a thickness of 2.5 cm. Finally, vertical flow channels are set at longitudinal intervals through L1 to L4 in the ridge. Specifically, holes are drilled vertically every 25cm along the ridge direction with a diameter of 1.5cm and a depth through layers L1-L4. The materials of L1 bioactive covering layer and L2 nutrient slow-release layer are mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1, and an appropriate amount of water is added to form a paste. The paste is then filled into the holes and compacted.

[0035] S3: Potato planting and positioning with soil covering: Sow domesticated seed potatoes on the ridges at a depth of 12cm and a plant spacing of 33cm. After sowing, cover with 2.5cm of soil first, and then spread 2.5cm of L1 bioactive covering layer. S4: Green manure sowing and field management: 15 days after potato emergence, sow green manure (a mixture of arrowhead peas and hairy peony in a 1:1 ratio) in the furrows at a rate of 3.0 kg / mu. Apply active substance supplements once during the potato seedling stage and once during the early tuber enlargement stage: 22 days after emergence, spray the leaves with a high concentration of acclimatization solution diluted at a volume ratio of 1:75, using 40L per acre; 75 days after sowing, apply the high concentration of acclimatization solution diluted at a volume ratio of 1:100 along the base of the plant, using 50L per acre.

[0036] S5: Green manure naturally withers and is returned to the field: After the green manure has reached its peak flowering period, it is not harvested or turned over. After it withers and falls over naturally, its fallen material is mixed with the L1 bioactive covering layer to form a composite covering layer. S6: Potato Harvesting: Harvest the potatoes after they have naturally withered and turned yellow. Green manure residue and L1 bioactive mulch material are left on the surface to degrade naturally.

[0037] Example 3 A method for stress-resistant and yield-increasing potato cultivation in the Loess Hilly Area includes the following steps: S1: Seed potato gradient acclimatization: Seed potatoes were sequentially immersed in acclimatization solutions of three different concentration gradients, with recovery periods set between adjacent gradients, to obtain acclimatized seed potatoes; specifically: First gradient: Seed potatoes were immersed in a low-concentration acclimatization solution (S1P 0.8 μmol / L, SNP 100 μmol / L, melatonin 50 μmol / L, spermidine 100 μmol / L, betaine 1.0 mmol / L, reduced glutathione 100 μmol / L, 0.1% (m / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution, with magnetized water as the solvent, magnetization intensity 0.8T, pH 6.8) at 12℃ in complete darkness for 4 hours. After removal, they were placed under low light conditions (relative humidity ≥85%, 22℃, light intensity ≤10 μmol·m²) at 22℃. -2 ·s -1 Recovery time is 12 hours. Second gradient: Seed potatoes treated in the first gradient were immersed in a medium-concentration acclimatization solution (S1P 1.8μmol / L, SNP 130μmol / L, melatonin 65μmol / L, spermidine 150μmol / L, betaine 1.5mmol / L, reduced glutathione 100μmol / L, 0.1% (m / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution, the solvent was magnetized water, the magnetization intensity was 0.8T, pH 6.8), and treated in complete darkness at 12℃ for 4h. After being removed, they were allowed to recover for 12h under conditions of relative humidity ≥85%, 22℃, and low light. The third gradient: The seed potatoes treated in the second gradient were immersed in a high-concentration acclimatization solution (S1P 3.0 μmol / L, SNP 150 μmol / L, melatonin 80 μmol / L, spermidine 200 μmol / L, betaine 2.0 mmol / L, reduced glutathione 100 μmol / L, 0.1% (m / v) EDTA chelated trace element solution, the solvent was magnetized water, the magnetization intensity was 0.8T, pH 6.8), and treated in complete darkness at 12℃ for 4 hours. After being removed, they were allowed to recover for 24 hours under conditions of relative humidity ≥85%, 22℃, and low light to obtain acclimatized seed potatoes.

[0038] S2: Soil preparation and construction of three-dimensional functional zones: First, vertical deep rotary tillage is carried out on the planting plots to a depth of 45cm; during the tillage process, L4 deep base buffer layer and L3 microbial tunnel layer materials are sequentially applied into the soil layers at the corresponding depths: L4 deep base buffer layer (a mixture of well-rotted organic fertilizer, bentonite, and vermiculite in a mass ratio of 5:3:2) is applied at a rate of 6kg / m². 2 The agent is applied to a depth of 45cm below the ground surface; the L3 microbial tunnel layer is a mixture of composite microbial agent and carrier, wherein the composite microbial agent contains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosus, and Bacillus laterosporus, with a viable count ratio of 3:2:1.5 and a total effective viable count ≥2×10⁻⁶.8 CFU / g, the carrier is well-rotted straw compost (organic carbon content 25%), application rate is 5 kg / m³. 2 Apply the mulch to a depth of 35cm below the soil surface; then create raised beds with a width of 70cm, a height of 20cm, and a furrow width of 40cm. Do not cover the raised bed or furrow surfaces with mulch. Secondly, on the prepared ridges, the L2 nutrient slow-release layer (75 parts of well-rotted organic fertilizer, 25 parts of biochar, 10 parts of sodium polyaspartate, 1.5 parts of spermidine, 3 parts of betaine, granulated in a fluidized bed with a particle size of 5 mm) is lightly incorporated into the ridge tillage layer at a rate of 400 kg / mu, and mixed to a depth of 20 cm below the top of the ridge. After mixing and leveling, the L1 bioactive covering layer (75 parts of gelatinized modified potato starch, 15 parts of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 10 parts of sodium alginate, 1.5 parts of S1P microcapsules, 3 parts of reduced glutathione, 2 parts of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 1 part of citric acid crosslinking agent) is laid on the ridge surface with a thickness of 3 cm. Finally, vertical flow channels are set at longitudinal intervals through L1 to L4 in the ridge. Specifically, holes are drilled vertically every 30cm along the ridge direction with a diameter of 2cm and a depth through layers L1-L4. The materials of L1 bioactive covering layer and L2 nutrient slow-release layer are mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1, and an appropriate amount of water is added to form a paste. The paste is then filled into the holes and compacted.

[0039] S3: Potato planting and positioning with soil covering: Sow domesticated seed potatoes on the ridges at a depth of 15cm and a plant spacing of 35cm. After sowing, cover with 3cm of soil first, and then spread 3cm of L1 bioactive covering layer. S4: Green manure sowing and field management: 20 days after potato emergence, sow green manure (hairy vetch) in the furrows at a rate of 3.5 kg / mu; Apply active substance reinforcement once during the potato seedling stage and once during the early tuber enlargement stage: 25 days after emergence, spray the leaves with a high concentration of acclimatization solution diluted at a volume ratio of 1:100, using 50L per acre; 80 days after sowing, apply the high concentration of acclimatization solution diluted at a volume ratio of 1:120 along the base of the plant, using 60L per acre.

[0040] S5: Green manure naturally withers and is returned to the field: After the green manure has reached its peak flowering period, it is not harvested or turned over. After it withers and falls over naturally, its fallen material is mixed with the L1 bioactive covering layer to form a composite covering layer. S6: Potato Harvesting: Harvest the potatoes after they have naturally withered and turned yellow. Green manure residue and L1 bioactive mulch material are left on the surface to degrade naturally.

[0041] Comparative Example 1: Blank Control The difference from Example 2 is that: seed potato domestication is not carried out (soaking treatment in clean water, with the total soaking time being the same as in Example 2), three-dimensional functional zones are not constructed, green manure is not sown, and growth period reinforcement is not carried out; the remaining methods and steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0042] Comparative Example 2: Stereo Functionality Only The difference from Example 2 is that: seed potato domestication is not carried out (seed potatoes are only soaked in water), green manure is not planted, growth period reinforcement is not carried out, only three-dimensional functional zones are constructed, and the remaining methods and steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0043] Comparative Example 3: Green Manure Only The difference from Example 2 is that: seed potato domestication is not carried out (seed potatoes are only soaked in water), three-dimensional functional zones are not constructed, growth period reinforcement is not carried out, only green manure is planted, and the remaining methods and steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0044] Comparative Example 4: Domestication of Seed Potatoes Only The difference from Example 2 is that: no three-dimensional functional zones are constructed, no green manure is sown, no growth period reinforcement is carried out, only seed potato domestication is carried out, and the remaining methods and steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0045] Comparative Example 5: No Green Manure The difference from Example 2 is that green manure is not sown, but the rest of the methods and steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0046] Comparative Example 6: Single-stage salt stress The difference from Example 2 is that step S1 only uses 3.5% NaCl for salt stress acclimatization, while the rest of the methods and steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0047] Comparative Example 7: L1 bioactive capping layer only The difference from Example 2 is that in step S2, only the L1 bioactive covering layer is constructed, and the L2, L3, and L4 layers are not constructed, and no vertical flow channel is set. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0048] Comparative Example 8: L2 nutrient slow-release layer only The difference from Example 2 is that in step S2, only the L2 nutrient slow-release layer is constructed, and the L1, L3, and L4 layers are not constructed, and no vertical flow channel is set. The rest of the method steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0049] Comparative Example 9: L3 Microbial Tunneling Layer Only The difference from Example 2 is that in step S2, only the L3 microbial tunnel layer is constructed, and the L1, L2, and L4 layers are not constructed, and no vertical flow channel is set. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0050] Comparative Example 10: L4 deep base buffer layer only The difference from Example 2 is that in step S2, only the L4 deep base buffer layer is constructed, and the L1, L2, and L3 layers are not constructed, and no vertical flow channel is set. The other steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0051] Comparative Example 11 (without vertical guide channel) The difference from Example 2 is that no vertical flow channel is set, but the rest of the method steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0052] Comparative Example 12: S1P Only The difference from Example 2 is that the acclimatization solution in step S1 contains only S1P, reduced glutathione and EDTA chelated trace element solution, and does not contain SNP, melatonin, spermidine and betaine. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0053] Comparative Example 13: SNP Only The difference from Example 2 is that the acclimatization solution in step S1 contains only SNP, reduced glutathione and EDTA chelated trace element solution, and does not contain S1P, melatonin, spermidine and betaine. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0054] Comparative Example 14: Melatonin Only The difference from Example 2 is that the acclimatization solution in step S1 contains only melatonin, reduced glutathione and EDTA chelated trace element solution, and does not contain S1P, SNP, spermidine and betaine. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0055] Comparative Example 15: Spermine only The difference from Example 2 is that the acclimatization solution in step S1 contains only spermidine, reduced glutathione and EDTA chelated trace element solution, and does not contain S1P, SNP, melatonin and betaine. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0056] Comparative Example 16: Betaine only The difference from Example 2 is that the acclimatization solution in step S1 contains only betaine, reduced glutathione and EDTA chelated trace element solution, and does not contain S1P, SNP, melatonin or spermidine. The remaining steps are the same as in Example 2.

[0057] Experimental Example 1 1. Encapsulation efficiency and release experiment of S1P microcapsules (1) Take the S1P microcapsules prepared in Preparation Example 1, wash the unencapsulated S1P on the surface with PBS buffer, completely dissolve the microcapsules with sodium citrate solution, and determine the total amount of S1P in the solution using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS / MS). Encapsulation efficiency (%) = (total amount of S1P measured / total amount of theoretically added S1P) × 100%.

[0058] The results showed that the encapsulation efficiency was 72.5% ± 3.8% (n=3). This indicates that the sodium alginate-calcium chloride system is an efficient and feasible method for microencapsulating S1P, a small molecule signaling substance.

[0059] (2) The microcapsules were placed in a simulated soil solution (0.01M CaCl2 solution, pH 7.0, to simulate the ionic strength of the soil solution) and shaken at a constant temperature of 25℃. Samples were taken at 6h, 1d, 3d, 7d, 15d, 30d, and 60d to determine the S1P concentration in the release medium and calculate the cumulative release rate.

[0060] Table 1. Cumulative release rate of S1P microcapsules at different times (%, n=3)

[0061] The results in Table 1 show that there is an initial "burst release" phase of approximately 15-30% within the first 24 hours, mainly due to the rapid diffusion of S1P adsorbed on the surface of the microcapsules or near the outer layer. Subsequently, the release enters an ideal, slow, and continuous release phase lasting up to 60 days (approximately 82.5% release at 30 days and approximately 90% at 60 days). This pattern means that when S1P microcapsules are incorporated into the L1 cover layer, the initial burst release can act rapidly, leaching downwards immediately after rainfall or irrigation to activate seedling roots; while the subsequent slow-release phase ensures that during drought intervals, the S1P stored in the L1 layer can be continuously and at low concentrations released into the soil, slowly infiltrating downwards through vertical channels, providing long-term systemic stress-inducing signals for the plants, perfectly matching its functional positioning as a "bioactive cover layer."

[0062] 2. The "water absorption ratio" experiment of the L1 bioactive coating layer Take the dried L1 bioactive covering granules prepared in Example 2, and accurately weigh 1.0 g of the dried L1 bioactive covering granules prepared in Example 2 (denoted as W0) according to GB / T 22905-2008 "Determination of Salt Absorption Rate of Superabsorbent Resins". Place it in a 250-mesh nylon mesh bag, completely immerse it in sufficient deionized water, and let it stand at 25°C for 24 hours. Remove the mesh bag, hang it to drain until no water drips (about 10 minutes), and weigh it (denoted as W1). Water absorption ratio = (W1-W0) / W0. Each sample is repeated 3 times. At the same time, use 0.9% NaCl solution instead of deionized water to determine its salt tolerance water absorption ratio to simulate the actual soil solution environment.

[0063] The results showed that the water absorption ratio in deionized water was 125 times, and in 0.9% NaCl solution it was 45 times. This indicates that the L1 bioactive capping material possesses extremely high water absorption capacity, capable of absorbing 125 times its own weight in pure water. Although the water absorption capacity decreased in salt solutions (consistent with the influence of ionic strength on polymer gels), the 45-fold absorption ratio is still very impressive. This performance is crucial, meaning that in limited rainfall events in the Loess Plateau region, the L1 capping layer can act like a "miniature surface reservoir," rapidly absorbing and storing rainwater. This stored water will not immediately evaporate or runoff, but will be slowly released into the underlying soil during subsequent drought periods through capillary action or vertical drainage channels, nourishing seed potato germination and seedling roots. Simultaneously, combined with its internal S1P microcapsules, the absorbed water can act as a solvent, slowly carrying out active substances, achieving "coupled release of water and signal." This is the foundation for achieving the dual functions of "water storage and moisture retention" and "signal slow release."

[0064] 3. Dissolution test of L2 nutrient slow-release layer particles The L2 nutrient slow-release layer particles prepared in Example 2 were used as the dissolution medium in 1000 mL of simulated soil solution (0.01 M CaCl2 solution, pH 7.0, simulating the ionic strength of soil solution). Dissolution determination was performed according to Method II (paddle method) of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The water bath temperature was set to 25 ± 0.5℃ (simulating soil ambient temperature), and the paddle speed was 50 rpm. 10 g of L2 particles were placed in a dissolution vessel, and 5 mL samples were taken at 1 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 15 d, 30 d, and 60 d, with an immediate replenishment of isothermal and equal volume of fresh dissolution medium. The concentrations of spermidine and betaine in the samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the cumulative release percentage was calculated.

[0065] Table 2. Cumulative release rate (%, n=3) of active ingredients in L2 nutrient slow-release layer particles

[0066] As shown in Table 2, both signaling substances (spermidine and betaine) in the L2 nutrient slow-release layer particles exhibit significant slow-release characteristics in aqueous solution. The release process is not explosive; only about 10% is released in the initial hour, indicating that the matrix framework formed by sodium polyaspartate and biochar effectively encapsulates the active ingredients. Subsequently, both enter a slow and constant release phase, close to zero order, lasting up to 60 days (approximately 90% released at 30 days, and almost complete at 60 days). This release curve closely matches the entire growth period of potatoes (approximately 90 days), meaning that after the particles are applied to the tillage layer (0-20 cm), they can continuously provide osmotic regulators and membrane protectants to the potato rhizosphere, thereby consolidating its stress resistance throughout the entire growth period. This forms a perfect relay with the early induction of seed potato domestication and the later supply from the L1 layer.

[0067] 4. Experiment on the attenuation of viable bacteria count in the L3 microbial tunnel layer The L3 microbial tunnel layer material (a mixture of compound microbial agent and biochar carrier) from Example 2 was applied to the field soil at a depth of 2 kg / m², at a depth of 20-35 cm. Soil samples were collected from multiple points in the L3 layer at 0 days (initial), 15 days, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, and 120 days after application and mixed. The dilution plate count method was used to count the bacteria on two separate media: *Bacillus subtilis* selective medium (modified beef extract peptone medium, composed of: 3.0 g beef extract, 10.0 g peptone, 5.0 g sodium chloride, 15.0 g agar powder, 1000 mL distilled water, pH adjusted to 7.2-7.4, sterilized and cooled to 50°C, then aseptically added to achieve a final concentration of 50 μg / mL); and *Bacillus jellyii* selective medium (silicate bacteria medium, composed of: 5.0 g sucrose, 0.5 g magnesium sulfate, 0.01 g ferrous sulfate, 2.0 g disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.1 g calcium carbonate, mica). The culture medium for Bacillus laterosporus (a modified selective medium for Bacillus, composed of 5.0g yeast extract, 10.0g tryptone, 5.0g glucose, 0.005g manganese sulfate, 15.0g agar powder, and 1000mL distilled water, adjusted to pH 7.0-7.2) and Bacillus laterosporus selective medium (a modified selective medium for Bacillus, composed of 5.0g yeast extract, 10.0g tryptone, 5.0g glucose, 0.005g manganese sulfate, 15.0g agar powder, and 1000mL distilled water, adjusted to pH 6.8-7.0) were prepared. After sterilization and cooling to 50℃, filtration-sterilized gentamicin sulfate (final concentration 40μg / mL) and tetracycline hydrochloride (final concentration 10μg / mL) were added, and the effective viable count (CFU / g dry soil) of each bacterium was determined.

[0068] Table 3. Changes in the number of viable bacteria of three species in L3 soil over time (×10) 6 CFU / g dry soil)

[0069] As can be observed from the data in Table 3, the number of the three beneficial bacteria did not decrease immediately after being applied to the soil, but rather increased significantly within the first 30 days (total viable bacteria count increased from 39.5 × 10⁻⁶). 6 Increased to 54.6×10 6 This demonstrates that the L3 layer of this invention provides a favorable living environment—the biochar carrier provides a habitat, while the slowly released organic nutrients from the L2 layer and the organic fertilizer from the L4 layer provide carbon and nitrogen sources for the microbial community. After 30 days, as readily available nutrients in the environment are consumed, the microbial community slowly declines, but by 90 days (approximately equivalent to the potato harvest period), the total viable count remains at 34.5 × 10⁻⁶. 6 CFU / g dry soil, far exceeding the general threshold for effective microbial agents to exert their effects (1×10⁻⁶). 6 (CFU / g). This indicates that the "microbial tunnel layer" can function stably and efficiently throughout the entire growth period of potatoes, improving soil aggregate structure, activating phosphorus and potassium, and inhibiting pathogens by continuously secreting extracellular polysaccharides, organic acids, and hormones, thereby achieving the expected technical effect of "bioactivation".

[0070] 5. Verification of the effect of L4 deep base buffer layer on the regulation of soil salinity in the topsoil Three treatments were set up in the field, with each treatment repeated three times: Treatment 1 (without L4 layer, control): L1, L2, L3 layers and vertical flow channels were constructed according to Example 2, but L4 layer material was not applied, and the soil below L3 layer was the original soil.

[0071] Process 2 (with L4 layer): Operate according to the complete Example 2.

[0072] Treatment 3 (organic fertilizer only, alternative to control): Only an equal amount of well-rotted organic fertilizer (excluding bentonite and vermiculite) was applied to the L4 layer.

[0073] Simulated evaporation conditions: To ensure that soil moisture evaporation carries salt upwards, limited irrigation was used during the experiment (each irrigation volume was only 60% of field capacity), and rain shelters were used to prevent rainwater leaching. Soil samples from the topsoil layer (0-20 cm) were collected for each treatment at the potato seedling stage (30 days after emergence), the early tuber enlargement stage (75 days after sowing), and the harvest stage (120 days after sowing).

[0074] Measurement indicators: (1) Soil electrical conductivity (EC, µS / cm): reflects the total soluble salt content of the soil.

[0075] (2) Soil sodium adsorption ratio (SAR): reflects the risk of soil alkalization, SAR = [Na + ] / √(([Ca2+ ] + [Mg 2 + ]) / 2).

[0076] (3) Soil pH value: reflects the change in soil acidity and alkalinity.

[0077] (3) Soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP, %): reflects the degree of soil sodium alkalization.

[0078] Table 4. Changes in soil salinity in the 0-20cm depth under different treatments at different growth stages

[0079] Table 4 shows that in the control treatment without the L4 layer, the soil electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the topsoil increased significantly and continuously as the growth period progressed, reaching near-moderate salinization levels by harvest. This demonstrates that without the L4 layer, salt rises with capillary water and accumulates in the topsoil. In contrast, the treatment using the complete L4 layer (organic fertilizer + bentonite + vermiculite) of this invention maintained stable salt levels in the topsoil throughout the entire growth period, remaining within a safe range for potatoes. The alternative treatment using only organic fertilizer showed significantly worse salt control than the L4 layer combination of this invention. These results directly confirm that the L4 layer, through the strong adsorption and ion exchange of bentonite and vermiculite, effectively blocks the migration of deep-seated salts to the topsoil, thus creating a continuously low-salt growth environment for potato roots and serving as an indispensable key buffer barrier in the three-dimensional functional zone system.

[0080] 6. Long-term effect experiment of paste-like filler in vertical guide channel Referring to the method in Example 2, a three-dimensional functional zone containing vertical flow channels was constructed. Materials L1 and L2 were mixed in a 1:1 ratio to form a paste, which was then filled into the vertical flow channels. Three "dry-wet" alternating cycles were performed under natural conditions. Each cycle included a dry period (15 days without rainfall, artificial rain protection to reduce the soil moisture content of 0-20cm to 30% of field capacity) and a wet period (a single 40mm artificial irrigation to simulate a moderate rain). The vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) of the flow channels was measured using a small portable permeameter at the initial stage (day 0), after the first dry-wet alternation, after the second dry-wet alternation, and after the third dry-wet alternation, with unfilled soil pores serving as a control.

[0081] Table 5. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs, ×10⁻¹⁰) of vertical guide channels after different wet-dry alternation cycles -5 m / s

[0082] Table 5 shows that despite repeated wet-dry cycles, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the paste-filled channels remained significantly higher than that of the plain soil pores (approximately 3-4 times). More importantly, its hydraulic conductivity remained excellent; even after three cycles, its hydraulic conductivity was still maintained at over 80% of its initial value. This demonstrates the excellent repeated water absorption and structural stability of the filler. The mechanism lies in the fact that the composite gel particles (modified starch, sodium alginate) in layer L1 do not irreversibly shrink or harden after water loss, but rather can reabsorb water and swell during the next rainfall. Simultaneously, the inner wall of the channel is "softened" and "adhesive" by the gel material, making it less prone to re-clogging by soil particles. This ensures the sustainability of the vertical flow channel, as the core hub for the transmission of "water, fertilizer, air, and signals," throughout the entire potato growth period and even in multi-year continuous cropping cycles.

[0083] 7. Experiment on water infiltration rate in vertical diversion channels Two adjacent treatments were set up in the field, with three replicate plots for each treatment: Process A (no channel): Operate according to Comparative Example 11, without drilling to set up a vertical flow channel.

[0084] Process B (with channels): Operate according to Example 2 to construct a three-dimensional functional zone containing vertical flow channels.

[0085] The initial and steady-state infiltration rates of the soil in each plot were determined using the double-ring method. Representative points were selected within each plot, and double rings (inner ring diameter 20 cm, outer ring diameter 40 cm) were driven into the soil. Water was simultaneously added to both the inner and outer rings, maintaining a water head of 5 cm. Timing was recorded from the start of water addition, recording the rate of water decrease in the inner ring. The initial infiltration rate was the average rate over the first 5 minutes; the steady-state infiltration rate was the rate observed continuously for 2-3 hours until the infiltration rate became essentially constant.

[0086] Table 6. Effect of vertical diversion channels on soil water infiltration rate (mm / min)

[0087] Table 6 clearly demonstrates the role of vertical drainage channels. Soils with drainage channels exhibit initial and stable infiltration rates more than 4.5 times higher than soils without channels. This undoubtedly confirms that vertical drainage channels are indeed high-speed channels for water to enter deeper soil layers. Its technical significance is extremely important: under typical short-duration, high-intensity rainfall conditions in the Loess Plateau region, conventional soils (especially after ridging) are prone to surface runoff, leading to the loss of precious water resources. The network of vertical drainage channels greatly improves the surface infiltration efficiency of rainwater, allowing more precipitation to quickly penetrate below the topsoil layer and be intercepted and stored by the L1 composite cover layer, L2, and L3 layers, significantly increasing soil water storage (see Table 9 below). This not only directly alleviates drought stress but also allows L1 signaling substances and L2 nutrients dissolved in water to reach the potato root activity layer more rapidly and deeply, achieving integrated and efficient transport of water, fertilizer, and signaling substances.

[0088] Experimental Example 2 1. Experiments were conducted according to the methods of Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-16 above. The experiments were carried out in 2024-2025 in two dryland experimental fields in Lujiagou Town (average annual rainfall 380 mm) and Tuanjie Town (average annual rainfall 410 mm) of Anding District, Dingxi City, Gansu Province. The tested potato variety was "Qingshu No. 9" (growing period approximately 110-120 days). The soil was loess, pH 8.2, bulk density 1.38 g / cm³. 3 Organic matter content was 1.24%. Each treatment plot had an area of ​​55 m². 2 The randomized block design was repeated 3 times per treatment.

[0089] 2. Measurement Indicators and Methods: (1) Yield: The total harvest weight of each plot is converted to tons / hectare.

[0090] (2) Water use efficiency (WUE): yield (kg / hm) 2 Effective precipitation during the growing season (mm).

[0091] (3) Soil organic matter: potassium dichromate method, to measure the 0-20cm soil layer before sowing and after harvest.

[0092] (4) Soil bulk density: ring cutter method.

[0093] (5) SOD enzyme activity: Nitrogen blue tetrazolium method, take the top three leaves of seedlings (30 days after emergence).

[0094] (6) Soil water storage: Weighing method, measuring the soil layer from 0 to 40 cm.

[0095] (7) Soil evaporation: measured cumulatively throughout the growing season using the micro-permeameter method.

[0096] (8) S1P microcapsule residual rate: determined by HPLC-MS / MS, with the initial addition amount as 100% baseline.

[0097] (9) Proline (Pro) content: acidic ninhydrin method.

[0098] 3. Experimental Results: (1) Comparison of yield, commodity rate, WUE and soil indicators between the examples and the main comparative examples Table 7. Main agronomic and soil indicators of Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-4

[0099] As shown in Table 7, the key indicators of Examples 1-3 are significantly better than those of all comparative examples. In particular, Example 2 achieved a yield of 57.6 t / hm² and a water use efficiency (WUE) of 118.0 kg·hm². -2 ·mm -1 After harvest, the soil organic matter content increased to 1.93%, and the soil bulk density decreased to 1.15 g / cm³. In stark contrast, the blank control (Comparative Example 1), which did not employ any of the techniques of this invention, had a yield of only 23.5 t / hm². 2 WUE was 48.2 kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 Even when only a single technology module such as "three-dimensional functional belt" (Comparative Example 2), "green manure only" (Comparative Example 3), or "seed potato domestication only" (Comparative Example 4) is applied, the yield and WUE are improved (31.5, 26.8, and 30.2 t / hm, respectively). 2 However, the yield of Example 2 is still far lower than that of any of Examples 1-3 that include all the technical elements. For example, the yield of Example 2 is 1.83 times that of Comparative Example 2 (three-dimensional functional zone only), 2.15 times that of Comparative Example 3 (green manure only), and 1.91 times that of Comparative Example 4 (seed potato domestication only). This fully demonstrates that after systematically integrating seed potato domestication, three-dimensional functional zone, green manure mulching, and other technologies, the present invention produces a synergistic effect far exceeding the sum of the effects of individual technologies, achieving a technical breakthrough of "1+1+1>3", and perfectly solving the technical problem of limited effects of single measures in the Loess Hilly Area.

[0100] (2) Verification of the effect of each layer of the three-dimensional functional belt Table 8. Verification of the effects of the four functional layers (L1-L4) of the “3D functional zone”

[0101] Comparing the data in Table 8 reveals that the yield increase is very limited when only one layer of the three-dimensional functional zone is retained. For example, the yield of constructing only the L1 cover layer (Comparative Example 7) is 25.2 t / hm. 2The yield of L2 nutrient slow-release layer alone (Comparative Example 8) was 26.8 t / hm. 2 The yields were even lower when only the L3 microbial layer (Comparative Example 9) or the L4 base buffer layer (Comparative Example 10) was constructed, at 24.8 t / hm. 2 and 24.1 t / hm 2 Only compared to the blank control (Comparative Example 1, 23.5 t / hm) 2 The yield increased slightly. However, when the L1-L4 layers were constructed as a single system (Comparative Example 2), the yield jumped to 31.5 t / hm. 2 This result clearly demonstrates that L1-L4 do not function in isolation, but rather form a three-dimensional regulatory system with complementary functions and layer-by-layer transmission through the coupling of physical, chemical, and biological processes. The absence of any single layer will lead to the collapse of the entire system's function, thus proving that the L1-L4 four-layer structure as a whole is necessary and synergistic.

[0102] (3) Verification of the effect of the vertical flow channel Table 9 Verification of the role of "vertical flow channel" in three-dimensional functional zone

[0103] As shown in Table 9, Comparative Example 11, which does not have a vertical guide channel, has a yield of 43.8 t / hm² and a WUE of 89.8 kg·hm². -2 ·mm -1 The soil water storage capacity at a depth of 0-40 cm is 162.7 mm. In Example 2, which includes a vertical flow channel, the above three indicators are 57.6 t / hm², 118.0 kg·hm², and 118.0 kg·hm², respectively. -2 ·mm -1 The lengths were 186.4 mm and 186.4 mm, representing increases of 31.5%, 31.4%, and 14.6%, respectively. It can be seen that although both Example 2 and Comparative Example 11 constructed complete L1-L4 functional layers, the presence or absence of flow channels caused a decisive difference. The technical principle is that without flow channels, the active substances in the L1 layer and the nutrients in the L2 layer mainly rely on the slow infiltration of rainwater, with strong lateral movement but weak vertical migration, making it difficult to efficiently reach the deep root system. Vertical flow channels, like "highways," rapidly and directly guide surface water, L1 signaling substances, and L2 nutrients to the L3 and L4 layers. This not only significantly increases the water storage capacity of the deep soil but also achieves three-dimensional transmission and coupling of water, fertilizer, and signaling substances in the longitudinal profile, thereby greatly improving the operational efficiency of the entire three-dimensional functional zone.

[0104] (4) The effect of the composite cover layer formed by mixing green manure and L1 bioactive cover layer on soil evaporation and S1P retention Table 10 Verification of the effect of the composite cover layer formed by green manure litter and L1 bioactive cover layer

[0105] The data analysis in Table 10 shows that in the treatment containing only the L1 cover layer without green manure (Comparative Example 5), the soil evaporation within 90 days was 186.7 mm, and the residual rates of S1P on days 30 and 60 were 58.5% and 23.2%, respectively. When green manure was introduced and formed a composite cover layer (Example 2), the soil evaporation significantly decreased to 149.8 mm, a reduction of 19.8%. At the same time, the residual rates of S1P on days 30 and 60 increased to 71.6% and 38.9%, respectively. This indicates that, on the one hand, the physical shielding of green manure litter and the sticky substances produced by its decomposition make the composite cover layer denser than the simple L1 layer, which can more effectively block the vaporization path of soil moisture; on the other hand, green manure litter provides a milder, light-protected, and organic-rich microenvironment for active substances such as S1P, greatly slowing down their photodegradation, oxidation, and microbial decomposition, thereby significantly extending their action time. This confirms that the introduction of green manure is not only a single fertilization measure, but also an "enhancer" and "stabilizer" for the function of the L1 active cover layer.

[0106] (5) Verification of the effects of each component in the acclimatization solution Table 11 Verification of the Role of Each Core Component in the Acclimation Solution

[0107] Analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the top three leaves of seedlings in Table 11 revealed that Example 2, using the complete acclimatization solution, exhibited an SOD activity as high as 78.8 U / mg protein, compared to only 28.3 U / mg protein in the blank control (Comparative Example 1). When only S1P (Comparative Example 12), only SNP (Comparative Example 13), only melatonin (Comparative Example 14), only spermidine (Comparative Example 15), or only betaine (Comparative Example 16) were retained in the acclimatization solution, the SOD activities decreased to 38.6, 41.2, 37.5, 36.8, and 34.9 U / mg protein, respectively. Although all were higher than the blank control, the difference compared to the complete Example 2 was significant. This result strongly demonstrates that the components S1P, SNP, melatonin, spermidine, and betaine work synergistically and are indispensable in activating the antioxidant system of potato plants (marked by SOD). They function through different signaling pathways (such as S1P regulating pores, NO mediating defense, melatonin clearing ROS, spermine stabilizing membrane structure, and betaine regulating osmosis). Only when multiple pathways are activated simultaneously and efficiently can the optimal anti-stress physiological state as shown in Example 2 be achieved.

[0108] (6) Comparison of the effects of gradient acclimatization and single-stage salt stress Table 12 Verification of Gradient Acclimation Effect

[0109] The data in Table 12 show that Comparative Example 6, subjected to a single 3.5% NaCl stress, had a yield of 37.4 t / hm². 2 The SOD activity was 43.6 U / mg protein, and the proline (Pro) content was 302 μg / gFW. In Example 2, treated with the gradient acclimatization solution of this invention, the yield, SOD activity, and Pro content were 57.6 t / hm². 2 The protein content was 78.8 U / mg and the fat content was 347 μg / g, which was superior to Comparative Example 6 in all aspects. This indicates that: First, NaCl single-stage stress is a broad-spectrum and brutal stress. Although it can induce some stress resistance responses, it is often accompanied by severe growth inhibition (lower yield). Second, the acclimatization solution of this invention contains a variety of precise signaling molecules, which is a kind of "precise induction" that can efficiently activate the stress resistance network without significantly inhibiting growth. More importantly, the "gradient" treatment allows the seed potato to undergo a gradual adaptation process from low to high concentrations, which can establish a more robust and lasting "stress resistance memory," while single-stage high-concentration stress is "directly pathogenic" and its effect is far inferior to the former.

[0110] In summary, this invention organically integrates four core technical modules: seed potato gradient domestication, three-dimensional functional zone construction, green manure synergistic mulching, and active substance reinforcement, forming a highly efficient synergistic effect system. Experimental data fully demonstrate that this system systematically solves the constraints of drought, barrenness, and salinity on potato production in the Loess Plateau region from multiple levels, including activating the intrinsic stress resistance of seed potatoes, three-dimensional regulation of soil water, fertilizer, air, and heat, water retention and signal slow release through surface mulching, and targeted enhancement during key growth periods. Compared with existing technologies or any single technical module, this invention has achieved significant results in increasing potato yield, water use efficiency, improving soil physicochemical properties, and enhancing plant antioxidant capacity. This method is green, environmentally friendly, and highly operable, providing a valuable solution for sustainable potato production in the Loess Plateau region and similar dryland farming areas.

[0111] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for stress-resistant and yield-increasing potato cultivation in the Loess Hilly Area, characterized by: Specifically, it includes the following steps: S1: Seed potato gradient acclimatization: Potato seed potatoes are soaked in acclimatization solutions of three different concentration gradients in sequence, with a recovery period set between adjacent gradients to obtain acclimatized seed potatoes. S2: Soil preparation and construction of three-dimensional functional zones: Vertical deep rotary tillage is carried out on the planting plots. During the tillage process, L4 deep base buffer layer material and L3 microbial tunnel layer material are applied to the soil layers at the corresponding depths in sequence; then ridges are formed, and neither the ridge surface nor the furrow surface is covered with film. On the prepared ridges, the L2 nutrient slow-release layer material is mixed into the tillage layer, and after being mixed and leveled, the L1 bioactive covering layer is laid on the ridge surface; finally, vertical guide channels running through L1 to L4 are set at intervals along the longitudinal direction of the ridge. S3: Potato planting and positioning with soil covering: Sow domesticated seed potatoes on the ridges, cover with soil after planting, and then spread L1 bioactive covering layer. S4: Delayed sowing and field management of green manure: Sow green manure in the furrows 10-20 days after potato emergence; do not irrigate during the potato growing season; S5: Green manure naturally withers and is returned to the field: After the green manure has reached its peak flowering period, it is not harvested or turned over. After it withers and falls over naturally, its fallen material is mixed with the L1 bioactive covering layer to form a composite covering layer. S6: Potato Harvesting: Harvest the potatoes after they have naturally withered and turned yellow. Green manure residue and L1 bioactive mulch material are left on the surface to degrade naturally.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the acclimatization solution includes low-concentration acclimatization solution, medium-concentration acclimatization solution, and high-concentration acclimatization solution; The low-concentration acclimatization solution contains the following components: sphingosine-1-phosphate 0.3~0.8 μmol / L, sodium nitroprusside 80~100 μmol / L, melatonin 40~50 μmol / L, spermidine 50~100 μmol / L, betaine 0.5~1.0 mmol / L, reduced glutathione 50~100 μmol / L, and 0.05%~0.1% EDTA chelated trace element solution. The solvent is magnetized water with a magnetization intensity of 0.3~0.8T and a pH of 6.2~6.

8. The medium-concentration acclimatization solution contains the following components: sphingosine-1-phosphate 1.0~1.8 μmol / L, sodium nitroprusside 100~130 μmol / L, melatonin 50~65 μmol / L, spermidine 100~150 μmol / L, betaine 1.0~1.5 mmol / L, reduced glutathione 50~100 μmol / L, and 0.05%~0.1% EDTA chelated trace element solution. The solvent is magnetized water with a magnetization intensity of 0.3~0.8T and a pH of 6.2~6.

8. The high-concentration acclimatization solution contains the following components: sphingosine-1-phosphate 2.0~3.0 μmol / L, sodium nitroprusside 130~150 μmol / L, melatonin 65~80 μmol / L, spermidine 150~200 μmol / L, betaine 1.5~2.0 mmol / L, reduced glutathione 50~100 μmol / L, and 0.05%~0.1% EDTA chelated trace element solution. The solvent is magnetized water with a magnetization intensity of 0.3~0.8T and a pH of 6.2~6.

8.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the specific operation of gradient acclimatization is as follows: First gradient: Immerse the seed potatoes in a low-concentration acclimatization solution and treat them in complete darkness at 8-12℃ for 2-4 hours. After taking them out, allow them to recover for 6-12 hours under conditions of relative humidity ≥85%, 18-22℃, and low light. Second gradient: Immerse the seed potatoes treated in the first gradient in a medium-concentration acclimatization solution and treat them in complete darkness at 8~12℃ for 2~4 hours. After taking them out, allow them to recover for 6~12 hours under conditions of relative humidity ≥85%, 18~22℃ and low light. Third gradient: Immerse the seed potatoes treated in the second gradient in a high-concentration acclimatization solution and treat them in complete darkness at 8~12℃ for 2~4 hours. After taking them out, allow them to recover for 12~24 hours under conditions of relative humidity ≥85%, 18~22℃ and low light to obtain acclimatized seed potatoes.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the tillage depth is 35-45cm; the ridge width is 60-70cm, the ridge height is 15-20cm, and the furrow width is 40-50cm; the method for setting up the vertical guide channel is as follows: drill holes vertically every 20-30cm along the ridge direction with a soil drill, the hole diameter is 1-2cm, and the depth penetrates through layers L1-L4. Mix the materials of the L1 bioactive covering layer and the L2 nutrient slow-release layer at a mass ratio of 1:1, add an appropriate amount of water to make a paste, fill it into the holes, and compact it into shape.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the L4 deep base buffer layer is a mixture of well-rotted organic fertilizer, bentonite, and vermiculite in a mass ratio of (3~5):(2~3):(1~2); the application rate is 3~6 kg / m³. 2 The application depth is 35~45cm; The L3 microbial tunnel layer is a mixture of a composite microbial agent and a carrier. The composite microbial agent contains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mucilaginosa, and Bacillus brevis, with a viable count ratio of (2~3):(1~2):(1~1.5), and a total effective viable count ≥2×10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / g, wherein the carrier is biochar or well-rotted straw compost with an organic carbon content of 15%~25%; application rate is 2~5 kg / m³. 2 The application depth is 20~35cm; The L2 nutrient slow-release layer is a slow-release granule, which, by weight, contains 60-75 parts of well-rotted organic fertilizer, 15-25 parts of biochar, 5-10 parts of sodium polyaspartate, 0.5-1.5 parts of spermidine, and 1-3 parts of betaine; it is granulated by fluidized bed to obtain granules with a particle size of 2-5 mm; the application rate is 200-400 kg / mu, and the mixing depth is 5-20 cm; The L1 bioactive coating layer is a composite gel particle, comprising, by weight, 60-75 parts of gelatinized modified potato starch, 10-15 parts of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5-10 parts of sodium alginate, 0.3-1.5 parts of sphingosine-1-phosphate microcapsules, 1-3 parts of reduced glutathione, 1-2 parts of potassium sulfate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.5-1 parts of citric acid crosslinking agent; the thickness of the coating is 2-3 cm.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The preparation method of the sphingosine-1-phosphate microcapsules is as follows: sphingosine-1-phosphate is dissolved in PBS buffer (pH 7.2) containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin to a final concentration of 10 μmol / L. 0.2% soluble betaine is added as a osmotic stabilizer to obtain a sphingosine-1-phosphate solution. The sphingosine-1-phosphate solution is mixed with 3% sodium alginate solution at a volume ratio of 1:5, emulsified, and then dropped into 3% calcium chloride solution to form microcapsules with a particle size of 100~500 μm. The microcapsules are then filtered, washed, and freeze-dried to obtain the final product.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, the sowing depth is 10-15cm, the plant spacing is 30-35cm, the soil covering thickness is 2-3cm, and the thickness of the L1 bioactive covering layer is 2-3cm.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, the green manure is arrowhead pea and / or hairy vetch, and the sowing rate is 2.5~3.5 kg / mu.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that: Apply active substance supplements once during the potato seedling stage and once during the early tuber enlargement stage: 20-25 days after emergence, spray the leaves with a high-concentration acclimatization solution diluted at a volume ratio of 1:50-1:100, using 30-50L per acre; 70-80 days after sowing, apply the high-concentration acclimatization solution diluted at a volume ratio of 1:80-1:120 along the base of the plant, using 40-60L per acre.

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