A coupling evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration

Abstract

The application provides a coupling evaluation method for geological safety and ecological bearing in mine restoration, comprising: collecting multi-source data of a mine restoration area, and constructing a three-dimensional grid model comprising a plurality of grid units; identifying an interactive interface layer of a potential slip surface and a root main zone in each grid unit, and dividing the grid units into coupling areas and non-coupling areas according to whether the interactive interface layer exists; for the coupling area grid units, extracting coupling key indicators within the depth range of the interactive interface layer; constructing a geological stress index and an ecological response gain based on the coupling key indicators, and calculating the mutual feedback coupling degree of the two through a nonlinear mutual feedback operator; determining the preset state category to which the coupling area grid units belong according to the mutual feedback coupling degree and the numerical values of the geological stress index and the ecological response gain, and generating a dynamic transfer map according to the state transfer rule. The coupling evaluation method provided by the application can accurately locate the coupling area of geology and ecology, and quantify the mutual feedback coordination degree of the two.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the interdisciplinary field of mine ecological restoration and geological disaster prevention and control, and specifically relates to a coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration. Background Technology

[0002] Mining activities extensively damage the original topography and soil structure, creating artificial geological formations such as steep slopes, goafs, and spoil heaps. Simultaneously, topsoil is stripped away and vegetation is destroyed, leading to severe ecosystem degradation. Mine restoration projects typically combine engineering measures (such as slope cutting, anchoring, and drainage) with biological measures (such as topsoil covering and vegetation restoration) to eliminate potential geological hazards and gradually restore ecological functions. During restoration, the geological formation, as the carrier of the ecosystem, is susceptible to changes in stability that affect vegetation survival; conversely, vegetation growth, through root anchoring and water regulation, has a reciprocal effect on the geological formation. Therefore, scientifically assessing the geological and ecological synergy of the restoration area is crucial for developing a reasonable restoration plan.

[0003] However, in actual engineering projects, the evaluation results obtained using existing evaluation methods often deviate significantly from the actual effects after restoration. This makes it difficult to achieve a good balance between geological safety and ecological restoration in restoration plans, easily leading to problems such as "re-landslides after restoration" or "waste due to over-engineering." Currently, there is a lack of an evaluation method that can more accurately reflect the true condition of the mine restoration area. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the above-mentioned defects or deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides a coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration, comprising: Collect multi-source data from the mine restoration area and construct a three-dimensional raster model including several grid units; Identify the interaction interface layer between the potential slip surface and the root master band in each grid cell, and divide the grid cell into coupled and uncoupled regions based on the presence or absence of the interaction interface layer. For the grid cell in the coupling zone, key coupling indicators are extracted within the depth range of the interaction interface layer; these key coupling indicators are used to characterize the geological stability and ecological function of the grid cell in the coupling zone. Geological stress index and ecological response gain are constructed based on coupling key indicators, and the mutual feed coupling degree between the two is calculated by nonlinear mutual feed operator; Based on the values ​​of mutual feedback coupling degree, geological stress index and ecological response gain, the preset state category of the grid cell in the coupling area is determined, and a dynamic transition map is generated according to the state transition rules.

[0005] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the step of identifying the interaction interface layer between the potential slip surface and the root main band in each grid cell, and dividing the grid cell into coupled and uncoupled regions based on the presence or absence of the interaction interface layer, includes: Obtain the slope, geotechnical parameters, and vegetation root distribution parameters of the grid cells; Determine whether there is a potential slip surface within the grid cell based on the slope and geotechnical parameters, and determine whether there is a root zone within the grid cell based on the vegetation root distribution parameters; If both exist, the interaction interface layer is considered to exist. The mesh cell is then divided into a coupled region, and the depth range of the interaction interface layer is calculated. Otherwise, the mesh cell is divided into a non-coupled region.

[0006] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the step of determining whether there is a potential slip surface within a grid cell based on slope and geotechnical parameters, and determining whether there is a root main zone within a grid cell based on vegetation root distribution parameters, includes: If the slope of a grid cell is greater than or equal to a preset slope threshold and the geotechnical parameters are complete, it is determined that a potential slip surface exists within the grid cell; otherwise, it is determined that no slip surface exists. When the total root biomass of a grid cell is greater than zero and the accumulated root biomass from the ground surface reaches a preset percentage of the total biomass, it is determined that a root main zone exists within the grid cell; otherwise, it is determined that it does not exist.

[0007] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the calculation of the depth range of the interactive interface layer includes: Based on the slope and geotechnical parameters of the grid cell, the most dangerous depth at which shear failure may occur in the grid cell is calculated, and this depth is taken as the potential slip surface depth. The depth at which the accumulated biomass reaches a preset percentage of the total root biomass is taken as the root main zone depth. The depth range of the interactive interface layer is obtained by subtracting the preset extension depth from the smaller value between the potential sliding surface depth and the root system main band depth, and by adding the preset extension depth to the deeper value between the potential sliding surface depth and the root system main band depth, thus obtaining the depth range of the interactive interface layer.

[0008] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the extraction of key coupling indicators within the depth range of the interaction interface layer for the coupled region mesh element includes: Based on the measured shear strength and saturated shear strength stored in the grid cells of the coupled zone, the interface shear strength attenuation rate is calculated; and based on the pore water pressure data of the grid cells of the coupled zone within a set time range, the pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude within the depth range of the interaction interface layer is extracted; the interface shear strength attenuation rate and pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude are used as the first type of indicators characterizing geological stability. Based on the vegetation root distribution parameters of the grid units in the coupling zone, the number of coarse roots crossing the potential slip surface within the depth range of the interaction interface layer is counted, and the root anchorage coverage rate is calculated by the ratio of the number of roots required for preset stability. Based on the field water holding capacity and wilting coefficient of the grid units in the coupling zone, the effective soil water capacity is calculated by integral calculation within the depth range of the interaction interface layer. The root anchorage coverage rate and the effective soil water capacity are used as the second type of indicators to characterize ecological functions.

[0009] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the step of constructing a geological stress index and an ecological response gain based on coupled key indicators, and calculating the mutual feedback coupling degree between the two through a nonlinear mutual feedback operator, includes: The geological stress index is calculated based on the first type of index. The geological stress index increases with the increase of the interfacial shear strength attenuation rate and with the increase of the pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude. The ecological response gain was calculated based on the second type of index. The ecological response gain increased with the increase of root anchorage coverage and with the increase of soil effective water capacity, and the rate of increase gradually slowed down. The mutual feedback coupling degree is calculated based on the geological stress index and the ecological response gain. The mutual feedback coupling degree decreases as the absolute value of the difference between the geological stress index and the ecological response gain increases.

[0010] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, determining the preset state category of the grid cell in the coupling zone based on the values ​​of mutual feed coupling degree, geological stress index, and ecological response gain includes: When the mutual feedback coupling degree is higher than the first threshold, the grid cell in the coupling area is determined to belong to the coordinated state category. In the coordinated state, if the geological stress index is lower than the second threshold and the ecological response gain is higher than the third threshold, it is determined to be a safe-high carrying capacity state; otherwise, it is determined to be a critical-fluctuation state. When the mutual feedback coupling degree is lower than or equal to the first threshold, the grid cell in the coupling area is determined to belong to the disordered state category. In the disordered state, if the geological stress index is greater than the ecological response gain, it is determined to be a geological stress-dominated state. If the ecological response gain is greater than the geological stress index, it is determined to be an ecological degradation feedback state. When the geological stress index is higher than the fourth threshold and the ecological response gain is lower than the fifth threshold, it is directly judged as an emergency risk state; Among them, the first threshold is greater than 0.5 and less than 1, the second threshold is less than 0.5, the third threshold is greater than 0.5, the fourth threshold is greater than the second threshold and greater than 0.5, and the fifth threshold is less than the third threshold and less than 0.5.

[0011] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the step of generating a dynamic transition map based on state transition rules includes: Set trigger conditions, which include external disturbances and changes in internal indicators; external disturbances include changes in rainfall or artificial remediation measures, and changes in internal indicators include increases in the amplitude of pore water pressure fluctuations or decreases in root anchorage coverage. Based on the current state of each coupled region grid cell and the triggering conditions it meets, the predicted state of the coupled region grid cell in the next stage is determined according to the preset transfer path; wherein, when a coupled region grid cell in the coordinated state triggers an external disturbance or the change in internal indicators exceeds the corresponding threshold, it is transferred to the disordered state; when a coupled region grid cell in the disordered state is transferred to the coordinated state or the critical-fluctuation state after artificial repair measures; Output the current state and the predicted state in the form of a raster map, and generate the current state distribution map and the predicted state distribution map; When the state of the grid cell in the coupling zone changes directly from the coordinated state to the geological stress-dominated state or the ecological degradation feedback state in the disordered state, a sudden change alarm is triggered. When the state of a mesh element in the coupling region changes repeatedly between the coordinated and uncoordinated states more than a preset number of times, the mesh element in the coupling region is marked as a vibrationally unstable region.

[0012] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, after dividing the mesh cell into a decoupled region, the method further includes: When a non-coupled grid cell is marked as a geologically dominant area due to the presence of a potential slip surface but no root system main zone, its geological safety index is calculated separately and geological safety early warning information is output. When a non-coupled grid cell is marked as an ecologically dominant area because it has a root main zone but no potential slip surface, its ecological carrying capacity index is calculated separately and ecological restoration suggestions are output. When a non-coupling mesh element is marked as a non-interactive region because neither the potential slip surface nor the root main band exists, a prompt message indicating that no coupling evaluation is required is output.

[0013] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the method further includes: When the same grid cell is determined to be in a safe-high bearing state for three consecutive time steps but the geological stress index continues to increase, the state of the cell is corrected to a critical-fluctuation state and a pseudo-stability alarm message is output.

[0014] Compared with existing technologies, the advantages of this invention are as follows: By identifying the interaction interface layer between potential slip surfaces and the root zone, this invention focuses the evaluation on the key areas where geological and ecological interactions are strongest, avoiding computational redundancy and information distortion caused by indiscriminate evaluation across the entire region; by extracting coupled key indicators that simultaneously characterize geological stability and ecological function, and constructing geological stress index and ecological response gain respectively, the two can be quantitatively compared within the same framework; furthermore, by calculating the mutual feedback coupling degree through nonlinear mutual feedback operators, the mutual constraint relationship between geology and ecology is quantified, overcoming the shortcomings of conventional methods where simple weighting or product superposition cannot reflect nonlinear mutual feedback; finally, based on the mutual feedback coupling degree and the values ​​of the two indices, state categories are classified and dynamic transition maps are generated, so that the evaluation results not only reflect the current coupling state, but also predict the evolution trend of the state during the restoration process, providing a basis for phased decision-making and dynamic regulation of mine restoration.

[0015] This invention effectively solves the problems of existing evaluation methods where geological safety and ecological carrying capacity are independent of each other, and the evaluation results are disconnected from the actual restoration effect. It can more accurately reflect the real situation of the mine restoration area, effectively balance the relationship between geological safety and ecological restoration, avoid waste caused by landslides or excessive engineering after restoration, and provide a scientific basis for phased restoration decisions. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Other features, objects, and advantages of this application will become more apparent from the following detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings: Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the steps of the coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0017] The present application will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and not intended to limit it. Furthermore, it should be noted that, for ease of description, only the parts relevant to the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings.

[0018] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this application can be combined with each other. This application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0019] Example 1 As mentioned in the background section, please refer to the relevant technical issues. Figure 1 This embodiment proposes a coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration, including the following steps S100-S500.

[0020] S100: Collect multi-source data from the mine restoration area and construct a three-dimensional raster model including several grid units.

[0021] Specifically, in step S100, a comprehensive survey is first conducted on the target mine restoration area. A high-resolution digital elevation model is acquired using UAV lidar to accurately depict the terrain undulations. Geophysical exploration methods such as high-density electrical resistivity tomography and ground-penetrating radar, combined with borehole sampling, are used to determine the bedrock depth, loose layer thickness, and mechanical parameters of the soil and rock mass, including density, cohesion, internal friction angle, and saturated shear strength. Simultaneously, pore water pressure sensors are deployed within the restoration area to monitor the dynamic changes in pore water pressure at different depths over a long period. Regarding ecological data, through quadrat excavation and sieving, the total root biomass of vegetation and the distribution curve of root biomass with depth are obtained, and the number of roots of different diameter classes is counted. It is also necessary to determine hydrological parameters such as soil field capacity and wilting coefficient. All the above data are unified under the same spatial reference system, and spatial interpolation methods such as inverse distance weighting or kriging are used to assign the discrete measurement data to regularly arranged three-dimensional grid cells. Each grid cell can be set as a square with a side length of 5 meters in the horizontal direction, and divided into several layers according to the strata in the vertical direction, thus forming a three-dimensional raster model that can simultaneously store information on topography, soil and rock, hydrology, and vegetation. This model provides a unified data foundation for all subsequent evaluation steps, ensuring that data from different sources and with different dimensions can be coupled and analyzed on the same spatial cell.

[0022] S200: Identify the interaction interface layer between the potential slip surface and the root main band in each mesh cell, and divide the mesh cell into coupled and uncoupled regions based on the presence or absence of the interaction interface layer.

[0023] Specifically, in step S200, the instability risk of geological bodies within the mine restoration area is mainly controlled by potential slip surfaces, while the ecological function of vegetation is primarily reflected within the root zone. Only when these two key interfaces spatially overlap will geological and ecological processes significantly interact. Therefore, the core of this step lies in identifying such spatially overlapping areas, i.e., the interaction interface layer. For each grid cell in the 3D raster model, the presence of potential slip surfaces and root zones within it is determined, and the grid cell is divided into coupled or uncoupled zones based on the determination results. Through this partitioning process, subsequent evaluations can focus on key areas that truly require simultaneous consideration of geological and ecological coupling effects, thereby avoiding complex, undifferentiated calculations across the entire domain. This improves computational efficiency and avoids misleading evaluation results in areas without coupling relationships.

[0024] Furthermore, step S200 specifically includes the following steps S210-S230: S210: Obtain the slope, geotechnical parameters, and vegetation root distribution parameters of the grid cells; Specifically, in step S210, the relevant attribute data stored in each grid cell is read from the three-dimensional raster model constructed in step S100. The slope can be calculated using the elevation data of the grid cell's location, for example, by calculating the surface inclination based on the elevation difference between adjacent grid cells. Geotechnical parameters include the density, cohesion, internal friction angle, and shear strength of the soil and rock mass; these parameters were obtained in step S100 through borehole sampling and laboratory tests and assigned to each grid cell. Vegetation root distribution parameters include total root biomass, the root biomass distribution curve with depth, and the number of roots of different diameter classes; these data were obtained in step S100 through quadrat excavation and sieving.

[0025] S220: Determine whether there is a potential slip surface within the grid cell based on the slope and geotechnical parameters, and determine whether there is a root main zone within the grid cell based on the vegetation root distribution parameters.

[0026] Specifically, in step S220, two independent judgments are made using the data obtained in step S210. The first judgment targets the potential slip surface: based on the slope and geotechnical parameters of the grid cell, it analyzes whether the geological conditions of that cell are conducive to the formation of a shear failure interface. The existence of a potential slip surface is usually closely related to the topographic slope and the mechanical strength of the soil and rock mass. A potential slip interface can only be formed when the slope is steep enough and the soil and rock mass has a certain degree of integrity. The second judgment targets the root main zone: based on the vegetation root distribution parameters, it analyzes the degree of concentration of root biomass in the vertical direction. The root main zone refers to the soil depth range where root activity is most intense and biomass is most concentrated. Its existence depends on the size of the total root biomass and the distribution characteristics of the roots with depth. Through these two independent judgments, it can be determined whether the key interfaces of geological and ecological processes exist in each grid cell.

[0027] Furthermore, step S220 specifically includes the following steps S221-S222. It should be noted that the sequence numbers of steps S221-S222 are only for ease of explanation and do not limit the order of their execution. In fact, steps S221 and S222 can be executed either first or simultaneously.

[0028] S221: When the slope of a grid cell is greater than or equal to a preset slope threshold and the geotechnical parameters are complete, it is determined that there is a potential slip surface within the grid cell; otherwise, it is determined that there is no slip surface.

[0029] Specifically, in step S221, the existence of a potential slip surface is determined based on the slope and geotechnical parameters obtained in step S210. Slope reflects the degree of inclination of the ground surface. Only when the slope is sufficiently large can the component of gravity along the slope overcome the shear strength of the soil and rock mass, thus creating the topographical conditions for slippage. Depending on the soil and rock type and climate conditions of the mine restoration area, the preset slope threshold is typically between 25 and 35 degrees. For example, in a spoil heap area dominated by loose deposits, the threshold can be set to 28 degrees; in a rock slope area, the threshold can be set to 32 degrees. When the slope of a grid cell is greater than or equal to this threshold, the topographical conditions are initially met.

[0030] However, simply meeting the slope condition is insufficient to confirm the existence of a potential slip surface; the completeness of geotechnical parameters must also be checked. This is because the existence of a potential slip surface depends not only on the terrain slope but also on whether the soil and rock mass possesses the mechanical conditions for shear failure. Determining the presence of a potential slip surface within a grid cell typically requires calculating its depth, which relies on the following key geotechnical parameters: internal friction angle (an important indicator of the shear strength of the soil and rock mass); cohesion (reflecting the bond strength between soil and rock particles); and unit weight (the weight per unit volume of soil and rock mass). If these parameters are missing—for example, if the grid cell lacks geological survey data and cannot be obtained through interpolation from adjacent grids—the depth of the potential slip surface cannot be reliably calculated. In this case, even if the slope condition is met, the existence of a potential slip surface cannot be blindly determined, as the grid cell may be an area of ​​exposed bedrock or a data-deficient blind spot.

[0031] Therefore, in this step, "complete geotechnical parameters" means that the grid cell possesses all the key parameters required to calculate the potential slip surface depth, namely, the internal friction angle, cohesion, and unit weight are all known, and the parameter values ​​are within a reasonable range. For example, the internal friction angle is greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees, the cohesion is greater than 0 kPa, and the unit weight is greater than 0 kN / m³. For a specific scenario: in a spoil heap grid cell, the slope reaches 30 degrees, meeting the threshold condition, but this cell is located at the edge of a goaf, and geological survey data is missing, making it impossible to obtain the internal friction angle and cohesion. In this case, due to the incomplete geotechnical parameters, it cannot be confirmed whether the soil at this location is slippery, because intact bedrock, even with a large slope, will not experience shallow landslides. Therefore, it is determined that there is no potential slip surface. Conversely, if the same grid cell obtains an internal friction angle of 28 degrees, a cohesion of 12 kPa, and a unit weight of 19 kN / m³ through borehole sampling, and all parameter values ​​are within a reasonable range, then the geotechnical parameters are considered complete.

[0032] A potential slip surface is determined to exist within a grid cell only when the slope is greater than or equal to a preset slope threshold and the geotechnical parameters are complete. If the slope is less than the preset threshold, or the geotechnical parameters are incomplete, a potential slip surface is determined not to exist. This dual-condition setting effectively eliminates misjudgments caused by steep terrain but insufficient data or unsuitable lithology, thereby improving the reliability and scientific rigor of the determination.

[0033] S222: When the total root biomass of a grid cell is greater than zero and the root biomass accumulated from the surface downwards reaches a preset percentage of the total biomass, it is determined that a root main zone exists within the grid cell; otherwise, it is determined that it does not exist.

[0034] Specifically, in step S222, the existence of the main root zone is determined based on the vegetation root distribution parameters obtained in step S210. Root biomass is a key indicator for measuring the intensity of vegetation root activity, usually expressed as the dry weight of roots per unit area, in grams per square meter. Root length density, root surface area index, and other parameters can also be used, but dry weight is the most commonly used and easily measured indicator.

[0035] A total root biomass greater than zero is a fundamental prerequisite for the existence of root activity. If the total biomass is zero, it indicates that there is no vegetation growth or that the vegetation has completely degraded within the grid cell, and naturally, there is no root main zone, which can be directly determined as non-existent.

[0036] Assuming the total biomass is greater than zero, further analysis of the vertical distribution characteristics of root biomass is needed. The root mesozone is defined as the soil layer where root biomass is highly concentrated, meaning the vast majority of roots are distributed within this depth range. Therefore, a cumulative percentage method is used for objective quantification. Starting from the surface, root biomass is added layer by layer downwards at preset depth intervals. When the cumulative biomass reaches a preset percentage of the total root biomass, the corresponding depth is the lower boundary of the root mesozone. The preset percentage is typically 80% or 90%, with the specific value determined based on the vegetation type and remediation objectives of the mining area. For remediation areas dominated by herbaceous plants, where root distribution is shallow and concentrated, 90% can be used; for remediation areas dominated by shrubs or trees, where root distribution is relatively dispersed, 80% can be used.

[0037] To illustrate this process more clearly, let's look at a concrete example. Suppose that within a certain grid cell, the distribution of root dry weight with depth was measured through quadrat excavation and laboratory drying and weighing, as follows: At a depth of 0 to 10 cm, the dry weight of the root system is 50 grams per square meter; At a depth of 10 to 20 centimeters, the dry weight of the root system is 30 grams per square meter; At a depth of 20 to 30 centimeters, the dry weight of the root system is 15 grams per square meter; At a depth of 30 to 40 centimeters, the dry weight of the root system is 4 grams per square meter; At a depth of 40 to 50 centimeters, the dry weight of the root system is 1 gram per square meter; At depths below 50 cm, root biomass is negligible.

[0038] First, calculate the total root biomass: 50 + 30 + 15 + 4 + 1 equals 100 grams per square meter. Set a preset percentage of 80%, meaning we need to find the depth at which the accumulated biomass from the surface reaches 80 grams. The accumulation process is as follows: Accumulate to a depth of 10 cm from the surface; the accumulated biomass is 50 grams, not yet reaching 80 grams. Continue accumulating to a depth of 20 cm; the accumulated biomass is 50 + 30 = 80 grams, exactly reaching 80 grams. At this point, the main root zone depth is 20 cm. This means that 80% of the roots are concentrated in the 0-20 cm soil layer; this depth range is the main root zone. If the preset percentage is adjusted to 90%, then the cumulative amount needs to reach 90 grams: when the cumulative amount reaches 20 cm, it is 80 grams, which is less than 90 grams; when the cumulative amount reaches 30 cm, it is 80 plus 15 equals 95 grams, which is more than 90 grams. At this point, the root system's main belt depth is 30 cm, meaning that 90% of the root system is distributed in the soil layer between 0 and 30 cm.

[0039] This cumulative percentage method allows for the objective and quantitative determination of the main root distribution depth, avoiding uncertainties arising from subjective judgment. If a depth range exists—from the surface to the depth where the cumulative biomass reaches a predetermined percentage—then a main root zone is determined to exist within that grid cell. Conversely, if the total root biomass is zero, or if the root biomass is too uniformly distributed vertically (e.g., no more than 10% of the total biomass within a 10cm depth), preventing the cumulative biomass from reaching the predetermined percentage at a certain depth, then a main root zone is determined to be absent. This determination method provides a clear and reproducible basis for subsequent identification of the interactive interface layer.

[0040] It should be noted that, to further improve accuracy, only the biomass of living roots is included when calculating the total and cumulative root biomass, excluding dead and withered roots. The distinction between living and dead roots can be made using a combination of morphological and histochemical staining methods: living roots typically have light-colored or white root tips, plump cortical tissue, and good elasticity; dead roots are dark in color (brownish-black), the cortex is easily peeled off, and the tissue is shriveled. For fine roots that are difficult to distinguish visually, the triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining method can be used; living roots are stained red due to dehydrogenase activity, while dead roots are not stained. After removing dead and withered roots using the above methods, the dry weight of living roots per unit area is used as the total root biomass, and the distribution of root biomass with depth is statistically analyzed accordingly. This ensures that the determination of the main root zone accurately reflects the distribution range of ecologically active roots and avoids misjudgment due to the inclusion of dead roots that have lost their anchoring and water absorption capabilities.

[0041] S230: If both exist, the interaction interface layer is considered to exist. The mesh cell is divided into a coupled region, and the depth range of the interaction interface layer is calculated. Otherwise, the mesh cell is divided into a non-coupled region.

[0042] Specifically, in step S230, a decision is made by combining the two judgment results from step S220. If a potential slip surface and a root system main zone exist simultaneously within a certain grid cell, it indicates that the geological stability control interface and the ecologically active interface overlap spatially. This overlapping area is the key location where geology and ecology interact, thus identifying the existence of an interaction interface layer. At this point, the grid cell is classified as a coupling zone, and the depth range of the interaction interface layer is further calculated, i.e., the interval between the top and bottom depths of this layer, so that subsequent steps can extract key coupling indicators within this depth range. Conversely, if the potential slip surface and the root system main zone do not exist simultaneously, there is a lack of direct interaction channels between geological and ecological processes within the grid cell, classifying it as a non-coupling zone. For non-coupling zones, subsequent evaluations will not perform coupling analysis, thus concentrating computational resources on the truly relevant coupling areas.

[0043] Furthermore, in step S230, calculating the depth range of the interactive interface layer specifically includes the following steps S231-S233.

[0044] S231: Based on the slope and geotechnical parameters of the grid cell, calculate the most dangerous depth at which shear failure may occur in the grid cell, and take this depth as the potential slip surface depth.

[0045] Specifically, in step S231, for grid cells where a potential slip surface has been identified, it is necessary to further quantify the specific depth of the potential slip surface. The potential slip surface depth refers to the interface location within the soil mass where shear failure is most likely to occur under the current topographical and geotechnical conditions. This depth depends on the combined effect of slope and geotechnical parameters, and can typically be calculated using the infinite slope model or the circular arc sliding method in the limit equilibrium method. Taking the infinite slope model as an example, for a homogeneous soil slope, the slope of the grid cell is substituted into the slope angle, and combined with the internal friction angle, cohesion, and unit weight, the depth corresponding to the minimum safety factor is calculated; this depth is the potential slip surface depth. For example, in a spoil heap grid cell with a slope of 30 degrees, an internal friction angle of 28 degrees, a cohesion of 12 kPa, and a unit weight of 19 kN / m³, the potential slip surface depth can be calculated to be approximately 2.5 meters. It should be noted that more precise numerical simulation methods can be used for verification in actual engineering, but the infinite slope model can already meet the needs of rapid gridded evaluation of mine restoration areas. This step quantifies the spatial location of potential slip surfaces, providing fundamental data for determining the depth range of the subsequent interaction interface layer.

[0046] S232: The depth at which the accumulated biomass reaches a preset percentage of the total root biomass is taken as the root main zone depth.

[0047] Specifically, in step S232, for grid cells where a root main zone has been identified, root biomass is accumulated layer by layer from the surface downwards using the cumulative percentage method described in step S222. When the accumulated biomass reaches a preset percentage of the total root biomass, the currently accumulated depth is the root main zone depth. The preset percentage value is consistent with the determination criterion in step S222, typically set to 80% or 90%. This step quantifies the spatial location of the root main zone, providing a basis for subsequent spatial comparison with the depth of the potential slip surface.

[0048] S233: Subtract the preset extension depth from the smaller of the potential sliding surface depth and the root system main band depth to obtain the top plate depth of the interactive interface layer, and add the preset extension depth to the deeper of the potential sliding surface depth and the root system main band depth to obtain the bottom plate depth of the interactive interface layer, thereby obtaining the depth range of the interactive interface layer.

[0049] Specifically, in step S233, after obtaining the potential slip surface depth and the root system main zone depth, it is necessary to determine the actual spatial range of their interaction. Since the potential slip surface is not an infinitely thin mathematical plane, and the root system main zone is not an interface with an absolutely clear boundary, the interaction between them actually occurs within a spatial layer of a certain thickness. Therefore, a preset extension depth is used to extend the two depth values ​​bidirectionally. The specific operation is as follows: take the smaller value between the potential slip surface depth and the root system main zone depth, subtract the preset extension depth to obtain the top plate depth of the interaction interface layer; take the larger value, add the preset extension depth to obtain the bottom plate depth of the interaction interface layer. The interval between the top plate depth and the bottom plate depth is the depth range of the interaction interface layer. The preset extension depth can be set according to the geological conditions of the mining area and the characteristics of root distribution, for example, 0.2 meters to 0.5 meters. For example: the potential slip surface depth of a certain grid unit is 2.5 meters, the root system main zone depth is 0.8 meters, and the preset extension depth is 0.3 meters. The top slab depth is 0.8 minus 0.3 equals 0.5 meters, the bottom slab depth is 2.5 plus 0.3 equals 2.8 meters, and the interaction interface layer depth ranges from 0.5 meters to 2.8 meters. This approach encompasses both the core area where the potential slip surface directly overlaps with the root zone and the adjacent transition area, ensuring that the extraction of subsequent key coupling indicators fully covers the entire effective space of geological and ecological interactions.

[0050] S300: For grid cells in the coupling zone, extract key coupling indicators within the depth range of the interaction interface layer; the key coupling indicators are used to characterize the geological stability and ecological function of the grid cell in the coupling zone.

[0051] Specifically, in step S300, since the interaction between geology and ecology is mainly concentrated within the limited depth range of the interaction interface layer, the extraction of all indicators must be limited to this depth range to ensure the representativeness and sensitivity of the indicators. Indicators reflecting changes in the mechanical properties of soil and rock and the degree of hydrodynamic disturbance are extracted from the geological stability dimension, while indicators reflecting the physical reinforcement effect of vegetation roots on the soil and the soil moisture regulation capacity are extracted from the ecological function dimension. These indicators are directly calculated based on the measured and monitoring data obtained in step S100. By extracting coupled key indicators within this specific spatial range of the interaction interface layer, the true state of geology and ecology in the area of ​​strongest interaction can be accurately depicted, avoiding signal ambiguity caused by averaging or integrating at non-critical depths.

[0052] Furthermore, step S300 specifically includes the following steps S310-S320. It should be noted that the sequence numbers of steps S310-S320 are only for ease of explanation and do not limit the order of their execution. In fact, steps S310 and S320 can be executed either first or simultaneously.

[0053] S310: Calculate the interface shear strength attenuation rate based on the measured shear strength and saturated shear strength stored in the coupled zone grid cells; and extract the pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude within the depth range of the interaction interface layer based on the pore water pressure data of the coupled zone grid cells within a set time range; use the interface shear strength attenuation rate and pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude as the first type of index characterizing geological stability.

[0054] Specifically, in step S310, for the grid cells already divided into coupling zones, a first type of index characterizing geological stability is extracted within the depth range of the interface layer. This first type of index includes two parameters: the interface shear strength attenuation rate and the pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude. The interface shear strength attenuation rate reflects the degree of decrease in the shear capacity of the soil and rock mass under saturated conditions. It is calculated as follows: The measured shear strength and saturated shear strength are read from the data stored in the grid cells. The measured shear strength is usually obtained from in-situ field tests or indoor undrained shear tests, while the saturated shear strength is obtained from indoor saturated consolidated undrained tests. The difference between the saturated shear strength and the measured shear strength is divided by the saturated shear strength to obtain the interface shear strength attenuation rate. The larger this value, the more severe the strength loss of the soil and rock mass after encountering water, and the worse its geological stability. The pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude reflects the drastic change in pore water pressure within the depth range of the interface layer. The pressure data obtained in step S100 within a set time range, such as pressure values ​​for seven consecutive days, is used to extract the maximum and minimum pore water pressure values ​​within the depth range from the top plate to the bottom plate of the interactive interface layer. The difference between these values ​​is then calculated as the fluctuation amplitude. A larger fluctuation amplitude indicates a stronger disturbance to the hydrological conditions and a higher risk of instability.

[0055] S320: Based on the vegetation root distribution parameters of the grid units in the coupling zone, the number of coarse roots crossing the potential slip surface within the depth range of the interaction interface layer is counted, and the root anchorage coverage rate is calculated as the ratio of the number of roots required for preset stability. Based on the field water holding capacity and wilting coefficient of the grid units in the coupling zone, the effective soil water capacity is calculated by integral calculation within the depth range of the interaction interface layer. The root anchorage coverage rate and the effective soil water capacity are used as the second type of indicators to characterize ecological functions.

[0056] Specifically, in step S320, for the grid cells in the coupling zone, a second type of indicator characterizing ecological function is extracted within the depth range of the interaction interface layer. This second type of indicator includes two parameters: root anchorage coverage and effective soil water capacity. Root anchorage coverage reflects the degree to which the actual anchorage strength of the vegetation roots to the potential slip surface meets the theoretical required strength. First, based on the vegetation root distribution parameters obtained in step S210, the number of coarse roots penetrating the potential slip surface within the depth range of the interaction interface layer is counted. Coarse roots typically refer to roots with a diameter greater than 2 mm, as they have higher tensile strength and can provide effective anchorage force. Then, based on the slope and geotechnical parameters of the grid cell, a preset value for the theoretical number of roots required to maintain the current slope stability is obtained through empirical formulas or limit equilibrium back-calculation. Dividing the actual counted number of coarse roots by the preset number of roots required for stability yields the root anchorage coverage. A value greater than 1 indicates sufficient root anchorage, while a value less than 1 indicates insufficient anchorage. Effective soil water capacity reflects the total effective water that the soil within the interaction interface layer can store and utilize for vegetation. The field capacity and wilting coefficient are read from the soil parameters obtained in step S100. Field capacity is the maximum water content that the soil can retain after gravity water is drained, and the wilting coefficient is the critical water content at which vegetation can no longer absorb water from the soil. Within the depth range of the interface layer, the difference between field capacity and wilting coefficient is integrally calculated to obtain the effective soil water capacity. For example, if the interface layer is 2.3 meters thick, and the average difference between field capacity and wilting coefficient within this layer is 0.15 cubic meters of water per cubic meter, then the effective soil water capacity is approximately 0.345 cubic meters per square meter. The larger this value, the stronger the soil's water regulation and supply capacity, and the better its ecological carrying capacity.

[0057] S400: Construct a geological stress index and ecological response gain based on coupled key indicators, and calculate the mutual feedback coupling degree between the two through a nonlinear mutual feedback operator.

[0058] Specifically, in step S400, after extracting the key coupling indicators, these basic physical quantities need to be transformed into comprehensive indices that can be uniformly compared and analyzed for mutual feedback relationships. A geological stress index is constructed to quantify the degree of adverse impact exerted by geological bodies on the ecosystem; an ecological response gain is constructed to quantify the positive regulatory capacity of the ecosystem on geological bodies. After constructing these two indices, a nonlinear mutual feedback operator is further introduced to calculate the mutual feedback coupling degree between them. The design idea of ​​this operator is: when the geological stress index and the ecological response gain are close in value, it indicates that they are in a relatively balanced and mutually restrictive state, with a high coupling degree; when their values ​​are significantly different, it indicates that one side's effect is much stronger than the other, the mutual feedback relationship is unbalanced, and the coupling degree is low. In this way, the mutual feedback coupling quantifies the mutually promoting or mutually restrictive relationship between geological safety and ecological carrying capacity, providing a crucial quantitative basis for subsequent state determination.

[0059] Furthermore, step S400 specifically includes the following steps S410-S430: S410: The geological stress index is calculated based on the first type of index. The geological stress index increases with the increase of the interfacial shear strength attenuation rate and with the increase of the pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude.

[0060] Specifically, in step S410, the geological stress index is calculated based on the interfacial shear strength attenuation rate and the pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude, as shown in the following formula:

[0061] in, The geological stress index represents the degree of pressure exerted by the geological environment on the ecosystem. The higher the value, the stronger the geological stress, so the lower the value, the better. Indicates the measured shear strength; Indicates saturated shear strength; Indicates the rate of decrease in interfacial shear strength; This indicates the amplitude of pore water pressure fluctuation; This indicates the reference pore water pressure.

[0062] S420: The ecological response gain is calculated based on the second type of index. The ecological response gain increases with the increase of root anchorage coverage and with the increase of soil effective water capacity, and the rate of increase gradually slows down.

[0063] Specifically, in step S420, the ecological response gain is calculated based on the root anchorage coverage rate and the effective water capacity of the soil, and the calculation formula is as follows:

[0064] in, This represents the ecological response gain, which characterizes the positive contribution of the ecosystem to geological security. The larger the value, the stronger the ecological gain on slope stability, so the higher the value, the better. Indicates the root anchorage coverage rate; Indicates the effective water capacity of the soil. It is the half-saturation constant.

[0065] S430: The mutual feedback coupling degree is calculated based on the geological stress index and the ecological response gain. The mutual feedback coupling degree decreases as the absolute value of the difference between the geological stress index and the ecological response gain increases.

[0066] Specifically, in step S430, the formula for calculating the mutual feed coupling degree is as follows:

[0067] in, Indicates the degree of mutual feed coupling, used to characterize and The degree of similarity between the values ​​indicates that the larger the value, the closer the two are and the more coordinated the system; the smaller the value, the more disparate the two are and the more unbalanced the system. When and When they are equal, The maximum value is 1; as the difference between the two increases, Gradually decreases. This property allows the coupling degree to distinguish between "highly coordinated" (e.g., high-coordinated) systems. , High coupling) and "double low fragility" (such as , (Also requires high coupling) - and these two situations are obviously different physically, so it is necessary to further combine the absolute values ​​of the two exponents to classify the states. This is the basis for introducing coordinated state and disordered state, as well as subcategories such as safe-high load-bearing and critical-fluctuation in claim 7.

[0068] Based on the formula for mutual feed-in coupling, this application sets the following thresholds: the first threshold is greater than 0.5 (typically 0.7), because... correspond and The critical state is defined as follows: a significant difference with at least one value below 0.5; values ​​above this indicate effective mutual constraint between geology and ecology, used to distinguish between coordinated and disordered states. The second threshold is less than 0.5 (typically 0.3), used to determine low geological stress; values ​​below this usually indicate a safety factor greater than 1.2. The third threshold is greater than 0.5 (typically 0.7), used to determine high ecological carrying capacity; values ​​above this indicate root anchorage coverage greater than 80%. The fourth threshold is greater than 0.5 and greater than the second threshold (typically 0.8), used to identify extremely dangerous geological stress. The fifth threshold is less than 0.5 and less than the third threshold (typically 0.2), used to identify near-complete loss of ecological function. These thresholds collectively constitute the technical logic of "first determining coupling degree, then determining the ideal state of high ecological carrying capacity, and establishing an emergency risk branch." In actual use, this can be fine-tuned according to the safety level of the mining area, but the relative magnitudes must remain unchanged.

[0069] S500: Based on the mutual feedback coupling degree, the values ​​of geological stress index and ecological response gain, determine the preset state category of the grid cell in the coupling area, and generate a dynamic transition map according to the state transition rules.

[0070] Specifically, in step S500, after obtaining the three quantitative values ​​of mutual feedback coupling degree, geological stress index, and ecological response gain, this step performs a comprehensive diagnosis. Based on preset classification thresholds and judgment logic, each coupled zone grid unit is assigned to different preset state categories, such as coordinated or disordered states, and further subdivided within each category according to specific values. After determining the current state, based on preset state transition rules, combined with changes in external disturbance factors and internal indicators, the possible state that each coupled zone grid unit may evolve to in the next stage is predicted. Finally, the current state and predicted state are output in the form of a raster map, generating a dynamic transition map. This map not only shows the distribution of the current geological and ecological coupling state of the restoration area but also intuitively predicts the future evolution direction, thus enabling the evaluation results to have dynamic predictive capabilities and providing a scientific basis for phased decision-making and dynamic control of mine restoration.

[0071] Further, in step S500, determining the preset state category of the grid cell in the coupling zone based on the mutual feedback coupling degree, the geological stress index, and the ecological response gain specifically includes the following steps S510-S530.

[0072] S510: When the mutual feedback coupling degree is higher than the first threshold, the grid cell in the coupling area is determined to belong to the coordinated state category; in the coordinated state, if the geological stress index is lower than the second threshold and the ecological response gain is higher than the third threshold, it is determined to be a safe-high carrying capacity state, otherwise it is determined to be a critical-fluctuation state.

[0073] Specifically, in step S510, based on the mutual feedback coupling degree calculated in step S430, the geological stress index obtained in step S410, and the ecological response gain obtained in step S420, the grid cells in the coupling area are initially classified and further subdivided into state categories. First, it is determined whether the mutual feedback coupling degree is higher than a first threshold. The first threshold is a value greater than 0.5 and less than 1, for example, 0.7. When the mutual feedback coupling degree is higher than the first threshold, it indicates that the geological stress index and the ecological response gain are close, and they are in a relatively balanced mutual feedback relationship; therefore, the cell is classified as a coordinated state. Within the coordinated state, its health level needs to be further distinguished. If the geological stress index is lower than a second threshold and the ecological response gain is higher than a third threshold, it is classified as a safe-high carrying capacity state. The second threshold is a value less than 0.5, for example, 0.3, representing a low level of geological stress; the third threshold is a value greater than 0.5, for example, 0.7, representing a high level of ecological response gain. When both conditions are met simultaneously, it indicates that the unit not only has a harmonious relationship between geology and ecology, but also high geological safety and excellent ecological function, representing the most ideal restoration state. Conversely, if the geological stress index is not lower than the second threshold, or the ecological response gain is not higher than the third threshold, it is judged to be in a critical-fluctuation state, indicating that although the unit is in a harmonious state, it is close to the edge of imbalance and requires close monitoring.

[0074] S520: When the mutual feedback coupling degree is lower than or equal to the first threshold, the grid cell in the coupling area is determined to belong to the disordered state category; in the disordered state, if the geological stress index is greater than the ecological response gain, it is determined to be the geological stress-dominated state, and if the ecological response gain is greater than the geological stress index, it is determined to be the ecological degradation feedback state.

[0075] Specifically, in step S520, when the mutual feedback coupling degree is lower than or equal to the first threshold, it indicates that the geological stress index and the ecological response gain differ significantly, indicating an imbalance in their mutual feedback relationship. Therefore, this unit is classified as an imbalanced state. Within the imbalanced state, it is necessary to further identify the dominant direction of the imbalance. Compare the magnitudes of the geological stress index and the ecological response gain: if the geological stress index is greater than the ecological response gain, it indicates that the adverse stress of the geological body exceeds the positive regulatory capacity of the ecosystem, and the risk of instability dominates, thus classifying it as a geological stress-dominated state; conversely, if the ecological response gain is greater than the geological stress index, it indicates that the positive regulatory capacity of the ecosystem is relatively excessive, but this is usually not a good thing, because excessively high ecological response gains are often accompanied by water competition caused by excessive vegetation growth or root disturbance of deep soil, or extremely low geological stress but artificially high ecological function, which essentially reflects the vulnerability or unsustainability of the ecosystem, thus classifying it as an ecological degradation feedback state. Through this distinction, the specific causes of the imbalanced state can be clarified, providing direction for subsequent targeted restoration measures.

[0076] S530: When the geological stress index is higher than the fourth threshold and the ecological response gain is lower than the fifth threshold, it is directly judged as an emergency risk state.

[0077] Specifically, in step S530, in addition to the aforementioned determination path based on the mutual feedback coupling degree, a direct determination rule is also set to identify extreme dangerous situations. When the geological stress index of a certain coupled area grid cell is higher than the fourth threshold and the ecological response gain is lower than the fifth threshold, regardless of the level of mutual feedback coupling degree, it is directly determined to be an emergency risk state. The fourth threshold is a value greater than the second threshold and greater than 0.5, for example, 0.8, representing that the geological stress has reached an extremely high level; the fifth threshold is a value less than the third threshold and less than 0.5, for example, 0.2, representing that the ecological response gain is at an extremely low level. When both conditions are met simultaneously, it means that the risk of geological instability in that cell is extremely high, and the anchoring and regulating functions of the ecosystem are almost lost, placing it in a critical situation where landslides or collapses may occur at any time, requiring immediate engineering intervention. This direct determination rule ensures that even when the mutual feedback coupling degree may be distorted due to numerical distortion, the most dangerous area can still be identified in a timely manner, ensuring the safety of mine restoration projects.

[0078] Furthermore, before generating the dynamic transition map according to the state transition rules in step S500, the following steps are also included: Set trigger conditions, which include external disturbances and changes in internal indicators; external disturbances include changes in rainfall or artificial remediation measures, and changes in internal indicators include increases in the amplitude of pore water pressure fluctuations or decreases in root anchorage coverage.

[0079] Specifically, before generating a dynamic transition map based on state transition rules, trigger conditions need to be pre-defined to determine the driving factors for state changes. Trigger conditions are divided into two categories. The first category is external disturbances, referring to environmental changes or human interventions from outside the system, including changes in rainfall and artificial remediation measures. Rainfall changes include, for example, increased infiltration due to continuous heavy rainfall; artificial remediation measures include engineering activities such as slope trimming, drainage ditch construction, and hydroseeding. The second category is changes in internal indicators, referring to significant changes in the system's key parameters, including increases in pore water pressure fluctuations and decreases in root anchorage coverage. For example, trigger conditions are considered when the pore water pressure fluctuation increases by more than a certain percentage compared to the previous period, or when the root anchorage coverage decreases by more than a certain threshold due to vegetation degradation.

[0080] In step S500, generating a dynamic transition map based on the state transition rules specifically includes the following steps S540-S70.

[0081] S540: Based on the current state of each coupled region grid cell and the triggering conditions it meets, determine the predicted state of the coupled region grid cell in the next stage according to the preset transfer path; wherein, when a coupled region grid cell in the coordinated state triggers an external disturbance or the change in internal indicators exceeds the corresponding threshold, it is transferred to the uncoordinated state; when a coupled region grid cell in the uncoordinated state is manually repaired, it is transferred to the coordinated state or the critical-fluctuation state.

[0082] Specifically, in step S540, for each coupled zone grid cell, based on its current state category and whether it meets preset triggering conditions, its possible state in the next stage is predicted according to a predefined state transition path. The preset transition paths include forward transition and reverse transition. For a grid cell currently in a coordinated state, if an external disturbance, such as a heavy rainfall event, is detected, or if the increase in the amplitude of internal index changes, such as pore water pressure fluctuations, exceeds a preset threshold, it indicates that the balance has been broken, and the system will transition to an unbalanced state. For a grid cell currently in an unbalanced state, if effective artificial remediation measures, such as drainage projects or vegetation replanting, are implemented, and the measures reduce the geological stress index or increase the ecological response gain, the system can transition to a coordinated state or a critical-fluctuation state. It should be noted that the specific threshold and path for the transition can be calibrated according to the actual situation of the mining area. For example, a transition from a coordinated state to an unbalanced state might be triggered when the increase in the amplitude of pore water pressure fluctuations exceeds 20%.

[0083] For example, the determination of the effectiveness of the aforementioned artificial restoration measures requires meeting the following criteria: the geological stress index decreases by 20% or more compared to before the measures were implemented, or the ecological response gain increases by 20% or more compared to before the measures were implemented. Meeting either of these two indicators is sufficient to determine the effectiveness of the restoration measures. For instance, after implementing slope interception and drainage projects, if the geological stress index decreases from 0.65 to below 0.52 (a decrease ≥20%), the drainage project is considered effective; or after implementing topsoil hydroseeding and vegetation restoration, if the ecological response gain increases from 0.45 to above 0.54 (an increase ≥20%), the vegetation restoration is considered effective. For grid cells implementing multiple measures simultaneously, the change in each indicator is calculated separately, and the determination result corresponding to the highest change is used. Setting a 20% quantitative threshold aims to eliminate monitoring errors and normal fluctuations, ensuring that only restoration actions that achieve significant engineering effects can trigger a positive state transition, thereby improving the reliability of dynamic prediction and its engineering guidance value.

[0084] S550: Outputs the current state and predicted state in the form of a raster map, generating a current state distribution map and a predicted state distribution map.

[0085] Specifically, in step S550, the current state category determined in step S500 and the next-stage state category predicted in step S540 are output in the form of a visualized raster map. Each grid cell is assigned a different color or fill pattern according to its state category; for example, a safe-high carrying capacity state is represented by green, a critical-fluctuation state by yellow, a geological stress-dominated state by orange, an ecological degradation feedback state by purple, and an emergency risk state by red. The current state distribution is used to generate a current state distribution map, and the predicted state distribution for the next moment is used to generate a predicted state distribution map. The two maps can be displayed side by side or overlaid with animation, allowing engineering managers to intuitively understand the real-time spatial distribution and future evolution trend of the geological and ecological coupling state within the restoration area, thereby enabling the formulation of precise restoration plans by region and stage.

[0086] S560: When the state of the grid cell in the coupling zone changes directly from the coordinated state to the geological stress-dominated state or the ecological degradation feedback state in the disordered state, a sudden change alarm is triggered.

[0087] Specifically, in step S560, during the dynamic state monitoring process, if the state of a grid cell in a certain coupling zone undergoes a sudden change—that is, it jumps directly from a coordinated state to a geologically stressed or ecologically degraded state in an uncoordinated state—a sudden change alarm is triggered. This sudden change indicates that the system has experienced a severe disturbance in a short period, such as a sudden surge in pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall, or widespread root death due to pests and diseases affecting vegetation. The sudden change alarm can be output through highlighting, pop-up notifications, or audible and visual alarms to remind engineers to immediately pay attention to the area and take emergency measures to prevent disasters.

[0088] S570: When the state of a mesh element in the coupling region changes repeatedly between the coordinated state and the uncoordinated state more than a preset number of times, the mesh element in the coupling region is marked as a vibrationally unstable region.

[0089] Specifically, in step S570, for certain grid cells under critical conditions, their state may frequently switch between a coordinated state and an uncoordinated state. For example, with the alternation of dry and wet seasons, the state may fluctuate between a critical-fluctuation state and a geologically stress-dominated state. When the number of such repeated changes exceeds a preset number, such as more than three changes within a hydrological year, the grid cell is marked as a vibrationally unstable zone. A vibrationally unstable zone indicates that the geological and ecological coupling relationship in the area is extremely fragile, highly sensitive to external disturbances, and requires long-term monitoring and engineering reinforcement measures. The marked cells can be identified using a special legend on the state distribution map, generating an independent list of vibrationally unstable zones for reference in subsequent remediation design.

[0090] Furthermore, in step S200, after dividing the mesh cell into a non-coupled region, the following steps S600-S800 are also included:

[0091] S600: When a non-coupled grid cell is marked as a geologically dominant area due to the presence of a potential slip surface but no root system main zone, its geological safety index is calculated separately and geological safety early warning information is output.

[0092] Specifically, in step S600, the grid cells classified as uncoupled zones in step S230 are further subdivided based on different combinations of potential slip surfaces and root zones within them. When a grid cell in an uncoupled zone has a potential slip surface but no root zone, it is marked as a geologically dominant zone. This means that the geological instability risk in this area is mainly controlled by the mechanical properties of the soil and rock mass itself, and the anchoring effect of vegetation roots is extremely limited or completely absent. For such grid cells, there is no need to perform a coupled geological and ecological evaluation; instead, their geological safety index is calculated separately. The geological safety index can be calculated using traditional slope stability coefficients, such as calculating the safety factor based on an infinite slope model, i.e., the safety factor equals the tangent of the internal friction angle divided by the tangent of the slope, and then considering corrections for cohesion and soil thickness. After the calculation is completed, geological safety early warning information is output, including the location coordinates of the grid cell, the safety factor value, and the risk level. For example, a red warning is issued when the safety factor is less than 1.0, indicating "there is a risk of sliding, and engineering reinforcement measures are recommended"; a yellow warning is issued when the safety factor is between 1.0 and 1.2, indicating "insufficient stability, and enhanced monitoring is recommended". These warnings can help engineers identify areas with potential geological hazards that can only be addressed through engineering measures alone, thus avoiding safety accidents caused by neglecting the risks of non-coupling zones.

[0093] S700: When a non-coupled grid cell is marked as an ecologically dominant area because it has a root main zone but no potential slip surface, its ecological carrying capacity index is calculated separately and ecological restoration suggestions are output.

[0094] Specifically, in step S700, when a non-coupled grid cell has a root zone but no potential slip surface, it is marked as an ecologically dominant area. This means that the geological conditions in this area are relatively stable, there is no obvious risk of slippage, vegetation is growing well, and ecological function is the dominant factor. For this type of grid cell, its ecological carrying capacity index is calculated separately. The ecological carrying capacity index can be comprehensively evaluated based on parameters such as soil effective water capacity, root biomass, and vegetation cover. For example, a weighted summation method can be used, where each parameter is normalized, multiplied by its corresponding weight, and then summed. After the calculation is completed, ecological restoration suggestions are output. For example, if the ecological carrying capacity index is lower than a preset threshold, such as 0.4, it indicates that although the geology is stable, the ecological function is insufficient, and it is recommended to take measures such as increasing vegetation types, improving soil fertility, and supplementing organic matter; if the ecological carrying capacity index is at a medium level, such as between 0.4 and 0.7, it is recommended to carry out ecological tending and regular monitoring; if the ecological carrying capacity index is higher than 0.7, it is recommended to maintain the status quo or carry out ecological conservation. Through this step, targeted ecological restoration guidance can be provided for areas that are geologically safe but ecologically weak.

[0095] S800: When a non-coupling mesh element is marked as a non-interactive region because neither the potential slip surface nor the root main band exists, a prompt message indicating that coupling evaluation is not required is output.

[0096] Specifically, in step S800, when a non-coupling grid cell has neither a potential slip surface nor a root zone, it is marked as a non-interaction zone. This situation typically occurs in hardened platform areas, bedrock outcrop areas, stable areas of mining subsidence, or completely degraded bare land areas. Since there is neither geological instability risk nor ecological function, no coupling evaluation or complex analysis is required. For such grid cells, a prompt message indicating that no coupling evaluation is needed is directly output, such as noting in the evaluation report that "this grid cell is a non-interaction zone, and there is no coupling relationship between geological safety and ecological carrying capacity. It is recommended to decide whether to carry out soil covering and greening or maintain the status quo according to the overall mine restoration plan." Through the detailed processing of steps S600 to S800, this method can classify and manage all grid cells in the entire area, avoiding the waste of computational resources in non-coupling zones, while providing differentiated evaluation results and decision-making suggestions for different types of areas, making the entire evaluation system more complete and practical.

[0097] Furthermore, after generating the dynamic transition map according to the state transition rules in step S500, the following step S900 is also included. It should be noted that the sequence number of step S900 is only for convenience of explanation and is not limited to being located after steps S600-S800.

[0098] S900: When the same grid cell is determined to be in a safe-high bearing state for three consecutive time steps but the geological stress index continues to increase, the state of the cell is corrected to a critical-fluctuation state and a pseudo-stability alarm message is output.

[0099] Specifically, for the coupled zone grid cells that have completed state determination and generated dynamic transfer maps in step S500, a time series analysis mechanism is further introduced for dynamic verification. According to the determination rules in steps S510-S530, the safe-high carrying capacity state requires that the mutual feedback coupling degree be higher than the first threshold, the geological stress index be lower than the second threshold, and the ecological response gain be higher than the third threshold simultaneously. This is the most ideal restoration state. However, in the long-term monitoring of actual mine restoration projects, it was found that although some grid cells met the numerical requirements of the safe-high carrying capacity state in all indicators, the geological stress index showed a slow, progressively increasing trend. For example, the geological stress index was 0.12, 0.15, and 0.18 in three consecutive monitoring periods, respectively. This trend indicates that the unstable factors of the geological body are accumulating. However, since the ecological response gain is still maintained at a high level, such as 0.82, 0.80, and 0.78, and the mutual feedback coupling degree is also maintained above 0.7, it will still be classified as a safe-high carrying capacity state according to the static determination rules, thus masking the potential gradual instability risk.

[0100] To address this situation, this step establishes a correction rule: when the same grid cell is classified as safe-high bearing capacity for three consecutive time steps, but the geological stress index increases progressively (i.e., the geological stress index in a later time step is greater than that in a previous time step), the cell is determined to be in a pseudo-stable state. In this case, the cell's state is corrected from safe-high bearing capacity to critical-fluctuating state, and a pseudo-stability alarm is output. For example, the grid cell is marked with a special diagonal pattern on the state distribution map, and the alarm list is marked with the statement: "This cell has been in a safe-high bearing capacity state for three consecutive periods, but the geological stress index continues to rise, indicating a risk of pseudo-stability. It is recommended to increase the monitoring frequency and investigate potential slip-causing factors."

[0101] The effect of step S900 is that, while relying solely on the static threshold judgment rules in steps S510-S530 can reflect the current coupling state of geology and ecology, it cannot capture the temporal evolution trend of indicators, which may lead to gradual risks being misjudged as continuous safety. This step introduces a successive comparison mechanism with continuous time steps to dynamically correct the static judgment results, identify this "pseudo-stability" phenomenon, and promptly correct the state and issue warnings. This error correction and compensation method based on temporal trends is an important supplement and improvement to the aforementioned static evaluation rules, avoiding errors in remediation decisions due to the lag in evaluation results, and demonstrating the profound technical understanding of this application in the field of dynamic monitoring of mine remediation.

[0102] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this application and an explanation of the technical principles employed. Those skilled in the art should understand that the scope of the invention involved in this application is not limited to technical solutions formed by specific combinations of the above-described technical features, but should also cover other technical solutions formed by arbitrary combinations of the above-described technical features or their equivalents without departing from the inventive concept. For example, technical solutions formed by substituting the above features with (but not limited to) technical features with similar functions disclosed in this application.

Claims

1. A coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration, characterized in that, include: Collect multi-source data from the mine restoration area and construct a three-dimensional raster model including several grid units; Identify the interaction interface layer between the potential slip surface and the root master band in each grid cell, and divide the grid cell into coupled and uncoupled regions based on the presence or absence of the interaction interface layer. For the grid cell in the coupling zone, key coupling indicators are extracted within the depth range of the interaction interface layer; these key coupling indicators are used to characterize the geological stability and ecological function of the grid cell in the coupling zone. Geological stress index and ecological response gain are constructed based on coupling key indicators, and the mutual feed coupling degree between the two is calculated by nonlinear mutual feed operator; Based on the values ​​of mutual feedback coupling degree, geological stress index and ecological response gain, the preset state category of the grid cell in the coupling area is determined, and a dynamic transition map is generated according to the state transition rules.

2. The coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process of identifying the interaction interface layer between the potential slip surface and the root main band in each grid cell, and dividing the grid cell into coupled and uncoupled regions based on the presence or absence of the interaction interface layer, includes: Obtain the slope, geotechnical parameters, and vegetation root distribution parameters of the grid cells; Determine whether there is a potential slip surface within the grid cell based on the slope and geotechnical parameters, and determine whether there is a root zone within the grid cell based on the vegetation root distribution parameters; If both exist, the interaction interface layer is considered to exist. The mesh cell is then divided into a coupled region, and the depth range of the interaction interface layer is calculated. Otherwise, the mesh cell is divided into a non-coupled region.

3. The coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration according to claim 2, characterized in that, The process of determining whether a potential slip surface exists within a grid cell based on slope and geotechnical parameters, and determining whether a root zone exists within a grid cell based on vegetation root distribution parameters, includes: If the slope of a grid cell is greater than or equal to a preset slope threshold and the geotechnical parameters are complete, it is determined that a potential slip surface exists within the grid cell; otherwise, it is determined that no slip surface exists. When the total root biomass of a grid cell is greater than zero and the accumulated root biomass from the ground surface reaches a preset percentage of the total biomass, it is determined that a root main zone exists within the grid cell; otherwise, it is determined that it does not exist.

4. The coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration according to claim 3, characterized in that, The depth range of the computational interactive interface layer includes: Based on the slope and geotechnical parameters of the grid cell, the most dangerous depth at which shear failure may occur in the grid cell is calculated, and this depth is taken as the potential slip surface depth. The depth at which the accumulated biomass reaches a preset percentage of the total root biomass is taken as the root main zone depth. The depth range of the interactive interface layer is obtained by subtracting the preset extension depth from the smaller value between the potential sliding surface depth and the root system main band depth, and by adding the preset extension depth to the deeper value between the potential sliding surface depth and the root system main band depth, thus obtaining the depth range of the interactive interface layer.

5. The coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration according to claim 2, characterized in that, For the mesh elements in the coupling region, key coupling indicators are extracted within the depth range of the interaction interface layer, including: Based on the measured shear strength and saturated shear strength stored in the grid cells of the coupled zone, the interface shear strength attenuation rate is calculated; and based on the pore water pressure data of the grid cells of the coupled zone within a set time range, the pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude within the depth range of the interaction interface layer is extracted; the interface shear strength attenuation rate and pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude are used as the first type of indicators characterizing geological stability. Based on the vegetation root distribution parameters of the grid units in the coupling zone, the number of coarse roots crossing the potential slip surface within the depth range of the interaction interface layer is counted, and the root anchorage coverage rate is calculated by the ratio of the number of roots required for preset stability. Based on the field water holding capacity and wilting coefficient of the grid units in the coupling zone, the effective soil water capacity is calculated by integral calculation within the depth range of the interaction interface layer. The root anchorage coverage rate and the effective soil water capacity are used as the second type of indicators to characterize ecological functions.

6. The coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration according to claim 5, characterized in that, The process of constructing a geological stress index and ecological response gain based on coupled key indicators, and calculating their mutual feed coupling degree using a nonlinear mutual feed operator, includes: The geological stress index is calculated based on the first type of index. The geological stress index increases with the increase of the interfacial shear strength attenuation rate and with the increase of the pore water pressure fluctuation amplitude. The ecological response gain was calculated based on the second type of index. The ecological response gain increased with the increase of root anchorage coverage and with the increase of soil effective water capacity, and the rate of increase gradually slowed down. The mutual feedback coupling degree is calculated based on the geological stress index and the ecological response gain. The mutual feedback coupling degree decreases as the absolute value of the difference between the geological stress index and the ecological response gain increases.

7. The coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration according to claim 1, characterized in that, The determination of the preset state category of the grid cell in the coupling zone based on the values ​​of mutual feed coupling degree, geological stress index, and ecological response gain includes: When the mutual feedback coupling degree is higher than the first threshold, the grid cell in the coupling area is determined to belong to the coordinated state category. In the coordinated state, if the geological stress index is lower than the second threshold and the ecological response gain is higher than the third threshold, it is determined to be a safe-high carrying capacity state; otherwise, it is determined to be a critical-fluctuation state. When the mutual feedback coupling degree is lower than or equal to the first threshold, the grid cell in the coupling area is determined to belong to the disordered state category. In the disordered state, if the geological stress index is greater than the ecological response gain, it is determined to be a geological stress-dominated state. If the ecological response gain is greater than the geological stress index, it is determined to be an ecological degradation feedback state. When the geological stress index is higher than the fourth threshold and the ecological response gain is lower than the fifth threshold, it is directly judged as an emergency risk state; Among them, the first threshold is greater than 0.5 and less than 1, the second threshold is less than 0.5, the third threshold is greater than 0.5, the fourth threshold is greater than the second threshold and greater than 0.5, and the fifth threshold is less than the third threshold and less than 0.

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8. The coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration according to claim 7, characterized in that, Before generating the dynamic transition map based on the state transition rules, the process also includes: Set trigger conditions, which include external disturbances and changes in internal indicators; external disturbances include changes in rainfall or artificial remediation measures, and changes in internal indicators include increases in the amplitude of pore water pressure fluctuations or decreases in root anchorage coverage. The generation of the dynamic transition map based on the state transition rules includes: Based on the current state of each coupled region grid cell and the triggering conditions it meets, the predicted state of the coupled region grid cell in the next stage is determined according to the preset transfer path; wherein, when a coupled region grid cell in the coordinated state triggers an external disturbance or the change in internal indicators exceeds the corresponding threshold, it is transferred to the disordered state; when a coupled region grid cell in the disordered state is transferred to the coordinated state or the critical-fluctuation state after artificial repair measures; Output the current state and the predicted state in the form of a raster map, and generate the current state distribution map and the predicted state distribution map; When the state of the grid cell in the coupling zone changes directly from the coordinated state to the geological stress-dominated state or the ecological degradation feedback state in the disordered state, a sudden change alarm is triggered. When the state of a mesh element in the coupling region changes repeatedly between the coordinated and uncoordinated states more than a preset number of times, the mesh element in the coupling region is marked as a vibrationally unstable region.

9. The coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration according to claim 2, characterized in that, After dividing the grid cell into uncoupled regions, the process also includes: When a non-coupled grid cell is marked as a geologically dominant area due to the presence of a potential slip surface but no root system main zone, its geological safety index is calculated separately and geological safety early warning information is output. When a non-coupled grid cell is marked as an ecologically dominant area because it has a root main zone but no potential slip surface, its ecological carrying capacity index is calculated separately and ecological restoration suggestions are output. When a non-coupling mesh element is marked as a non-interactive region because neither the potential slip surface nor the root main band exists, a prompt message indicating that no coupling evaluation is required is output.

10. The coupled evaluation method for geological safety and ecological carrying capacity in mine restoration according to claim 7, characterized in that, The method further includes: When the same grid cell is determined to be in a safe-high bearing state for three consecutive time steps but the geological stress index continues to increase, the state of the cell is corrected to a critical-fluctuation state and a pseudo-stability alarm message is output.

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