NbS ecological restoration method under disturbance of drought valley power transmission and transformation project

Abstract

The present application belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration of disturbed slope surface in arid valley, and particularly relates to a NbS ecological restoration method for power transmission and transformation engineering disturbance in arid valley, wherein, according to the slope, aspect, matrix type, soil layer thickness, surface exposure degree, soil compaction degree, convergence path and soil erosion risk of the restoration area, the restoration area to be restored is divided into five types of restoration objects, i.e. disturbed slope surface, disturbed ground surface, unstable slope surface, spoil field and ditch; corresponding restoration modules are respectively called for the five types of restoration objects, the disturbed slope surface calls the engineering ecological slope protection module, the disturbed ground surface calls the crust soil fixation and shrub-grass restoration module, the unstable slope surface calls the engineering reinforcement and slope foot protection module, the spoil field calls the interception and drainage, blocking and crust shrub-grass composite protection module, and the ditch calls the ecological ditch and energy dissipation drainage module.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of ecological restoration technology for disturbed slopes in arid valleys, and particularly relates to a method for ecological restoration of NbS under the disturbance of power transmission and transformation projects in arid valleys. Background Technology

[0002] The arid river valley region is characterized by a hot and dry climate, scarce and unevenly distributed rainfall, shallow soil layers, and weak soil erosion resistance. Human activities such as engineering excavation, slope cutting, spoil heaping, and construction compaction easily create large-scale disturbances to the slope surface and ground, resulting in unstable slopes. After the destruction of native vegetation, the risks of soil erosion and geological disasters, such as surface runoff erosion, wind erosion, and shallow landslides, increase dramatically. Traditional restoration methods often rely solely on rigid slope protection projects or direct artificial planting of grass and shrubs. Rigid projects can only stabilize the slope in the short term and lack surface soil stabilization and water retention structures, leading to continuous loss of fine soil from the slope surface in the long term. Direct planting of shrubs and grasses is limited by drought and water scarcity, as well as poor substrate, resulting in low seedling survival rates and long vegetation cover formation periods, making it difficult to meet the dual needs of short-term soil stabilization and erosion control as well as long-term ecological community construction.

[0003] While existing natural soil remediation technologies incorporate the concept of biological crust soil stabilization, they generally lack modular and tiered treatment plans tailored to the five different types of disturbed sites in arid valleys. Engineering reinforcement, runoff control, crust cultivation, micro-habitat rainwater harvesting, and native vegetation configuration are fragmented, failing to form a synergistic system. Furthermore, conventional remediation methods do not differentiate crust seed sources, hydroseeding dosages, and maintenance and planting standards based on varying site conditions such as sunny slopes, gravelly soils, rocky slopes, gently disturbed ground, and unstable landslides. Micro-topographic rainwater harvesting measures and shrub-grass ratios lack quantifiable parameters, resulting in low overall remediation efficiency, limited applicability, and difficulty in meeting the complex and diverse engineering-disturbed surface remediation needs of arid valleys. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the aforementioned problems, embodiments of the present invention provide a method for NbS ecological restoration under disturbance from power transmission and transformation projects in arid valleys, the method comprising: Step 1: Based on the slope, aspect, matrix type, soil layer thickness, surface exposure, soil compaction, runoff path, and risk of water and soil erosion of the restoration area, the area to be restored is divided into five categories of restoration objects: disturbed slope, disturbed ground, unstable slope, spoil disposal site, and gully. Step 2: For the five types of restoration objects, call the corresponding restoration modules respectively. For disturbed slopes, call the engineering ecological slope protection module; for disturbed ground, call the crust stabilization and shrub restoration module; for unstable slopes, call the engineering reinforcement and slope toe protection module; for spoil heaps, call the interception and drainage, barrier and crust shrub composite protection module; and for ditches, call the ecological ditch and energy dissipation drainage module. Step 3: For steep slopes, unstable slopes, spoil slopes, and areas with concentrated surface runoff, install at least one of the following engineering facilities: grid frame strips, soil nails, retaining walls, intercepting drainage ditches, ecological ditches, pebble bottom protection, energy dissipation embankments, and biodegradable protective nets to achieve slope stability, runoff dispersion, and reduced slope erosion risk. Step 4: Inoculate the disturbed slope, disturbed ground, and spoil heap surface with one of the following: cyanobacterial crust, moss crust, or a composite crust of cyanobacteria and moss. The crust seed source is combined with sieved fine soil, humus, water-retaining materials, and natural binding materials to form a shallow soil stabilization layer, which improves the surface erosion resistance and soil water retention performance. Step 5: Based on the site conditions of the area, set up at least one of the following facilities: fish scale pits, crescent-shaped rainwater collection pits, horizontal ditches, planting troughs, topsoil layer, gravel cover layer, straw cover layer, coconut fiber blanket, and biodegradable protective netting to collect natural rainfall, reduce soil evaporation, and optimize the environment for plant seed germination and seedling establishment. Step 6: After the biological crust has developed to the preset stable coverage, plant drought-resistant native shrubs and sow drought-resistant native herbs to construct a layered composite vegetation community with shrubs for soil stabilization, herbs for mulching, and crust for filling gaps. Step 7: Relying on the engineering structure to achieve slope stability and runoff regulation, relying on biological crust to quickly consolidate the topsoil, improving regional water supply through micro-habitat regulation, and using the deep root system of native shrubs and grasses to achieve long-term soil stabilization, forming a modular and collaborative ecological restoration system adapted to the engineering disturbance area of ​​arid river valleys.

[0005] Preferably, the construction steps of the engineering ecological slope protection module corresponding to the disturbed slope include: Step S11: Perform slope pretreatment, remove loose stones, loose blocks, construction waste, and unstable waste from the slope, and retain rough micro-topography that is conducive to water retention and substrate adhesion; perform shallow roughening treatment of 3-8cm on smooth compacted slopes, and use light compaction or net mats to fix loose slopes to prevent the sprayed substrate from slipping. Step S12: For slope reinforcement and drainage layout, in areas with a slope angle >25°, large slope length, or significant runoff erosion during the rainy season, install 1.0-2.0m square / diamond grid-like frames or flexible protective nets; reinforce rock and thin soil slopes with netting; set up 0.5-1.5m high retaining walls, masonry retaining walls, or ecological retaining walls at the toe of the slope; and install drainage ditches at the top of the slope and at the confluence points of the slope surface to divert external runoff away from the repaired slope surface. Step S13: Differentiated inoculation of biocrusts for different slope types: For sunny, severely drought-stricken slopes: hydroseed at 3.0–5.0 L / m². 2 Cyanobacteria suspension, with a concentration of 700–1500 g / m³ 2 Northern tegumentous spores; Semi-shaded slopes / slope toe: Use a composite moss of *Bryum terrestris* and *Bryum floribundum* in a mass ratio of 1:1 to 3:1, with a total phycogene content of 1000–2500 g / m². 2 ; Gravelly soil slopes: First, spray seed with 2.0–5.0 L / m². 2 Cyanobacteria suspension, then spread 700-1500 g / m² 2 Moss fragments; Rock / thin soil slopes: Apply 1500-2500 g / m² to rock crevices and around planting troughs. 2 For bryophyte fragments, supplement exposed fine soil areas with 1.2–3.0 L / m². 2 Blue-green algae suspension; Step S14: Prepare the substrate mix for the crusting spraying, by mass fraction: 40%–70% sieved fine soil / engineering waste soil, 5%–20% humus / decomposed plant residues, 0%–10% biochar, 0.1%–2.0% natural binder, 0.05%–0.5% water-retaining agent, and the remaining components are water and crusting seed source; The thickness of the substrate for hydroseeding should be controlled between 0.5 and 2.0 cm. For areas with steep slopes, a thin-layer, multiple-layer hydroseeding process should be used. Step S15: Apply a surface covering protection layer. After spraying, lay a layer with a thickness of 10-30mm and a unit area application rate of 200-300g / m². 2 Biodegradable protective netting, coconut fiber blankets, straw fiber blankets, or gravel thin layers; Increase the coverage ratio in arid areas on sunny slopes, and control the coverage thickness on semi-shaded slopes and at the foot of slopes to avoid blocking sunlight; Step S16: Timing and configuration of shrub and grass planting: After 45 to 90 days of bark inoculation and maintenance, the cover should be tested. Shrub and grass planting should be carried out when the cover of the regular slope is ≥50%, the cover of the steep slope / concentrated runoff slope is ≥60%, and the cover of the semi-shaded slope with water retention is 40% to 50%. Shrubs selected include *Hippophae rhamnoides*, *Hippophae lanceolata*, *Hippophae rhamnoides*, *Ziziphus jujuba*, and *Hippophae rhamnoides*, with a spacing of 1.5m×1.5m to 2.0m×2.0m. The herbaceous plants selected are *Euphorbia hirta*, *Imperata cylindrica*, *Cynodon dactylon*, and *Artemisia argyi*, with a sowing rate of 15–30 g / m². 2 ; The planting method employs shrub planting and herbaceous strip sowing / broadcasting, with shrubs accounting for 20%–40% of the space and herbs and bark covering 60%–80%.

[0006] Preferably, the construction steps for the soil crust stabilization and shrub restoration module corresponding to the disturbed ground include: Step S21: Loosen the surface soil and compact the disturbed soil to a depth of 10-20cm; The tower base platform and the edge of the construction access road should only be disturbed on the surface, with minor undulations in the soil remaining, and complete leveling is prohibited. Step S22: Construct the micro-topography for rainwater collection, and arrange micro-depressions, crescent-shaped water collection pits, or fish-scale pits in a triangular pattern using contour lines; The depth of the micro-depression is 5–15 cm; The crescent-shaped sump pit opens towards the direction of incoming water, with an upper edge width of 60–100 cm and a depth of 20–40 cm; The fish scale pit has dimensions of 100cm×80cm×60cm or 60cm×60cm×40cm. Step S23: Inoculate the cyanobacteria and moss composite crust, spraying at a rate of 1.2–3.0 L / m² in conventional areas. 2 The concentration of cyanobacteria suspension increased to 5.0 L / m³ in areas with strong wind erosion and high exposure rates. 2 Combined with 700-1500g / m 2 For moss fragmentation, two construction methods are used: first spraying cyanobacteria and then spreading moss, or mixing the substrate and spraying in one go. Step S24: Apply a wind erosion protection layer to the surface by laying a 10-20mm thick layer of straw fiber, coconut fiber blanket or gravel. In areas with strong winds, fix the layer with netting nails spaced 1.0-1.5m apart. The covering material should not completely block out light. Step S25: Treat the shrub and grass configuration, and after the skin has stabilized, sow the drought-resistant herbs by row sowing or broadcasting at a rate of 15-25 g / m². 2 ; Shrubs should be planted sparsely, with a spacing of 2.0m×2.0m to 3.0m×3.0m. Planting tall trees with deep roots is prohibited.

[0007] Preferably, the construction steps for the engineering reinforcement and slope toe protection module corresponding to the unstable slope include: Step S31: Reduce and reinforce the slope load, clear loose rocks and blocks from the slope surface, and reduce the load by cutting the slope in areas with high instability risk; install soil nails with a spacing of 1.5 to 2.5m on the shallow unstable slope surface, and match them with grid-like frame strips with a side length of 1.0 to 2.0m; set up an ecological retaining wall / retaining sill with a height of 0.5 to 1.5m at the toe of the slope. Step S32: For the graded energy dissipation and drainage system, a water interception ditch is set at the top of the slope, graded drainage ditches and waterfall energy dissipation structures are laid on the slope, and drainage ditches and pebble energy dissipation strips are set at the bottom of the slope; energy dissipation sills or pebble paving are added to the sections of the drainage ditch with larger longitudinal slopes. Step S33: Set up planting troughs / soil pits. On the slope, open planting troughs with a width of 20-40cm and a depth of 20-30cm. The spacing between troughs is 1.5-2.0m. The troughs are filled with a mixed substrate of local topsoil, humus, fine gravel and water-retaining material with a thickness of ≥15cm. Step S34: Inoculate and reinforce the composite crust. After the reinforcement is completed, spray 3.0–5.0 L / m² of the seed solution onto the exposed areas within the lattice structure. 2 Cyanobacteria suspension, 1500–2500 g / m³ 2Moss fragments; Moss fragments should be applied first in rock crevices and around planting troughs, while cyanobacteria suspension should be added to fine soil areas. After hydroseeding, lay biodegradable netting / coconut fiber mat with a netting nail spacing of 1.0–1.5m; Step S35: Select Tibetan sea buckthorn, Yunnan jujube, white thorn flower, mulberry, rock astragalus, cushion selaginella and drought-resistant herbs for soil stabilization; Shrubs should be planted in trenches / holes with a row spacing of 1.5m×1.5m~2.0m×2.0m. Herbs should be sown in spots / rows at a seeding rate of 10~20g / m². 2 Slopes with high instability risk are only planted with low shrubs and grasses.

[0008] Preferably, the biological crust includes single or combined seed sources of cyanobacteria, northern moss, and weeping moss, and the inoculation methods include spraying, broadcasting, slurry spraying, crust block transplantation, and seed source mat laying. The engineering structure can be equivalently replaced by geocells, three-dimensional vegetation nets, eco-bag grids, gabion retaining walls, and grass-brick drainage ditches.

[0009] Preferably, the microhabitat control facilities and native shrub and grass species can be replaced with equivalent ones according to the climate, soil, and substrate conditions of the arid river valley area; All alternative solutions follow the core technical pathways of engineering slope stabilization, soil crusting and consolidation, micro-habitat water conservation, and shrub and grass community establishment, with the goal of achieving slope stability, erosion control, and natural vegetation restoration.

[0010] An engineering-skin-synergistic ecological restoration system for disturbed slopes in arid valleys includes: a graded engineering slope stabilization unit, a runoff energy dissipation and drainage unit, a shallow biological skin soil stabilization unit, a microhabitat rainwater harvesting and regulation unit, and a native shrub-grass composite vegetation unit. The graded engineering slope stabilization unit includes at least one of the following: grid frame strips, soil nails, flexible protective netting, ecological retaining walls, and gabion retaining walls, used to constrain the slope and resist shallow landslides and collapses. The runoff energy dissipation and interception unit includes interception ditches, ecological channels, energy dissipation embankments, pebble bottom protection, and drop structures, which are used to disperse slope runoff and reduce the intensity of water scouring. The shallow biological crust soil stabilization unit is a 0.5-2.0cm shallow stabilization layer formed by cyanobacteria / moss composite crust and sprayed substrate, which has the functions of anti-splash erosion, water retention and soil stabilization. The microhabitat rainwater harvesting and regulation unit includes fish-scale pits, crescent-shaped rainwater harvesting pits, planting troughs, and gravel / straw cover layers, which are used to intercept natural precipitation and reduce surface evaporation. The native shrub-grass composite vegetation unit consists of a layered community of low, drought-resistant native shrubs and perennial herbs, which forms a spatially complementary cover with biological crusts and relies on deep root systems to achieve long-term slope soil stabilization.

[0011] Preferably, the system is divided into five categories of independent modular sub-units according to the type of disturbance: The sub-units are: ecological slope protection for disturbed slopes, shrub and grass restoration for disturbed ground crust, reinforcement and protection for unstable slopes, composite retaining and repairing of spoil heaps, and ecological energy dissipation and drainage for ditches. Each sub-unit can be constructed independently and freely combined to suit different site erosion conditions.

[0012] Preferably, the surface of the bio-crust soil stabilization unit is covered with a biodegradable fiber covering layer, the thickness of which is 10-30 mm, and the application rate per unit area is 200-300 g / m². 2 It has multiple functions, including wind erosion prevention, moisture retention, light transmission, and ventilation.

[0013] Preferably, the native shrub-grass composite vegetation unit has a shrub spatial coverage of 20% to 40%, a herbaceous and biological crust surface coverage of 60% to 80%, and no tall, deep-rooted trees to avoid damaging the stability of the engineering structure.

[0014] Based on the above, a modular restoration approach is adopted, which integrates engineering slope stabilization, biological crust formation, microhabitat regulation, and stratified synergy of native shrubs and grasses. Dedicated restoration modules are matched for five types of disturbed sites: disturbed slopes, disturbed ground, and unstable slopes. First, long-term control of slope and runoff is achieved through grid structures, soil nailing, and interception and drainage engineering. Then, a shallow, erosion-resistant, and water-retaining layer is rapidly formed using a cyanobacteria-moss composite crust. Combined with micro-topographical measures such as fish-scale pits and rainwater collection pits, this intercepts limited rainfall in arid valleys, significantly improving the erosion resistance and water retention capacity of the surface soil. The crust can form stable soil-fixing patches within 45–90 days, effectively solving the problems of wind and water erosion of bare soil in arid areas. Simultaneously, it provides a suitable substrate environment for subsequent vegetation planting. Compared to single engineering slope protection or direct grass planting schemes, surface soil loss is reduced by more than 60%, and the survival rate of native shrub and grass seedlings is increased by 50%.

[0015] This invention quantifies and matches the amount of seed source for soil crusting, the ratio of hydroseeding substrate, the spacing between shrubs and grasses, and the timing of planting based on different slope aspects, substrates, and stability risks. It constructs a composite community of "shrub soil stabilization - herbaceous cover - soil crusting gap filling". The engineering structure, biological crust, and vegetation root system form a multi-layered soil stabilization and protection system. In the short term, it relies on engineering and soil crusting to inhibit soil erosion, and in the long term, it relies on native deep-rooted shrubs and grasses to achieve slope self-stabilization. The entire restoration system can be flexibly replaced according to the site materials and species conditions. The modular units can be freely combined to suit various arid valley disturbance sites. After restoration, no continuous artificial watering and maintenance is required. The vegetation community can naturally succeed, significantly reducing the later operation and maintenance costs. At the same time, it conforms to the ecological restoration concept of nature-based restoration and takes into account multiple benefits such as soil and water conservation, geological disaster prevention and control, and regional native ecological restoration. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a design drawing of the soil extraction and spoil disposal site layout and protection measures for an ecological restoration method for NbS under disturbance from a power transmission and transformation project in an arid valley, provided by an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0017] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0018] The relevant terminology explanations include the following: Disturbed slope: Disturbed slope mainly refers to steep, exposed slopes formed by engineering excavation and slope cutting.

[0019] Disturbed ground: Disturbed ground mainly refers to flat or gentle slopes where vegetation and topsoil structure are damaged due to rolling, piling, etc.

[0020] Unstable slopes: including geological hazard points such as ancient landslides and collapsed deposits.

[0021] NbS: An engineering-driven approach to remediation of disturbed surfaces based on natural processes and ecological functions, and implemented in conjunction with necessary engineering measures.

[0022] Biological crusts: These are complexes formed by algae, mosses, lichens, and other lower plants and their secretions, along with soil particles. They have functions such as soil stabilization, erosion resistance, and water retention.

[0023] Ecological ditches: refer to ditch systems constructed using ecological materials (such as pebbles, grass pavers, and coconut fiber blankets) that have drainage and ecological restoration functions.

[0024] Native plants: refers to plant species that are naturally distributed in the local area and adapted to the regional climate and soil conditions.

[0025] Slope stabilization engineering is a core component of soil and water conservation engineering measures. It aims to prevent soil erosion on slopes and protect and improve soil and water resources by modifying micro-topography, intercepting runoff, and enhancing soil stability. Gully management engineering is a system of soil and water conservation measures implemented to address gully erosion. Its main objectives are to prevent gully bottom erosion and bank expansion, and it is one of the three core categories of soil and water conservation engineering. By constructing engineering facilities such as silt-retaining dams, silt-blocking dams, and sand-trapping dams, a tiered protection system of "upper interception and lower protection" is formed to effectively control the gully erosion baseline.

[0026] Modular repair unit: Design targeted technical packages based on different disturbance types and site conditions to facilitate implementation and adjustment.

[0027] Microhabitat regulation: By modifying micro-topography, setting up rainwater collection pits, and laying mulch, local moisture, temperature, and soil conditions can be improved to promote plant growth.

[0028] The present invention discloses a method for NbS ecological restoration under disturbance from power transmission and transformation projects in arid valleys, which specifically includes the following steps: S1, Identify the type of engineering disturbance. Based on slope, aspect, matrix type, soil layer thickness, degree of exposure, degree of compaction, runoff path, and erosion risk, the area to be repaired is divided into five categories of repair objects: disturbed slope, disturbed ground, unstable slope, spoil heap, and gully.

[0029] S2 calls the corresponding repair module. Disturbed slopes call the engineering ecological slope protection module; disturbed ground calls the crust stabilization and shrub restoration module; unstable slopes call the engineering reinforcement and slope toe protection module; spoil heaps call the interception and drainage, barrier and crust shrub composite protection module; ditches call the ecological ditch and energy dissipation drainage module.

[0030] S3, implement engineering slope stabilization and runoff control. For steep slopes, unstable slopes, spoil slopes, and concentrated runoff areas, first set up grid-like frames, soil nails, retaining walls, intercepting drainage ditches, ecological ditches, pebble bottom protection, energy dissipation embankments, or biodegradable protective nets to stabilize the slope, disperse runoff, and reduce the risk of erosion.

[0031] S4. Construct a pioneer soil stabilization layer with biological crust. Inoculate the surface of disturbed slopes, disturbed ground, and spoil heaps with cyanobacterial crusts, moss crusts, or cyanobacterial-moss composite crusts. These crusts, together with sieved fine soil, humus, water-retaining materials, and natural binders, form a shallow soil stabilization layer to improve the erosion resistance and water retention of disturbed surfaces.

[0032] S5, implement microhabitat regulation. Depending on the site conditions, set up fish-scale pits, crescent-shaped rainwater collection pits, horizontal ditches, planting troughs, topsoil layers, gravel mulch, straw mulch, coconut fiber blankets or biodegradable protective nets to collect limited rainfall, reduce surface evaporation, and improve seed germination and seedling transplanting conditions.

[0033] S6, native shrubs and grasses are planted. After the biological crust has initially formed and reached a preset stable state, drought-resistant native shrubs and grasses are planted. Shrubs can include *Hippophae rhamnoides*, *Eriocaulon buergerianum*, *Rhizoma Cibotii*, *Ziziphus jujuba*, and *Hippophae rhamnoides*; herbs can include *Hymenochloa crus-galli*, *Imperata cylindrica*, *Artemisia argyi*, and *Artemisia argyi*, forming a complex community structure of "shrubs stabilizing the soil - herbs covering the ground - crust filling the gaps".

[0034] S7 forms a synergistic system of engineering, soil crust, microhabitat, and shrubs and grasses. The engineering structure provides the foundation for slope stability and runoff control, the biological crust rapidly stabilizes the topsoil, the microhabitat measures improve water conditions, and the native shrub and grass root systems enhance long-term soil stabilization capacity, ultimately forming a modular ecological restoration system suitable for engineering disturbance areas in arid river valleys; Ecological restoration module for disturbed slopes; Remove loose rocks, boulders, construction waste, and unstable debris from the slope, preserving a rough, micro-topography that helps retain moisture and adhere to the substrate. For areas that are too smooth or compacted, perform shallow roughening treatment, with a roughening depth of 3-8 cm. For locally loose slopes, light compaction or netting should be applied first to prevent the entire sprayed substrate from slipping off.

[0035] When the slope is greater than 25°, the slope is long, or there is significant runoff erosion during the rainy season, it is preferable to install grid-like frames or flexible protective netting. Grid-like frames can be laid out in a diamond or square pattern, with each cell side length preferably 1.0-2.0m. For rock slopes or thin soil slopes, wire mesh can be used for fixation. Retaining walls, masonry retaining walls, or ecological retaining walls should be installed at the slope toe to prevent erosion and the downward movement of slope material. Interception ditches should be installed at the slope crest or where runoff converges significantly to divert external runoff away from the slope and restore the slope surface.

[0036] For sunny, severely arid slopes, a combination of pioneer cyanobacteria and supplementary northern mosses is preferred. The optimal spraying rate for the cyanobacterial suspension is 3.0-5.0 L / m². 2 In northern regions, the appropriate dosage of moss fragments is 700-1500 g / m². 2 Cyanobacteria first form the initial cementing layer, followed by mosses to enhance coverage and water retention. For semi-shaded slopes or the toe of slopes, a stable morphology of *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* + *Bryum floribundum* is preferred. The amount of moss fragments used should be 1000-2500 g / m². 2 The optimal mass ratio of *Bryum denticulatum* to *Bryum floribundum* in northern regions is 1:1 to 3:1. For gravelly soil slopes, a composite crust of cyanobacteria and moss can be applied. First, spray a cyanobacteria suspension at 2.0-5.0 L / m². 2 Then spray or broadcast 700-1500 g / m² of moss debris. 2 This allows cyanobacteria to form a cementing layer between fine soil particles, enabling moss to spread on stable patches. Rocky or thin-soil slopes primarily utilize a combination of moss crust and planting troughs. Moss fragments should be inoculated in rock crevices, around planting troughs, and on the surface of topsoil pits, with a recommended application rate of 1500-2500 g / m². 2 In exposed fine soil areas, 1.2-3.0 L / m² of cyanobacteria suspension can be added. 2 .

[0037] The substrate for hydroseeding with crusting consists of sieved fine soil or engineering waste, humus or decomposed plant residues, biochar, natural binder, water-retaining agent, water, and crusting seed source. The preferred ratio is: 40%-70% sieved fine soil or engineering waste, 5%-20% humus or decomposed plant residues, 0%-10% biochar, 0.1%-2.0% natural binder, 0.05%-0.5% water-retaining agent, and the remainder water and crusting seed source. The thickness of the hydroseeding substrate should be controlled between 0.5-2.0 cm. In areas with steep slopes, thinner layers should be applied in multiple applications to avoid peeling due to excessive thickness in a single application.

[0038] After hydroseeding, lay a biodegradable protective net, coconut fiber blanket, straw fiber blanket, or a thin gravel mulch layer. The mulch thickness should be 10-30mm, and the mulch material weight should be 200-300g / m². 2 In sunny, arid areas, the coverage ratio can be appropriately increased; in semi-shaded slopes or at the foot of slopes, the focus should be on preventing raindrop splashing and shallow gully erosion, and excessively thick coverage should be avoided to prevent affecting the crust's light penetration and ventilation.

[0039] Examine the crust patches and stability 45-90 days after inoculation. Generally, shrub and grass planting should be carried out on slopes when the crust coverage reaches more than 50%; on slopes with steeper slopes, loose substrates, or concentrated runoff, shrub and grass planting should be carried out when the crust coverage reaches more than 60%; on semi-shaded slopes or slopes with good water retention at the toe, spot planting can be carried out when the crust coverage reaches 40%-50%.

[0040] Shrubs such as *Hippophae rhamnoides*, *Hippophae lanceolata*, *Hippophae rhamnoides*, *Ziziphus jujuba*, and *Hippophae tibetica* can be selected, with a spacing of 1.5m×1.5m to 2.0m×2.0m. Herbs such as *Hymenochloa crus-galli*, *Imperata cylindrica*, and *Artemisia argyi* can be selected, with a sowing rate of 15-30g / m². The shrub and herb configuration should adopt the method of "shrub planting + herb row sowing or broadcast sowing + bark filling the gaps". The proportion of shrubs should be controlled at 20%-40%, and the coverage space of herbs and bark should be controlled at 60%-80%.

[0041] The disturbed ground repair module involves shallowly loosening the compacted ground, with a loosening depth of 10-20cm. Deep disturbance should be avoided on the tower base platform or the edges of construction access roads to prevent damage to slope or platform stability. After loosening, small soil clods and slight undulations should be retained; the surface should not be leveled into a smooth surface.

[0042] For gently disturbed ground, shallow ditches, micro-depressions, crescent-shaped sump pits, or fish-scale pits can be constructed. Micro-depressions should be 5-15cm deep; crescent-shaped sump pits should have their openings facing the direction of incoming water, with an upper edge width of 60-100cm and a depth of 20-40cm; fish-scale pits can be 100cm × 80cm × 60cm in size (upper width × width × depth), or can be reduced to 60cm × 60cm × 40cm depending on the construction site and soil thickness. Fish-scale pits should ideally be arranged in a triangular pattern along contour lines.

[0043] The preferred method for disturbing the ground is a composite crust formed by cyanobacteria and moss. The spraying rate of cyanobacteria suspension should be 1.2-3.0 L / m². 2 In areas with high exposure rates, significant wind erosion, or high fine soil content, the concentration can be increased to 5.0 L / m³. 2 The appropriate dosage of moss fragments is 700-1500 g / m³. 2 The method can be to first spray the cyanobacteria suspension, and then spray or sprinkle the moss fragments. Alternatively, the cyanobacteria suspension, moss fragments and substrate can be mixed and sprayed at once.

[0044] After disturbing the ground and spraying, a thin mulch of straw fiber, coconut fiber blanket, gravel, or biodegradable netting can be used. The mulch thickness should be 10-20mm; in areas with strong winds, additional netting nails can be added for fixation, with a nail spacing of 1.0-1.5m. The mulch material should not completely block light; conditions for the crusting organisms to receive light should be preserved.

[0045] Herbaceous plants should be resown or sown in rows after the skin has initially stabilized. Drought-resistant herbs such as *Euphorbia milii*, *Cynodon dactylon*, *Imperata cylindrica*, and *Artemisia argyi* are preferred. The sowing rate for herbaceous plants should be 15-25 g / m². 2 Shrubs should be planted sparingly, such as *Pterocarya stenoptera*, *Rhizoma Cyathea rubra*, and *Ziziphus jujuba*, with a spacing of 2.0m x 2.0m to 3.0m x 3.0m to avoid excessive water competition due to high shrub density. Around the base platform, avoid planting tall trees or plants with deep root systems that may affect the safety of the engineering facilities.

[0046] The unstable slope restoration module involves first clearing loose rocks and unstable blocks from loose slopes, and then reducing the load on the slope if necessary. For shallowly unstable slopes, soil nails or anchoring components should be installed, with a spacing of 1.5-2.5m between soil nails; the side length of the grid-like frame unit should be 1.0-2.0m; retaining walls or sills should be installed at the toe of the slope, with the height determined based on site stability; the height of conventional ecological retaining walls should be 0.5-1.5m.

[0047] A intercepting ditch should be installed at the top of the slope, a tiered drainage ditch or a cascading energy dissipation structure should be installed on the slope surface, and a drainage ditch or a pebble energy dissipation strip should be installed at the toe of the slope. When the longitudinal slope of the drainage ditch is large, an energy dissipation sill or pebble paving should be installed to prevent concentrated water flow from eroding the toe of the slope.

[0048] Planting troughs or soil pits should be constructed on rocky or thin-soil slopes. The width of the planting trough should be 20-40cm, the depth 20-30cm, and the spacing between troughs 1.5-2.0m. The planting troughs should be filled with a mixed substrate of local topsoil, humus, fine gravel, and water-retaining material. The substrate thickness should not be less than 15cm.

[0049] Unstable slopes should be inoculated with a crust after the engineering reinforcement is completed. For exposed areas within the lattice structure, a cyanobacteria-moss composite crust is preferred, with a cyanobacteria suspension spraying rate of 3.0-5.0 L / m². 2 The appropriate dosage of bryophyte fragments is 1500-2500 g / m². 2 Moss fragments should be used for inoculation in rock crevices and around planting troughs, with cyanobacterial suspension added to localized areas of fine soil. After hydroseeding, biodegradable netting or coconut fiber mats should be used for fixation, with a spacing of 1.0-1.5m between the netting nails.

[0050] Plant selection should primarily consist of native species with strong root systems for soil stabilization, low-growing habit, and drought and poor soil tolerance. Suitable choices include Tibetan sea buckthorn, Yunnan jujube, white thorn flower, *Cephalotaxus fortunei*, rock astragalus, *Selaginella tamariscina*, and drought-tolerant herbs. Shrubs are best planted in pits or trenches, with a spacing of 1.5m × 1.5m to 2.0m × 2.0m. Herbs are best sown in rows or by spot sowing, with a seeding rate of 10-20g / m². 2 High-risk slopes should be covered with low shrubs and herbs.

[0051] Some of the engineering measures, biocrust materials, microhabitat control measures, native plant species, and construction methods in this invention can be equivalently replaced according to the topography, slope, substrate, moisture conditions, and material sources of different arid river valley regions. For example, grid-like frames can be replaced by geocells, three-dimensional vegetation nets, flexible protective nets, or ecological bag grids; retaining walls can be replaced by gabion retaining walls, ecological bag retaining walls, masonry retaining walls, or vegetation bag retaining walls; drainage ditches can be replaced by ecological grassed ditches, pebble drainage ditches, or grass brick drainage ditches. Biocrust materials are not limited to combinations of northern mosses, weeping mosses, and cyanobacteria; they can be replaced by other drought-resistant mosses, cyanobacteria, lichens, or their composite crust seed sources, depending on the local dominant seed sources; inoculation methods can include hydroseeding, broadcasting, slurry spraying, crust block transplantation, or seed source mat laying.

[0052] The microhabitat regulation and plant configuration methods in this invention can also be replaced. Measures such as fish-scale pits, crescent-shaped rainwater collection pits, horizontal ditches, planting troughs, topsoil pits, gravel mulch, coconut fiber blankets, and biodegradable protective nets can be combined or replaced according to site conditions. Native shrubs and grasses are not limited to species such as *Hippophae rhamnoides*, *Eriocaulon buergerianum*, *Rhizoma Cibotii*, *Ziziphus jujuba*, *Hippophae rhamnoides*, *Hippophae rhamnoides*, *Hemiberlesia argyi*, *Imperata cylindrica*, and *Artemisia argyi*, but can be replaced with locally adapted drought-resistant shrubs, creeping shrubs, and perennial herbs. Although the above alternative solutions differ in materials, structure, or plant species, as long as they still follow the technical path of "engineering slope stabilization—soil crusting and consolidation—microhabitat water retention—shrub and grass community establishment," and can achieve the goals of stabilizing the surface of arid river valleys disturbed by engineering, controlling erosion, and restoring vegetation, they should all be considered equivalent alternatives to this invention.

[0053] It should be noted that, in order to simplify the description of the present invention and thus help to understand one or more embodiments of the invention, multiple features may sometimes be grouped into one embodiment, drawing or description thereof in the foregoing description of the embodiments of the present invention.

[0054] The embodiments of this application have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings. Unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of this application can be combined with each other. This application is not limited to the specific embodiments described above. The specific embodiments described above are merely illustrative and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art can make many other forms under the guidance of this application without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims, and all of these forms are within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A method for ecological restoration of disturbed slopes in arid valleys through a combination of engineering and crusting techniques, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: Step 1: Based on the slope, aspect, matrix type, soil layer thickness, surface exposure, soil compaction, runoff path, and risk of water and soil erosion of the restoration area, the area to be restored is divided into five categories of restoration objects: disturbed slope, disturbed ground, unstable slope, spoil disposal site, and gully. Step 2: For the five types of restoration objects, call the corresponding restoration modules respectively. For disturbed slopes, call the engineering ecological slope protection module; for disturbed ground, call the crust stabilization and shrub restoration module; for unstable slopes, call the engineering reinforcement and slope toe protection module; for spoil heaps, call the interception and drainage, barrier and crust shrub composite protection module; and for ditches, call the ecological ditch and energy dissipation drainage module. Step 3: For steep slopes, unstable slopes, spoil slopes, and areas with concentrated surface runoff, install at least one of the following engineering facilities: grid frame strips, soil nails, retaining walls, intercepting drainage ditches, ecological ditches, pebble bottom protection, energy dissipation embankments, and biodegradable protective nets to achieve slope stability, runoff dispersion, and reduced slope erosion risk. Step 4: Inoculate the disturbed slope, disturbed ground, and spoil heap surface with one of the following: cyanobacterial crust, moss crust, or a composite crust of cyanobacteria and moss. The crust seed source is combined with sieved fine soil, humus, water-retaining materials, and natural binding materials to form a shallow soil stabilization layer, which improves the surface erosion resistance and soil water retention performance. Step 5: Based on the site conditions of the area, set up at least one of the following facilities: fish scale pits, crescent-shaped rainwater collection pits, horizontal ditches, planting troughs, topsoil layer, gravel cover layer, straw cover layer, coconut fiber blanket, and biodegradable protective netting to collect natural rainfall, reduce soil evaporation, and optimize the environment for plant seed germination and seedling establishment. Step 6: After the biological crust has developed to the preset stable coverage, plant drought-resistant native shrubs and sow drought-resistant native herbs to construct a layered composite vegetation community with shrubs for soil stabilization, herbs for mulching, and crust for filling gaps. Step 7: Relying on the engineering structure to achieve slope stability and runoff regulation, relying on biological crust to quickly consolidate the topsoil, improving regional water supply through micro-habitat regulation, and using the deep root system of native shrubs and grasses to achieve long-term soil stabilization, forming a modular and collaborative ecological restoration system adapted to the engineering disturbance area of ​​arid river valleys.

2. The method for ecological restoration of disturbed slopes in arid valleys through a combination of engineering and crusting techniques, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that: The construction steps for the engineering ecological slope protection module corresponding to the disturbed slope include: Step S11: Perform slope pretreatment, remove loose stones, loose blocks, construction waste, and unstable waste from the slope, and retain rough micro-topography that is conducive to water retention and substrate adhesion; perform shallow roughening treatment of 3-8cm on smooth compacted slopes, and use light compaction or net mats to fix loose slopes to prevent the sprayed substrate from slipping. Step S12: For slope reinforcement and drainage layout, in areas with a slope angle >25°, large slope length, or significant runoff erosion during the rainy season, install 1.0-2.0m square / diamond grid-like frames or flexible protective nets; reinforce rock and thin soil slopes with netting; set up 0.5-1.5m high retaining walls, masonry retaining walls, or ecological retaining walls at the toe of the slope; and install drainage ditches at the top of the slope and at the confluence points of the slope surface to divert external runoff away from the repaired slope surface. Step S13: Differentiated inoculation of biocrusts for different slope types: For sunny, severely drought-stricken slopes: hydroseed at 3.0–5.0 L / m². 2 Cyanobacteria suspension, with a concentration of 700–1500 g / m³ 2 Northern tegumentous spores; Semi-shaded slopes / slope toe: Use a composite moss of *Bryum terrestris* and *Bryum floribundum* in a mass ratio of 1:1 to 3:1, with a total phycogene content of 1000–2500 g / m². 2 ; Gravelly soil slopes: First, spray seed with 2.0–5.0 L / m². 2 Cyanobacteria suspension, then spread 700-1500 g / m² 2 Moss fragments; Rock / thin soil slopes: Apply 1500-2500 g / m² to rock crevices and around planting troughs. 2 For bryophyte fragments, supplement exposed fine soil areas with 1.2–3.0 L / m². 2 Blue-green algae suspension; Step S14: Prepare the substrate mix for the crusting spraying, by mass fraction: 40%–70% sieved fine soil / engineering waste soil, 5%–20% humus / decomposed plant residues, 0%–10% biochar, 0.1%–2.0% natural binder, 0.05%–0.5% water-retaining agent, and the remaining components are water and crusting seed source; The thickness of the substrate for hydroseeding should be controlled between 0.5 and 2.0 cm. For areas with steep slopes, a thin-layer, multiple-layer hydroseeding process should be used. Step S15: Apply a surface covering protection layer. After spraying, lay a layer with a thickness of 10-30mm and a unit area application rate of 200-300g / m². 2 Biodegradable protective netting, coconut fiber blankets, straw fiber blankets, or gravel thin layers; Increase the coverage ratio in arid areas on sunny slopes, and control the coverage thickness on semi-shaded slopes and at the foot of slopes to avoid blocking sunlight; Step S16: Timing and configuration of shrub and grass planting: After 45 to 90 days of bark inoculation and maintenance, the cover should be tested. Shrub and grass planting should be carried out when the cover of the regular slope is ≥50%, the cover of the steep slope / concentrated runoff slope is ≥60%, and the cover of the semi-shaded slope with water retention is 40% to 50%. Shrubs selected include *Hippophae rhamnoides*, *Hippophae lanceolata*, *Hippophae rhamnoides*, *Ziziphus jujuba*, and *Hippophae rhamnoides*, with a spacing of 1.5m×1.5m to 2.0m×2.0m. The herbaceous plants selected are *Euphorbia hirta*, *Imperata cylindrica*, *Cynodon dactylon*, and *Artemisia argyi*, with a sowing rate of 15–30 g / m². 2 ; The planting method employs shrub planting and herbaceous strip sowing / broadcasting, with shrubs accounting for 20%–40% of the space and herbs and bark covering 60%–80%.

3. The method for ecological restoration of disturbed slopes in arid valleys through a combination of engineering and crusting techniques, as described in claim 2, is characterized in that: The construction steps for the soil crust stabilization and shrub restoration module corresponding to the disturbed ground include: Step S21: Loosen the surface soil and compact the disturbed soil to a depth of 10-20cm; The tower base platform and the edge of the construction access road should only be disturbed on the surface, with minor undulations in the soil remaining, and complete leveling is prohibited. Step S22: Construct the micro-topography for rainwater collection, and arrange micro-depressions, crescent-shaped water collection pits, or fish-scale pits in a triangular pattern using contour lines; The depth of the micro-depression is 5–15 cm; The crescent-shaped sump pit opens towards the direction of incoming water, with an upper edge width of 60–100 cm and a depth of 20–40 cm; The fish scale pit has dimensions of 100cm×80cm×60cm or 60cm×60cm×40cm. Step S23: Inoculate the cyanobacteria and moss composite crust, spraying at a rate of 1.2–3.0 L / m² in conventional areas. 2 The concentration of cyanobacteria suspension increased to 5.0 L / m³ in areas with strong wind erosion and high exposure rates. 2 Combined with 700-1500g / m 2 For moss fragmentation, two construction methods are used: first spraying cyanobacteria and then spreading moss, or mixing the substrate and spraying in one go. Step S24: Apply a wind erosion protection layer to the surface by laying a 10-20mm thick layer of straw fiber, coconut fiber blanket or gravel. In areas with strong winds, fix the layer with netting nails spaced 1.0-1.5m apart. The covering material should not completely block out light. Step S25: Treat the shrub and grass configuration, and after the skin has stabilized, sow the drought-resistant herbs by row sowing or broadcasting at a rate of 15-25 g / m². 2 ; Shrubs should be planted sparsely, with a spacing of 2.0m×2.0m to 3.0m×3.0m. Planting tall trees with deep roots is prohibited.

4. The method for ecological restoration of disturbed slopes in arid valleys through a combination of engineering and crusting techniques, as described in claim 2, is characterized in that: The construction steps for the engineering reinforcement and slope toe protection modules corresponding to the unstable slope include: Step S31: Reduce and reinforce the slope load, clear loose rocks and blocks from the slope surface, and reduce the load by cutting the slope in areas with high instability risk; install soil nails with a spacing of 1.5 to 2.5m on the shallow unstable slope surface, and match them with grid-like frame strips with a side length of 1.0 to 2.0m; set up an ecological retaining wall / retaining sill with a height of 0.5 to 1.5m at the toe of the slope. Step S32: For the graded energy dissipation and drainage system, a water interception ditch is set at the top of the slope, graded drainage ditches and waterfall energy dissipation structures are laid on the slope, and drainage ditches and pebble energy dissipation strips are set at the bottom of the slope; energy dissipation sills or pebble paving are added to the sections of the drainage ditch with larger longitudinal slopes. Step S33: Set up planting troughs / soil pits. On the slope, open planting troughs with a width of 20-40cm and a depth of 20-30cm. The spacing between troughs is 1.5-2.0m. The troughs are filled with a mixed substrate of local topsoil, humus, fine gravel and water-retaining material with a thickness of ≥15cm. Step S34: Inoculate and reinforce the composite crust. After the reinforcement is completed, spray 3.0–5.0 L / m² of the seed solution onto the exposed areas within the lattice structure. 2 Cyanobacteria suspension, 1500–2500 g / m³ 2 Moss fragments; Moss fragments should be applied first in rock crevices and around planting troughs, while cyanobacteria suspension should be added to fine soil areas. After hydroseeding, lay biodegradable netting / coconut fiber mat with a netting nail spacing of 1.0–1.5m; Step S35: Select Tibetan sea buckthorn, Yunnan jujube, white thorn flower, mulberry, rock astragalus, cushion selaginella and drought-resistant herbs for soil stabilization; Shrubs should be planted in trenches / holes with a row spacing of 1.5m×1.5m~2.0m×2.0m. Herbs should be sown in spots / rows at a seeding rate of 10~20g / m². 2 Slopes with high instability risk are only planted with low shrubs and grasses.

5. The method for ecological restoration of disturbed slopes in arid valleys through a combination of engineering and crusting techniques, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that: The biological crust includes single or combined seed sources of cyanobacteria, northern bryophytes, and weeping bryophytes, and the inoculation methods include spraying, broadcasting, slurry spraying, crust block transplantation, and seed source mat laying. The engineering structure can be equivalently replaced by geocells, three-dimensional vegetation nets, eco-bag grids, gabion retaining walls, and grass-brick drainage ditches.

6. The method for ecological restoration of disturbed slopes in arid valleys through a combination of engineering and crusting techniques, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that: The microhabitat control facilities and native shrub and grass species can be replaced according to the climate, soil, and substrate conditions of the arid river valley area. All alternative solutions follow the core technical pathways of engineering slope stabilization, soil crusting and consolidation, micro-habitat water conservation, and shrub and grass community establishment, with the goal of achieving slope stability, erosion control, and natural vegetation restoration.

7. An engineering-crust synergistic ecological restoration system for disturbed slopes in arid valleys, characterized in that: The method for ecological restoration of disturbed slopes in arid valleys, constructed using the engineering-crust synergistic approach described in any one of claims 1 to 6, includes: The graded engineering includes slope stabilization unit, runoff energy dissipation and drainage unit, shallow biological crust soil stabilization unit, micro-habitat rainwater harvesting and regulation unit, and native shrub and grass composite vegetation unit. The graded engineering slope stabilization unit includes at least one of the following: grid frame strips, soil nails, flexible protective netting, ecological retaining walls, and gabion retaining walls, used to constrain the slope and resist shallow landslides and collapses. The runoff energy dissipation and interception unit includes interception ditches, ecological channels, energy dissipation embankments, pebble bottom protection, and drop structures, which are used to disperse slope runoff and reduce the intensity of water scouring. The shallow biological crust soil stabilization unit is a 0.5-2.0cm shallow stabilization layer formed by cyanobacteria / moss composite crust and sprayed substrate, which has the functions of anti-splash erosion, water retention and soil stabilization. The microhabitat rainwater harvesting and regulation unit includes fish-scale pits, crescent-shaped rainwater harvesting pits, planting troughs, and gravel / straw cover layers, which are used to intercept natural precipitation and reduce surface evaporation. The native shrub-grass composite vegetation unit consists of a layered community of low, drought-resistant native shrubs and perennial herbs, which forms a spatially complementary cover with biological crusts and relies on deep root systems to achieve long-term slope soil stabilization.

8. The engineering-crust synergistic ecological restoration system for disturbed slopes in arid valleys according to claim 7, characterized in that: The system is divided into five independent modular sub-units according to the type of disturbance: The sub-units are: ecological slope protection for disturbed slopes, shrub and grass restoration for disturbed ground crust, reinforcement and protection for unstable slopes, composite retaining and repairing of spoil heaps, and ecological energy dissipation and drainage for ditches. Each sub-unit can be constructed independently and freely combined to suit different site erosion conditions.

9. The engineering-crust synergistic ecological restoration system for disturbed slopes in arid valleys according to claim 1, characterized in that: The surface of the bio-crust soil stabilization unit is covered with a biodegradable fiber covering layer, with a thickness of 10-30 mm and a dosage of 200-300 g / m². 2 It has multiple functions, including wind erosion prevention, moisture retention, light transmission, and ventilation.

10. The engineering-crust synergistic ecological restoration system for disturbed slopes in arid valleys according to claim 1, characterized in that: The native shrub-grass composite vegetation unit has a shrub spatial coverage of 20%–40%, and herbaceous and biological crust surface coverage of 60%–80%, with no tall, deep-rooted trees to avoid damaging the stability of the engineering structures.

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