Electrode tip repair device
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202611157788.6
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-07-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-20
AI Technical Summary
[0002]相关技术中,点焊是汽车焊装工艺中最重要的焊装形式,电极头作为点焊工艺中最重要的配件,直接接触金属冲压件,并在焊接过程中瞬间能过大电流,长期使用和频繁操作过程中,电极头容易出现磨损、变形、表面氧化等问题,这会严重影响其性能和使用寿命
[0003]本发明旨在至少解决现有技术中存在的技术问题之一。为此,本发明的一个目的在于提出一种电极头修复装置,能够通过车床设备带动电极头和修复刀具相对运动以实现对电极头的修磨效果,不仅固定可靠、拆装便捷,且自动化程度高,修磨后的电极头一致性高,还可以实现电极头的批量修磨。
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of repair device technology, and in particular to an electrode tip repair device. Background Technology
[0002] In related technologies, spot welding is the most important welding method in automotive welding processes. The electrode tip, as the most crucial component in spot welding, directly contacts the metal stamping parts and experiences a surge of current during welding. With prolonged use and frequent operation, the electrode tip is prone to wear, deformation, and surface oxidation, which severely impacts its performance and lifespan. Currently, the common solution is to directly replace the electrode tip, but this method is costly and wasteful of resources. Another approach is manual grinding using a grinding wheel, but this results in poor consistency of the ground electrode tip, low efficiency, and an inability to effectively guarantee the diameter accuracy of the electrode tip. Summary of the Invention
[0003] The present invention aims to at least solve one of the technical problems existing in the prior art. To this end, one object of the present invention is to provide an electrode head repair device that can drive the electrode head and the repair tool to move relative to each other through a lathe to achieve the effect of repairing the electrode head. It is not only reliable in fixing and convenient in disassembly and assembly, but also highly automated, with high consistency of the repaired electrode head, and can also realize the batch repair of electrode heads.
[0004] An electrode tip repair device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: Workbench; The mounting shaft is rotatably mounted on the worktable about a rotation axis extending in the first direction. One end of the mounting shaft is fixed with a mounting part for fixing the mounting electrode head. The mounting base and the repair tool are arranged along the first direction. The mounting base is reciprocally mounted on the worktable along the first direction. The mounting base is equipped with a repair tool to drive the repair tool to move synchronously along the first direction. The electrode head repair device is configured such that when the mounting shaft rotates, the mounting base moves toward the mounting shaft along the first direction so that the repair tool repairs the electrode head.
[0005] The electrode head repair device according to an embodiment of the present invention achieves the grinding effect of the electrode head by assembling and mounting the mounting shaft, electrode head and mounting base on the lathe worktable, and driving the electrode head and repair tool to move relative to each other through the lathe worktable. It is not only reliable in fixing and easy to assemble and disassemble, but also highly automated. It not only reduces the intensity of manual labor, but also has high consistency of the ground electrode head. It can also realize the batch grinding of electrode heads, and there is no need to redesign special grinding equipment, thus effectively saving grinding costs.
[0006] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the electrode head repair device further includes: a mounting bushing, the mounting bushing being mounted on a mounting base, and a repair tool being mounted on the mounting bushing to be mounted on the mounting base via the mounting bushing.
[0007] According to some embodiments of the invention, the mounting bushing defines an insertion space extending through the mounting bushing in a first direction, at least a portion of the repair tool is located within the insertion space, and the end of the insertion space near the mounting shaft has an insertion port for inserting an electrode head.
[0008] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the sidewall of the insertion space is formed with an insertion hole communicating with the insertion space, and the repair tool is inserted into the insertion space through the insertion hole.
[0009] In some embodiments of the present invention, the wall of the insertion hole contacts and limits the repair tool.
[0010] According to some embodiments of the invention, the mounting base is formed with a mounting groove that opens toward the mounting shaft, and at least a portion of the mounting bushing is mounted in the mounting groove through the open end of the mounting groove.
[0011] According to some embodiments of the present invention, a first circumferential limiting portion is formed at the end of the mounting base facing the mounting shaft, and a second circumferential limiting portion is formed at the end of the mounting bushing facing the mounting shaft. The first circumferential limiting portion and the second circumferential limiting portion limit each other to restrict the mounting bushing from rotating relative to the mounting base about a first direction.
[0012] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the first circumferential limiting portion includes: two limiting blocks, the two limiting blocks being opposite to each other and spaced apart along a second direction; the second circumferential limiting portion is a limiting flange, the limiting flange being located between the two limiting blocks; the side of the limiting block facing the limiting flange is a first plane, the side of the limiting flange facing the limiting block is a second plane, and the first plane and the second plane are in contact.
[0013] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the second circumferential limiting portion is located on the side of the mounting base facing the mounting shaft, and the second circumferential limiting portion contacts and limits the end face of the mounting base facing the mounting shaft.
[0014] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the sidewall of the mounting groove is formed with a chip removal hole, and the mounting groove connects the insertion space and the chip removal hole.
[0015] Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Attached Figure Description
[0016] The above and / or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and readily understood from the description of the embodiments taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which: Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the electrode head repair device and the assembled electrode head according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 yes Figure 1 Side view; Figure 3 This is an exploded schematic diagram of the electrode head repair device and the electrode head according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is an exploded view of the repair tool and mounting bushing according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0017] Figure label: Electrode head repair device 100; Mounting shaft 10; Mounting part 11; Mounting base 20; mounting slot 21; chip removal hole 211; First peripheral limiting part 22; limiting block 221; first plane 222; Repair tool 30; Mounting bushing 40; Insertion space 41; Insertion hole 42; Second circumferential limiting part 43; Second plane 431; Guide slope 44; Electrode head 200. Detailed Implementation
[0018] Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below. Examples of these embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
[0019] The following is for reference. Figures 1-4 An electrode tip repair apparatus 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: Workbench; Mounting shaft 10 is rotatably mounted on the worktable about a rotation axis extending in the first direction. One end of mounting shaft 10 is fixedly provided with mounting part 11, which is used to fix and mount electrode head 200. Mounting base 20 and repair tool 30, the mounting base 20 and the mounting shaft 10 are arranged along the first direction, the mounting base 20 is reciprocally movable on the worktable along the first direction, the mounting base 20 is mounted with the repair tool 30 so as to drive the repair tool 30 to move synchronously along the first direction, the electrode head repair device 100 is configured such that when the mounting shaft 10 rotates, the mounting base 20 moves toward the mounting shaft 10 along the first direction so that the repair tool 30 repairs the electrode head 200.
[0020] Among them, such as Figure 3 and Figure 4As shown, the first direction is the X direction and the second direction is the Y direction. The worktable can be a lathe worktable. The mounting shaft 10 is rotatably mounted on the worktable around a rotation axis extending along the first direction. Specifically, the mounting shaft 10 can be mounted on the lathe spindle. One end of the mounting shaft 10 is fixedly provided with a mounting part 11. The mounting part 11 is used to fix the electrode head 200 and drive the electrode head 200 to rotate through the rotational movement of the lathe spindle.
[0021] The mounting part 11 may include a connected tapered shaft head and a cylindrical shaft body. The electrode head 200 has a mounting groove. The mounting part 11 is inserted into the mounting groove of the electrode head 200, and the length of the tapered shaft head along the first direction is less than or equal to the depth of the mounting groove along the first direction. When the mounting part 11 is inserted into the mounting groove, the tapered shaft head can act as a guide to allow the mounting part 11 to be smoothly inserted into the electrode head 200. After the mounting part 11 is inserted into the mounting groove, the cylindrical shaft body of the mounting part 11 and the electrode head 200 are interference-fitted to securely mount the electrode head 200 on the mounting shaft 10, laying a stable foundation for the subsequent rotational movement of the electrode head 200. Furthermore, the design of the tapered shaft head also facilitates the disassembly of the electrode head 200 after grinding, thereby improving the grinding efficiency of the electrode head 200.
[0022] The mounting base 20 and the mounting shaft 10 are arranged along a first direction. The mounting base 20 can be installed on the self-tightening drill chuck of the lathe tailstock, and the mounting base 20 is reciprocally mounted on the worktable along the first direction. The mounting base 20 is equipped with a repair tool 30 to drive the repair tool 30 to move synchronously along the first direction. The electrode head repair device 100 is configured such that when the mounting shaft 10 rotates, the mounting base 20 moves toward the mounting shaft 10 along the first direction so that the repair tool 30 repairs the electrode head 200. By means of the rotation spindle of the lathe and the feed translation of the repair tool 30, the electrode head 200 can be automatically regrinded, eliminating the need for operators to manually regrind the electrode head 200 with a hand-held grinding wheel. This improves the degree of automation and the regrinding efficiency of the electrode head 200, not only reducing the intensity of manual labor, but also facilitating the batch regrinding of the electrode head 200. Furthermore, the electrode head repair device 100 has a simple structure and achieves automated regrinding by means of lathe equipment, eliminating the need to redesign special regrinding equipment, thereby effectively saving regrinding costs.
[0023] The electrode head repair device 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention achieves the grinding effect of the electrode head 200 by assembling and mounting shaft 10, electrode head 200 and mounting base 20 on a lathe worktable, and driving the electrode head 200 and repair tool 30 to move relative to each other through the lathe worktable. It is not only reliable in fixing and convenient in disassembly and assembly, but also highly automated. It not only reduces the intensity of manual labor, but also has high consistency of the ground electrode head 200. It can also realize batch grinding of electrode head 200, and there is no need to redesign special grinding equipment, thereby effectively saving grinding costs.
[0024] According to some embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 3 As shown, the electrode head repair device 100 further includes: a mounting bushing 40, which is mounted on the mounting base 20, and a repair tool 30 is mounted on the mounting bushing 40 to be mounted on the mounting base 20 via the mounting bushing 40.
[0025] In this invention, the mounting bushing 40 is mounted on the mounting base 20. In some embodiments of the invention, the mounting bushing 40 and the mounting base 20 can be interference-fitted, or the mounting bushing 40 and the mounting base 20 can be fixedly connected by bolts. However, the invention is not limited to this. The mounting bushing 40 and the mounting base 20 can also be connected in other ways, as long as the mounting bushing 40 is mounted on the mounting base 20.
[0026] The repair tool 30 is mounted on the mounting bushing 40 and then on the mounting base 20. The mounting bushing 40 provides precise positioning for the repair tool 30, ensuring that the tool's clamping height remains consistent with each setup, avoiding the hassle of repeated tool setting, and significantly improving machining efficiency and product consistency. Furthermore, the mounting bushing 40 and the mounting base 20 can be interference-fitted, enhancing the reliability and stability of their connection, thereby ensuring the positional accuracy and installation stability of the repair tool 30. For repair tools 30 that require frequent replacement, the bushing structure allows for quicker assembly and disassembly.
[0027] Furthermore, the mounting bushing 40 can serve as a conversion connector. The internal structure of the mounting bushing 40 can be designed according to different specifications of repair tools 30. When replacing the repair tool 30, only the matching mounting bushing 40 needs to be replaced, eliminating the need to frequently replace the mounting base 20, which helps improve repair efficiency.
[0028] According to some embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 4 As shown, the mounting bushing 40 defines an insertion space 41 extending through the mounting bushing 40 in a first direction. At least a portion of the repair tool 30 is located within the insertion space 41. An insertion port for inserting the electrode head 200 is formed at the end of the insertion space 41 near the mounting shaft 10.
[0029] The mounting bushing 40 defines an insertion space 41 that extends through the mounting bushing 40 in a first direction. At least a portion of the repair tool 30 is located within the insertion space 41, allowing the mounting bushing 40 to communicate with the outside. When the repair tool 30 grinds the electrode head 200, the grinding debris can be discharged through the insertion space 41, thereby preventing the accumulation of grinding debris near the repair tool 30, ensuring that the depth of cut for each cut is precise and controllable, guaranteeing dimensional consistency, and thus ensuring the grinding accuracy and surface quality of the electrode head 200.
[0030] The insertion space 41 has an insertion port for inserting the electrode head 200 at the end near the mounting shaft 10, so that the electrode head 200 is inserted into the insertion space 41 through the insertion port and contacts the repair tool 30, thereby enabling the repair tool 30 to grind the electrode head 200 and meet more precise machining requirements, thereby effectively improving the repair accuracy of the electrode head 200.
[0031] According to some embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 4 As shown, the sidewall of the insertion space 41 has an insertion hole 42 that communicates with the insertion space 41. The repair tool 30 is inserted into the insertion space 41 through the insertion hole 42. The peripheral wall of the insertion hole 42 can limit the repair tool 30 in the circumferential and axial directions, ensuring the positional stability of the repair tool 30 and enabling precise alignment of the repair tool 30, thereby improving the positional accuracy of the repair tool 30 and thus improving the grinding accuracy of the electrode head 200.
[0032] According to some embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 4 As shown, the wall of the insertion hole 42 contacts and limits the repair tool 30, which can limit the repair tool 30 in both the circumferential and axial directions, prevent the repair tool 30 from moving along the circumferential and axial directions of the mounting bushing 40, ensure the positional stability of the repair tool 30, and thus ensure the installation accuracy of the repair tool 30, thereby ensuring the consistency of the grinding dimensions of the batch electrode heads 200.
[0033] According to some embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 3 As shown, the mounting base 20 has a mounting groove 21 that opens toward the mounting shaft 10. At least a portion of the mounting bushing 40 is mounted in the mounting groove 21 through the open end of the mounting groove 21. In some embodiments of the present invention, half or one-third of the mounting bushing 40 may be mounted in the mounting groove 21 through the open end of the mounting groove 21. However, the present invention is not limited to this. The mounting bushing 40 may also be entirely mounted in the mounting groove 21 through the open end of the mounting groove 21, as long as at least a portion of the mounting bushing 40 is mounted in the mounting groove 21 through the open end of the mounting groove 21.
[0034] The inner walls of the mounting bushing 40 and the mounting groove 21 can be interference-fitted. After the mounting bushing 40 is embedded in the mounting groove 21, it forms an integrated load-bearing structure with the mounting base 20. The inner wall of the mounting groove 21 can radially limit the repair tool 30, and the mounting bushing 40 can circumferentially and axially limit the repair tool 30. This further ensures that the repair tool 30 runs stably in the mounting base 20 and also further guarantees the grinding quality of the electrode head 200.
[0035] According to some embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 3As shown, a first circumferential limiting portion 22 is formed at the end of the mounting base 20 facing the mounting shaft 10, and a second circumferential limiting portion 43 is formed at the end of the mounting bushing 40 facing the mounting shaft 10. The first circumferential limiting portion 22 and the second circumferential limiting portion 43 cooperate to limit the rotation of the mounting bushing 40 relative to the mounting base 20 in a first direction.
[0036] Specifically, the first circumferential limiting part 22 and the second circumferential limiting part 43 can abut against each other, or the first circumferential limiting part 22 and the second circumferential limiting part 43 can engage in a locking manner. However, the present invention is not limited to this. The first circumferential limiting part 22 and the second circumferential limiting part 43 can also engage in other ways, as long as the engagement of the first circumferential limiting part 22 and the second circumferential limiting part 43 restricts the rotation of the mounting bushing 40 relative to the mounting base 20 around the first direction.
[0037] By limiting the first circumferential limiting part 22 and the second circumferential limiting part 43 to restrict the rotation of the mounting bushing 40 relative to the mounting base 20 in the first direction, the rotation of the repair tool 30 relative to the mounting base 20 in the first direction can be indirectly restricted. This ensures the normal operation of the repair tool 30, guarantees the consistency of the grinding dimensions of each electrode head 200, and also avoids microscopic cracking of the repair tool 30 caused by uneven instantaneous force. This makes the wear curve of the repair tool 30 smoother and extends the service life of the repair tool 30.
[0038] According to some embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 3 As shown, the first circumferential limiting part 22 includes two limiting blocks 221, which are opposite to each other and spaced apart along the second direction. The second circumferential limiting part 43 is a limiting flange located between the two limiting blocks 221. The side of the limiting block 221 facing the limiting flange is a first plane 222, and the side of the limiting flange facing the limiting block 221 is a second plane 431. The first plane 222 and the second plane 431 are in contact.
[0039] The first circumferential limiting part 22 includes two limiting blocks 221, which are opposite to each other and spaced apart along the second direction to define a limiting space. The second circumferential limiting part 43 is a limiting flange located at the end of the mounting bushing 40 facing the mounting shaft 10. When the mounting bushing 40 is assembled into the mounting groove 21, the limiting flange is located between the two limiting blocks 221. The side of the limiting block 221 facing the limiting flange is a first plane 222, and the side of the limiting flange facing the limiting block 221 is a second plane 431. The limiting flange and the two limiting blocks 221 abut against the second plane 431 to limit the rotation of the mounting bushing 40 relative to the mounting base 20 in the first direction. This indirectly limits the rotation of the repair tool 30 relative to the mounting base 20 in the first direction, thereby further ensuring the normal operation of the repair tool 30. This further ensures the consistency of the grinding dimensions of each electrode head 200 and also avoids microscopic cracking of the repair tool 30 caused by uneven instantaneous force. This makes the wear curve of the repair tool 30 smoother and further extends the service life of the repair tool 30.
[0040] Specifically, both limiting blocks 221 can be constructed as semi-circular plates. When the mounting bushing 40 is assembled in the mounting groove 21, the limiting flange is located between the two limiting blocks 221. The limiting flange and the two limiting blocks 221 abut against each other to jointly define the circular plate. The two limiting blocks 221 restrict the rotation of the limiting flange along the circumference of the limiting flange, thereby restricting the mounting bushing 40 from rotating relative to the mounting base 20 around the first direction.
[0041] According to some embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 3 As shown, the second circumferential limiting part 43 is located on the side of the mounting base 20 facing the mounting shaft 10, and the second circumferential limiting part 43 contacts and limits the end face of the mounting base 20 facing the mounting shaft 10 to restrict the movement of the mounting bushing 40 toward the mounting base 20 in the first direction. This ensures that the cutting edge of the repair tool 30 is fixed relative to the feed endpoint of the electrode head 200, ensuring machining consistency and thus ensuring the batch repair quality of the electrode head 200.
[0042] Furthermore, the outer peripheral wall of the end of the mounting bushing 40 facing the mounting base 20 is also formed with a guide slope 44. When the mounting bushing 40 is inserted into the mounting groove 21, the guide slope 44 can play a guiding and avoidance role, so that the mounting bushing 40 can be inserted into the mounting groove 21 more easily, thereby effectively reducing the assembly difficulty and assembly time of the electrode head repair device 100, and thus improving the repair efficiency of the electrode head 200.
[0043] According to some embodiments of the present invention, such as Figure 3As shown, the sidewall of the mounting groove 21 has chip removal holes 211. There can be multiple chip removal holes 211, which can be evenly arranged along the sidewall of the mounting groove 21. The mounting groove 21 connects the insertion space 41 and the chip removal holes 211, so that the grinding chips of the electrode head 200 can be smoothly discharged from the chip removal port, avoiding the accumulation of grinding chips near the repair tool 30, ensuring a clean cutting environment, stabilizing the cutting force of the repair tool 30, obtaining a high-precision, high-safety, and high-efficiency machining process, and also effectively extending the service life of the repair tool 30.
[0044] Specifically, along the radial direction of the mounting base 20, the sidewall of the mounting groove 21 can form two oppositely arranged chip removal holes 211, which can construct a cross chip removal channel to improve the chip removal speed, further reduce the risk of secondary compression of grinding chips with the repair tool 30 in the mounting groove 21, further improve the working environment of the repair tool 30, and further extend the service life of the repair tool 30.
[0045] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "illustrative embodiment," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.
[0046] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1. An electrode tip repair device (100), characterized in that, include: Workbench; Mounting shaft (10), which is rotatably mounted on the worktable about a rotation axis extending in a first direction, and a mounting part (11) is fixedly provided at one end of the mounting shaft (10), which is used to fix the mounting electrode head (200). The mounting base (20) and the repair tool (30) are arranged along the first direction with the mounting shaft (10). The mounting base (20) is reciprocally mounted on the worktable along the first direction. The mounting base (20) is equipped with the repair tool (30) to drive the repair tool (30) to move synchronously along the first direction. The electrode head repair device (100) is configured such that when the mounting shaft (10) rotates, the mounting base (20) moves along the first direction toward the mounting shaft (10) so that the repair tool (30) repairs the electrode head (200).
2. The electrode head repair device (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrode head repair device (100) further includes: a mounting bushing (40), the mounting bushing (40) being mounted on the mounting base (20), and the repair tool (30) being mounted on the mounting bushing (40) to be mounted on the mounting base (20) via the mounting bushing (40).
3. The electrode head repair device (100) according to claim 2, characterized in that, The mounting bushing (40) defines an insertion space (41) extending through the mounting bushing (40) in the first direction, at least a portion of the repair tool (30) being located within the insertion space (41), and the insertion space (41) having an insertion port for inserting the electrode head (200) at the end near the mounting shaft (10).
4. The electrode head repair device (100) according to claim 3, characterized in that, The sidewall of the insertion space (41) is formed with an insertion hole (42) communicating with the insertion space (41), and the repair tool (30) is inserted into the insertion space (41) through the insertion hole (42).
5. The electrode head repair device (100) according to claim 4, characterized in that, The wall of the insertion hole (42) is in contact with and limited by the repair tool (30).
6. The electrode head repair device (100) according to claim 3, characterized in that, The mounting base (20) is formed with a mounting groove (21) that opens toward the mounting shaft (10), and at least a portion of the mounting bushing (40) is mounted in the mounting groove (21) through the open end of the mounting groove (21).
7. The electrode head repair device (100) according to claim 6, characterized in that, The mounting base (20) has a first circumferential limiting portion (22) at the end facing the mounting shaft (10), and the mounting bushing (40) has a second circumferential limiting portion (43) at the end facing the mounting shaft (10). The first circumferential limiting portion (22) and the second circumferential limiting portion (43) cooperate to limit the rotation of the mounting bushing (40) relative to the mounting base (20) around the first direction.
8. The electrode head repair device (100) according to claim 7, characterized in that, The first circumferential limiting part (22) includes two limiting blocks (221), which are opposite to each other and spaced apart along a second direction. The second circumferential limiting part (43) is a limiting flange, which is located between the two limiting blocks (221). The side of the limiting block (221) facing the limiting flange is a first plane (222), and the side of the limiting flange facing the limiting block (221) is a second plane (431). The first plane (222) and the second plane (431) are in contact.
9. The electrode head repair device (100) according to claim 7, characterized in that, The second circumferential limiting part (43) is located on the side of the mounting base (20) facing the mounting shaft (10), and the second circumferential limiting part (43) contacts and limits the end face of the mounting base (20) facing the mounting shaft (10).
10. The electrode head repair device (100) according to any one of claims 6-9, characterized in that, The mounting groove (21) has a chip removal hole (211) formed on its sidewall. The mounting groove (21) connects the insertion space (41) and the chip removal hole (211).
