A high-voltage protection linkage system of a rack-mounted high-voltage household energy storage battery

Abstract

The application belongs to the technical field of household energy storage batteries, in particular to a high-voltage protection linkage system of a rack type high-voltage household energy storage battery, which comprises a main control protection module, a hierarchical circuit breaker, a double relay and an automatic fire extinguishing device, and is connected by an electric circuit to form a high-voltage protection linkage structure, wherein the main control protection module is configured to: construct a multi-dimensional state vector based on voltage, current, temperature and their change rates, calculate a fault joint probability distribution through a dynamic Bayesian network, predict a future temperature trend based on a heat conduction equation, calculate a system stability index based on a Lyapunov index, and decide an optimal protection level through an expected loss minimization principle, sequentially execute double relay synchronous opening, hierarchical circuit breaker interruption of corresponding branch power supply, automatic fire extinguishing device fire extinguishing action and synchronous push of alarm information, form a multi-level protection closed loop composed of early warning, preliminary power failure, intensified power failure, fire extinguishing and alarm, and improve the safety of the high-voltage energy storage system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of residential energy storage battery technology, specifically a high-voltage protection linkage system for rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage batteries. Background Technology

[0002] With the global energy structure transformation and the rapid development of distributed renewable energy, residential energy storage systems have become an important part of the smart grid. Rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery systems adopt a standardized rack structure design, connecting multiple battery modules in series or parallel to form battery clusters. Through the battery management system, charging and discharging control, status monitoring, and safety protection are achieved. They have the characteristics of high energy density, flexible installation, and strong scalability, and are widely used in scenarios such as home photovoltaic integration, peak-valley electricity price arbitrage, and emergency backup power.

[0003] Current high-voltage protection technologies for residential high-voltage energy storage batteries suffer from the following drawbacks: circuit breakers, relays, and fire extinguishing devices are triggered independently; during fire extinguishing, the relays remain closed, leading to energized fire suppression; after the circuit breaker opens, the relays do not activate synchronously, creating an arc path; fixed threshold judgments, such as power outage at 60°C and fire extinguishing at 90°C, fail to recognize the gradual process of increased battery internal resistance – localized overheating – soft short circuit – thermal runaway; fire extinguishing is only triggered when the temperature reaches 90°C, by which time a chain of exothermic reactions has already occurred inside the battery, missing the optimal intervention window; the risk of power outage and fire damage cannot be quantified and balanced; the system either frequently malfunctions or responds slowly; it cannot recognize the correlation between voltage drop and increased current fluctuation, cannot predict impending instability; and after the fault is cleared, automatic reclosing occurs, but reignition after the arc is extinguished can lead to secondary accidents. Therefore, to address these issues, a high-voltage protection linkage system for rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage batteries is proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing high-voltage protection in residential energy storage batteries, a high-voltage protection linkage system for rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage batteries is proposed.

[0005] The technical solution adopted by this invention to solve its technical problem is: a high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery, comprising including...

[0006] The main control protection module is used to monitor the voltage, temperature and current data of the high-voltage circuit in real time.

[0007] A graded circuit breaker is electrically connected to the main control protection module;

[0008] A dual relay is connected in series in the high-voltage circuit and electrically connected to the main control protection module;

[0009] An automatic fire extinguishing device is installed inside the energy storage battery cabinet and electrically connected to the main control protection module;

[0010] The main control protection module, graded circuit breakers, dual relays, and automatic fire extinguishing devices are electrically connected to form a high-voltage protection linkage structure. The main control protection module is configured to execute graded response protection logic to form closed-loop protection.

[0011] When a minor anomaly is detected, the dual relays are controlled to disconnect synchronously to cut off the high-voltage circuit and achieve initial protection;

[0012] If the anomaly is not eliminated, the control circuit breaker will interrupt the power supply to the corresponding branch to achieve enhanced protection;

[0013] When the fault escalates and the temperature inside the cabinet continues to rise to the fire extinguishing threshold, the automatic fire extinguishing device is triggered to perform fire extinguishing action and simultaneously push alarm information, forming a five-level protection closed loop consisting of early warning, initial power outage, enhanced power outage, fire extinguishing and alarm.

[0014] Preferably, the main control protection module is configured to construct a multi-dimensional state vector based on the voltage, temperature, and current data, and the multi-dimensional state vector is denoted as... Its construction formula is:

[0015] X (t)=[V(t),I(t),T(t), V ̇ (t), I ̇ (t), T ̇ (t), T ̈ (t) ] T

[0016] in:

[0017] The multidimensional state vector is a 7-dimensional column vector containing voltage, current, temperature and their rate of change.

[0018] It is a time variable;

[0019] for High voltage circuit voltage value at any time, in units ;

[0020] for High-voltage circuit current value at any time, in units ;

[0021] for Temperature inside the energy storage battery cabinet at any time, in °C;

[0022] The first-order rate of change of voltage, in V / s;

[0023] The first-order rate of change of current is expressed in A / s.

[0024] The first-order rate of change of temperature is expressed in °C / s.

[0025] The second-order rate of change of temperature is expressed in °C / s².

[0026] The main control protection module determines whether there is a minor anomaly or a fault escalation based on the multi-dimensional state vector.

[0027] Preferably, the main control protection module is configured to calculate the joint probability distribution of each fault type based on the multidimensional state vector using a dynamic Bayesian network. The formula for calculating the joint probability distribution is:

[0028]

[0029] in:

[0030] For the first Types of faults, , Total number of fault types;

[0031] For the first The prior probability of each fault type is determined based on historical statistical data;

[0032] In the fault type Observation of multidimensional state vector under certain conditions The likelihood function is obtained by multiplying the Gaussian distribution density functions of the parameters of each dimension of the multidimensional state vector:

[0033]

[0034] in A multidimensional state vector The One portion, Fault type Next The mean of each component, Fault type Next The standard deviation of each component;

[0035] The main control protection module calculates the joint probability distribution at the current time. Joint probability distribution with the previous time step The time-smoothing fusion is performed, and the time-smoothing fusion formula is as follows:

[0036]

[0037] in Historical weighting coefficient, 0 < <1;

[0038] The main control protection module is based on the smoothed and fused joint probability distribution. Determine if there are any minor anomalies or escalation issues in the current system.

[0039] Preferably, the main control protection module is further configured to predict a preset time window based on the heat conduction equation. The temperature trend within the area, and the formula for predicting the temperature trend is:

[0040]

[0041] in:

[0042] For prediction Temperature value at any given time, in °C;

[0043] The current temperature value, in °C;

[0044] For integration variables;

[0045] For heat source terms, the unit is W;

[0046] for Current value at any given moment, in amperes (A);

[0047] The internal resistance of the battery is expressed in Ω.

[0048] The exponential factor for the thermal power of a chemical reaction, expressed in W;

[0049] Activation energy of a chemical reaction, expressed in J / mol;

[0050] is the ideal gas constant, with units of J / (mol·K);

[0051] To convert Celsius temperature to Kelvin temperature;

[0052] For heat dissipation, the unit is W;

[0053] The convective heat transfer coefficient is expressed in W / (m²·K).

[0054] The surface area for heat dissipation is m².

[0055] Ambient temperature, in °C;

[0056] Battery mass, in kg;

[0057] This refers to the specific heat capacity of the battery, expressed in J / (kg·K).

[0058] The main control protection module predicts the value based on the temperature trend. The initial or enhanced protection is triggered before the temperature inside the cabinet reaches the fire extinguishing threshold.

[0059] Preferably, the main control protection module is further configured to determine the optimal protection level based on the joint probability distribution, the temperature trend, and the system stability index, using the principle of minimizing expected loss. The formula for calculating the expected loss is:

[0060]

[0061] in:

[0062] To select the first Expected loss value at each protection level;

[0063] The system is in a healthy state;

[0064] For protection level index, , Total number of protection levels;

[0065] In the fault type Next The fault detection rate for each protection level is determined based on historical test data.

[0066] For the first Economic losses due to leakage at each level of protection;

[0067] For the first Economic losses due to malfunctions at each protection level;

[0068] The system stability index is obtained by mapping from the Lyapunov index;

[0069] The stability penalty coefficient is determined based on the system security level requirements.

[0070] The extinguishing threshold temperature is expressed in °C.

[0071] The temperature over-limit penalty coefficient is determined based on the system safety level requirements.

[0072] The main control protection module selects the expected loss value. The lowest protection level is taken as the optimal protection level, and according to the optimal protection level, the dual relays are controlled to disconnect synchronously, the graded circuit breaker interrupts the power supply to the corresponding branch, and the automatic fire extinguishing device performs fire extinguishing action and pushes alarm information synchronously.

[0073] Preferably, the system stability index The calculation formula is:

[0074]

[0075]

[0076] in:

[0077] The maximum Lyapunov exponent, in units ;

[0078] The number of steps in trajectory evolution;

[0079] The sampling time interval is in seconds.

[0080] For the first For neighboring trajectories at the initial time The phase space distance is calculated using the Euclidean norm;

[0081] For the first For neighboring trajectories at time The phase space distance is calculated using the Euclidean norm;

[0082] This is the mapping gain coefficient, in seconds (s).

[0083] The threshold for determining instability is [unit]. ;

[0084] The main control protection module is based on the system stability index. Predicting system instability trends and in the stability index The protection level will be upgraded in advance if the preset threshold is exceeded.

[0085] Preferably, the specific steps for the main control protection module to execute the hierarchical response protection logic include:

[0086] Real-time monitoring of voltage, temperature and current data in the high-voltage circuit, and determination of whether there are minor anomalies based on the multi-dimensional state vector;

[0087] If a minor abnormality is detected, the dual relays will be triggered to disconnect synchronously, performing initial power outage protection.

[0088] Determine whether the minor abnormality has been eliminated;

[0089] If the minor abnormality is not eliminated and it is determined that the short circuit or overvoltage is ongoing, the graded circuit breaker is controlled to interrupt the power supply to the corresponding branch and perform enhanced power outage protection.

[0090] Monitor whether the temperature inside the cabinet continues to rise to the fire extinguishing threshold;

[0091] If the temperature inside the cabinet continues to rise to the fire extinguishing threshold, the automatic fire extinguishing device will be triggered to perform fire extinguishing action and simultaneously push alarm information.

[0092] Preferably, it also includes a fuse connected in series in the high-voltage circuit, which serves as a physical backup protection element independent of the main control protection module. When the circuit current exceeds the fusing threshold, the fuse physically melts to cut off the high-voltage circuit; and a reverse diode connected in parallel with the dual relay to provide a freewheeling path to suppress induced voltage spikes when the relay is disconnected.

[0093] Preferably, it also includes a triple communication module electrically connected to the main control protection module. The triple communication module includes a WiFi communication unit, an LTE communication unit, and an Ethernet communication unit. The main control protection module is configured to simultaneously push alarm information to the user terminal and the cloud server through the triple communication module when the automatic fire extinguishing device is triggered.

[0094] Preferably, both the dual relay and the graded circuit breaker are equipped with a manual reset locking mechanism, and the main control protection module is configured to prohibit the automatic closing of the disconnected dual relay and graded circuit breaker, and only respond to manual reset commands confirmed by humans.

[0095] The beneficial effects of this invention are:

[0096] 1. By coordinating the graded circuit breakers, dual relays, and automatic fire extinguishing devices through the main control protection module, a multi-level closed loop of early warning, initial power outage, enhanced power outage, fire extinguishing, and alarm is formed, which solves the problem of independent operation and fragmented response of protection components in the existing technology.

[0097] 2. Multidimensional state vectors fuse voltage, current, temperature and their rate of change information, and calculate the joint probability of faults through dynamic Bayesian networks, overcoming the rigidity of fixed threshold judgment and enabling the identification of early signs of progressive faults.

[0098] 3. Based on the heat conduction equation, predict the temperature trend in the next 30 seconds and trigger protection in advance before the temperature reaches the fire extinguishing threshold, reducing the response lag time from minutes to seconds.

[0099] 4. The game theory expected loss model quantifies the cost of erroneous actions and missed actions, and selects the optimal protection level based on the real-time status of the system, avoiding the problems of oversensitivity or oversluggishness.

[0100] 5. The Lyapunov index monitoring system detects the divergence trend of phase space trajectories and provides early warnings and proactive protection when system parameters have not yet exceeded limits but the dynamic behavior has already tended to become unstable.

[0101] 6. Automatic reclosing is prohibited; it only responds to manual resets confirmed by human intervention, thus eliminating the risk of secondary accidents. Attached Figure Description

[0102] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and form part of this application, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and, together with their description, serve to explain the invention and do not constitute an undue limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0103] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the system workflow of the present invention;

[0104] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the steps of the hierarchical response control method of the present invention;

[0105] Figure 3 This is a three-dimensional structural view of the rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery of the present invention; Detailed Implementation

[0106] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0107] Specific implementation examples are given below.

[0108] Please see Figures 1-3 The high-voltage protection linkage system for rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage batteries described in this invention includes a main control protection module, a graded circuit breaker, dual relays, an automatic fire extinguishing device, a fuse, a reverse diode, and a triple communication module.

[0109] The main control protection module includes a data acquisition unit, a data processing unit, a control decision unit, and a communication interface unit. The data acquisition unit collects voltage, current, and temperature data of the high-voltage circuit in real time through voltage sensors, current sensors, and temperature sensors. The sampling frequency is set to 100Hz, i.e., the sampling time interval τ=0.01s. The data processing unit receives the collected data and performs multidimensional state vector construction, Bayesian inference, thermal prediction, stability analysis, and decision calculation. The control decision unit outputs control commands based on the decision results. The communication interface unit is connected to the triple communication module.

[0110] The graded circuit breaker includes a main circuit breaker and multiple branch circuit breakers. The main circuit breaker is connected in series with the high-voltage circuit bus, and each branch circuit breaker is connected in series with the branch circuit of the corresponding battery module. The main control protection module can selectively control the corresponding branch circuit breaker to disconnect according to the fault location, so as to achieve precise power outage.

[0111] The dual relays include a main relay and a secondary relay, which are connected in series in the high-voltage circuit. When the main control protection module receives a preliminary power-off command, it controls the main relay and the secondary relay to disconnect synchronously, with a synchronization time difference of less than 10ms.

[0112] The automatic fire extinguishing device is a built-in aerosol fire extinguishing device, located inside the top of the energy storage battery cabinet. It is activated by both a thermal wire and an electronic trigger. The device activates when the temperature inside the cabinet reaches the fire extinguishing threshold. When the temperature reaches 90°C, aerosol spraying is automatically triggered; at the same time, the main control protection module can be actively triggered via an electronic control signal.

[0113] The fuse is connected in series in the high-voltage circuit as a physical backup protection element independent of the main control protection module. When the circuit current exceeds the fusing threshold, for example, 1.5 times the rated current, the fuse will physically melt to cut off the high-voltage circuit. The fuse needs to be replaced manually after it melts.

[0114] The reverse diode is connected in parallel with the dual relay. When the relay is disconnected, the inductive load, inductor, and transformer in the high-voltage circuit will generate induced voltage spikes. The reverse diode provides a freewheeling path and dissipates the induced energy in the diode forward voltage drop, thereby suppressing the impact of voltage spikes on the control circuit.

[0115] The triple communication module includes a WiFi communication unit, an LTE communication unit, and an Ethernet communication unit. The three communication units are redundant. When the main control protection module triggers the fire extinguishing action, alarm information is pushed to the user's mobile APP and the cloud server through the three channels to ensure reliable information delivery.

[0116] Example 1: System Power-On and Initialization

[0117] After the system is powered on, the main control protection module executes the initialization program: loading various algorithm parameters, including prior probabilities. Gaussian distribution parameters and Thermal model parameters , , , , , , Cost matrix and Detection rate matrix Penalty coefficient and Lyapunov parameters , , After self-checking the status of each sensor and actuator, and confirming that everything is normal, it enters real-time monitoring mode.

[0118] Example 2: Construction of Multidimensional State Vectors

[0119] The data processing unit of the main control protection module collects raw data of voltage V, current I, and temperature T at a sampling frequency of 100Hz. To calculate the rate of change, a sliding window numerical differentiation method is used.

[0120] First-order rate of change of voltage:

[0121] First-order rate of change of current:

[0122] First-order rate of change of temperature:

[0123] Second rate of change of temperature:

[0124] in At the current sampling time, For the previous sampling time, =0.01s.

[0125] Construct a 7-dimensional state vector:

[0126] This state vector contains the system's static information: current voltage, current, and temperature, and dynamic information: trends of change and acceleration, providing a comprehensive observational basis for subsequent fault reasoning.

[0127] Example 3: Dynamic Bayesian Fault Reasoning

[0128] The main control protection module is based on a multi-dimensional state vector. The joint probability distribution of each fault type is calculated using a dynamic Bayesian network.

[0129] In this embodiment, the total number of fault types M=6, specifically including:

[0130] Health status

[0131] Voltage drift: Increased battery internal resistance causes the terminal voltage to deviate from the rated value.

[0132] Precursors to thermal runaway: Temperature rises rapidly, indicating an impending irreversible thermal runaway.

[0133] Soft short circuit: Decreased insulation leads to increased leakage current, but a metallic short circuit has not yet formed.

[0134] Hard short circuit: A high-current short circuit caused by contact with a metallic foreign object.

[0135] Arc fault: A continuous electric arc is generated between the contacts, accompanied by high-frequency voltage fluctuations.

[0136] Prior probabilities of each fault type Based on historical statistical data, under normal operating conditions... =0.90, =0.05, =0.02, =0.02, =0.005, =0.005; the prior probability can be dynamically updated through online learning as the runtime increases and the battery ages.

[0137] Gaussian distribution parameters and Acquired through training with historical failure samples, as a precursor to thermal runaway For example, its first-order rate of temperature change mean Standard deviation Second-order rate of change of temperature mean Standard deviation These parameters characterize the typical features of accelerated temperature rise in the precursory state of thermal runaway.

[0138] Calculate the joint probability distribution at the current time. Then, the joint probability distribution with the previous time step. Perform time-smooth fusion:

[0139]

[0140] Historical weighting coefficient =0.7, this smoothing mechanism avoids probability jumps caused by instantaneous interference, making fault judgment more robust.

[0141] Example 4: Predictive Thermal Model

[0142] The main control protection module predicts a future preset time window based on the heat conduction equation. Temperature trends within the area.

[0143] Taking the current time t as an example, the measured values ​​are V(t) = 380V, I(t) = 50A, and T(t) = 55°C; the battery parameters are: =0.01Ω, =1000W, =1.5×10 5 J / mol, =8.314J / (mol·K), h=10W / (m²·K), =0.5m², =25°C, m=10kg, =1000J / (kg·K).

[0144] Calculate the heat source term:

[0145]

[0146] Calculate heat dissipation:

[0147]

[0148] because Currently, the device is in a heat dissipation state, and the temperature tends to decrease. However, when the current suddenly increases to 80A and the heat dissipation conditions deteriorate, such as when the ambient temperature rises or the cooling fan fails, the heat source term will be significantly greater than the heat dissipation term, and the temperature will show an accelerated upward trend. By solving the heat conduction equation through numerical integration, it is possible to predict in advance that the temperature will reach the warning threshold within a preset time window in the future. This will trigger preliminary protection or enhanced protection before the main control protection module determines that the fire extinguishing threshold has been reached, thus achieving predictive proactive intervention.

[0149] Example 5: Optimal Decision Making in Game Theory

[0150] The main control protection module determines the optimal protection level based on the joint probability distribution, temperature trend, and system stability index, by minimizing expected loss.

[0151] In this embodiment, the total number of protection levels N=5, and each level is defined as follows:

[0152] m=1: Normal monitoring

[0153] m=2: Soft isolation: Reduces charging power to maintain basic power supply.

[0154] m=3: Hard isolation: Double relay disconnects, cutting off the high-voltage circuit.

[0155] m=4: Emergency disconnection: Circuit breaker + relay fully disconnected.

[0156] m=5: Fire Extinguishing + Total Shutdown: Triggers the fire extinguishing device, causing a complete power outage across the entire system.

[0157] The cost matrix is ​​determined through engineering economic analysis, taking m=3 as an example:

[0158] (3) = 200 yuan (loss caused by malfunction resulting in power outage for the user);

[0159] (3) = 5000 yuan (loss due to battery module damage caused by missing operation);

[0160] Fault detection rate Calibration based on historical test data, for example: (3) = 0.9 (Detection rate of thermal runaway precursors under hard isolation level). (3) = 0.95 (Detection rate of hard short circuits under hard isolation level).

[0161] Stability penalty coefficient =100, Temperature over-limit penalty coefficient =10.

[0162] Assume the current state:

[0163]

[0164]

[0165] The main control protection module calculates the expected loss for each protection level:

[0166] For m=1 (normal monitoring):

[0167]

[0168] Due to detection rate (1)≈0, the cost of missing actions is dominant, and the expected loss is large.

[0169] For m=2 (soft isolation):

[0170]

[0171] Detection rate (2) There has been some improvement, but there is still a significant risk of missed detection.

[0172] For m=3 (hard isolation):

[0173]

[0174] Detection rate (3) Higher, the cost of missed actions is reduced, but the cost of erroneous actions is increased.

[0175] For m=4 (emergency cutoff):

[0176]

[0177] Detection rate (4) It is close to 1, with an extremely low risk of missed detection, and the stability penalty and temperature penalty are moderate.

[0178] For m=5 (fire extinguishing + complete shutdown):

[0179]

[0180] The cost of erroneous actions is the highest, but the risk of missed detection is zero.

[0181] The main control protection module compares the expected loss value L(m) of each protection level and selects the protection level that minimizes L(m) as the optimal protection level. In the current state, L(4) is calculated to be the minimum value, so m=4 (emergency cut-off) is selected as the optimal protection level. The dual relays are controlled to disconnect synchronously, the graded circuit breaker interrupts the power supply of the corresponding branch, and the automatic fire extinguishing device performs fire extinguishing action and pushes alarm information synchronously.

[0182] Example 6: Calculation of Lyapunov Stability Index

[0183] The main control protection module constructs a phase space trajectory based on the historical sequence of multidimensional state vectors and calculates the Lyapunov exponent to predict the instability trend of the system.

[0184] Construct a trajectory matrix using the 500 most recent sampling points (corresponding to 5 seconds of historical data), and select reference points. Search for its nearest neighbor in phase space. ,Require ≠0 and Euclidean distance

[0185]

[0186] The noise threshold is 0.1 times the sum of the standard deviations of each dimension.

[0187] Track the evolution of the pair of neighboring points over time and calculate the distance ratio:

[0188]

[0189] The maximum Lyapunov exponent is obtained by averaging over K=50 steps. .

[0190] For example: Calculated =0.15 ,Pick =5s, =0.1 ,but:

[0191]

[0192] when When the value is greater than 0.6, the system determines that it is trending towards instability and upgrades the protection level in advance.

[0193] Example 7: Five-level protection closed-loop execution

[0194] The main control protection module executes a hierarchical response protection logic:

[0195] Step S1: Real-time monitoring, collecting voltage, current and temperature data at a frequency of 100Hz to construct a multi-dimensional state vector.

[0196] Step S2: Anomaly detection. Based on Bayesian inference, the failure probability is calculated. Combined with temperature prediction and stability index, the optimal protection level is output through a game theory decision engine.

[0197] Step S3: Initial power off; if determined to be a minor abnormality, for example... >0.6 and When the temperature is below 60°C, the main control protection module outputs a synchronous disconnect command, and the main relay and the auxiliary relay disconnect synchronously within 10ms, cutting off the high-voltage circuit.

[0198] Step S4: Anomaly clearance judgment. After the relay is disconnected, the voltage and current are continuously monitored. If the voltage drops to a safe range (<36V) and the current returns to zero, the anomaly is determined to be cleared, and the system enters standby mode; if the voltage is still abnormal or the current is not zero, the anomaly is determined to be not cleared.

[0199] Step S5: Strengthen power disconnection. If the abnormality is not eliminated and it is determined to be a persistent short circuit or overvoltage, for example... >0.7, the main control protection module controls the corresponding branch circuit breaker to disconnect, achieving precise power outage, while the main circuit breaker remains open.

[0200] Step S6: Fire extinguishing triggered if the temperature inside the cabinet continues to rise to the fire extinguishing threshold. When the temperature reaches 90°C, the automatic fire extinguishing device triggers aerosol spraying, and at the same time, the triple communication module pushes alarm information synchronously through three channels: WiFi, LTE, and Ethernet.

[0201] Step S7: Alarm push notification. Alarm information includes: event timestamp, current protection level, fault type and probability, predicted temperature value, executed actions, equipment status, and prompt for manual reset.

[0202] Example 8: Backup Protection and Manual Reset

[0203] When the main control protection module fails or does not respond in time, the fuse, as a physical backup protection element, will physically melt and forcibly disconnect the high-voltage circuit when the circuit current exceeds the melting threshold.

[0204] The reverse diode provides a freewheeling path when the relay is disconnected, suppresses induced voltage spikes, and protects the control circuit.

[0205] Once the system enters protection mode, both the dual relays and the tiered circuit breakers are locked in the open state. Even if the main control protection module misjudges or the fault is cleared, they will not automatically close. Operators must authenticate their identity via a dedicated control panel to confirm the system is safe and that the temperature is below [temperature value missing]. Manual reset can only be performed if the voltage is normal and there is no probability of a fault.

[0206] In the description of this specification, references to terms such as "an embodiment," "example," "specific example," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0207] The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, main features, and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The embodiments and descriptions in the specification are merely illustrative of the principles of the invention. Various changes and modifications can be made to the invention without departing from its spirit and scope, and all such changes and modifications fall within the scope of the claimed invention.

Claims

1. A high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery, characterized in that: include The main control protection module is used to monitor the voltage, temperature and current data of the high-voltage circuit in real time. A graded circuit breaker is electrically connected to the main control protection module; A dual relay is connected in series in the high-voltage circuit and electrically connected to the main control protection module; An automatic fire extinguishing device is installed inside the energy storage battery cabinet and electrically connected to the main control protection module; The main control protection module, graded circuit breakers, dual relays, and automatic fire extinguishing devices are electrically connected to form a high-voltage protection linkage structure. The main control protection module is configured to execute graded response protection logic to form closed-loop protection. When a minor anomaly is detected, the dual relays are controlled to disconnect synchronously to cut off the high-voltage circuit and achieve initial protection; If the anomaly is not eliminated, the control circuit breaker will interrupt the power supply to the corresponding branch to achieve enhanced protection; When the fault escalates and the temperature inside the cabinet continues to rise to the fire extinguishing threshold, the automatic fire extinguishing device is triggered to perform fire extinguishing action and simultaneously push alarm information, forming a five-level protection closed loop consisting of early warning, initial power outage, enhanced power outage, fire extinguishing and alarm.

2. The high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main control protection module is configured to construct a multi-dimensional state vector based on the voltage, temperature, and current data, and the multi-dimensional state vector is denoted as... Its construction formula is: in: The multidimensional state vector is a 7-dimensional column vector containing voltage, current, temperature and their rate of change. It is a time variable; for High voltage circuit voltage value at any time, in units ; for High-voltage circuit current value at any time, in units ; for Temperature inside the energy storage battery cabinet at any time, in °C; The first-order rate of change of voltage, in V / s; The first-order rate of change of current is expressed in A / s. The first-order rate of change of temperature is expressed in °C / s. The second-order rate of change of temperature is expressed in °C / s². The main control protection module determines whether there is a minor anomaly or a fault escalation based on the multi-dimensional state vector.

3. The high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery according to claim 2, characterized in that: The main control protection module is configured to calculate the joint probability distribution of each fault type based on the multidimensional state vector using a dynamic Bayesian network. The formula for calculating the joint probability distribution is as follows: in: This is the first type of fault. , Total number of fault types; For the first The prior probability of each fault type is determined based on historical statistical data; In the fault type Observation of multidimensional state vector under certain conditions The likelihood function is obtained by multiplying the Gaussian distribution density functions of the parameters of each dimension of the multidimensional state vector: in A multidimensional state vector The One portion, Fault type Next The mean of each component, Fault type Next The standard deviation of each component; The main control protection module calculates the joint probability distribution at the current time. Joint probability distribution with the previous time step The time-smoothing fusion is performed, and the time-smoothing fusion formula is as follows: in Historical weighting coefficient, 0 < <1; The main control protection module is based on the smoothed and fused joint probability distribution. Determine if there are any minor anomalies or escalation issues in the current system.

4. The high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery according to claim 3, characterized in that: The main control protection module is also configured to predict a preset time window based on the heat conduction equation. The temperature trend within the area, and the formula for predicting the temperature trend is: in: For prediction Temperature value at any given time, in °C; The current temperature value, in °C; For integration variables; For heat source terms, the unit is W; for Current value at any given moment, in amperes (A); The internal resistance of the battery is expressed in Ω. The exponential factor for the thermal power of a chemical reaction, expressed in W; Activation energy of a chemical reaction, expressed in J / mol; is the ideal gas constant, with units of J / (mol·K); To convert Celsius temperature to Kelvin temperature; For heat dissipation, the unit is W; The convective heat transfer coefficient is expressed in W / (m²·K). The surface area for heat dissipation is m². Ambient temperature, in °C; Battery mass, in kg; This refers to the specific heat capacity of the battery, expressed in J / (kg·K). The main control protection module predicts the value based on the temperature trend. The initial or enhanced protection is triggered before the temperature inside the cabinet reaches the fire extinguishing threshold.

5. The high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery according to claim 4, characterized in that: The main control protection module is also configured to determine the optimal protection level based on the joint probability distribution, the temperature trend, and the system stability index, using the principle of minimizing expected loss. The formula for calculating the expected loss is as follows: in: To select the first Expected loss value at each protection level; The system is in a healthy state; For protection level index, , Total number of protection levels; In the fault type Next The fault detection rate for each protection level is determined based on historical test data. For the first Economic losses due to leakage at each level of protection; For the first Economic losses due to malfunctions at each protection level; The system stability index is obtained by mapping from the Lyapunov index; The stability penalty coefficient is determined based on the system security level requirements. The extinguishing threshold temperature is expressed in °C. The temperature over-limit penalty coefficient is determined based on the system safety level requirements. The main control protection module selects the expected loss value. The lowest protection level is taken as the optimal protection level, and according to the optimal protection level, the dual relays are controlled to disconnect synchronously, the graded circuit breaker interrupts the power supply to the corresponding branch, and the automatic fire extinguishing device performs fire extinguishing action and pushes alarm information synchronously.

6. The high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery according to claim 5, characterized in that: The system stability index The calculation formula is: in: The maximum Lyapunov exponent, in units ; The number of steps in trajectory evolution; The sampling time interval is in seconds (s). For the first For neighboring trajectories at the initial time The phase space distance is calculated using the Euclidean norm; For the pair of neighboring trajectories at time t, The phase space distance is calculated using the Euclidean norm; This is the mapping gain coefficient, in seconds (s). The threshold for determining instability is [unit]. ; The main control protection module is based on the system stability index. Predicting system instability trends and in the stability index The protection level will be upgraded in advance if the preset threshold is exceeded.

7. The high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific steps by which the main control protection module executes the hierarchical response protection logic include: Real-time monitoring of voltage, temperature and current data in the high-voltage circuit, and determination of whether there are minor anomalies based on the multi-dimensional state vector; If a minor abnormality is detected, the dual relays will be triggered to disconnect synchronously, performing initial power outage protection. Determine whether the minor abnormality has been eliminated; If the minor abnormality is not eliminated and it is determined that the short circuit or overvoltage is ongoing, the graded circuit breaker is controlled to interrupt the power supply to the corresponding branch and perform enhanced power outage protection. Monitor whether the temperature inside the cabinet continues to rise to the fire extinguishing threshold; If the temperature inside the cabinet continues to rise to the fire extinguishing threshold, the automatic fire extinguishing device will be triggered to perform fire extinguishing action and simultaneously push alarm information.

8. The high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes a fuse connected in series in the high-voltage circuit, which serves as a physical backup protection element independent of the main control protection module. When the circuit current exceeds the fusing threshold, the fuse physically melts to cut off the high-voltage circuit; and a reverse diode connected in parallel with the dual relay to provide a freewheeling path to suppress induced voltage spikes when the relay is disconnected.

9. The high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes a triple communication module electrically connected to the main control protection module. The triple communication module includes a WiFi communication unit, an LTE communication unit, and an Ethernet communication unit. The main control protection module is configured to simultaneously push alarm information to the user terminal and the cloud server through the triple communication module when the automatic fire extinguishing device is triggered.

10. The high-voltage protection linkage system for a rack-mounted high-voltage residential energy storage battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: Both the dual relay and the graded circuit breaker are equipped with a manual reset locking mechanism. The main control protection module is configured to prohibit the automatic closing of the disconnected dual relay and graded circuit breaker, and only respond to manual reset commands that have been manually confirmed.

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