Multi-compatible cost-classified beta radiation volt isotope micro power hybrid energy storage permanent power supply system

Abstract

The application discloses a multi-compatible cost grading beta radiation volt isotope micro power hybrid energy storage permanent power supply system and belongs to the technical field of super-long passive micro power supply. The system provides three grades of cost-selectable power supply bases: a carbon 14 beta radiation volt array permanent base is adopted for military industry / high-end medical treatment, a low self-discharge rechargeable backup battery is adopted for general low-cost equipment, and both are mixed for middle-end equipment; three-element / iron phosphate lithium / lithium titanate / sodium ion / sulfurization / fully solid-state three-stage energy storage is compatible, photovoltaic, adapters and short-distance wireless three types of power compensation are integrated. Nine sets of special regulation sub-programs of MCU are carried, nan-ampere trickle compensation, dormant permanent bottom, pulse high-power automatic switching are realized, a carbon 14 half-life life calculation model is built-in, the working temperature zone is -100 DEG C to 200 DEG C, the system is suitable for Internet of Things, medical treatment, deep sea and closed industrial full scenes, and solves the problems of short service life of traditional batteries, high isotope cost and poor single scene adaptation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the fields of beta-radiation volt transducer series-parallel array design, low-cost alternative base power supply circuits, multi-chemical energy storage compatible hardware circuits, ultra-low power MCU embedded intelligent algorithms, photovoltaic wired and wireless multi-mode power replenishment, extreme wide-temperature power supply adaptation, and long-term self-sustaining energy management technology. It can be widely used in passive Internet of Things, human implantable medical devices, 10,000-meter deep sea, sealed explosion-proof industrial devices, deep space micro-exploration, and other ultra-low power electronic devices that do not require frequent manual maintenance. It is compatible with the full range of carbon-14 / nickel-63 / tritium beta-radiation sources and the full range of mass-produced and pilot-produced energy storage battery systems of 2026. Background Technology

[0002] A single carbon 14 volt power supply is extremely expensive, costing thousands of yuan for a single candlestick unit and tens of thousands of yuan for a multi-array. It cannot be used on a large scale for ordinary civilian and cost-sensitive IoT devices. Existing solutions do not have a low-cost alternative power supply solution, which limits its market application.

[0003] Traditional lithium-based and solid-state batteries have a cycle life of only 3 to 14 years. They suffer from severe self-discharge when left idle for a long time, lack continuous micro-energy compensation, and are prone to equipment shutdown due to energy depletion. Implanted devices require a second surgery for replacement, resulting in high maintenance risks.

[0004] The single carbon-14 output is only in the nanowatt range, there is no standardized series-parallel expansion architecture, no dedicated low-power boost circuit, and it cannot directly charge lithium batteries / solid-state batteries. Existing solutions lack hierarchical energy storage adaptation logic.

[0005] The existing power supply system has a single power replenishment mode, only supporting wired power supply, and cannot distinguish between open photovoltaic and closed wireless power replenishment scenarios, and lacks a scenario-based intelligent scheduling program.

[0006] The lack of an automatic high-low temperature switching energy storage algorithm makes ternary lithium batteries prone to failure at low and high temperatures, and it does not combine the wide-temperature advantages of lithium titanate and solid-state batteries for coordinated power supply.

[0007] There is no standardized lifespan quantification calculation program, and it is impossible to automatically calculate the remaining power supply years based on the carbon-14 decay formula; intelligent operation and maintenance of equipment is lacking.

[0008] The existing energy management does not distinguish between the two independent power supply paths for the dormant MCU base power supply and the high-power output of the pulse load. The high-low power switching logic is crude and the static power loss is large.

[0009] In summary, existing technologies cannot simultaneously meet the five core requirements of cost-tiered selection, full energy storage compatibility, multi-scenario power replenishment, wide temperature adaptability, and permanent operation, resulting in extremely poor industrial applicability. Summary of the Invention

[0010] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of existing beta-radiation voltage isotope micro-power supply systems, such as high cost, limited energy storage adaptability, restricted power replenishment scenarios, lack of quantitative maintenance methods for lifespan, lack of separation between sleep and pulse power consumption paths, and insufficient packaging versatility. This invention provides a multi-compatible, cost-tiered beta-radiation voltage isotope micro-power supply hybrid energy storage permanent power supply system. The specific objectives of this invention are as follows: 1. Establish a three-tiered cost-based power supply architecture. For high-end military and medical applications, a carbon-14β radiant voltage array is used to provide a millennium-level power backup. For ordinary civilian equipment, a low-self-discharge rechargeable backup battery is used as a low-cost alternative. For mid-range equipment, a hybrid and compatible switching between the two is achieved, which significantly reduces the cost of industrialization in civilian applications while ensuring long-term self-sufficiency. 2. Construct a standardized 10-parallel 3-series radiant array expansion hardware structure, and match it with a dedicated low-power DC-DC boost unit with a static current ≤150nA to solve the problem of insufficient output voltage and output current of single carbon-14 cells, realize nanoampere-level trickle charging for self-discharge compensation of multiple types of energy storage, and open up the hardware link for charging energy storage batteries from isotope micro power supply. 3. Achieve modular compatibility design for high, medium and low energy storage, covering existing mass-produced liquid energy storage as well as trial-produced sulfurized and all-solid-state battery systems. Based on the inherent temperature coefficient and charge and discharge threshold of different energy storage cells, complete differentiated charge and discharge control of energy storage and adapt to wide temperature complex working conditions. 4. It integrates three independent power supply hardware circuits: photovoltaic, wired adapter, and short-range wireless sensing. The MCU can automatically schedule the power supply mode according to the device deployment scenario. In open environments, photovoltaic power supply is given priority. In enclosed implanted devices, the photovoltaic and wired paths are blocked, and only wireless power supply is retained, which is suitable for various physical isolation application scenarios. 5. Develop nine sets of embedded closed-loop subroutines embedded in the MCU, covering core logic such as base power supply control, multi-energy adaptive allocation, extreme temperature energy storage switching, carbon-14 lifetime calculation, backup battery charging and discharging management, and permanent sleep power consumption control, to achieve automated operation of the entire energy management process; 6. Establish an exponential decay mathematical model based on the carbon-14 half-life. The equipment can automatically calculate the remaining power supply life of the radioactive source according to the natural year. When the life warning condition is detected, it can complete local marking, fault log storage and remote alarm push, thus supplementing the intelligent operation and maintenance capabilities of isotope power supply. 7. Develop two types of standardized shielding and encapsulation structures: a bioceramic micro-shell for human implantation and a titanium alloy pressure-resistant and explosion-proof shell for deep-sea and outdoor applications. The entire hardware and software architecture is universal, and can be quickly adapted to medical, deep-sea, and industrial fields simply by changing the encapsulation, reducing the cost of equipment modification. Technical solution

[0011] System overall hardware architecture

[0012] A multi-compatible, cost-graded beta-radiation volt isotope micro-power hybrid energy storage permanent power supply system comprises the following hardware components: a cost-graded base power supply module, a low-power DC-DC boost unit, a six-channel multi-channel voltage sampling unit, an ultra-low-power main control MCU unit, a three-level switchable energy storage module, a three-mode power replenishment module, a MOS load switching array, an NTC temperature acquisition module, two types of standardized shielded packaging, and a wired / wireless universal communication interface. All hardware components are electrically interconnected, and the MCU independently controls the on / off state of each circuit via I / O. Nine sets of embedded intelligent control subroutines are stored in the MCU Flash memory. 1. Cost-tiered base power supply module (core innovation 1), with three selectable hardware paths, switched by two MOSFETs selected by the MCU, ensuring that only one path outputs base sleep power at a time to prevent offsetting between the two paths: (1) High-end substrate pathway (military / deep sea / implantable medical): standardized 10 parallel 3 series carbon 14 candela array, single branch open circuit 6.3V, continuous output of 3.5μW nanoampere DC, 50-year decay <5%; outer layer nanocomposite radiation shielding, no radiation leakage, continuously supplying MCU, RTC, ADC sleep power consumption. (2) Low-cost alternative pathways (civilian IoT, general industry): Low self-discharge lithium manganese button backup battery, nominal 3.0V, capacity 300mAh, static leakage current <10nA, independently provides power for MCU sleep mode when not in operation, theoretically self-sustaining for 1~3 years; when the system detects photovoltaic / wired external input, it automatically turns on the boost circuit to provide constant current trickle charging to the backup battery until it reaches 3.0V and cuts off. It automatically cuts off power when fully charged to prevent overcharging; (3) Mid-range hybrid path: Two parallel isolation anti-reverse diodes are added, the radiant array continuously compensates for the self-discharge of the backup battery, and the backup battery serves as a short-term power buffer, taking into account both lifespan and cost; (4) Furthermore, both base power supplies are connected in series with anti-reverse charging Schottky diodes to prevent reverse current from different power supply voltages from burning out the array or backup battery; 2. Low-power DC-DC boost unit It features a preferred 120nA quiescent current synchronous boost chip, an input adapter with a wide voltage range of 1.8~6.3V for the base power supply, and a linearly adjustable output of 2.5~4.3V. It has built-in hardware overvoltage, undervoltage, short circuit, and overcharge protection with no software intervention required. The output voltage divider resistor is connected to a multi-channel sampling unit to upload the charging voltage to the MCU in real time. The boost output serves as a shared trickle charging bus for both energy storage and power replenishment. 3. Six-channel multi-channel voltage sampling unit Composed of a low-leakage-current analog switch and high-precision voltage divider resistors, it collects data in a time-division manner for: ① open-circuit voltage of the β-volt array; ② backup battery voltage; ③ supercapacitor voltage; ④ liquid energy storage battery voltage; ⑤ solid-state / sulfurized battery voltage; ⑥ photovoltaic / wireless power supply output voltage; sampling accuracy error ≤ 0.01V; the MCU wakes up for sampling every 30 minutes, with a single sampling duration ≤ 5ms, and immediately shuts down the analog circuit after sampling is completed, reducing static power consumption of the switch; 4. Main Control MCU Unit The preferred operating current is ≤0.28μA for an 8-bit microcontroller (selectable from STMicroelectronics STM8L101 series and Microchip Technology PIC12F / LF182X, PIC16LF1xxx, PIC18LF1xxx and other ultra-low power microcontrollers), with a rated operating voltage of 3.3V; built-in hardware RTC, 12-bit ADC, multiple external interrupts, and partitioned Flash; Flash partition storage includes: isotope decay log, backup battery charge and discharge records, energy storage operation data, and fault warning records; independent MCU I / O controls boost enable, sampling switch, energy storage MOS, power supply selection MOS, and load output MOS; under normal conditions, only the RTC+ADC operates at extremely low power, with the base power supply as a backup, and the high-power energy storage power supply is switched after an interrupt is triggered by an external device; 5. Three-level switchable energy storage module (three independent MOS circuits in hardware), with anti-reverse charging diodes and current-limiting resistors connected in series in all energy storage branches, and independent on / off switching of the MCU: (1) Low-end energy storage: micro 3.3V solid supercapacitor (pulse instantaneous discharge) + micro lithium iron phosphate button, charging voltage 3.0~4.2V, suitable for low-cost scenarios at room temperature of -20~60℃; (2) Medium-range energy storage: Lithium titanate (charging voltage 2.3~2.7V) + sodium ion battery (1.7~2.4V), with excellent low-temperature performance, suitable for temperature fluctuation scenarios; (3) High-end energy storage: sulfur solid-state battery, oxide all-solid-state battery, charging cut-off 3.8~4.35V, no liquid electrolyte, stable at -40~80℃, suitable for high-safety scenarios such as implantation and deep sea; all the excess power of the substrate is continuously compensated for the self-discharge of each energy storage in nanoampere-level trickle, avoiding long-term static power loss. 6. Three modes can be independently equipped with charging modules. (1) Photovoltaic power supply module: Miniature low-light photovoltaic panel, output 2.6~4.2V, suitable for open outdoor scenarios. The MCU will automatically start power supply when the light voltage is detected to be >2.6V. (2) Adapter wired power supply: Standardized IP67 waterproof interface, constant current and constant voltage charging, and rapid power replenishment during maintenance and energy storage when power is low; (3) Short-range wireless electromagnetic induction power supply: No exposed metal contacts, overall sealed structure, only sealed and implanted human devices are activated, power supply voltage regulation and current limiting, no current fluctuations interfere with precision equipment; three types of power supply circuits are hardware interlocked, only one type works at a time, avoiding multiple power supply parallel conflicts; 7. Load Output Switching Array Multiple low-conductivity N-MOS transistors provide three independent outputs for supercapacitors, liquid energy storage, and solid-state energy storage; the MCU automatically selects based on NTC temperature and device interruption signals: sleep mode with only substrate power supply; short-pulse sensing / Bluetooth priority for supercapacitors; switching for large-capacity batteries during long-term continuous operation; forced shielding of high-temperature sensitive energy storage such as ternary lithium batteries in low-temperature environments. 8. NTC Temperature Acquisition Module A 10K negative temperature coefficient thermistor samples the ambient temperature every 10 minutes, and the data is transmitted to the temperature adaptation subroutine as the basis for energy storage switching. 9. Standardized shielding and encapsulation (1) Bioceramic micro-package: size 8×8×1.5mm, fully sealed without external metal port, biocompatible, suitable for human implantation and wireless power supply; (2) Titanium alloy metal pressure-resistant explosion-proof encapsulation: pressure resistant 110MPa, IP68 waterproof and corrosion resistant, suitable for deep sea, underground and outdoor photovoltaic equipment; 10. General communication interface Integrating I2C, UART, SPI serial interfaces, general-purpose IO, and BLE / LoRa wireless modules, the MCU can collect local data, remotely upload operating conditions, and receive remote power supply switching commands, enabling cloud-based full lifecycle management. Nine sets of embedded core control subroutines (fixed to MCU)

[0013] Subroutine 1: Base power supply switching and backup battery charging / discharging control: The S1 MCU collects the carbon-14 array voltage and backup battery voltage every 30 minutes. S2 user configuration in high-end mode: lock the radiant substrate path and disconnect the backup battery circuit; S3 user configuration in low-cost mode: disconnect the carbon-14 array, and only the backup battery powers the MCU to sleep mode; S4 User Configuration Hybrid Mode: Two-way base isolation parallel connection, with continuous trickle compensation for backup self-discharge; The S5 detects external power input from the photovoltaic / wired system. When the backup battery voltage drops below 2.8V, it activates the boost converter to replenish the power. Once the voltage reaches 3.0V, it automatically shuts off to prevent overcharging. When the S6's backup battery voltage drops below 2.0V, a low battery warning is generated and uploaded to the backend wirelessly.

[0014] Subroutine 2: Core Algorithm for Multi-Energy Adaptive Energy Allocation (Core Software Innovation) 1. Judgment formula: ΔP = P_base total output − P_system static power consumption (1) The base power priority covers 100% of the static current of MCU, RTC and ADC, ensuring that it will never crash; (2) ΔP > 0 surplus energy, synchronous trickle compensation for supercapacitors and self-discharge of energy storage at all levels; (3) When the device triggers an external interrupt and enters pulse mode, the supercapacitor MOS is turned on first; the corresponding energy storage battery is automatically switched when the capacitor voltage drop is ≥0.1V / 10ms. (4) Based on the NTC temperature, at <-40℃, ternary / lithium iron phosphate batteries are shielded, and only lithium titanate and solid-state batteries are used; at ≥60℃, ternary lithium batteries are shielded, and LFP (lithium iron phosphate battery) and solid-state batteries are used. (5) Photovoltaic power replenishment is preferred in open environments, while photovoltaic power replenishment is prohibited in enclosed scenarios and only wireless power replenishment is allowed.

[0015] Subroutine 3: Differentiated charging and discharging control subroutine for energy storage Read the real-time voltage of each energy storage circuit and match the corresponding charge and discharge thresholds: supercapacitor 2.8~3.3V, LFP 3.0~3.6V, lithium titanate 2.3~2.7V, and sulfurized solid 3.8~4.35V; if the voltage is below the lower limit, start boost trickle charging; if the voltage is above the upper limit, cut off the charging. Simultaneously record the duration, temperature, and charge of each charging cycle to the Flash log.

[0016] Subroutine 4: Multi-mode intelligent power supply scheduling subroutine It can identify three types of power input levels in real time and schedule them according to scenario priority: outdoor open → photovoltaic priority; fixed point → adapter; unwired enclosed → wireless only; the energy storage temperature is monitored in real time throughout the power supply process, and the circuit is immediately cut off and an early warning is issued if the threshold is exceeded.

[0017] Subroutine 5: Pulse Load Discharge Scheduling Subroutine The sensor and RF trigger interrupt wake up the MCU; read the temperature and energy storage voltage to select the optimal discharge branch; after the pulse operation is completed, delay for 100ms to turn off the load MOS and immediately switch back to the base sleep power supply to eliminate unnecessary power consumption.

[0018] Subroutine 6: Carbon-14 Isotope Lifetime Calculation Subroutine (Only enabled in High-End / Hybrid Mode) 1. Mathematical model of decay: P(t) = P0·e^(-ln2·t / 5730) (1) RTC is based on the calendar year and automatically starts the calculation once a year; (2) Retrieve the array voltage and current logs for the whole year and calculate the annual average attenuation coefficient; (3) Substitute into the formula to calculate the remaining effective power supply years; (4) If the remaining years are lower than the preset threshold, a warning mark is set locally and the warning is reported to the operation and maintenance platform remotely.

[0019] Subroutine 7: Automatic switching subroutine for energy storage in extreme environments NTC measures the temperature every 10 minutes and locks the failed energy storage circuit according to the temperature range. At low / high temperatures, only the output of the compatible battery is retained, eliminating the risk of capacity drop and thermal runaway.

[0020] Subroutine 8: Permanent Sleep Power Consumption Control Subroutine Normally, all energy storage and high-power replenishment circuits are disconnected, leaving only the base power supply; when peripherals are interrupted, the energy storage power supply is switched on in milliseconds; when the work is finished, the high-power MOS is immediately reset and returns to the ultra-low sleep mode.

[0021] Subroutine 9: Local storage and remote management interaction subroutine Collects data on substrate, energy storage, temperature, and lifespan warnings, and uploads it via wired / wireless communication; receives remote commands to complete substrate mode switching, power replenishment start / stop, and sampling period modification;

[0022] Step 1: Permanent Dormant Base Power Supply Condition The device has no working trigger signal, and the MCU only operates with low power consumption through RTC and ADC; the carbon-14 array / backup battery / hybrid substrate are enabled according to cost configuration; the surplus energy continuously trickles to compensate for the supercapacitor and the self-discharge of each level of energy storage, so as to maintain the energy storage at full charge for a long time without the risk of loss.

[0023] Step 2: Timed data collection and lifespan calculation operating conditions Automatically wakes up the multi-channel voltage sampling every 30 minutes and completes the acquisition and sleep mode within 5ms; in high-end / hybrid mode, it automatically performs carbon-14 lifetime calculation every year, stores the data locally, and supports remote retrieval.

[0024] Step 3: Backup battery charging mode (low-cost / mid-range mode) When the backup battery voltage is insufficient due to the detection of external power supply from photovoltaic or wired sources, it automatically boosts the voltage and trickles to full voltage. Power is cut off when the battery is fully charged, extending the self-sustaining life of the backup battery by 1 to 3 years.

[0025] Step 4: Multi-mode energy storage power replenishment operation The excess electrical energy in the base continuously replenishes the energy of different types of energy storage in a differentiated manner, strictly matching the charging and discharging voltage range of each battery to prevent overcharging from damaging the cells.

[0026] Step 5: External power supply operation The device is deployed outdoors and automatically receives photovoltaic power when there is sufficient sunlight; indoor devices can be connected to a wired adapter; implantable, sealed, explosion-proof devices receive power only via wireless induction, and the multiple modes do not conflict with each other.

[0027] Step 6: Pulse load operating condition Sensors, BLE, and wireless RF trigger interrupts; the MCU prioritizes turning on the supercapacitor to output instantaneous pulse current; if power is insufficient, it switches to the corresponding energy storage battery; once the work is finished, the load is immediately shut off and the system returns to sleep mode.

[0028] Step 7: Extreme Temperature Adaptive Operating Conditions At low temperatures, conventional liquid lithium batteries are automatically shielded, and lithium titanate and solid-state batteries are used; at high temperatures, the ternary lithium circuit is shut down, and lithium iron phosphate and sulfurized solid-state batteries are used for power supply to achieve stable operation throughout the range of -100~200℃.

[0029] This invention overcomes the core technical difficulties and provides corresponding solutions: Challenge 1: The high cost of carbon-14 radiative photovoltaic array hardware makes it difficult for cost-sensitive industries to implement in large quantities. Solution: A new low-cost lithium manganese backup power supply path can completely remove the C14 array hardware, retaining only the same power management circuit, making the hardware and software universal and significantly reducing the material cost of civilian equipment; mid-range equipment is compatible with dual substrates, balancing lifespan and budget. 2. Challenge 2: The single carbon-14 cell has an output voltage of 2.1V and a current of only 282nA, making it unable to directly charge lithium-ion / solid-state batteries. Solution: A standardized 10-parallel 3-string array is used to boost the open circuit to 6.3V, paired with a static 120nA dedicated low-power boost chip, which can be used to adapt the output to the charging voltage of all types of energy storage, and the nanoamp-level trickle current continuously compensates for self-discharge; 3. Challenge 3: Different energy storage batteries have significantly different charge / discharge thresholds and temperature coefficients, and mixing them can easily lead to overcharging and low-temperature failure. Solution: The MCU has a built-in parameter library for each battery, and is equipped with an NTC temperature acquisition subroutine to automatically switch on and off the failed energy storage branch according to the ambient temperature, and to manage the charging and discharging current and voltage in a graded and differentiated manner. 4. Challenge 4: The power replenishment conditions in open, implanted, and underground scenarios are completely different, and a single power replenishment structure has poor versatility. Solution: Three independent hardware modules for photovoltaic / wired / wireless circuits, with software automatically scheduling according to the deployment scenario. The sealed equipment directly shields the photovoltaic and wired circuits, eliminating the safety hazards of wiring and wound infection. 5. Challenge 5: Lack of quantitative methods for calculating the remaining lifespan of C14, and lack of long-term operation and maintenance data to support the equipment. Solution: Implement an exponential decay algorithm based on a 5730-year half-life, automatically calculate, store, and remotely push warnings of remaining power supply years every year; 6. Challenge 6: Traditional power supplies do not separate sleep and high-power power supply paths, resulting in high static power consumption and shortened self-sustaining time. Solution: Hardware independent base sleep path + energy storage load path, software permanent sleep subroutine normally cuts off all high power circuits, and only switches energy storage power supply when triggered by peripheral devices, so as to minimize static losses. Beneficial effects

[0030] The three-tiered cost structure covers high-end military and medical equipment, mid-range special equipment, and low-cost civilian IoT. A single set of general-purpose software and hardware can be adapted to all budget scenarios, significantly reducing the threshold for industrialization.

[0031] Compatible with all mass-produced and prototype energy storage batteries of 2026, including ternary lithium, lithium iron phosphate, lithium titanate, sodium ion, sulfurized, and all-solid-state batteries. High, medium, and low configurations are available in modular options to suit various temperature ranges and safety levels.

[0032] It features three independent power supply methods: photovoltaic, wired, and short-range wireless. It can automatically switch between different scenarios, utilize clean energy in open environments, and has a sealed design with no exposed interfaces, eliminating the risk of infection and leakage.

[0033] Relying on the carbon-14 array, it can achieve millennium-level MCU backup power supply; the low-cost backup battery solution can sustain itself for 1 to 3 years on a full charge, completely solving the pain point of long-term idle shutdown of various equipment.

[0034] It has nine built-in closed-loop embedded algorithms, including temperature adaptation, life calculation, backup battery charging and discharging management, and fully automated control, eliminating the need for manual maintenance for decades.

[0035] Stable operation over an ultra-wide temperature range of -100℃ to 200℃, automatic high and low temperature shielding for energy storage failures, and no thermal runaway or capacity drop-off issues.

[0036] Two types of standardized sealing packaging can be quickly adapted for implantation in various sub-scenarios such as medical, deep sea, underground, and outdoor applications, with low modification costs and modular mass production capability.

[0037] Multiple hardware protections against overvoltage, overcurrent, short circuit, and overcharge ensure no risk of radiation leakage or electrolyte seepage, meeting medical and military explosion-proof safety standards. Attached Figure Description

[0038] Figure 1 Overall hierarchical orthogonal structure block diagram of the system (see attached figure in the abstract).

[0039] Figure 2 Cost-tiered dual-base power supply isolation circuit structure diagram.

[0040] Figure 3 Internal cross-sectional view of a 10-parallel 3-string standardized carbon-14 candle dragon array.

[0041] Figure 4 Block diagram of closed-loop scheduling logic for nine MCU subroutines.

[0042] Figure 5 Multi-energy adaptive energy allocation decision flowchart.

[0043] Figure 6 Calculation diagram of mathematical model for carbon-14 isotope lifetime measurement.

[0044] Figure 7 Cross-sectional view comparing two types of standardized packaging.

Claims

1. A multi-compatible, cost-graded β-radiation volt isotope micro-power source hybrid energy storage permanent power supply system, characterized in that, It includes a cost-tiered base power supply module, a low-power DC-DC boost unit, a six-channel multi-channel voltage sampling unit, an ultra-low-power main control MCU unit, a three-level switchable energy storage module, a three-mode power replenishment module, a MOS load switching array, an NTC temperature acquisition module, standardized shielded packaging, and wired / wireless communication interfaces; the base power supply module is divided into a high-end carbon-14 volt-ampere array path, a low-cost backup battery path, and a mid-range hybrid compatible path, with two base interlocked isolated outputs for dormant base power; The MCU has nine embedded control subroutines that enable base mode switching, multi-energy storage charging and discharging management, three-scenario power replenishment scheduling, carbon-14 lifetime calculation, and automatic switching of energy storage under extreme temperatures. The system can be selected in three levels according to the equipment cost budget, is compatible with all types of liquid, sulfurized / all-solid-state energy storage, supports photovoltaic / wired / short-range wireless power replenishment, and is permanently monitored by the MCU with continuous power supply from the base in sleep mode. During pulse operation, it automatically switches to high-power energy storage output, achieving long-term self-sustaining power supply over a wide temperature range of -100℃ to 200℃.

2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The high-end substrate path adopts a standardized 10 parallel and 3 string carbon-14 Candle Dragon 1 array. The single Candle Dragon unit has an open circuit voltage of 2.1V, a short circuit voltage of 282nA, a maximum output of 433nW, an energy conversion efficiency of 8%, a carbon-14 half-life of 5730 years, an array single branch open circuit voltage of 6.3V, an average output power of 3.5μW, and an outer multi-layer nanocomposite radiation shield to prevent β-ray leakage.

3. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The low-cost backup base circuit uses a low self-discharge lithium manganese button battery, nominally 3.0V, with a capacity of 200~500mAh, static leakage current <10nA, and can independently support the MCU in deep sleep for 1~3 years when there is no external power supply; when the system detects photovoltaic / wired external input, it automatically turns on the boost unit to trickle charge the backup battery to 3.0V and cut off, and has built-in overcharge protection.

4. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The low-power DC-DC boost chip has a static current of ≤150nA, an input adaptability to a base voltage of 1.8~6.3V, and an output that is linearly adjustable from 2.5~4.3V. It integrates four levels of hardware protection: overvoltage, undervoltage, short circuit, and overcharge. The output voltage divider circuit is connected to a six-channel voltage sampling unit to collect the energy storage charging voltage in real time.

5. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The three-level switchable energy storage module has independent three-channel MOS control. The low-end configuration uses lithium iron phosphate + solid-state supercapacitor, the mid-end configuration uses lithium titanate + sodium-ion battery, and the high-end configuration uses sulfurized solid / oxide all-solid-state battery. The MCU automatically shields the low-temperature and high-temperature failure energy storage branches based on the ambient temperature collected by NTC.

6. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The three-mode power replenishment module includes a photovoltaic power replenishment module, an adapter wired power replenishment module, and a near-field electromagnetic induction wireless power replenishment module; the three types of power replenishment circuits are hardware interlocked, and the MCU automatically activates the corresponding power replenishment path according to the deployment scenario, while the sealed implanted device shields the photovoltaic and wired circuits.

7. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The main control MCU is an 8-bit microcontroller with a sleep current ≤0.28μA (selectable from STMicroelectronics STM8L101 series and Microchip Technology PIC12F / LF182X, PIC16LF1xxx, PIC18LF1xxx and other ultra-low power series microcontrollers). It has a built-in RTC, 12-bit ADC, and partitioned Flash memory area. The Flash partition stores isotope decay logs, backup battery charge and discharge records, and fault warning data. The MCU controls the boost enable, sampling switch, energy storage MOS and base power supply selection MOS through independent I / O.

8. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The MCU has a built-in isotope lifetime calculation subroutine. Based on the decay formula P(t)=P0·e^(-ln2·t / 5730), the remaining power supply life of the carbon-14 array is automatically calculated by the RTC every year. If the parameters are abnormal, an early warning mark is automatically generated and uploaded remotely via wireless communication.

9. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system's core multi-energy adaptive energy allocation algorithm has the following rules: the base output power is prioritized to cover the static sleep power consumption of the whole machine, and the surplus power is compensated for the self-discharge of each level of energy storage by trickle at the nanoampere level; the pulse load prioritizes the instantaneous discharge of the supercapacitor, and the large-capacity energy storage is automatically switched when the capacitor voltage drop exceeds the standard; and the energy storage branch is automatically selected and adapted for high and low temperature environments.

10. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The standardized shielding packaging is divided into bioceramic micro-packaging (suitable for human implantation and wireless power replenishment, with an overall size of 8×8×1.5mm and no exposed metal interface) and titanium alloy pressure-resistant and explosion-proof packaging (resistant to 110MPa water pressure, IP68 corrosion and water resistance, suitable for deep sea, underground, and photovoltaic outdoor equipment). Both types of packaging reserve a unified standardized module assembly interface.

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