An integrated observation device and method for measuring ice surface evaporation and ablation processes

Abstract

The application discloses an integrated observation device and method for measuring ice surface evaporation and ablation process, and relates to the technical field of frozen earth hydrological observation. The device comprises an ice tank main body, a weighing module, an angle adjusting module, a melt water metering module, a data processing unit and a power supply system; the ice tank is internally provided with ice body simulation ice surface; the weighing module measures the total mass change of the ice body; the angle adjusting module can adjust the inclination angle of the tank body; the melt water metering module meters the melt water; the data processing unit records the weight and the melt water amount, and automatically calculates the ice surface sublimation amount. The application combines the continuous monitoring of the total mass with the independent metering of the melt water, realizes the synchronous, accurate and separated measurement of the ice surface ablation amount and the sublimation amount, solves the problem that the traditional observation technology cannot distinguish the sublimation and the ablation, and is suitable for the long-term in-situ observation of the ice surface evaporation and ablation process of glaciers, river and lake ice, reservoir ice and sea ice.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of cryosphere hydrology and meteorology monitoring technology, and in particular to an integrated observation device and method for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface. Background Technology

[0002] Cryospheric mass balance is a core parameter in global water cycle, energy balance, and climate change research. Ice sublimation (the direct conversion of solid to gas) and ablation (the conversion of solid to liquid) are key components of hydrological cycles and energy balance in cold regions, directly determining the rate of mass loss from glaciers, ice sheets, river and lake ice, and sea ice. They have irreplaceable scientific value and engineering significance for sea-level change prediction, cold-region hydrological forecasting, and cryospheric ecological and engineering safety assessments. Accurately quantifying these two processes is crucial for understanding glacial mass balance, water resource management, and climate change responses. However, existing observation techniques have many limitations:

[0003] (1) Traditional weighing method: such as D20 evaporation dish, although simple, it is usually set up on the ground. The metal material has strong heat absorption and intense heat exchange with the surrounding environment, which leads to the observed value being much greater than the actual sublimation of the natural ice surface.

[0004] (2) Eddy covariance method and aerodynamic method: The equipment is expensive and difficult to maintain. It has strict requirements for instrument setup and environmental uniformity. The flux closure error is large under conditions of low temperature, strong wind, and complex terrain such as ice surface. It also has great uncertainty when applied in mountainous areas with complex terrain or non-uniform underlying surfaces. It cannot directly give quantitative results of the separation of sublimation and ablation.

[0005] (3) Measuring rod marking method: By setting up metal stakes or flower poles, the ice surface elevation changes are measured regularly to estimate the melting thickness. It is simple to operate and has a low cost, but it cannot distinguish between melting and sublimation, and is easily affected by ice movement, meltwater scouring and human disturbance. The observation frequency is low and the continuous monitoring capability is poor.

[0006] Existing observation devices generally suffer from the following shortcomings: (1) It is difficult to simultaneously and at the same point separate the sublimation and ablation of the ice surface, and usually only the total mass loss can be observed; (2) The continuity and automation are insufficient, making it difficult to achieve long-term unattended, high-frequency continuous observation. The above-mentioned defects restrict the in-depth understanding of the energy balance process of the ice surface. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an integrated observation device and method that can simulate the natural ice surface conditions and simultaneously separate and accurately measure the sublimation and ablation processes. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the aforementioned problems, this invention provides an integrated observation device and method for measuring the evaporation and melting processes of ice surfaces. This enables simultaneous, continuous, and precise observation of the evaporation and melting processes of ice surfaces. Simultaneously, it can combine in-situ meteorological data to fit the parameters of the empirical formula for ice surface evaporation and solve for the degree-day factor coefficient. The device is highly integrated, easy to operate, and has strong environmental adaptability, making it suitable for long-term field observation under different terrain conditions in cold regions.

[0008] This invention is implemented as follows:

[0009] It includes two aspects, the first aspect:

[0010] An integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface includes an ice body bearing simulation unit, a weight monitoring unit, a meltwater collection unit, an angle adjustment unit, and a data processing unit.

[0011] The ice-bearing simulation unit includes an ice tank, which is an open-topped tank with an internal cavity for holding ice blocks and meltwater. The bottom of the cavity has a meltwater outlet, and the outer walls around the ice tank and the bottom outer wall are provided with heat insulation layers.

[0012] The weight monitoring unit is located below the ice load-bearing simulation unit, and the weight monitoring unit is connected to the ice load-bearing simulation unit through the angle adjustment unit; the weight monitoring unit is used to detect the total mass of all the load-bearing components above and the ice body; the angle adjustment unit can adjust the tilt angle of the ice load-bearing simulation unit, and the tilt angle adjustment range is 0°~30°;

[0013] The meltwater collection unit is located below the meltwater outlet and includes a meltwater conduit, an electronic scale, and a water storage component. One end of the meltwater conduit is sealed to the meltwater outlet, and the other end is connected to the sealed water storage component. Meltwater can be transported by gravity through the meltwater conduit to the sealed water storage component. The water storage component is placed on the electronic scale, which can continuously record the meltwater measurement data of the water storage component.

[0014] The data processing unit is connected to the weight monitoring unit and the electronic scale, respectively. It receives the data collected by the weight monitoring unit and the closed meltwater collection unit, calculates the sublimation amount based on the initial ice mass, the remaining ice mass and the meltwater mass, stores and remotely transmits the ablation and sublimation observation data.

[0015] Furthermore, the ice tank is made of stainless steel, and the inner wall of the tank is smooth; the heat insulation layer is a waterproof sealant composite heat insulation foam structure, with a circumferential joint sealing width ≥5mm, and is covered with stainless steel skin to form an integrated heat insulation and waterproof structure with a thickness of 5mm~50mm; the heat insulation layer has a sealing and closing structure at the top opening edge of the ice tank to prevent water vapor from seeping in.

[0016] Furthermore, the weight monitoring unit is a high-precision weighbridge with a measurement accuracy of no less than 0.1 kg. The weighing range is adapted to the total weight of the tank and the ice / water inside. The sampling frequency of the weighbridge is adjustable, with an adjustment range of 1 min to 60 min.

[0017] Furthermore, the angle adjustment unit includes a hydraulic cylinder, a base, and an angle sensor;

[0018] A hinge plate is fixedly provided on the side of one end of the ice tank, and one end of the hydraulic rod in the hydraulic cylinder is hinged to the hinge plate by a pin; the cylinder body of the hydraulic cylinder is fixedly connected to the weighbridge.

[0019] The base includes two symmetrically arranged upper bases, which are fixedly installed on the left and right sides of the bottom of the other end of the ice tank, respectively; each upper base is rotatably connected to the corresponding lower base set on the bearing surface of the weighbridge through a rotating connector; the angle sensor is set on the base.

[0020] Furthermore, a filter screen is provided at the meltwater outlet; the meltwater conduit is an insulated hose, and the inner wall of the conduit is treated to prevent icing.

[0021] Furthermore, the water storage component is a sealed water storage tank, which adopts a double-layer stainless steel structure with a polyurethane foam insulation layer filling the interlayer; a ring-shaped heating cable is installed at the drain outlet at the bottom of the tank, and the heating cable is electrically connected to the data processing unit. The data processing unit has a built-in temperature control strategy, which automatically starts heating the heating cable when the temperature is below +2℃.

[0022] Furthermore, the integrated observation device also includes a meteorological monitoring unit, the sampling frequency of which is consistent with that of the weight monitoring unit's small automatic weather station, and the weather station is connected to the data processing unit via wireless communication.

[0023] Furthermore, the integrated observation device also includes a power supply unit, which uses a combination of solar panels and batteries to provide power to the weight monitoring unit, ablation measurement unit, angle adjustment unit, meteorological monitoring unit, data processing unit, and heat tracing cable. The capacity of the battery is selected to match the power of the heat tracing cable and the continuous cloudy weather conditions in cold winters to ensure uninterrupted power supply around the clock.

[0024] The second aspect:

[0025] The method for measuring the ice surface evaporation and melting process using the integrated observation device includes the following steps:

[0026] S1. Device Setup and Debugging: Fix the base of the device to a flat ground at the cold region observation point, inject pure water into the tank, and let it stand until the pure water is completely frozen to form a simulated natural ice surface; adjust the tilt angle of the tank to the target value according to the terrain slope of the observation area through the angle adjustment unit; debug each unit to ensure that the weight monitoring, meltwater measurement, meteorological monitoring, and data transmission are all normal, and set the sampling frequency of each unit.

[0027] S2. Basic Data Initialization: Record the initial time. At that time, the total weight of the weight monitoring unit The initial reading of the electronic scale in the ablation measurement unit is 0, and the meteorological monitoring unit begins to collect and transmit meteorological data in real time.

[0028] S3. Real-time monitoring data acquisition: During the observation period, data is acquired at any time according to the set sampling frequency. The total weight measured by the weight monitoring unit , Meltwater metering values ​​during the period , Snowfall / rainfall during the period and synchronized meteorological parameter data;

[0029] S4. Calculation of ice surface evaporation: Based on the principle of water balance, for any time period... Ice surface evaporation The calculation formula is:

[0030]

[0031] in, for Total weight at any moment for Total weight at any moment for Snowfall / rainfall during the period for Meltwater metering values ​​within the specified time period;

[0032] Evaporation Converted to evaporation per unit area The unit is The measurement of ice surface evaporation was completed;

[0033] S5. Solving for parameters related to ice surface melting:

[0034] (1) Solving for the degree-day factor coefficient: The meltwater measurement value within a unit time period Converted to ablation volume per unit area Combined with the daily average temperature monitored simultaneously Based on the day factor equation ,in, The freezing point is 0℃, and k is the degree-day factor coefficient. The value of k is obtained by linear fitting.

[0035] (2) Fitting parameters of the empirical formula for ice surface evaporation: with synchronous average wind speed and water vapor pressure difference between ice surface and air as independent variables, and the evaporation per unit area obtained in step S4 as the parameter. Using the Nash efficiency coefficient as the objective function and a genetic algorithm for global optimization, the coefficients a and b of the Dalton-type ice surface evaporation formula are calibrated to obtain a suitable on-site ice surface evaporation calculation formula.

[0036] S6. Data Collection and Analysis: The data processing unit collects, stores, and visualizes the ice surface evaporation, melting, meteorological parameters, and related parameters obtained during the observation period, enabling dynamic monitoring and pattern study of the ice surface evaporation and melting process.

[0037] Furthermore, in step S4, snowfall / rainfall... Need to be converted to total weight Meltwater metering value The consistent unit of mass is kg; the conversion formula for evaporation per unit area is: ,in, Evaporation rate per unit area, in mm; S is the effective area of ​​the ice surface within the tank, in mm. , The density of ice In step S5, the conversion method for the amount of melting per unit area is the same as that for the amount of evaporation per unit area.

[0038] The beneficial effects of this invention are: Through integrated design, this invention achieves simultaneous and continuous monitoring of the ice surface evaporation and melting processes, and can accurately separate the two values ​​based on the principle of water balance. Its angle adjustment unit supports stepless adjustment of the tank within the range of 0° to 30°, which can simulate natural ice surfaces with different terrain slopes, making the observation results more representative of reality.

[0039] The total material loss of the ice body is obtained in real time by the weight monitoring unit. Combined with the sealed water storage component below, the melt water is collected and measured independently. The sublimation of the ice surface is directly calculated by the difference calculation. The overall structure of the device is simple and compact, with lower hardware cost and less power consumption in the field. This greatly reduces the difficulty of long-term deployment and subsequent operation and maintenance in high-altitude and remote areas, and the stability of the equipment in the field is stronger.

[0040] The water storage component adopts a closed flow-limiting water inlet structure, which only allows the melt water to drip into the cavity, isolating the melt water surface from contact with the outside atmosphere. This eliminates the metering deviation caused by secondary evaporation of melt water from the source, ensuring accurate and interference-free measurement of the melt amount. Consequently, the sublimation amount obtained by differential calculation is free from fundamental systematic errors, enabling reliable separate quantification of the two phase change processes of ice surface melting and sublimation.

[0041] The ice-bearing simulation unit is equipped with an external heat insulation layer, which effectively blocks the additional heat input from solar shortwave radiation, environmental convection and lateral heat conduction. This overcomes the shortcomings of traditional D20 metal evaporation pans, which have prominent heat absorption effects and overly systematic observation results. It makes the water-thermal boundary conditions of the ice inside the device closer to the natural ice surface in the field, and the observation data has higher authenticity and reference value.

[0042] The entire device integrates automated time-series acquisition, data storage, and remote wireless transmission modules. It can continuously complete dual-channel weighing data acquisition and automatic parameter calculation according to a set frequency, without the need for frequent manual intervention. It overcomes the shortcomings of traditional rod marking methods, such as long observation intervals, susceptibility to ice movement and external disturbances, and inability to output continuous time-series monitoring data. It can provide long-term in-situ measurement support for the study of mass balance of glaciers, river and lake ice, sea ice, and the mechanism of water cycle in cold regions.

[0043] The present invention will be explained in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0044] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface according to the present invention;

[0045] Figure 2 This is a flowchart of the water balance calculation and parameter optimization process of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating the overall workflow of the present invention.

[0047] 11-Ice tank, 12-Insulation layer, 13-Melted water outlet, 21-Weighbridge, 31-Melted water conduit, 32-Electronic scale, 33-Water storage component, 40-Connector, 41-Hydraulic cylinder, 42a-Upper base, 42b-Lower base, 43-Angle sensor, 45-Hinge plate, 5-Meteorological monitoring unit, 6-Data processing unit, 7-Power supply system. Detailed Implementation

[0048] Example 1:

[0049] This embodiment describes an integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surfaces, such as... Figure 1As shown, it includes an ice body bearing simulation unit, a weight monitoring unit, a meltwater collection unit, an angle adjustment unit, a meteorological monitoring unit, a data processing unit, and a power supply unit;

[0050] 1. Ice load-bearing simulation unit:

[0051] The ice-bearing simulation unit includes an ice tank 11 and a heat insulation layer 12. The ice tank 11 is a rectangular stainless steel box with an open top, and its interior forms a cavity for holding ice blocks and meltwater. The inner wall of the tank is a smooth surface to simulate the flatness of a natural ice surface.

[0052] The thermal insulation layer 12 covers the four sides and bottom outer wall of the ice tank 11, providing thermal insulation and sealing for the ice tank 11. The thermal insulation layer 12 adopts a composite structure of waterproof sealant and thermal insulation foam, with a circumferential joint sealing width of not less than 5mm. Its outer surface is covered with a stainless steel skin, forming an integrated thermal insulation and waterproof structure. The thickness of the thermal insulation layer 12 is 5mm to 50mm, which can be selected according to the ambient temperature requirements. The thermal insulation layer 12 has a sealing and closing structure at the top opening edge of the ice tank 11 to prevent moisture from seeping into the insulation layer through gaps. The insulation layer 12 has the following functions:

[0053] Thermal insulation: slows down the heat exchange rate between the ice inside the ice tank 11 and the external environment, reduces the impact of ambient temperature fluctuations on the ice melting rate, makes the melting process closer to the natural isothermal melting state, and improves the accuracy and repeatability of monitoring data.

[0054] Waterproof sealing: Prevents condensation on the outer wall of the ice tank or external splashes of water from seeping into the insulation layer, avoids the insulation material from failing due to water absorption, and also prevents external moisture from contacting the metal surfaces of the bottom and side walls of the ice tank, protecting the equipment from corrosion.

[0055] Protective casing: The outer stainless steel skin serves as a protective layer to prevent the insulation layer from being damaged by bumps during equipment handling or use, while also facilitating cleaning and maintenance.

[0056] 2. Angle adjustment unit

[0057] The angle adjustment unit is used to adjust the tilt angle of the ice tank 11. The angle adjustment unit consists of two parts: a drive end assembly and a support end assembly.

[0058] A hinge plate 45 is fixedly installed on the side of one end of the ice tank 11 along its length. One end of the hydraulic rod in the hydraulic cylinder 41 is hinged to the hinge plate 45 via a pin. The cylinder body of the hydraulic cylinder 41 is fixedly connected to the weighbridge 21 via a base, and the tilt angle adjustment range is 0°~30°.

[0059] Two upper bases 42a are symmetrically fixed on the left and right sides of the bottom of the other end of the ice tank 11 along its length. The lower end of each upper base 42a is rotatably connected to the corresponding lower base 42b set on the bearing surface of the weighbridge 21 via a rotating connector 40.

[0060] When the hydraulic cylinder 41 is driven, the hydraulic rod pushes the drive end of the ice trough 11 to rise and fall through the hinge plate 45, and the ice trough 11 rotates around the horizontal axis of the support end rotating connector 40. The upper base 42a rotates together with the ice trough 11, while the lower base 42b is fixed on the weighbridge 21 and remains stationary.

[0061] An angle sensor 43 is fixedly installed between each pair of upper and lower bases. The angle sensor 43 is fixedly connected to the upper base 42a and the lower base 42b respectively. It is used to detect the rotation angle of the upper base 42a relative to the lower base 42b. This angle is the current tilt angle of the ice tank 11 relative to the horizontal plane. It is electrically connected to the data processing unit.

[0062] 3. Weight monitoring unit:

[0063] The weight monitoring unit is used to weigh the total mass of all the supporting components above it and the ice body, excluding the weight of the water collected by the meltwater collection unit from the melting ice.

[0064] Weighbridge 21 is positioned below the two lower base legs 42b and the hydraulic cylinder 41. Weighbridge 21 is a multi-point electronic weighbridge, electrically connected to the data processing unit. The weighbridge has a measurement accuracy of no less than 0.1 kg, a weighing range adapted to the total weight of the tank and its internal ice / water, and a sampling frequency adjustable from 1 min to 60 min to meet different observation accuracy requirements. The weight monitoring unit is used to monitor the total weight of the tank and its internal ice / water in real time, providing basic data for water balance calculations.

[0065] 4. Meltwater collection unit

[0066] The meltwater collection unit is used to export, collect, store, and measure the weight of the water generated by the melting of ice in the ice tank 11 and transmit it to the data processing unit.

[0067] The meltwater collection unit is located below the ice tank 11 and includes a meltwater conduit 31, an electronic scale 32, and a water storage component 33. The end of the ice tank 11 near the meltwater outlet 13 has a transverse V-shaped water collection channel that runs across the entire width of the ice tank 11. The V-shaped cross section is obtained by cutting perpendicular to the extension direction of the V-shaped channel. The lowest point of the valley of the V-shaped water collection channel is connected to the meltwater outlet 13 to ensure that there is no water residue at the bottom of the tank after the meltwater is discharged.

[0068] The meltwater outlet 13 is equipped with an openable and closable interceptor device, which can be controlled manually or wirelessly by the data processing unit. During water injection, the interceptor device is closed to prevent water from leaking out. The interceptor device is a manual slide valve or ball valve. The valve body and the outside of the external drainage pipe are wrapped with electric heating tape and heat preservation protective layer. It can continuously keep warm and prevent freezing under low temperature conditions. When the pipe freezes, it can be thawed by heating before drainage.

[0069] During the ice melting operation, the water generated inside the ice tank flows down the inclined slope of the ice tank by its own weight to the lower side of the outlet, and all of it is collected in the V-shaped water collection trough at the end. After the interception device is opened, the collected meltwater is transported by gravity to the water storage component 33 through the meltwater outlet 13 and the meltwater conduit 31, without the need for external force. A filter screen is installed at the meltwater outlet 13 to block ice slag and prevent ice slag from entering the meltwater conduit and causing pipeline blockage. The meltwater conduit 31 is... The insulated hose has an anti-icing treatment on its inner wall. The treatment method is any one of the following: coating the inner wall with an anti-icing and hydrophobic coating, pre-embedding heating wires inside the pipe, or double-layer heat tracing insulation. This is used to prevent the meltwater inside the pipe from freezing. One end of the hose is sealed and connected to the meltwater outlet 13, and the other end is connected to the water storage component 33. The electronic scale 32 and the water storage component 33 are arranged outside the weighbridge 21. Neither of them has any load-bearing contact with the weighbridge 21. The weighbridge 21 does not bear the load of the electronic scale 32, the water storage component 33, or the meltwater inside the water storage component.

[0070] The water storage component 33 is a sealed water storage tank with a double-layer stainless steel structure and a polyurethane foam insulation layer in between to prevent the meltwater from freezing in low-temperature environments. A drain outlet is located at the bottom of the tank, which is connected to an underground water collection container via an insulated hose for automatic emptying. A ring-shaped heating cable is installed at the drain outlet, electrically connected to the data processing unit. The heating cable automatically activates when the temperature is too low to ensure the drain outlet and drainage pipes are not blocked by ice. The water storage tank is placed on an electronic scale with data recording and storage functions. The scale has a measurement error of less than 1g and can continuously record meltwater measurement data per unit time (minutes / hours / day). It is wirelessly connected to the data processing unit for real-time transmission of meltwater data.

[0071] 5. Meteorological monitoring unit:

[0072] Small automatic weather stations are deployed within 50m of the tank. The sampling frequency of the weather stations is consistent with that of the weight monitoring unit. The monitoring elements include the daily maximum / minimum temperature, average relative humidity, average wind speed at 2m height, net radiation, and snowfall / rainfall. The sampling frequency is 30 minutes, and the data processing unit is wirelessly connected via Wi-Fi / 5G.

[0073] 6. Data Processing Unit:

[0074] Electrically connected to the weight monitoring unit, meltwater collection unit, angle adjustment unit, and meteorological monitoring unit, this core component serves as the control and calculation hub of the device. It comprises a data acquisition module, a data storage module, a calculation and analysis module, and a data output module. The data acquisition module receives monitoring data from each unit and performs standardization processing to eliminate differences in data formats. The data storage module provides dual storage of monitoring data and calculation results, both locally and in the cloud, to prevent data loss. The calculation and analysis module calculates ice surface evaporation based on the water balance principle and combines meteorological data to fit an empirical formula for ice surface evaporation and solve for the degree-day factor coefficient. The data output module outputs results in numerical, curve, and report formats for easy analysis and use by observers.

[0075] After assembling the above units, they are placed at the target observation point. Pure water is injected into the tank and left to stand for 24 hours until the pure water is completely frozen, forming a simulated natural ice surface. Then, the hydraulic rods are adjusted to tilt the tank to the target value.

[0076] 7. Power Supply Unit:

[0077] The power supply unit uses a combination of solar panels and batteries to provide power to the weight monitoring unit, ablation measurement unit, angle adjustment unit, meteorological monitoring unit, data processing unit, and heat tracing cable. The capacity of the battery is selected to match the power of the heat tracing cable and the continuous cloudy weather conditions in cold winters to ensure uninterrupted power supply around the clock.

[0078] Example 2:

[0079] This embodiment describes a method for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surfaces, such as... Figure 2 As shown, it includes the following steps:

[0080] Step S1, Device Setup and Debugging:

[0081] The base of the device is fixed to a flat surface at the cold-region observation point using expansion bolts or concrete pouring. It is adjusted to near-horizontal, and sufficient pure water is injected into the tank. The tank is allowed to stand until the pure water completely freezes, forming a simulated natural ice surface. External interference is avoided during the freezing process to ensure the flatness of the ice surface. Based on the actual terrain slope of the observation area, the tilt angle of the tank is adjusted to the target value using the electro-hydraulic rod of the angle adjustment unit. The flow interception device at the meltwater outlet is opened, and the angle sensor provides real-time feedback of the actual angle to ensure consistency with the natural terrain (the angle can be adjusted appropriately when the device is horizontal to ensure smooth meltwater flow). The weight monitoring unit, meltwater collection unit, meteorological monitoring unit, and data processing unit are tested to ensure that the monitoring, measurement, and data transmission functions of each unit are normal. The sampling frequency of each unit is set according to the observation requirements (e.g., 10 min, 30 min, 60 min).

[0082] Step S2, Basic Data Initialization:

[0083] Record the initial moment At that time, the total weight of the tank and the ice surface inside the weight monitoring unit. The initial reading of the electronic scale in the meltwater collection unit is zeroed, and the meteorological monitoring unit begins to collect meteorological parameter data in real time and transmit it to the data processing unit, thus completing the initialization of all basic data.

[0084] Step S3: Real-time monitoring data acquisition:

[0085] Within the set observation period, at the set sampling frequency, data is continuously acquired at any given time. Total weight , Meltwater metering values ​​during the period , Snowfall / rainfall during the period The system also collects synchronized meteorological parameter data (such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed at 2 meters). All data is transmitted wirelessly (via WiFi or 5G) through the data acquisition module to the data processing unit for standardization. Standardization includes unifying units of measurement, mapping measurement ranges, removing outlier data, and aligning fields from multiple data sources.

[0086] Step S4, Calculation of ice surface evaporation:

[0087] Based on the principle of water balance, at any time period Ice surface evaporation (sublimation) The formula for calculating (unit: kg) is:

[0088]

[0089] in, for The total weight (kg) of the tank body and the ice surface inside. for The total weight (kg) of the tank body and the ice surface inside. for Snowfall / rainfall during the period (kg) for Meltwater volume (kg) within the specified time period.

[0090] To facilitate unified analysis in hydrological research in cold regions, evaporation is... Converted to evaporation per unit area (mm), the conversion formula is:

[0091]

[0092] in, The effective area of ​​the ice surface inside the tank ( ), The density of ice ( Furthermore, the evaporation per unit area can be converted into the daily evaporation ( ), to complete the precise measurement of ice surface evaporation.

[0093] S5. Solving for parameters related to ice surface melting:

[0094] (1) Solving for the degree-day factor coefficient: The degree-day factor equation is a classic equation for estimating the amount of ice melt in cold regions. It calculates the meltwater volume per unit time period. Convert the ablation volume per unit area using the conversion formula (relationship between melt flow and ablation thickness). (mm), combined with the daily average temperature monitored simultaneously. (°C), based on the degree-day factor equation:

[0095]

[0096] in, Let be the freezing point temperature, taken as 0℃, and k be the degree-day factor coefficient. With the daily average temperature as the independent variable and the ablation per unit area as the dependent variable, the value of k is solved by linear fitting using the least squares method to obtain the degree-day factor coefficient of ice surface ablation applicable to the observation area.

[0097] (2) Parameter fitting of ice surface evaporation formula: Using the synchronously monitored meteorological parameters as independent variables, the evaporation per unit area obtained in step S4 Using the parameters of the ice surface evaporation formula as the dependent variable, we fit the parameters of the formula. Taking the Dalton type ice surface evaporation formula as an example:

[0098]

[0099] In the formula, E s The amount of ice surface evaporation simulated by the model ( ), Wind speed at 2 meters , The saturated water vapor pressure on the ice surface (hPa) is given. Let be the air vapor pressure (hPa), and a and b be the parameters to be fitted to the evaporation formula, representing the conditions under windless conditions (hPa). The water vapor transport coefficient and the wind speed enhancement coefficient for evaporation are both 0, and their reasonable ranges are [0, 5] and [0, 3], respectively.

[0100] In this embodiment, the Nash efficiency coefficient (NSE) is used as the objective function for parameter calibration, and its expression is:

[0101]

[0102] In the formula, The observed value of ice surface evaporation for the i-th sample (obtained from step S4). These are the simulated values ​​from the model. Let n be the observed mean and n be the sample size. The parameter calibration objective is to find the (a, b) combination that maximizes NSE within the parameter search range.

[0103] Since the objective function is non-linear with respect to the parameters and may have local optima, this embodiment uses a genetic algorithm for global optimization. The specific process is as follows:

[0104] (1) Population initialization: in parameters ∈[0,5] and Within the search space ∈ [0,3], an initial population of 50–100 individuals is randomly generated using real-number encoding, with each individual containing a set of ( , Candidate solutions.

[0105] (2) Fitness evaluation and selection: Each individual's ( , The NSE value of each sample was calculated by substituting it into the ice surface evaporation formula, and this value was used as the fitness. A tournament selection strategy was adopted to select superior individuals for the next generation based on their fitness.

[0106] (3) Crossover and mutation: Arithmetic crossover is performed with a crossover probability of 0.6 to 0.9 to produce offspring, and non-uniform mutation is performed with a mutation probability of 0.01 to 0.1 to maintain population diversity and avoid premature convergence.

[0107] (4) Iteration Termination: Repeat the above steps until the preset maximum number of iterations (200-500 generations) is reached or the optimal NSE value changes less than the preset threshold within several consecutive generations. Finally, the individual with the largest NSE in the population ( , The result is output as the optimal parameter calibration result.

[0108] Step S6: Data Summary and Analysis

[0109] The data processing unit's calculation and analysis module summarizes all data within the observation period, including ice surface evaporation, melting, real-time meteorological parameters, and the calculated degree-day factor coefficient and empirical formula parameters for ice surface evaporation. The data storage module enables dual storage of the above data both locally and in the cloud. The data output module outputs results in the form of numerical values, dynamic curves, and statistical reports. Observers can view these results via computers, mobile phones, and other terminals, enabling dynamic monitoring and pattern research of the ice surface evaporation and melting process.

[0110] Example 3:

[0111] This embodiment is a specific example combining Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2, an integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface, comprising:

[0112] 1. Ice Surface Simulation Unit: A rectangular stainless steel tank is constructed with an inner diameter of 2.5m × 1.0m × 0.2m (length × width × height), and an effective ice surface area of ​​2.5m². The outer wall is wrapped with a 5cm thick polyurethane thermal insulation layer. The circumferential joints are sealed with waterproof sealant and thermal insulation foam with a sealing width of 8mm. A 20mm diameter meltwater outlet is opened at the lower part of the side wall of the tank, and a 5cm deep installation groove is opened at the bottom.

[0113] 2. Weight monitoring unit: A high-precision weighbridge with a measurement accuracy of 0.1kg and a weighing range of 0~1000kg is selected and embedded in the mounting groove. The sampling frequency is set to 30min.

[0114] 3. Meltwater Collection Unit: A 100-mesh filter and a 0℃ temperature-controlled solenoid valve are installed at the meltwater outlet. The meltwater conduit is a polyurethane insulated hose with an inner diameter of 20mm. One end of the conduit is sealed to the meltwater outlet, and the other end is connected to a 20L sealed water storage tank. The water storage tank has a double-layer stainless steel structure with a 5cm polyurethane foam insulation layer in between to prevent the meltwater from freezing inside the tank. A 40mm diameter drain outlet is opened at the bottom of the water storage tank, and the drain outlet is led to the downstream of the observation point or an underground water collection container through the insulated hose to achieve automatic drainage. A ring-shaped self-regulating heating cable (power 15W / m) is installed at the drain outlet at the bottom of the tank, and the cable is wrapped with a 2cm thick rubber and plastic insulation pipe. The heating cable is electrically connected to the data processing unit, which has a built-in temperature control strategy. When the temperature is below +2℃, the heating cable is automatically activated. The water storage tank is placed on an electronic scale with data recording and storage functions. The electronic scale and the data processing unit communicate wirelessly via 5G.

[0115] 4. Angle Adjustment Unit: An electric hydraulic rod with a stroke of 20cm is selected. The base is made of concrete and fixed to the ground at the observation point. The fixed end of the hydraulic rod is hinged to the base, and the telescopic end is hinged to the left side of the bottom of the tank. The tilt angle adjustment range is 0°~30°. An angle sensor with an accuracy of 0.1° is installed on the base and is electrically connected to the data processing unit.

[0116] 5. Meteorological monitoring unit: A small automatic weather station is set up 30m around the trough. The monitoring elements include the daily maximum / minimum temperature, average relative humidity, average wind speed at 2m height, net radiation, and snowfall / rainfall. The sampling frequency is 30min. It communicates with the data processing unit via 5G wireless communication.

[0117] 6. Data Processing Unit: An industrial-grade tablet PC is selected, with built-in data acquisition, storage, calculation and analysis, and output modules. It is wirelessly connected to each unit and can transmit data to a remote data processing center to achieve real-time data processing and storage.

[0118] After assembling the above units, they are placed at the target observation point. Pure water is injected into the tank and left to stand for 24 hours until the pure water is completely frozen, forming a simulated natural ice surface. The hydraulic rod is adjusted so that the tank tilt angle is 5° (simulating the actual terrain slope of the observation point).

[0119] Methods for determining the evaporation and melting process of ice surface:

[0120] 1. Basic data initialization: Record the initial time. Total weight (e.g., 08:00 on December 21, 2025) The electronic scale reading was reset to zero, and the weather station began real-time monitoring.

[0121] 2. Real-time monitoring: Observe continuously for 60 days at a sampling frequency of 60 minutes to obtain the total weight at each time point. Meltwater metering value Snowfall / Rainfall And synchronous meteorological parameters.

[0122] 3. Calculation of ice surface evaporation: Taking the period from 08:00 to 09:00 on December 21, 2025 as an example, , (No snowfall / rainfall) , (No ablation), then =(365.25+0)-365.16-0=0.09kg; Convert to evaporation rate per unit area =0.09×1000 / (2.5×900)=0.04mm / h.

[0123] 4. Parameter solution:

[0124] (1) Daily factor coefficient: Select 60 days of data with ablation during the observation period, and convert the daily meltwater measurement value into ablation amount per unit area. Combined with daily average temperature Based on the day factor equation Linear fitting can yield the daily factor coefficient k of the ice ablation at the target location.

[0125] (2) Empirical formula for ice surface evaporation: Using meteorological elements as independent variables and daily evaporation per unit area as dependent variable, an empirical formula for ice surface evaporation applicable to this region is obtained through multivariate nonlinear fitting.

[0126] 5. Data Summarization: The data processing unit summarizes the evaporation, melting, meteorological parameters, and the solved k-values ​​and empirical formula parameters over 60 days, generating dynamic change curves and statistical reports to achieve regular analysis of the ice surface evaporation and melting process.

[0127] The above description is only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and is not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention (such as the application of various formulas, the order of steps, etc.) without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims

1. An integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface, characterized in that, It includes an ice body bearing simulation unit, a weight monitoring unit, a meltwater collection unit, an angle adjustment unit, and a data processing unit; The ice body bearing simulation unit includes an ice tank (11), which is an open-top tank with a cavity inside for holding ice blocks and melt water. A melt water outlet (13) is provided at the bottom of the cavity. A heat insulation layer (12) is provided on the outer walls around the ice tank (11) and the bottom outer wall. The weight monitoring unit is located below the ice load-bearing simulation unit, and the weight monitoring unit is connected to the ice load-bearing simulation unit through the angle adjustment unit; the weight monitoring unit is used to detect the total mass of all the load-bearing components above and the ice body; the angle adjustment unit can adjust the tilt angle of the ice load-bearing simulation unit, and the tilt angle adjustment range is 0°~30°; The meltwater collection unit is located below the meltwater outlet (13) and includes a meltwater conduit (31), an electronic scale (32), and a water storage component (33). One end of the meltwater conduit (31) is sealed to the meltwater outlet (13), and the other end is connected to the sealed water storage component (33). Meltwater can be transported by gravity through the meltwater conduit (31) to the sealed water storage component (33). The water storage component (33) is placed on the electronic scale (32), and the electronic scale (32) can continuously record the meltwater measurement data of the water storage component (33). The data processing unit is connected to the weight monitoring unit and the electronic scale (32) respectively. It receives the data collected by the weight monitoring unit and the closed meltwater collection unit, calculates the sublimation amount based on the initial ice mass, the remaining ice mass and the meltwater mass, stores and remotely sends the observation data of the ablation amount and the sublimation amount.

2. The integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ice tank (11) is made of stainless steel and the inner wall of the tank is smooth. The heat insulation layer (12) is a waterproof sealant composite heat insulation foam structure with a circumferential joint sealing width ≥5mm. It is covered with stainless steel skin to form an integrated heat insulation and waterproof structure with a thickness of 5mm~50mm. The heat insulation layer (12) has a sealing and closing structure at the top opening edge of the ice tank (11) to prevent water vapor from seeping in.

3. The integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface according to claim 1, characterized in that, The weight monitoring unit is a high-precision weighbridge (21) with a measurement accuracy of not less than 0.1 kg. The weighing range is adapted to the total weight of the tank and the ice / water inside. The sampling frequency of the weighbridge is adjustable, with an adjustment range of 1 min to 60 min.

4. The integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface according to claim 3, characterized in that, The angle adjustment unit includes a hydraulic cylinder (41), a base (42), and an angle sensor (43). A hinge plate (45) is fixedly provided on the side of one end of the ice tank (11), and one end of the hydraulic rod in the hydraulic cylinder (41) is hinged to the hinge plate (45) by a pin; the cylinder body of the hydraulic cylinder (41) is fixedly connected to the weighbridge (21). The base (42) includes two symmetrically arranged upper bases (42a), which are fixedly installed on the left and right sides of the bottom of the other end of the ice tank (11); each upper base (42a) is rotatably connected to the corresponding lower base (42b) on the bearing surface of the weighbridge (21) through a rotating connector (40); the angle sensor (43) is installed on the base (42).

5. The integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface according to claim 1, characterized in that, The meltwater outlet (13) is equipped with a filter screen and an openable and closable interceptor; the meltwater conduit (31) is a heat-insulating hose, and the inner wall of the conduit is treated to prevent icing.

6. The integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface according to claim 1, characterized in that, The water storage component (33) is a sealed water storage tank. The water storage tank adopts a double-layer stainless steel structure with a polyurethane foam insulation layer in between. A ring-shaped heat tracing cable is installed at the drain outlet at the bottom of the tank. The heat tracing cable is electrically connected to the data processing unit. The data processing unit has a built-in temperature control strategy. When the temperature is below +2℃, the heat tracing cable will automatically start heating.

7. The integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface according to claim 1, characterized in that, The integrated observation device also includes a meteorological monitoring unit. The sampling frequency of the small automatic weather station in the meteorological monitoring unit is consistent with that of the weight monitoring unit. The weather station and the data processing unit are connected wirelessly.

8. The integrated observation device for measuring the evaporation and melting process of ice surface according to claim 1, characterized in that, The integrated observation device also includes a power supply unit, which uses a combination of solar panels and batteries to provide power to the weight monitoring unit, ablation measurement unit, angle adjustment unit, meteorological monitoring unit, data processing unit, and heat tracing cable. The capacity of the battery is selected to match the power of the heat tracing cable and the continuous cloudy weather conditions in cold winters to ensure uninterrupted power supply around the clock.

9. A method for determining the evaporation and melting process of ice surface based on the integrated observation device according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Device Setup and Debugging: Fix the base of the device to a flat ground at the cold region observation point, inject pure water into the tank, and let it stand until the pure water is completely frozen to form a simulated natural ice surface; adjust the tilt angle of the tank to the target value according to the terrain slope of the observation area through the angle adjustment unit; debug each unit to ensure that the weight monitoring, meltwater measurement, meteorological monitoring, and data transmission are all normal, and set the sampling frequency of each unit. S2. Basic Data Initialization: Record the initial time. At that time, the total weight of the weight monitoring unit The initial reading of the electronic scale in the ablation measurement unit is 0, and the meteorological monitoring unit begins to collect and transmit meteorological data in real time. S3. Real-time monitoring data acquisition: During the observation period, data is acquired at any time according to the set sampling frequency. The total weight measured by the weight monitoring unit , Meltwater metering values ​​during the period , Snowfall / rainfall during the period and synchronized meteorological parameter data; S4. Calculation of ice surface evaporation: Based on the principle of water balance, for any time period... Ice surface evaporation The calculation formula is: in, for Total weight at any moment for Total weight at any moment for Snowfall / rainfall during the period for Meltwater metering values ​​within the specified time period; Evaporation Converted to evaporation per unit area The unit is The measurement of ice surface evaporation was completed; S5. Solving for parameters related to ice surface melting: (1) Solving for the degree-day factor coefficient: The meltwater measurement value within a unit time period Converted to ablation volume per unit area Combined with the daily average temperature monitored simultaneously Based on the day factor equation ,in, The freezing point is 0℃, and k is the degree-day factor coefficient. The value of k is obtained by linear fitting. (2) Fitting parameters of the empirical formula for ice surface evaporation: with synchronous average wind speed and water vapor pressure difference between ice surface and air as independent variables, and the evaporation per unit area obtained in step S4 as the parameter. Using the Nash efficiency coefficient as the objective function and a genetic algorithm for global optimization, the coefficients a and b of the Dalton-type ice surface evaporation formula are calibrated to obtain a suitable on-site ice surface evaporation calculation formula. S6. Data Collection and Analysis: The data processing unit collects, stores, and visualizes the ice surface evaporation, melting, meteorological parameters, and related parameters obtained during the observation period, enabling dynamic monitoring and pattern study of the ice surface evaporation and melting process.

10. The determination method according to claim 9, characterized in that, In step S4, snowfall / rainfall Need to be converted to total weight Meltwater metering value The consistent unit of mass is kg; the conversion formula for evaporation per unit area is: ,in, Evaporation rate per unit area, in mm; S is the effective area of ​​the ice surface within the tank, in mm. , The density of ice In step S5, the conversion method for the amount of melting per unit area is the same as that for the amount of evaporation per unit area.

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