A decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of decentralized transaction systems based on blockchain technology, including four-layer architecture from top to bottom, respectively user layer, application scenario layer, core service layer and technical support layer, the user layer deployment buyer interaction client, seller interaction client and arbitration node client, the application scenario layer integrates commodity transaction submodule, digital asset transaction submodule, supply chain finance submodule.A kind of decentralized transaction systems based on blockchain technology described in the application, realize point-to-point direct transaction, remove high intermediation commission, all transaction data chain is stored on evidence and can be publicly verified, adopt DID encryption to protect user privacy, automatically handle transaction disputes through on-chain community arbitration contract, support up to 5 times change arbitration team and adopt majority decision result, while having cross-chain asset intercommunication ability, can be adapted to physical goods, digital assets, supply chain finance multiple transaction scenarios.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of blockchain distributed transaction technology, and in particular to a decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology. Background Technology

[0002] Commodity, digital asset, and supply chain finance transactions are the core carriers of modern economic circulation. Currently, mainstream trading platforms all adopt a centralized architecture, with the operator building a centralized server to handle the entire process of user identity verification, transaction matching, fund collection and custody, transaction data storage, and transaction dispute arbitration.

[0003] The complete operating logic of the centralized trading system is as follows: both buyers and sellers register platform accounts and submit their identity information to the platform to complete centralized real-name authentication; after the buyer places an order, the funds are transferred to the platform's third-party escrow account, the seller completes the shipment, and the platform verifies the receipt of goods before settling the funds to the seller; all orders, payments, and logistics records are uniformly stored in the platform's private database; when disputes arise between buyers and sellers, such as returns, exchanges, or discrepancies between the goods and the description, the platform operators unilaterally retrieve the backend data to make an arbitration decision.

[0004] Existing centralized trading systems have five inherent flaws in practical commercial applications: The trust risk is prominent: the platform has centralized control over the entire transaction process. The platform has the authority to tamper with transaction records, conceal the true transaction records, and favor one party in disputes. Users have no independent verification channels and must completely trust the platform operator. High transaction intermediary costs: Platforms rely on transaction fees, store service fees, and promotion commissions to make profits. The multi-layered commission structure significantly increases the transaction costs for small and medium-sized merchants and ordinary traders. Insufficient data transparency: Transaction records and fund settlement records are only visible in the platform's backend. Users can only view brief information about their own orders and cannot fully verify the authenticity of the entire data chain. Privacy and data security risks: Massive amounts of user identity, payment, and order data are centrally stored on a central server, making it extremely vulnerable to hacker attacks and posing risks of mass data leaks and misuse of user information; Single point of failure risk: The system relies entirely on a centralized server cluster. When the server crashes, suffers a DDoS attack, or the data center fails, the entire transaction service will be paralyzed, and transaction continuity cannot be guaranteed.

[0005] In summary, traditional centralized trading architectures struggle to balance the demands for trust, cost, data security, and service stability. The industry urgently needs a new trading solution that is decentralized, data-trustworthy, low-cost, and highly secure. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Technical problems addressed: Addressing the shortcomings of existing centralized trading systems, such as lack of trust, high intermediary costs, opaque data, susceptibility to centralized storage leaks, single points of failure, and low efficiency in manual dispute resolution, this invention provides a decentralized trading system based on blockchain technology. Through a distributed blockchain architecture, automated smart contract fulfillment, DID decentralized identity, on-chain community arbitration, and cross-chain interoperability, it achieves trustworthy peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries, reduces transaction costs, improves data transparency and system resilience, and automates the handling of transaction disputes.

[0007] Technical Solution: To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by this invention is as follows: a decentralized trading system based on blockchain technology, comprising a four-layer architecture from top to bottom, namely a user layer, an application scenario layer, a core service layer, and a technical support layer. The user layer deploys a buyer interaction client, a seller interaction client, and an arbitration node client. The application scenario layer integrates a commodity trading sub-module, a digital asset trading sub-module, and a supply chain finance sub-module. The technical support layer sets up a distributed node module, a blockchain network module, an encryption algorithm module, a timestamp notarization module, and a smart contract module. The core service layer integrates a DID user identity authentication module, a smart contract transaction matching module, an on-chain fund custody module, a transaction notarization module, a multi-round on-chain arbitration module, and a cross-chain interaction module that operate in tandem. The DID user identity authentication module is connected to the encryption algorithm module by signal. It generates a unique on-chain encrypted identity credential for the user based on the decentralized identity protocol. The user's original privacy data is stored locally in encryption. Cross-module identity verification is only completed through on-chain authorization credentials. The smart contract transaction matching module receives supply and demand transaction requests submitted by the user layer, automatically matches the needs of both parties and generates standardized on-chain orders with timestamps. The transaction matching module outputs order data to the on-chain fund custody module. The on-chain fund custody module has a built-in fund locking smart contract. After receiving order information, it automatically freezes the buyer's transaction assets. When the smart contract detects that the preset performance conditions have been met, it automatically transfers the custody funds to the seller's on-chain address. The transaction evidence storage module communicates with the blockchain network module and the timestamp evidence storage module respectively, and adds a trusted timestamp to the transaction data of the entire chain of order generation, fund locking and performance confirmation and synchronizes it on the chain, which is then stored by the distributed consensus of the distributed node module. The multi-round on-chain arbitration module works in conjunction with the fund custody module. When a dispute over transaction performance triggers an appeal instruction, the custodial transaction assets are automatically locked, and on-chain arbitration nodes that have completed staking authentication are randomly selected to form a temporary arbitration panel. The arbitration module is configured with arbitration panel rotation logic, supporting up to 5 re-selections of the arbitration panel, and the majority result of the votes of all arbitration nodes is used as the final on-chain ruling. The ruling instruction is sent back to the fund custody module to execute asset allocation. The cross-chain interaction module deploys a cross-chain bridge smart contract, which connects to the blockchain network module and external heterogeneous blockchains respectively. The distributed node module adopts a decentralized networking architecture, so that the failure of a single node or a network attack will not affect the overall network transaction consensus and business operation.

[0008] As a preferred technical solution of this application, the commodity trading submodule communicates with the transaction matching module, the transaction evidence storage module, and the multi-round on-chain arbitration module. After the seller submits commodity information through the user-level client, the commodity trading submodule pushes the commodity information to the transaction evidence storage module to complete the on-chain evidence storage. After the buyer initiates a purchase request, the transaction matching module generates an on-chain order and drives the on-chain fund custody module to lock the transaction funds. The seller uploads the logistics performance certificate to the transaction evidence storage module. After the buyer confirms the receipt instruction on the chain, the fund custody contract automatically releases the custody assets. If the buyer submits a return or exchange appeal instruction, the commodity trading submodule triggers the multi-round on-chain arbitration module to start the dispute determination process.

[0009] As a preferred technical solution of this application, the digital asset trading submodule establishes a data interaction channel with the transaction matching module, the cross-chain interaction module, and the transaction evidence storage module. The digital asset trading submodule is compatible with three types of digital asset targets: NFTs, on-chain points, and standardized on-chain tokens. When a digital asset is traded, the transaction matching module generates an asset transfer instruction and pushes it to the blockchain network module to update the asset ownership ledger. At the same time, the transaction evidence storage module records the asset transfer flow. The cross-chain interaction module can map external chain digital assets to the ledger of this system, and the digital asset trading submodule provides peer-to-peer asset exchange functionality.

[0010] As a preferred technical solution of this application, the supply chain finance sub-module is connected to the transaction evidence storage module and the cross-chain interaction module. The supply chain finance sub-module is used to receive accounts receivable documents and warehouse goods documents uploaded by core enterprises and push them to the transaction evidence storage module to be stamped with a trusted timestamp and solidified on the chain. The on-chain documents support pledge registration, debt splitting, and transfer operations. All pledge and transfer operations are written to the distributed ledger. The cross-chain interaction module supports connecting to the private alliance chain of supply chain partners and synchronously verifying the credit certificates of external enterprises.

[0011] As a preferred technical solution of this application, the distributed node module has built-in PBFT practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus logic. After a single transaction data is broadcast to all nodes in the network, it needs to obtain consensus confirmation from more than two-thirds of the distributed nodes before it can be packaged into a block and synchronized to the entire network ledger.

[0012] As a preferred technical solution of this application, the decentralized identity certificate generated by the DID user identity authentication module consists of three encrypted data segments: user public key address, encrypted digest of user identity information, and hierarchical on-chain authorization certificate. The hierarchical on-chain authorization certificate restricts each business module to read identity fields within the authorized scope. Unauthorized original identity plaintext is permanently stored locally and is not uploaded to the blockchain network.

[0013] As a preferred technical solution of this application, the arbitration node needs to pledge a specified amount of digital assets on the chain in advance to complete the qualification access. The multi-round on-chain arbitration module has a built-in node reward and punishment contract. For arbitration nodes that do not vote according to objective transaction facts or maliciously favor one party, their pledged assets will be automatically deducted. For arbitration nodes that complete valid and fair voting, the reward and punishment contract will automatically issue on-chain incentive tokens.

[0014] As a preferred technical solution of this application, the encryption algorithm module uses the national cryptographic asymmetric encryption algorithm to encrypt the user identity, and uses a hash algorithm to perform digest storage of all transaction information. The timestamp storage module connects to a trusted time source to generate an immutable time-series certificate for each transaction.

[0015] Beneficial Effects: Compared with existing technologies, this invention provides a decentralized trading system based on blockchain technology, which has the following beneficial effects: This decentralized trading system based on blockchain technology enables direct peer-to-peer transactions, eliminates high intermediary fees, ensures that all transaction data is stored on-chain and publicly verifiable, uses DID encryption to protect user privacy, automatically handles transaction disputes through on-chain community arbitration contracts, supports up to 5 changes of the arbitration panel and accepts the majority ruling, and also has cross-chain asset interoperability capabilities. It can be adapted to various transaction scenarios such as physical goods, digital assets, and supply chain finance, solving problems such as lack of trust, security risks, high operating costs, and limited business scenarios in centralized transactions. The system is resistant to attacks, has no single point of failure, and significantly improves transaction transparency and dispute resolution efficiency.

[0016] Completely eliminate centralized trust risks: Adopting a fully distributed blockchain architecture, there is no unified operating platform or central server. Transaction rules are fixed in smart contracts and executed automatically. There is no room for manual data tampering or biased operation. Users rely on cryptography and distributed ledger to independently verify the authenticity of transactions. Significantly reduce overall transaction costs: By eliminating intermediary fees such as platform transaction fees and store service fees, only extremely low on-chain gas fees are generated. Buyers and sellers can trade directly from one another, significantly reducing the operating costs of small and medium-sized traders. The entire process of data is open, transparent and traceable: all orders, funds, logistics and arbitration records are timestamped and stored on the blockchain, and are stored synchronously across all network nodes. Any user can fully verify the entire transaction information through on-chain hash credentials. Multi-layered privacy and security protection: Relying on DID decentralized identity + asymmetric encryption algorithm, the user's original identity privacy is stored locally in encrypted form, and only the encrypted digest is stored on the chain, eliminating the risk of centralized data leakage; the distributed node storage mode avoids single point of data theft; No single point of failure, strong system stability: Business operation relies on distributed nodes across the entire network. The failure or attack of a single node will not cause the system to be paralyzed, and transaction services are continuously provided 24 / 7. Automated and efficient dispute resolution: Relying on the on-chain governance arbitration contract, the entire process of appeal, fund freezing, multi-round arbitration voting, and reward distribution is automatically completed, reducing the manpower cost of manual arbitration. The mechanism of changing the arbitration panel up to 5 times ensures the fairness of the ruling. Multi-scenario compatibility and cross-chain expansion capabilities: A single system can simultaneously support transactions of physical goods, digital assets, and supply chain finance. The cross-chain interaction module enables interoperability of assets across multiple blockchain networks, covering a wider range of applicable scenarios. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to the present invention.

[0018] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the user layer in a decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to the present invention.

[0019] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the application scenario layer in a decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to the present invention.

[0020] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the core service layer modules in a decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to the present invention.

[0021] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the underlying support module in a decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to the present invention.

[0022] Figure 6 This invention provides a standard transaction flowchart for physical goods in a decentralized trading system based on blockchain technology.

[0023] Figure 7 This is a flowchart illustrating the dispute arbitration process in a decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology, as described in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0024] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the embodiments described below are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments, and are only used to illustrate the present invention, and should not be regarded as limiting the scope of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Where specific conditions are not specified in the embodiments, conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer shall be followed. Where the manufacturers of reagents or instruments are not specified, they are all conventional products that can be purchased commercially.

[0025] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that the terms "center," "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing the invention and for simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0026] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0027] like Figure 1-7 As shown, a decentralized trading system based on blockchain technology includes a four-layer architecture from top to bottom: user layer, application scenario layer, core service layer, and technical support layer. The user layer deploys buyer interaction clients, seller interaction clients, and arbitration node clients. The application scenario layer integrates commodity trading sub-modules, digital asset trading sub-modules, and supply chain finance sub-modules. The technical support layer sets up a distributed node module, a blockchain network module, an encryption algorithm module, a timestamp notarization module, and a smart contract module. The core service layer integrates a DID user identity authentication module, a smart contract transaction matching module, an on-chain fund custody module, a transaction notarization module, a multi-round on-chain arbitration module, and a cross-chain interaction module that operate in tandem. The DID user identity authentication module is connected to the encryption algorithm module by signal. Based on the decentralized identity protocol, it generates a unique on-chain encrypted identity certificate for the user. The user's original privacy data is stored locally in encryption. Cross-module identity verification is only completed through on-chain authorization certificates. The smart contract transaction matching module receives supply and demand transaction requests submitted by users, automatically matches the needs of both parties and generates standardized on-chain orders with timestamps. The transaction matching module outputs order data to the on-chain fund custody module. The on-chain fund custody module has a built-in fund locking smart contract. After receiving order information, it automatically freezes the buyer's transaction assets. When the smart contract detects that the preset performance conditions have been met, it automatically transfers the custody funds to the seller's on-chain address. The transaction evidence storage module communicates with the blockchain network module and the timestamp evidence storage module respectively, and adds a trusted timestamp to the transaction data of the entire chain of order generation, fund locking and performance confirmation and synchronizes it on the chain, which is then stored by the distributed consensus of the distributed node module. The multi-round on-chain arbitration module works in conjunction with the fund custody module. When a dispute over transaction performance triggers an appeal instruction, the custodial transaction assets are automatically locked. On-chain arbitration nodes that have completed staking authentication are randomly selected to form a temporary arbitration panel. The arbitration module is configured with arbitration panel rotation logic, supporting up to 5 re-selections of the arbitration panel. The majority result of the votes of all arbitration nodes is used as the final on-chain ruling. The ruling instruction is sent back to the fund custody module to execute asset allocation. The cross-chain interaction module deploys cross-chain bridge smart contracts to connect with the blockchain network module and external heterogeneous blockchains respectively. The distributed node module adopts a decentralized networking architecture, so the failure of a single node or a network attack will not affect the overall network transaction consensus and business operation.

[0028] It enables direct peer-to-peer transactions, eliminating high intermediary fees. All transaction data is stored on-chain and publicly verifiable. It uses DID encryption to protect user privacy and automatically handles transaction disputes through on-chain community arbitration contracts. It supports up to 5 changes of the arbitration panel and accepts the majority ruling. It also has cross-chain asset interoperability capabilities and can be adapted to various transaction scenarios such as physical goods, digital assets, and supply chain finance. It solves problems such as lack of trust, security risks, high operating costs, and limited business scenarios in centralized transactions. The system is resistant to attacks and has no single point of failure. Transaction transparency and dispute resolution efficiency are significantly improved.

[0029] The main objectives include: Building a Trusted Transaction Environment Blockchain eliminates reliance on centralized intermediaries by leveraging its immutability and distributed nature.

[0030] Reduce transaction costs Eliminating intermediary fees enables direct transactions between buyers and sellers, thus optimizing the cost structure.

[0031] Improve data transparency By recording the transaction process using blockchain, the entire process can be made open and transparent, ensuring the authenticity of the data.

[0032] Enhance data security Blockchain technology can be used to protect user privacy and prevent data leaks and tampering.

[0033] Provide efficient dispute resolution mechanisms Smart contracts and on-chain governance can be used to quickly resolve transaction disputes and reduce the difficulty of dispute resolution.

[0034] The commodity trading submodule communicates with the transaction matching module, transaction evidence storage module, and multi-round on-chain arbitration module. After the seller submits commodity information through the user-level client, the commodity trading submodule pushes the commodity information to the transaction evidence storage module to complete the on-chain evidence storage. After the buyer initiates a purchase request, the transaction matching module generates an on-chain order and drives the on-chain fund custody module to lock the transaction funds. The seller uploads the logistics performance certificate to the transaction evidence storage module. After the buyer confirms the receipt instruction on the chain, the fund custody contract automatically releases the custody assets. If the buyer submits a return or exchange appeal instruction, the commodity trading submodule triggers the multi-round on-chain arbitration module to start the dispute determination process.

[0035] The digital asset trading submodule establishes a data interaction channel with the transaction matching module, cross-chain interaction module, and transaction notarization module. The digital asset trading submodule is compatible with three types of digital assets: NFTs, on-chain points, and standardized on-chain tokens. When a digital asset is traded, the transaction matching module generates an asset transfer instruction and pushes it to the blockchain network module to update the asset ownership ledger. At the same time, the transaction notarization module records the asset transfer flow. The cross-chain interaction module can map external chain digital assets to the ledger of this system, and the digital asset trading submodule provides peer-to-peer asset exchange functionality.

[0036] The supply chain finance sub-module connects to the transaction evidence storage module and the cross-chain interaction module. The supply chain finance sub-module is used to receive accounts receivable documents and warehouse goods documents uploaded by core enterprises and push them to the transaction evidence storage module to be stamped with a trusted timestamp and solidified on the chain. On-chain documents support pledge registration, debt splitting, and transfer operations. All pledge and transfer operations are written to the distributed ledger. The cross-chain interaction module supports connection to the private consortium blockchain of supply chain partners and synchronously verifies the credit certificates of external enterprises.

[0037] The distributed node module has built-in PBFT practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus logic. After a single transaction is broadcast to all nodes in the network, it needs to obtain consensus confirmation from more than two-thirds of the distributed nodes before it can be packaged into a block and synchronized to the entire network ledger.

[0038] The decentralized identity credential generated by the DID user identity authentication module consists of three encrypted data segments: the user's public key address, the encrypted digest of the user's identity information, and the hierarchical on-chain authorization credential. The hierarchical on-chain authorization credential restricts each business module to reading only the identity fields within the authorized scope. The unauthorized original identity plaintext is permanently stored locally and is not uploaded to the blockchain network.

[0039] Arbitration nodes must first pledge a specified amount of digital assets on-chain to complete qualification access. The multi-round on-chain arbitration module has a built-in node reward and punishment contract. For arbitration nodes that do not vote according to objective transaction facts or maliciously favor one party, their pledged assets will be automatically deducted. For arbitration nodes that complete valid and fair voting, the reward and punishment contract will automatically issue on-chain incentive tokens.

[0040] The encryption algorithm module uses the national cryptographic asymmetric encryption algorithm to encrypt user identity, and uses a hash algorithm to digest and store all transaction information. The timestamp storage module connects to a trusted time source to generate an immutable time-series certificate for each transaction.

[0041] Example 1: Overall System Architecture Implementation like Figure 1 , Figure 7 As shown, a decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology has a four-layer architecture from top to bottom: user layer, application scenario layer, core service layer, and technical support layer.

[0042] The user layer includes buyer clients, seller clients, and arbitration node clients. All clients serve only as interaction entry points and do not store core transaction data. All business logic is executed by on-chain smart contracts.

[0043] The application scenario layer has three built-in standardized business modules, which can be activated individually or in combination according to business needs, corresponding to offline physical goods trading, digital collectibles / token circulation, and supply chain certificate pledge financing scenarios, respectively.

[0044] The core service layer serves as the central hub of the system's business operations. Six modules work together to complete the entire transaction process, including identity verification, order matching, fund custody, data storage, dispute arbitration, and cross-chain asset interaction. Each module is functionally independent but interconnected through smart contract interfaces.

[0045] The technical support layer serves as the foundation for the underlying blockchain operation. The distributed node module builds a distributed network, the blockchain network module maintains the synchronization of the entire network ledger, the smart contract module carries all business rules, the encryption algorithm module completes privacy encryption and hash notarization, and the timestamp notarization module provides trusted time-series credentials.

[0046] Example 2: Implementation of Normal Commodity Transaction Process like Figure 5 As shown, the complete execution flow of the commodity transaction module is as follows: S1: The seller accesses the system through the seller client. The user identity authentication module generates a unique DID digital identity. The seller uploads the product images, prices, and fulfillment rules. The transaction record and storage module adds a timestamp to the blockchain for evidence storage, thus completing the product listing. S2: Buyers retrieve on-chain product information through the buyer's client and submit their purchase requests; the smart contract in the transaction matching module automatically matches supply and demand and generates on-chain encrypted orders. S3: The payment and custody module triggers a fund custody contract. The buyer pays the corresponding transaction funds, which are locked in the contract address and will not be directly transferred to the seller's account. S4: After receiving the on-chain order, the seller ships the goods and uploads the logistics documents and shipping vouchers to the blockchain; S5: After the buyer receives the goods, he submits a confirmation instruction on the client. After the smart contract reads the confirmation signal, it automatically releases the escrow funds to the seller's on-chain address, and the transaction is completed. S6: If the buyer initiates a return or exchange request, the process will jump to the dispute resolution module 305 to start the on-chain arbitration process.

[0047] Example 3: On-chain Arbitration Implementation for Transaction Disputes like Figure 6 As shown, the arbitration execution steps in the dispute resolution module are as follows: S1: If either the buyer or seller initiates a transaction appeal instruction, the dispute resolution smart contract will automatically freeze the currently escrowed transaction funds to prevent losses caused by premature asset transfer; S2: The contract randomly selects an arbitration panel from all certified arbitration nodes on the network and initiates the first round of voting to determine the outcome; S3: If neither the buyer nor the seller agrees with the arbitration result, they may apply to change the arbitration panel. The contract supports a maximum of 5 re-selection of arbitration nodes for voting. S4: The contract aggregates all voting data from all arbitration nodes and adopts the majority vote result as the final ruling; S5: After both the buyer and seller confirm acceptance of the arbitration conclusion, the smart contract transfers the frozen funds according to the ruling, and at the same time issues on-chain incentive rewards to the arbitration nodes that participated in the voting. S6: Fund transfer completed, the transaction and arbitration process closed.

[0048] Example 4: Implementation of Underlying Technical Support The distributed node module consists of independent nodes without a primary or secondary distinction across the entire network. It adopts the PBFT consensus algorithm, requiring more than 2 / 3 of the nodes to confirm each transaction before it can be written into a block. The encryption algorithm module uses the national standard SM2 asymmetric encryption algorithm to encrypt user DID identity information and the SM3 hash algorithm to perform digest storage of transaction data. The timestamp storage module connects to the national trusted time source, binding a standard timestamp to each block to prevent tampering with the transaction timeline. The cross-chain interaction module deploys a cross-chain bridge contract, enabling the transfer of digital assets from multiple external blockchains such as Ethereum and consortium blockchains into this system for circulation through an asset mapping protocol.

[0049] System working principle Users generate a decentralized identity (DID) through the client to complete on-chain authorization without submitting complete privacy information to a third-party platform. After buyers and sellers publish their transaction requests, the transaction matching smart contract automatically matches and generates orders, and the buyer's funds are locked in an escrow contract to ensure performance. The entire chain of order, logistics, and payment data is synchronized to distributed blockchain nodes with a trusted timestamp, ensuring that the ledger is synchronized across the entire network and cannot be tampered with. Under normal performance scenarios, the contract automatically settles funds after pre-set conditions such as receipt and refund are met. In the event of a transaction dispute, the system automatically freezes funds and initiates a multi-round arbitration mechanism in the on-chain community, relying on node voting to reach a fair ruling. The cross-chain interaction module connects multiple blockchain networks, enabling the on-chain trading and circulation of external digital assets. The entire system has no centralized control server, and all business logic is automatically executed by fixed smart contracts, relying on cryptography and distributed consensus to build a trusted transaction environment without intermediaries.

[0050] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as first and second (number one, number two), etc., are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element.

[0051] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features, and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The embodiments and descriptions in the specification are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention. Various changes and modifications can be made to the invention without departing from its spirit and scope, and all such changes and modifications fall within the scope of the claimed invention.

Claims

1. A decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology, comprising a top-down four-layer architecture: a user layer, an application scenario layer, a core service layer, and a technical support layer, characterized in that: The user layer deploys a buyer interaction client, a seller interaction client, and an arbitration node client. The application scenario layer integrates a commodity trading sub-module, a digital asset trading sub-module, and a supply chain finance sub-module. The technical support layer sets up a distributed node module, a blockchain network module, an encryption algorithm module, a timestamp notarization module, and a smart contract module. The core service layer integrates a DID user identity authentication module, a smart contract transaction matching module, an on-chain fund custody module, a transaction notarization module, a multi-round on-chain arbitration module, and a cross-chain interaction module that operate in tandem. The DID user identity authentication module is connected to the encryption algorithm module by signal. It generates a unique on-chain encrypted identity credential for the user based on the decentralized identity protocol. The user's original privacy data is stored locally in encryption. Cross-module identity verification is only completed through on-chain authorization credentials. The smart contract transaction matching module receives supply and demand transaction requests submitted by the user layer, automatically matches the needs of both parties and generates standardized on-chain orders with timestamps. The transaction matching module outputs order data to the on-chain fund custody module. The on-chain fund custody module has a built-in fund locking smart contract. After receiving order information, it automatically freezes the buyer's transaction assets. When the smart contract detects that the preset performance conditions have been met, it automatically transfers the custody funds to the seller's on-chain address. The transaction evidence storage module communicates with the blockchain network module and the timestamp evidence storage module respectively, and adds a trusted timestamp to the transaction data of the entire chain of order generation, fund locking and performance confirmation and synchronizes it on the chain, which is then stored by the distributed consensus of the distributed node module. The multi-round on-chain arbitration module works in conjunction with the fund custody module. When a dispute over transaction performance triggers an appeal instruction, the custodial transaction assets are automatically locked, and on-chain arbitration nodes that have completed staking authentication are randomly selected to form a temporary arbitration panel. The arbitration module is configured with arbitration panel rotation logic, supporting up to 5 re-selections of the arbitration panel, and the majority result of the votes of all arbitration nodes is used as the final on-chain ruling. The ruling instruction is sent back to the fund custody module to execute asset allocation. The cross-chain interaction module deploys a cross-chain bridge smart contract, which connects to the blockchain network module and external heterogeneous blockchains respectively. The distributed node module adopts a decentralized networking architecture, so that the failure of a single node or a network attack will not affect the overall network transaction consensus and business operation.

2. The decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: The commodity trading submodule communicates with the transaction matching module, transaction evidence storage module, and multi-round on-chain arbitration module. After the seller submits commodity information through the user-level client, the commodity trading submodule pushes the commodity information to the transaction evidence storage module to complete on-chain evidence storage. After the buyer initiates a purchase request, the transaction matching module generates an on-chain order and drives the on-chain fund custody module to lock the transaction funds. The seller uploads the logistics performance certificate to the transaction evidence storage module. After the buyer confirms the receipt instruction on the chain, the fund custody contract automatically releases the custody assets. If the buyer submits a return or exchange appeal instruction, the commodity trading submodule triggers the multi-round on-chain arbitration module to start the dispute determination process.

3. A decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: The digital asset trading submodule establishes a data interaction channel with the transaction matching module, cross-chain interaction module, and transaction storage module. The digital asset trading submodule is compatible with three types of digital assets: NFTs, on-chain points, and standardized on-chain tokens. When a digital asset is traded, the transaction matching module generates an asset transfer instruction and pushes it to the blockchain network module to update the asset ownership ledger. At the same time, the transaction storage module records the asset transfer flow. The cross-chain interaction module can map external chain digital assets to the ledger of this system, and the digital asset trading submodule provides peer-to-peer asset exchange functionality.

4. A decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: The supply chain finance sub-module connects to the transaction evidence storage module and the cross-chain interaction module. The supply chain finance sub-module is used to receive accounts receivable documents and warehouse goods documents uploaded by core enterprises and push them to the transaction evidence storage module to be stamped with a trusted timestamp and solidified on the chain. On-chain documents support pledge registration, debt splitting, and transfer operations. All pledge and transfer operations are written to the distributed ledger. The cross-chain interaction module supports connecting to the private consortium blockchain of supply chain partners and synchronously verifying external enterprise credit certificates.

5. A decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: The distributed node module has built-in PBFT practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus logic. After a single transaction is broadcast to all nodes in the network, it needs to obtain consensus confirmation from more than two-thirds of the distributed nodes before it can be packaged into a block and synchronized to the entire network ledger.

6. A decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: The decentralized identity credential generated by the DID user identity authentication module consists of three encrypted data segments: the user's public key address, the encrypted digest of the user's identity information, and the hierarchical on-chain authorization credential. The hierarchical on-chain authorization credential restricts each business module to reading only the identity fields within the authorized scope. The unauthorized original identity plaintext is permanently stored locally and is not uploaded to the blockchain network.

7. A decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: The arbitration nodes are required to pledge a specified amount of digital assets on the chain in advance to complete the qualification access. The multi-round on-chain arbitration module has a built-in node reward and punishment contract. For arbitration nodes that do not vote according to objective transaction facts or maliciously favor one party, their pledged assets will be automatically deducted. For arbitration nodes that complete valid and fair voting, the reward and punishment contract will automatically issue on-chain incentive tokens.

8. A decentralized transaction system based on blockchain technology according to claim 1, characterized in that: The encryption algorithm module uses the national cryptographic asymmetric encryption algorithm to encrypt user identity, and uses a hash algorithm to perform digest storage of all transaction information. The timestamp storage module connects to a trusted time source to generate an immutable time-series certificate for each transaction.

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