Multi-layer structure coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biological filter and filtration process thereof

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of biological filter beds, in particular to a multi-layer structure coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biological filter bed and a filtering process thereof, which comprises a filter bed main structure for containing water bodies to be treated and functional fillers; the filter bed main structure is provided with a water inlet and a water outlet; a water flow distributor is arranged at the top of the filter bed main structure; the water flow distributor adopts a multi-arm type perforated pipe structure; a water collecting device is arranged at the bottom of the filter bed main structure; the water collecting device is composed of a supporting gravel layer and a porous water collecting plate below the supporting gravel layer; and four functional layers are sequentially arranged in the filter bed main structure. The composite biological filter bed adopts an electrochemical pre-oxidation, multi-stage biological degradation and in-situ regeneration function layer coupled structure, and integrates an intelligent control system; through the above technical scheme, the application can realize efficient and stable removal of trace organic pollutants, prolong the service life of the filter bed, reduce the operation and maintenance cost, intelligently adapt to water quality changes and optimize energy consumption.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of biofilter technology, specifically a multi-layered coupled intelligent and efficient composite biofilter and its filtration process. Background Technology

[0002] In the process of modern industrialization and urbanization, the protection and restoration of aquatic environments has become a core global issue. In particular, trace organic pollutants such as antibiotics and endocrine disruptors pose a severe challenge to traditional water treatment processes due to their wide range of sources, strong environmental persistence, and potential ecological and health risks. Conventional urban wastewater treatment plants are primarily designed for conventional pollutants such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, and nitrogen and phosphorus. For these trace organic pollutants with concentrations ranging from nanograms to micrograms per liter, their removal efficiency is often very limited. Therefore, developing targeted advanced treatment technologies to effectively reduce the flux of such pollutants into the aquatic environment is of vital practical significance for ensuring aquatic ecological security and public health.

[0003] To address this challenge, those skilled in the art have conducted extensive research and developed technological pathways centered on adsorption, advanced oxidation, membrane separation, and biodegradation. Among these, packed bed reactors based on adsorption and filtration principles have been widely studied and applied due to their simple structure, ease of operation, and universal removal effect on a variety of pollutants. Traditional water treatment processes mainly rely on single treatment methods such as physical filtration and chemical oxidation. Although they can remove some pollutants to a certain extent, they are less efficient and less stable in removing trace organic pollutants that are difficult to degrade.

[0004] Therefore, in view of the above-mentioned defects in the prior art, the present invention provides a multi-layer structure coupled intelligent and efficient composite biofilter and its filtration process. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, at least one technical problem raised in the background art is solved.

[0006] The technical solution adopted by this invention to solve its technical problem is as follows: A multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biological filter bed, comprising a filter bed main structure for accommodating the water to be treated and functional fillers, the filter bed main structure having an inlet and an outlet, a water flow distributor at the top of the filter bed main structure employing a multi-arm perforated pipe structure, and a water collection device at the bottom of the filter bed main structure, the water collection device consisting of a gravel support layer and a porous water collection plate below it; the composite biological filter bed further includes: Inside the main structure of the filter bed, four functional layers are arranged sequentially from the inlet to the outlet, as follows: Electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer is used to electrochemically pre-oxidize organic pollutants entering the filter bed and retain suspended particulate matter; A directional bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer is disposed downstream of the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer, and is used to adsorb and perform the first stage of biodegradation on the organic pollutants and their pre-oxidation products. A synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer is disposed downstream of the directed bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer, and is used to deeply remove residual trace organic pollutants using the co-metabolism mechanism. An in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer is located downstream of the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer, used for online monitoring of water quality parameters and in-situ electrochemical regeneration of the packing material in the upstream functional layer. In addition, an intelligent control system is provided, wherein the intelligent control system establishes a data and control signal connection with the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer and the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer, and is used to regulate the operating status of the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer based on the data collected by the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer, and control the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer to execute the regeneration program. A pretreatment component is provided inside the water inlet; the pretreatment component can effectively intercept larger particulate impurities in the water and protect the main structure of the filter bed.

[0007] Preferably, the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer comprises a three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode and a planar mesh cathode; the three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode and the planar mesh cathode are arranged in parallel, the three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode is an open-cell foam titanium substrate, and a boron-doped diamond film with a thickness of 5-10 micrometers is deposited on the inner and outer surfaces of the open-cell foam titanium substrate; the planar mesh cathode is a titanium metal mesh; the three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode and the planar mesh cathode are respectively connected to a first DC power supply unit.

[0008] Preferably, the directed bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer is filled with a composite biological carrier filler, which is a spherical particle containing a core made of coconut shell-based activated carbon and a functionalized coating on the surface of the core.

[0009] Preferably, the functionalized coating uses chitosan as a matrix and is cured with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent, with graphene oxide nanosheets uniformly dispersed in the chitosan matrix; and a co-culture specific degradation bacterial community composed of *Pseudomonas putida* and *Sphingomonas sphaeroides* is inoculated and fixed on the surface and in the pore structure of the composite biological carrier filler.

[0010] Preferably, the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer is filled with a slow-release carbon source carrier packing material, which is a porous alumina ceramic ball. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate is loaded in the pore network of the porous alumina ceramic ball, and the loading weight of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate accounts for 5-8% of the total weight of the porous alumina ceramic ball. Furthermore, Rhodococcus johnsonii is inoculated and immobilized on the slow-release carbon source carrier packing material.

[0011] Preferably, the main body of the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer is a graphite felt, which is used as a working electrode during the regeneration stage and connected to a second DC power supply unit; a multi-parameter micro-sensor array is integrated and embedded in the structure of the graphite felt, and the sensing units of the multi-parameter micro-sensor array are connected to the intelligent control system through signal cables.

[0012] Preferably, the multi-parameter micro-sensor array includes: The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor is used for online monitoring of the concentration of specific target pollutants; it has a molecularly imprinted thin film polymerized on the electrode surface, with the target pollutant as the template molecule, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinking agent; The miniature coulometric sensor is used to measure chemical oxygen demand (COD). It uses a nanostructured copper oxide-modified electrode to perform constant potential electrocatalytic oxidation of organic matter in a water sample. By integrating the generated Faraday current and calculating the integral of the current over time, the total charge is obtained, thereby estimating the total amount of organic matter, i.e., the COD value. Platinum resistance temperature sensors are used to accurately measure the temperature of the outlet water; Solid-state pH sensors are used to monitor the acidity and alkalinity of effluent in real time.

[0013] Preferably, the intelligent control system includes four core functional modules that cooperate with each other at the software level, and the core functional modules include: The sensor data parsing and preprocessing module is used to collect and process the output signal of the multi-parameter micro-sensor array, and to perform real-time noise reduction and state smoothing on the raw data using the Kalman filter algorithm. The multi-layer kinetic model state estimation module contains a set of partial differential equations that couple the electrocatalytic kinetic model, the linear driving force model of the adsorption process, and the dual-substrate Mono kinetic model of the biodegradation process. It is used to estimate the state variables inside the filter bed online based on real-time water quality parameters. The state variables include the concentration distribution of the target pollutant, the saturation of the adsorption sites of the composite biological carrier packing, and the active biomass. The model predictive control optimization decision module is used to construct and solve a multivariate constrained optimization problem within a preset future time domain for the internal state variables output by the state estimation module, with the optimization objectives of minimizing the deviation between the effluent pollutant concentration and the set target value and minimizing the total energy consumption of the system, thereby generating the optimal control sequence for the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer. The drive execution and regeneration timing control module is used to receive and execute the control commands output by the model predictive control optimization decision module, and automatically trigger and control the in-situ electrochemical regeneration program when the average adsorption saturation of the packing material in the directional bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer exceeds a preset threshold.

[0014] Preferably, the intelligent control system includes: An industrial control computer, which is used to execute the operation of an intelligent control system; The multi-channel data acquisition module integrates a 24-bit high-resolution analog-to-digital converter and also includes a 16-bit resolution digital-to-analog converter for generating accurate analog voltage signals.

[0015] Preferably, the pretreatment component includes mounting blocks symmetrically arranged inside the inlet; the sidewall of the mounting block has a mounting groove; a first magnetic block is fixedly connected to the inner side of the mounting groove; a filter plate is provided at the top of the inlet; a second magnetic block is symmetrically fixedly connected to the bottom of the filter plate; the second magnetic block and the first magnetic block are connected by magnetic connection; a support groove is provided at the top of the filter plate; and a handle is rotatably provided inside the support groove.

[0016] As a preferred embodiment, a filtration process for a multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biofilter is characterized in that: the process is applicable to any one of the multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biofilters described above; the process includes the following steps: S1: System startup and biofilm loading: Fill the filter bed with all functional fillers and inoculate with specific degradation bacteria. Under low hydraulic load, add low concentrations of target pollutants and nutrients to the influent until each biological functional layer forms a mature biofilm with stable structure and high activity. S2: Conventional purification operation: The water to be treated enters evenly through the water flow distributor at the top of the filter bed. It first flows through the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer. Here, the intelligent control system adjusts the voltage applied to the BDD electrode in real time according to the water quality of the influent, generating a sufficient amount of hydroxyl radicals to oxidize large-molecule recalcitrant organic matter into smaller-molecule intermediates with better biocompatibility. Subsequently, the water flows into the directional biological proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer and the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer in sequence, achieving efficient removal of trace organic pollutants. S3: Adaptive Intelligent Control: Throughout the entire operation, the MPC module of the intelligent control system continues to work. When the concentration of pollutants in the influent suddenly increases, the MPC module will automatically increase the voltage applied to the BDD electrode to enhance the pre-oxidation capacity; when the influent load decreases, the voltage will be reduced accordingly to save energy. S4: Fully Automatic In-Situ Regeneration: After long-term operation, when the intelligent control system determines that the adsorption capacity of the directional bio-propagation adsorption and the primary biodegradation layer is close to saturation, the system will automatically enter the aforementioned in-situ electrochemical regeneration program without any manual intervention, and automatically resume normal purification operation.

[0017] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: 1. The present invention discloses a multi-layered, coupled intelligent and efficient composite biofilter and its filtration process. By constructing a multi-level treatment structure of electrochemical pre-oxidation—directional biodegradation—co-metabolism, it achieves deep coupling and stepwise transformation of pollutants at the mechanistic level. The electrochemical pre-oxidation layer transforms recalcitrant parent pollutants into small-molecule intermediates, providing readily available substrates for the subsequent biodegradation layer; the directional bio-proliferation adsorption layer, through the synergistic effect of a high specific surface area activated carbon core and a functionalized coating, efficiently adsorbs pollutants and completes primary degradation through specific bacterial communities; the co-metabolism layer utilizes a PHBV slow-release carbon source to drive the co-metabolism process, specifically removing trace residual pollutants. The complementary functions and synergistic effects of the three treatment units significantly improve the removal efficiency and stability of trace organic pollutants, solving the problem of unstable removal efficiency in existing technologies.

[0018] 2. The multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biological filter bed and its filtration process described in this invention, by setting up in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layers, and combining precise regeneration control logic, realizes online recycling of adsorption materials, greatly extends the effective working life of the filter bed, and reduces operation and maintenance costs.

[0019] 3. The multi-layer structure coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biological filter bed and its filtration process described in this invention introduces a model predictive control system based on internal state estimation, which enables the filter bed to intelligently adapt to the dynamic changes in influent water quality and quantity. Under the premise of ensuring that the effluent water quality meets the standards, it optimizes the operating energy consumption and solves the defect of traditional filter beds that are difficult to adapt to dynamic changes in water quality.

[0020] 4. The multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biological filter bed and its filtration process described in this invention have clearly defined and specialized functional layers, avoiding mutual interference between different treatment mechanisms and maximizing the overall system efficiency. This highly integrated structural design not only reduces the equipment footprint but also lowers the system's complexity and failure probability, making it more suitable for modular installation and expansion in scenarios such as municipal sewage treatment plant deep treatment units and industrial wastewater reuse devices. Attached Figure Description

[0021] The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the preprocessing component in this invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the internal cross-sectional structure in this invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer in this invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the directional bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer in this invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer in this invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer in this invention; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the filtration process in this invention; Figure 9 This is a structural block diagram of the intelligent control system in this invention; Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the in-situ electrochemical regeneration process in this invention.

[0023] In the diagram: 10. Main structure of the filter bed; 11. Water flow distributor; 12. Water collection device; 20. Electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer; 21. Three-dimensional porous fluid permeability anode; 22. Planar mesh cathode; 30. Directed bio-propagation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer; 31. Composite biological carrier packing; 40. Synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer; 41. Slow-release carbon source carrier packing; 50. In-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer; 51. Graphite felt; 52. Multi-parameter micro-sensor array; 60. Intelligent control system; 61. Industrial control computer; 62. Multi-channel data acquisition module; 63. Sensor data analysis and preprocessing. Modules; 64. Multi-layer dynamic model state estimation module; 65. Model predictive control optimization decision module; 66. Drive execution and regeneration timing control module; 71. First DC power supply unit; 72. Second DC power supply unit; 101. Inlet; 102. Outlet; 80. Pretreatment component; 801. Mounting block; 802. Mounting groove; 803. First magnetic block; 804. Filter plate; 805. Second magnetic block; 806. Support groove; 807. Handle; 53. Molecularly imprinted polymer electrochemical sensor; 54. Miniature coulometric sensor; 55. Platinum resistance temperature sensor; 56. Solid-state pH sensor. Detailed Implementation

[0024] To make the technical means, creative features, objectives and effects of this invention easier to understand, the invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0025] like Figures 1-7 As shown in the embodiment of the present invention, a multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biological filter bed includes a filter bed main structure 10 for accommodating the water to be treated and functional packing materials. The filter bed main structure 10 is provided with an inlet 101 and an outlet 102. A water flow distributor 11 is provided at the top of the filter bed main structure 10. The water flow distributor 11 adopts a multi-arm perforated pipe structure. A water collection device 12 is provided at the bottom of the filter bed main structure 10. The water collection device 12 consists of a gravel support layer and a porous water collection plate below it. The composite biological filter bed also includes: Inside the filter bed main structure 10, four functional layers are arranged sequentially from the inlet 101 to the outlet 102, as follows: Electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer 20 is used to electrochemically pre-oxidize organic pollutants entering the filter bed and retain suspended particulate matter; The directional bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30 is disposed downstream of the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer 20, and is used to adsorb and perform the first stage of biodegradation on the organic pollutants and their pre-oxidation products. The synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer 40 is disposed downstream of the directional bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30, and is used to deeply remove residual trace organic pollutants by utilizing the co-metabolism mechanism. The in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50 is disposed downstream of the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer 40, and is used to monitor water quality parameters online and perform in-situ electrochemical regeneration of the packing material in the upstream functional layer. In addition, an intelligent control system 60 is provided, which establishes data and control signal connections with the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50 and the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer 20, and is used to regulate the operating status of the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer 20 based on the data collected by the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50, and control the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50 to execute the regeneration program; A pretreatment component 80 is provided on the inner side of the water inlet 101; the pretreatment component 80 can effectively intercept larger particulate impurities in the water and protect the filter bed main structure 10. It should be noted that the multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biological filter disclosed in this invention has its overall structure built within a filter bed main structure 10. The filter bed main structure 10 is a vertically arranged rectangular reactor with a high aspect ratio. Its design aims to optimize the water flow residence time distribution and suppress short-circuiting. In a specific embodiment, the total height of the filter bed main structure 10 is 3.5 meters, and it is welded from 316L stainless steel plates with a thickness of 5 mm. All inner surfaces are electrochemically polished and passivated to obtain excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. At the top of the filter bed main structure 10, a precision water flow distributor 11 is provided. The water flow distributor 11 adopts a multi-arm perforated pipe structure to ensure that the water to be treated can enter the functional packing layer below with a uniform surface load. At the bottom of the filter bed main structure 10, a water collection device 12 is provided. This device consists of a gravel support layer and a porous water collection plate below it, used to collect the treated clean water and guide it to the filter bed outlet 102.

[0026] It should be noted that inside the filter bed main structure 10, four processing units that are functionally distinct but mechanistically deeply coupled are stacked sequentially from top to bottom along the water flow direction.

[0027] The topmost layer is the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate filtration layer 20, which is 300 mm high. The core mission of this layer is to use advanced oxidation processes to break down the molecular structure of parent organic pollutants in the influent that are structurally stable, highly biotoxic, or poorly biodegradable, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) or endocrine disruptors (EDCs), transforming them into intermediate products with smaller molecular weights, higher polarity, and higher bioavailability. At the same time, thanks to its fine porous structure, it effectively traps suspended particulate matter with a particle size greater than 50 micrometers in the water. Structurally, this layer consists of a three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode 21 and a planar mesh cathode 22.

[0028] It should be noted that, immediately below the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer 20, there is a directional biological proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30 with a height of 1200 mm. The function of this layer is to receive the water flowing out from the upper layer, which contains a large amount of biologically available intermediate products, and to rapidly adsorb and enrich it using a specially made composite biological carrier packing 31. Then, the highly efficient degrading bacteria that have been domesticated and fixed on the packing are used for the first stage of biodegradation.

[0029] It should be noted that below the directed bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30, a synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer 40 with a height of 800 mm is further provided. The function of this layer is to treat trace amounts of recalcitrant organic matter that remain after primary biodegradation and whose concentration has been reduced to extremely low levels of nanograms to micrograms per liter. Such pollutants often cannot serve as the sole carbon source and energy source for microbial growth, so they need to be removed through a co-metabolism mechanism. For this purpose, a specially designed slow-release carbon source carrier packing 41 is used in this layer.

[0030] It should be noted that, as a core innovation of this invention, a 100 mm thick in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50 is set at the bottom layer of the entire filter bed, below the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer 40. This layer has very little resistance to water flow in the conventional filtration mode, and its main function is not filtration, but online monitoring and system regeneration.

[0031] It should be noted that the water to be treated enters the filter bed main structure 10 through the inlet 101. First, the pretreatment component 80 intercepts larger particulate impurities in the water to prevent them from entering the subsequent functional layers and causing blockages. After being evenly distributed by the multi-arm perforated pipe structure water distributor 11 at the top, the water flows through the four functional layers in sequence: The electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer 20 electrochemically oxidizes and decomposes organic pollutants and retains suspended particulate matter. The directional bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30 adsorbs pollutants and their oxidation products, and completes the first stage of degradation through biological action. Synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer 40 utilize co-metabolism mechanism to remove residual trace pollutants; The in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50 monitors water quality parameters in real time, and performs in-situ electrochemical regeneration of the upstream packing material when needed. The treated water is collected by the gravel layer and porous water collection plate supported by the bottom water collection device 12, and finally discharged from the outlet 102. The intelligent control system 60 receives data from the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50, regulates the operation status of the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer 20, and controls the regeneration program of the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50 to form a closed-loop control.

[0032] Furthermore, such as Figures 1-7 As shown, the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer 20 consists of a three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode 21 and a planar mesh cathode 22. The three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode 21 and the planar mesh cathode 22 are arranged in parallel. The three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode 21 is an open-cell foam titanium substrate. A boron-doped diamond film with a thickness of 5-10 micrometers is deposited on the inner and outer surfaces of the open-cell foam titanium substrate. The planar mesh cathode 22 is a titanium metal mesh. The three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode 21 and the planar mesh cathode 22 are respectively connected to the first DC power supply unit 71. It should be noted that the three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode 21 is a monolithically formed open-cell titanium foam with a thickness of 25 mm, possessing a porosity of up to 96% and an average pore size of 800 micrometers. This macroscopic porous structure ensures extremely low hydraulic resistance. On all the inner and outer surfaces of this titanium foam substrate, a boron-doped diamond (BDD) film with a thickness of 8 micrometers was deposited using high-power hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). The control parameters of this deposition process were extremely stringent: the reaction chamber pressure was maintained at 2.0 kPa, the substrate temperature was controlled at 850 degrees Celsius, and the hydrogen flow rate was 5... The flow rate of methane was 5 sccm, and the flow rate of hydrogen dilution gas used as the boron source (trimethylboron) was dynamically adjusted according to the target doping concentration, ultimately achieving a boron atom doping concentration of 7000 ppm. This high doping concentration of the BDD film resulted in a wide electrochemical window and an extremely high oxygen evolution potential, giving it unparalleled catalytic efficiency in generating highly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals (·OH) through water electrolysis. The planar mesh cathode 22 was a 20-mesh titanium metal mesh woven from 1 mm diameter titanium wire, fixed 20 mm above the three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode 21, maintaining a tight seal. The three-dimensional porous fluid-permeable anode 21 and the planar mesh cathode 22 are parallel to form a uniform electric field distribution. They are respectively connected to an external first DC power supply unit 71 via 10 mm diameter titanium conductive rods, which pass through a PTFE insulating seal and exit the side wall of the filter bed main structure 10. This power supply unit 71 is a high-precision programmable DC power supply capable of providing 0 to 10 volts and 0 to 50 amperes of current, with an output ripple factor of less than 0.1%, ensuring stable electrochemical reaction conditions. When the first DC power supply unit 71 supplies power, the two form an electrolytic reaction. The circuit, with its high porosity of 95%-98% and large pore size of 500-1000 micrometers on the open-cell foam titanium substrate, ensures smooth water flow. The boron-doped diamond (BDD) film on its surface, with a thickness of 5-10 micrometers and a boron doping concentration of 5000-8000 ppm, exhibits strong electrocatalytic activity. Under the action of an electric field, it generates strong oxidizing substances such as hydroxyl radicals (OH), which oxidize recalcitrant organic pollutants into small molecule products. The titanium metal mesh structure of the planar mesh cathode 22 collects electrons on one hand and forms a uniform electric field with the anode on the other, while also intercepting some suspended particulate matter, thus improving the pretreatment effect.

[0033] Furthermore, such as Figures 1-7 As shown, the directed bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30 is filled with a composite biological carrier filler 31. The composite biological carrier filler 31 is a spherical particle containing a core made of coconut shell-based activated carbon and a functionalized coating on the surface of the core. It should be noted that the composite biological carrier filler 31 filling this layer is a precisely designed spherical particle with an average particle size of 4 mm. Each filler particle has a core-shell structure. Its core is spherical activated carbon prepared by carbonization and high-temperature activation of high-quality coconut shells as raw materials. Its specific surface area, as determined by the nitrogen adsorption method (BET), is not less than 950 m² / g. It also has a well-developed microporous and mesoporous structure, providing a large number of adsorption sites for pollutants. Coating the surface of the activated carbon core is a functional coating with a thickness of about 80 micrometers. The specific surface area of ​​the coconut shell-based activated carbon core is ≥800 m² / g. Through its porous structure, it generates strong adsorption force and can efficiently adsorb small molecule intermediate products and residual parent pollutants after electrochemical pre-oxidation. The functional coating on the surface of the core provides an attachment carrier for microorganisms, enabling specific degradation bacteria to colonize and reproduce on the surface and in the pores of the filler. Through biological metabolism, the adsorbed pollutants are decomposed into harmless substances, achieving adsorption-degradation synergy and completing the first stage of biological treatment.

[0034] Furthermore, such as Figures 1-7 As shown, the functionalized coating uses chitosan as a matrix and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent for curing. Graphene oxide nanosheets are uniformly dispersed in the chitosan matrix. Furthermore, a co-culture specific degradation bacteria community composed of Pseudomonas putida and Sphingomonas sphingosine monophosphate is inoculated and fixed on the surface and in the pore structure of the composite biological carrier filler 31. It should be noted that the functionalized coating uses chitosan as a matrix, which forms a stable structure after cross-linking and curing with glutaraldehyde. The dispersed graphene oxide nanosheets, at a weight percentage of 0.5-1.5%, enhance the mechanical strength and conductivity of the coating, while providing more attachment sites for microorganisms. The co-culture of *Pseudomonas putida* and *Sphingomonas aspacimobilis*, through metabolic synergy, can efficiently decompose pollutants adsorbed in the directed bioproliferation and primary biodegradation layer 30: the former excels at degrading small molecule compounds containing aromatic rings, while the latter has a specific degradation ability for nitrogen-containing heterocyclic pollutants. The combination of the two enhances the primary biodegradation efficiency. The preparation process of this coating is as follows: First, 2 grams of chitosan are dissolved in 100 ml of 1% v / v acetic acid solution, then... 100 mg of graphene oxide nanosheets prepared by the Hummers method and ultrasonically exfoliated, with a lateral size concentrated in 1-2 micrometers, were added. The mixture was vigorously stirred in a 60°C water bath for 2 hours to form a uniform and stable suspension. Subsequently, activated carbon cores were immersed in this suspension and slowly stirred for 30 minutes before being removed and dried in an 80°C oven. Finally, the dried coated particles were immersed in a 2.5% w / v glutaraldehyde solution (pH 7.0) for cross-linking and curing for 2 hours. The mixture was then repeatedly rinsed with deionized water to remove residual cross-linking agent. The resulting coating not only exhibits good hydrophilicity and high biocompatibility, but the embedded graphene oxide nanosheets, due to their unique two-dimensional structure and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, can promote electron transfer and enhance the metabolic activity of microorganisms. Before this composite biological carrier filler 31 is put into use, microbial inoculation and acclimatization are required. The inoculated bacterial strain was a 1:1 mixed culture of *Pseudomonas putida* ATCC 700007 and *Sphingomonas paucimobilis* ATCC 31461. The packing material was placed in a container with a total concentration of 10... 9 In a biofilm reactor containing CFU / mL and simulated wastewater, the reactor was continuously operated at low hydraulic load for 10 days at 25°C and pH 7.2 until a dense and stable biofilm formed on the packing surface, with a final immobilized microbial biomass of not less than 10⁻⁶. 8 CFU / gram dry weight packing.

[0035] Furthermore, such as Figures 1-7As shown, the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer 40 is filled with a slow-release carbon source carrier packing 41, which is a porous alumina ceramic ball. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate is loaded in the pore network of the porous alumina ceramic ball, and the loading weight of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate accounts for 5-8% of the total weight of the porous alumina ceramic ball. Furthermore, Rhodococcus johnsonii is inoculated and immobilized on the slow-release carbon source carrier packing 41. It should be noted that the slow-release carbon source carrier 41 of the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer 40 is a porous alumina ceramic ball with a porosity of 60-70%. Subsequently, the co-metabolism matrix is ​​loaded into the ceramic ball by vacuum impregnation. Specifically, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) is dissolved in chloroform to prepare a 5% w / v solution. The dried porous alumina ceramic ball is placed in this solution, and a vacuum is drawn to -0.09 MPa and maintained for 30 minutes to allow the solution to fully penetrate into the depth of the pore network. Afterward, the vacuum is restored to normal. The ceramic balls were removed and dried at room temperature in a fume hood to evaporate most of the chloroform. They were then thoroughly dried in a vacuum oven at 60 degrees Celsius. The final PHBV loading was precisely controlled at 7% of the dry weight of the ceramic balls. As a biodegradable polymer, PHBV hydrolyzes extremely slowly in water, releasing 3-hydroxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxyvalerate. These small-molecule organic acids can serve as excellent growth substrates for microorganisms. The slow-release carbon source carrier packing 41 was specially inoculated and immobilized with Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 strain, which is known for its cometabolism. The continuous release of the growth substrate maintained the population stability and high metabolic activity of the RHA1 strain, enabling it to express and secrete non-specific oxidases. This allowed it to degrade trace target pollutants with different structures as accidental substrates, achieving deep purification of the water and ensuring that the concentration of pollutants in the effluent was reduced to trace levels.

[0036] Furthermore, such as Figures 1-7 As shown, the main body of the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50 is a graphite felt 51. The graphite felt 51 is used as a working electrode in the regeneration stage and is connected to a second DC power supply unit 72. A multi-parameter micro-sensor array 52 is integrated and embedded in the structure of the graphite felt 51. The sensing unit of the multi-parameter micro-sensor array 52 is connected to the intelligent control system 60 through a signal cable. It should be noted that the graphite felt 51 of the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50 serves as a water flow channel during normal operation. When regeneration is required, the second DC power supply unit 72 applies voltage to it, making it a working electrode. Through electrochemical oxidation, it decomposes the pollutants adsorbed by the upstream packing material, achieving in-situ regeneration. The integrated embedded multi-parameter micro-sensor array 52 collects water quality signals in real time and transmits them to the intelligent control system 60 via signal cables, providing data support for system regulation. At the same time, the high specific surface area of ​​the graphite felt 51 can enhance the contact between the electrode and the pollutants, improving the regeneration efficiency. The main body of this layer is a piece of graphite felt 51 with a specific surface area >1.5m² / g, which is used as a working electrode when the upstream adsorbed packing material needs to be regenerated and is connected to the second DC power supply unit 72. More importantly, a multi-parameter micro-sensor array 52 is integrated and embedded in the structure of the graphite felt 51 in an array form. This sensor array 52 is the data foundation for realizing intelligent control.

[0037] Furthermore, such as Figures 1-7 As shown, the multi-parameter micro-sensor array 52 includes: The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor 53 is used for online monitoring of the concentration of specific target pollutants; it has a molecularly imprinted thin film polymerized on the electrode surface, with the target pollutant as the template molecule, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinking agent; The miniature coulometric sensor 54 is used to measure chemical oxygen demand (COD). It uses a nanostructured copper oxide modified electrode to perform constant potential electrocatalytic oxidation of organic matter in water samples. By integrating the generated Faraday current and calculating the integral of the current with respect to time, the total charge is obtained, thereby estimating the total amount of organic matter, i.e., the COD value. The platinum resistance temperature sensor 55 is used for accurate measurement of outlet water temperature; Solid-state pH sensor 56 is used for real-time monitoring of the pH of effluent; It should be noted that the sensing units of the multi-parameter micro-sensor array 52 work collaboratively: it includes four core sensing units. The first is a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor 53 used for online monitoring of specific target pollutants, such as sulfamethoxazole (SMX) concentration. Its fabrication process involves electropolymerizing an acetonitrile solution containing template molecule SMX, functional monomer MAA methacrylate, and crosslinking agent ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) on the surface of a 3 mm diameter glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using cyclic voltammetry to form a highly crosslinked polymer film. Subsequently, the template molecule SMX is removed by electrochemical elution in an acidic solution, leaving an imprinted layer with three-dimensional recognition holes. When water samples flow through, SMX molecules specifically recombine into these holes, causing changes in the sensor's electrochemical signal, such as impedance or current, thereby achieving quantitative detection of SMX concentration. The second is used to measure chemical oxygen demand (COD). The COD miniature coulometric sensor 54 has a working electrode made of platinum wire, the surface of which is modified with a layer of nano-CuOx copper oxide nanostructured by electrochemical deposition. Under specific alkaline medium and a constant potential of +0.60 V relative to Ag / AgCl, this electrode can efficiently catalyze the oxidation of most organic matter in the water sample. The COD value can be directly calculated by integrating the total charge Faraday current generated during the oxidation process. The third is a PT100 type platinum resistance temperature sensor 55 encapsulated in a miniature stainless steel probe for accurate measurement of the outlet water temperature. The fourth is a solid pH sensor 56 based on a specific ion carrier membrane for real-time monitoring of the outlet water's acidity and alkalinity. All these sensing units are led out of the filter bed through a dedicated shielded micro-coaxial cable via a multi-channel waterproof sealed connector and connected to the data acquisition module of the intelligent control system 60. The four types of signals work together to reflect the water quality status, providing comprehensive parameters for intelligent control.

[0038] Furthermore, such as Figure 9 As shown, the intelligent control system 60, at the software level, includes four core functional modules that cooperate with each other. These core functional modules include: The sensor data parsing and preprocessing module 63 is used to collect and process the output signal of the multi-parameter micro sensor array 52, and to perform real-time noise reduction and state smoothing on the raw data using the Kalman filter algorithm. The multi-layer kinetic model state estimation module 64 contains a set of partial differential equations that couple the electrocatalytic kinetic model, the linear driving force model of the adsorption process, and the dual-substrate Mono kinetic model of the biodegradation process. It is used to estimate the state variables inside the filter bed online based on real-time water quality parameters. The state variables include the concentration distribution of the target pollutant, the saturation of the adsorption sites of the composite biological carrier packing 31, and the active biomass. The model predictive control optimization decision module 65 is used to construct and solve a multivariate constrained optimization problem within a preset future time domain for the internal state variables output by the state estimation module 64, with the optimization objectives of minimizing the deviation between the effluent pollutant concentration and the set target value and minimizing the total energy consumption of the system, thereby generating the optimal control sequence for the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer 20. The drive execution and regeneration timing control module 66 is used to receive and execute the control commands output by the model prediction control optimization decision module 65, and automatically trigger and control the in-situ electrochemical regeneration program when the average adsorption saturation of the packing material of the directional bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30 exceeds a preset threshold. It should be noted that, at the software level, the intelligent control system 60 consists of four collaborative core functional modules. The first is the sensor data parsing and preprocessing module 63, which continuously reads the raw digital signals from all sensors from the data acquisition module 62 at a frequency of 1Hz. For the noise of the MIP electrochemical sensor and the COD coulometric sensor, this module uses a tuned Kalman filter algorithm for real-time processing. This algorithm establishes a state-space model of the sensor signal and recursively corrects the current measurement value according to the preset process noise covariance matrix Q and measurement noise covariance matrix R, thereby outputting a smooth and high signal-to-noise ratio real-time water quality parameter sequence of specific pollutant concentration, COD, temperature, and pH value.

[0039] The second is the multilayer kinetic model state estimation module 64, which forms the theoretical basis for predictive and optimized control. It contains a set of partial differential equations coupling electrochemistry, adsorption, and biodegradation mechanisms to describe the dynamic evolution of pollutant concentration C across two dimensions: filter bed height z and time t. This model comprehensively considers the convection and axial dispersion of water flow, the oxidation rate on the BDD anode surface based on electrocatalytic kinetics, the adsorption and desorption rates on the composite biological carrier packing 31 based on the linear driving force model LDFmodel, and the biological degradation within the two biodegradation layers based on the dual-substrate Monod kinetic model. The degradation rate module uses the real-time effluent water quality parameters output by the sensor data analysis and preprocessing module 63 as boundary conditions. Combined with the preset influent water quality characteristics, it uses an efficient numerical solver, such as the Crank-Nicolson scheme based on the finite difference method, to invert key state variables that cannot be directly measured inside the entire filter bed in real time. These variables include: the concentration distribution of hydroxyl radicals in the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate filter layer 20; the average adsorption saturation of the composite biological carrier packing 31 in the directional biological proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30; and the dynamic changes in the active biomass and specific degradation rate in each biological layer.

[0040] The third is the Model Predictive Control (MPC) optimization decision module 65. Based on the comprehensive internal state information provided by the state estimation module 64, this module constructs and solves a multivariate constrained optimization problem within a forward-rolling 24-hour prediction time domain, PredictionHorizon. Its objective function aims to simultaneously minimize the integral of the square of the deviation between the predicted effluent pollutant concentration and the statutory discharge standard within the next 24 hours, as well as the integral of the system's total energy consumption. The decision variable of this module is the voltage V_BDD applied to the BDD anode. Every 5 minutes, this module performs an optimization calculation, using efficient algorithms such as Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) to solve for a series of optimal V_BDD control action sequences for the next 24 hours. Then, it only sends the first control action of the sequence, i.e., the voltage value to be maintained for the next 5 minutes, to the next module for execution. When the next 5-minute cycle arrives, the entire prediction and optimization process is repeated based on the updated system state. This rolling optimization mechanism enables the system to have a forward-looking adjustment capability.

[0041] The fourth is the drive execution and regeneration timing control module 66. This module is the final executor of the control logic. In the normal purification operation mode, it receives the voltage setpoint from the MPC optimization decision module 65 and converts it into a control signal via the DAC to precisely adjust the output of the first DC power supply unit 71. Its core function is more reflected in the management of the automatic regeneration program. Figure 10When the multilayer kinetic model state estimation module 64 calculates that the average adsorption saturation of the packing material in the directional bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30 exceeds the preset 85% threshold, the module automatically triggers the in-situ electrochemical regeneration program. This program strictly follows the preset timing logic: First, the inlet pump is smoothly shut off through the PLC interface, pausing the water flow into the filter bed for 1 minute. Second, the second DC power supply unit 72 is controlled to apply a constant potential of +2.5 volts relative to the Ag / AgCl reference electrode to the graphite felt 51, which serves as the anode, for 30 minutes. At this potential, hydroxyl radicals are efficiently generated on the surface of the graphite felt 51. These radicals can oxidize and degrade the organic pollutants previously adsorbed on the composite biological carrier packing material 31 in situ, mineralizing them into carbon dioxide. The first step involves resolving carbon and water to restore the adsorption capacity of the filter bed. The second step involves reversing the potential of the graphite felt 51 to -1.0 volts for 10 minutes. The purpose of this step is to reduce the small amount of metal oxides that may have formed during the anodic oxidation process through cathodic polarization, and to promote the activation of adsorption sites by using microbubbles generated by the hydrogen evolution reaction. The third step involves opening the backwash pipeline valve in a pulse manner through the PLC interface, and using treated clean water at a flow rate three times that of normal operation for a high-intensity hydraulic backwash for 5 minutes. The purpose of this is to thoroughly remove the gas generated during the regeneration process, the detached biofilm fragments, and any inorganic salt precipitates that may form from the filter bed. The fourth step involves the regeneration process ending, the system automatically closing the backwash valve and restarting the inlet pump. The fifth step involves resuming the normal purification operation mode.

[0042] Furthermore, such as Figure 9 As shown, the intelligent control system 60 includes: An industrial control computer 61 is used to execute the operation of the intelligent control system 60. The multi-channel data acquisition module 62 integrates a 24-bit high-resolution analog-to-digital converter and also includes a 16-bit resolution digital-to-analog converter for generating accurate analog voltage signals. It should be noted that the hardware configuration of the intelligent control system 60 ensures efficient operation: The industrial control computer 61 is equipped with an Intel Core i7-10700 eight-core processor, 32GB of DDR4 industrial-grade memory and a 1TB NVMe solid-state drive, and runs a Linux operating system with real-time kernel patch (RT-PREEMPT) to achieve high-speed data processing and real-time control, so as to ensure the hard real-time performance of control commands. The multi-channel data acquisition module 62 uses a 24-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to acquire analog signals from the sensor with high precision, and a 16-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to generate precise control voltages. The outputs of the first DC power supply unit 71 and the second DC power supply unit 72 are also included. In addition, there is an interface for communication with a Siemens S7-1200 series programmable logic controller (PLC) to control the start-up and stop sequence of the inlet and outlet water pumps, electric valves, and backwashing pipelines of the entire system. This ensures precise control of the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filter layer 20 and the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer 50. The hardware and software work together to achieve intelligent operation of the system.

[0043] Furthermore, such as Figures 1-7 As shown, the pretreatment component 80 includes mounting blocks 801 symmetrically arranged inside the inlet 101; the side wall of the mounting block 801 is provided with a mounting groove 802; a first magnetic block 803 is fixedly connected to the inner side of the mounting groove 802; a filter plate 804 is provided at the top of the inlet 101; a second magnetic block 805 is symmetrically fixed to the bottom end of the filter plate 804; the second magnetic block 805 and the first magnetic block 803 are connected by magnetic connection; a support groove 806 is provided at the top of the filter plate 804; a handle 807 is rotatably provided on the inner side of the support groove 806; It should be noted that when water containing impurities enters through inlet 101, it first comes into contact with the filter plate 804 located at the top of inlet 101. Filter plate 804 can intercept and filter larger particles of impurities in the water, preventing these impurities from entering the biological filter bed and affecting the subsequent treatment effect. Filter plate 804 is made of materials with good filtration performance and strength, such as high-density polyethylene or stainless steel filter screen. The size of filter plate 804 is designed according to the size of inlet 101 so that it can completely cover the top of inlet 101. The mesh size of filter plate 804 can be adjusted according to the amount of impurities to be filtered. The particle size is selected, generally using a mesh size of 5-10mm. The filter plate 804 is fixed to the inlet 101 via a magnetic connection. Specifically, the mounting blocks 801 are symmetrically arranged inside the inlet 101, and a first magnetic block 803 is fixedly connected to the mounting groove 802 on its side wall. A second magnetic block 805 is symmetrically fixed to the bottom end of the filter plate 804 and is magnetically connected to the first magnetic block 803. Magnetic force is used to stably install the filter plate 804 at the inlet 101, ensuring that the filter plate 804 will not easily shift when water flows through. When it is necessary to clean or replace the filter plate 804, the operator can... By rotating the handle 807 located inside the support groove 806, the handle 807 is turned out of the support groove 806. Then, by grasping the handle 807 and applying upward force, the second magnet 805 is separated from the first magnet 803, thereby removing the filter plate 804 from the inlet 101. After cleaning or replacement, the second magnet 805 at the bottom of the filter plate 804 is aligned with the first magnet 803 on the mounting block 801, and the two are reconnected using magnetic attraction, completing the installation of the filter plate 804. Finally, the handle 807 is turned back into the support groove 806. Through this design, the filter plate 804 can... It effectively intercepts larger particulate impurities in sewage, preventing these impurities from entering the biological filter bed and avoiding blockages in subsequent treatment structures. This ensures smooth water flow inside the biological filter bed, which is conducive to the full biological reaction and improves sewage treatment efficiency. At the same time, it also prevents impurities from wearing and damaging the internal components of the biological filter bed, extending the service life of the equipment and reducing maintenance costs. Moreover, when the filter plate 804 needs to be cleaned or replaced, the operator can easily remove the filter plate 804 by turning the handle 807 without the need for special tools, greatly simplifying the maintenance operation process.

[0044] Furthermore, such as Figure 8 As shown, a filtration process for a multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biofilter is described. This process is applicable to any of the multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biofilters described above. The process includes the following steps: S1: System startup and biofilm loading: Fill the filter bed main structure 10 with all functional fillers and inoculate with specific degradation bacteria. Under low hydraulic load, add low concentrations of target pollutants and nutrients to the influent until each biological functional layer forms a mature biofilm with stable structure and high activity. S2: Conventional purification operation: The water to be treated enters evenly through the water flow distributor 11 at the top of the filter bed. It first flows through the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer 20. Here, the intelligent control system 60 adjusts the voltage applied to the BDD electrode in real time according to the water quality of the influent, generating a sufficient amount of hydroxyl radicals to oxidize large-molecule recalcitrant organic matter into smaller-molecule intermediates with better biocompatibility. Subsequently, the water flows into the directional biological proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30 and the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer 40 in sequence, achieving efficient removal of trace organic pollutants. S3: Adaptive Intelligent Control: Throughout the entire operation, the MPC module 65 of the intelligent control system 60 continues to work. When the concentration of pollutants in the influent suddenly increases, the MPC module 65 will automatically increase the voltage applied to the BDD electrode to enhance the pre-oxidation capacity; when the influent load decreases, the voltage will be reduced accordingly to save energy. S4: Fully automatic in-situ regeneration: After long-term operation, when the intelligent control system 60 determines that the adsorption capacity of the directional biological proliferation adsorption and the primary biodegradation layer 30 is close to saturation, the system will automatically enter the aforementioned in-situ electrochemical regeneration program and automatically resume normal purification operation without any manual intervention. It should be noted that S1: System startup and biofilm loading. After all functional packing materials are sequentially filled into the main filter bed structure 10, microbial inoculation is carried out first. A nutrient solution containing a mixed bacterial suspension of *Pseudomonas putida* and *Sphingomonas sphingosine monophosphate* is pumped into the filter bed and left to stand for 24 hours to allow initial adhesion. Subsequently, simulated wastewater is continuously pumped into the filter bed at a low apparent flow rate of 0.2 m / h. This wastewater contains low concentrations of target pollutants such as 100 μg / L sulfamethoxazole, as well as sodium acetate and phosphate to provide nutrients for microbial growth, maintaining a C:N:P ratio of 100:5:1. The system is continuously operated at 25 degrees Celsius for 10 to 15 days, during which the effluent COD and target pollutant concentration are continuously monitored until the biofilm of each biological functional layer reaches a mature state, showing stable removal efficiency and a uniform yellowish-brown biofilm visible on the packing surface.

[0045] S2: In normal purification operation, the water to be treated enters evenly through the water flow distributor 11 at the top of the filter bed. It first flows through the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate filtration layer 20 at a normal apparent flow rate of 0.5-1.5 m / h. Here, the intelligent control system 60 adjusts the voltage applied to the BDD electrode in real time, typically between 3-7 volts, based on the influent water quality, generating sufficient hydroxyl radicals to oxidize large, recalcitrant organic molecules into smaller, more biocompatible intermediates. Subsequently, the water flows sequentially into the directional biological proliferation and adsorption and primary biodegradation layer 30 and the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer 40. The influent water quality standard is: target trace organic pollutants. The concentration of pollutants (such as antibiotics, endocrine disruptors, pesticide residues, etc.) needs to be controlled between 10 ng / L and 500 ng / L, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) needs to be ≤100 mg / L, the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SS) needs to be ≤30 mg / L, and the content of particles with a diameter ≥0.5 mm needs to be ≤5%. The pH of the influent needs to be controlled between 6.5 and 8.5, the influent temperature needs to be maintained between 15℃ and 35℃, and the influent conductivity needs to be between 500 μS / cm and 2000 μS / cm. Through the synergistic effect of the aforementioned adsorption, primary degradation, and co-metabolic deep degradation, the efficient removal of trace organic pollutants can be achieved.

[0046] S3: Adaptive intelligent control. Throughout the entire operation, the MPC module 65 of the intelligent control system 60 continues to work. For example, when the water quality of the source water changes abruptly and the concentration of a certain recalcitrant pollutant in the influent increases instantaneously, the bottom sensor array 52 will immediately detect the slight fluctuation in the concentration of the effluent. The MPC module 65 will predict the future risk of exceeding the standard in the next calculation cycle and immediately decide to increase the voltage applied to the BDD electrode to enhance the pre-oxidation capacity, thereby eliminating the water quality shock inside the system. Conversely, when the influent load is low for a long time, the MPC module 65 will gradually reduce the voltage accordingly, keeping the system energy consumption at the lowest level while ensuring that the effluent water quality absolutely meets the standards.

[0047] S4: Fully automatic in-situ regeneration. After long-term operation, when the intelligent control system 60 determines that the adsorption capacity of the directional bio-propagation adsorption and the primary biodegradation layer 30 is close to saturation, the system will automatically enter the aforementioned in-situ electrochemical regeneration program without any manual intervention. The entire regeneration process takes about 46 minutes. After completion, the adsorption and catalytic activity of the filter bed can be restored to more than 95% of the initial state, and then seamlessly connects and automatically resumes normal purification operation. This feature greatly extends the operating cycle of the filter bed and reduces maintenance costs and secondary environmental impact.

[0048] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features, and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The embodiments and descriptions in the specification are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention. Various changes and modifications can be made to the invention without departing from its spirit and scope, and all such changes and modifications fall within the scope of the present invention as claimed. The scope of protection of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biofilter, comprising a filter bed main structure (10), characterized in that: The filter bed main structure (10) is used to accommodate the water to be treated and the functional filler. The filter bed main structure (10) is provided with an inlet (101) and an outlet (102). A water flow distributor (11) is provided on the top of the filter bed main structure (10). A water collection device (12) is provided at the bottom of the filter bed main structure (10). The water collection device (12) consists of a gravel layer and a porous water collection plate below it. The composite biofilter bed is used to improve the filtration efficiency of pollutants in liquids, and includes: Inside the filter bed main structure (10), multiple functional layers are sequentially arranged from the inlet (101) to the outlet (102), and the functional layers include: Electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate filter layer (20); A directional bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer (30) is disposed downstream of the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer (20) for adsorbing and performing the first stage of biodegradation on the organic pollutants and their pre-oxidation products. A synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer (40) is disposed downstream of the directed bio-proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer (30) to deeply remove residual trace organic pollutants using a co-metabolism mechanism; An in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer (50) is disposed downstream of the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer (40); In addition, an intelligent control system (60) is electrically connected to the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer (50) and the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer (20), and is used to adjust the operating state of the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer (20) in real time according to the water quality parameters collected by the multi-parameter micro-sensor array (52), and automatically trigger and control the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer (50) to execute the regeneration program; A pretreatment component (80) is provided on the inner side of the inlet (101).

2. The intelligent and efficient composite biofilter bed with multi-layered structure coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer (20) includes a three-dimensional porous fluid permeable anode (21) and a planar mesh cathode (22); the three-dimensional porous fluid permeable anode (21) and the planar mesh cathode (22) are arranged in parallel, and the planar mesh cathode (22) is a titanium metal mesh; the three-dimensional porous fluid permeable anode (21) and the planar mesh cathode (22) are respectively connected to the first DC power supply unit (71).

3. The intelligent and efficient composite biofilter bed with multi-layered structure coupling according to claim 2, characterized in that: The directed bio-propagation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer (30) is filled with a composite biological carrier filler (31), which is a spherical particle.

4. The intelligent and efficient composite biofilter bed with multi-layered structure coupling according to claim 3, characterized in that: The functionalized coating uses chitosan as a matrix and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent for curing, with graphene oxide nanosheets uniformly dispersed in the chitosan matrix.

5. The intelligent and efficient composite biofilter bed with multi-layered structure coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that: The synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer (40) is filled with a slow-release carbon source carrier filler (41), which is a porous alumina ceramic ball.

6. The intelligent and efficient composite biofilter bed with multi-layered structure coupling according to claim 5, characterized in that: The main body of the in-situ regeneration and multi-parameter sensing layer (50) is a graphite felt (51). The graphite felt (51) is used as a working electrode in the regeneration stage and is connected to a second DC power supply unit (72). A multi-parameter micro-sensor array (52) is integrated and embedded in the structure of the graphite felt (51). The sensing unit of the multi-parameter micro-sensor array (52) is connected to the intelligent control system (60) through a signal cable.

7. The intelligent and efficient composite biofilter bed with multi-layered structure coupling according to claim 6, characterized in that: The multi-parameter micro-sensor array (52) includes: Molecularly imprinted polymer electrochemical sensors (53) are used for online monitoring of the concentration of specific target pollutants.

8. The intelligent and efficient composite biofilter bed with multi-layered structure coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that: The intelligent control system (60) includes: An industrial control computer (61) is used to perform the operation of the intelligent control system (60); A multi-channel data acquisition module (62) is provided, which integrates an analog-to-digital converter.

9. The intelligent and efficient composite biofilter bed with multi-layered structure coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that: The pretreatment component (80) includes mounting blocks (801) symmetrically arranged inside the inlet (101); the mounting blocks (801) have mounting grooves (802) on their side walls; a first magnetic block (803) is fixedly connected to the inner side of the mounting groove (802); a filter plate (804) is provided at the top of the inlet (101); a second magnetic block (805) is symmetrically fixed to the bottom of the filter plate (804); the second magnetic block (805) and the first magnetic block (803) are connected by magnetic connection; a support groove (806) is provided at the top of the filter plate (804); a handle (807) is rotatably provided on the inner side of the support groove (806).

10. A filtration process for a multi-layered coupled intelligent high-efficiency composite biofilter bed, characterized in that: This process is applicable to the intelligent, high-efficiency composite biofilter bed with multi-layered structure coupling as described in any one of claims 1-9; the process includes the following steps: S1: System startup and biofilm loading: Fill the filter bed main structure (10) with all functional fillers and inoculate with specific degradation bacteria. Under low hydraulic load, add low concentrations of target pollutants and nutrients to the influent until each biological functional layer forms a mature biofilm with stable structure and high activity. S2: Conventional purification operation: The water to be treated enters evenly through the water flow distributor (11) at the top of the filter bed. It first flows through the electrochemical pre-oxidation and particulate matter filtration layer (20). Here, the intelligent control system (60) adjusts the voltage applied to the BDD electrode in real time according to the water quality of the influent, generating a sufficient amount of hydroxyl radicals to oxidize the large molecular recalcitrant organic matter into small molecular intermediate products with better biocompatibility. Subsequently, the water flows into the directional biological proliferation adsorption and primary biodegradation layer (30) and the synergistic co-metabolism and deep purification layer (40) in sequence to achieve efficient removal of trace organic pollutants. S3: Adaptive intelligent control: During the entire operation, the MPC module (65) of the intelligent control system (60) continues to work. When the concentration of pollutants in the influent suddenly increases, the MPC module (65) will automatically increase the voltage applied to the BDD electrode to enhance the pre-oxidation capacity; when the influent load decreases, the voltage will be reduced accordingly to save energy. S4: Fully automatic in-situ regeneration: After long-term operation, when the intelligent control system (60) determines that the adsorption capacity of the directional biological proliferation adsorption and the primary biodegradation layer (30) is close to saturation, the system will automatically enter the aforementioned in-situ electrochemical regeneration program and automatically resume normal purification operation without any manual intervention.

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