A driving axle assembly suitable for a large-tonnage lithium battery forklift and a large-tonnage lithium battery forklift

Abstract

This invention relates to a drive axle assembly adapted for heavy-duty lithium-ion forklifts and the heavy-duty lithium-ion forklift itself. The assembly includes a housing of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle, half-shafts, wheel-side reducers, and a main reducer. It also includes a primary reduction mechanism and a dedicated motor connection plate. The primary reduction mechanism is located within or fixed to the input end of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing and is connected in series with the main reducer. One end of the dedicated motor connection plate is rigidly connected to the output end of the traction motor, and the other end is connected to the input end of the primary reduction mechanism. The primary reduction mechanism, the main reducer, and the wheel-side reducer together form a reduction transmission chain with a total transmission ratio of 30-45, ensuring that the driving torque output by the standard torque lithium-ion traction motor through the reduction transmission chain meets the heavy-load operating conditions of the heavy-duty forklift. This drive axle assembly, by adding a dedicated motor connection plate and a primary reduction mechanism to the existing internal combustion drive axle, effectively shortens the transmission chain, improves system reliability, and reduces development costs.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of forklift drive axle technology, specifically to a drive axle assembly adapted to a large-tonnage lithium-ion battery forklift and the large-tonnage lithium-ion battery forklift. Background Technology

[0002] With the increasing demand for green, environmentally friendly, and low-noise operating equipment in heavy-duty operations such as logistics warehousing and port terminals, heavy-duty forklifts powered by high-voltage lithium batteries are gradually replacing traditional internal combustion forklifts, becoming an important direction for technological upgrading in the industry. In the power transmission system of a heavy-duty forklift, the drive axle, as the core component connecting the power source and the driving wheels, directly determines the vehicle's heavy-duty traction capacity, climbing ability, operational reliability, and economy due to the reliability of its transmission structure, transmission efficiency, and matching characteristics with the power source.

[0003] Currently, heavy-duty high-voltage lithium-ion battery forklifts generally use the same drive axle and drive shaft transmission structure as internal combustion forklifts of the same tonnage, adopting the mature axle structure of internal combustion vehicles to reduce R&D costs. However, since the traction motor of existing heavy-duty high-voltage lithium-ion battery forklifts does not have a direct mounting docking structure with the internal combustion drive axle, and due to the mismatch in their power output and input structures, a drive shaft must be added to achieve power transmission, forming a long transmission link with multiple components connected in series. Under heavy-load start-stop, climbing, and continuous operation conditions, the multi-stage transmission components are prone to vibration superposition and resonance, resulting in excessive noise during overall machine operation. At the same time, the drive shaft is subjected to alternating torque and heavy-load impact for a long time, making it prone to fatigue damage and fracture failure, resulting in a high failure rate of the transmission system and poor overall machine reliability. Meanwhile, existing heavy-duty high-voltage lithium-ion battery forklifts directly reuse the drive axle of internal combustion forklifts of the same tonnage. This drive axle is designed to adapt to the power characteristics of internal combustion engines, resulting in a naturally small transmission ratio that is not matched to the power output characteristics of lithium-ion battery traction motors. Furthermore, the drive axle's reduction and torque-increasing capabilities are insufficient. With a fixed motor output torque, the forklift's climbing and heavy-load traction performance cannot meet the requirements of operating conditions. To compensate for these performance deficiencies, a high-torque traction motor must be selected, which not only increases the cost of motor selection, procurement, and overall vehicle manufacturing but also fails to fully utilize the power performance of conventional traction motors. This results in poor overall vehicle power adaptability and economy, affecting the user experience and hindering the promotion and application of the aforementioned heavy-duty high-voltage lithium-ion battery forklifts in the market. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, the first objective of this invention is to provide a drive axle assembly adapted for heavy-duty lithium-ion electric forklifts. This drive axle assembly has an ingenious structure that effectively utilizes existing internal combustion drive axle resources without significantly increasing development costs. By optimizing the transmission structure and parameters, it achieves efficient matching between the standard torque lithium-ion electric traction motor and the drive axle, while simultaneously reducing operating noise, improving transmission system reliability, and enhancing the user experience. This facilitates the application of the aforementioned drive axle assembly in heavy-duty lithium-ion electric forklifts. The second objective of this invention is to provide a heavy-duty lithium-ion electric forklift that, by applying the aforementioned drive axle assembly, offers the advantages of low modification costs, reduced operating noise, improved transmission system reliability, and enhanced user experience.

[0005] The aforementioned drive axle assembly adapted to a large-tonnage lithium-ion forklift is technically related to the aforementioned large-tonnage lithium-ion forklift and belongs to the same inventive concept.

[0006] To achieve the first objective mentioned above, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a drive axle assembly adapted to heavy-duty lithium-ion forklifts, comprising a primary internal combustion forklift drive axle housing, half-shafts, wheel-side reducers, and a main reducer; further comprising a primary reduction mechanism and a dedicated motor connecting plate, wherein the primary reduction mechanism is disposed within the primary internal combustion forklift drive axle housing or fixedly connected to the input end of the primary internal combustion forklift drive axle housing, and is connected in series with the main reducer; one end of the dedicated motor connecting plate is rigidly connected to the output end of the traction motor, and the other end is connected to the input end of the primary reduction mechanism; the primary reduction mechanism, the main reducer, and the wheel-side reducer together constitute a reduction transmission chain with a total transmission ratio of 30 to 45, so that the driving torque output by the standard torque lithium-ion traction motor through the reduction transmission chain meets the heavy-duty operation conditions of the heavy-duty forklift.

[0007] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the primary reduction mechanism is a planetary gear reduction mechanism, including a sun gear and a planet carrier. The sun gear is connected to the dedicated motor connecting plate, and the planet carrier is connected to the input end of the main reducer.

[0008] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the primary reduction mechanism is a parallel shaft cylindrical gear reduction mechanism, including an input gear and an output gear. The input gear is coaxially arranged with the special motor connecting plate, and the output gear is connected to the input shaft of the main reducer via a spline / coupling.

[0009] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the primary reduction mechanism shares the same lubrication chamber with the main reducer, or the primary reduction mechanism has an independent lubrication chamber and is connected to the main lubrication system through an oil passage.

[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the single-stage transmission ratio of the first-stage reduction mechanism is 2.5:1 to 4:1, and the transmission ratio of the main reducer is 3:1 to 6:1.

[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the output end of the first-stage reduction mechanism is provided with a torque limiter / overload protection device.

[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the dedicated motor connection plate includes a motor end flange, a bridge end flange, and an elastic damping element disposed between the motor end flange and the bridge end flange.

[0013] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the dedicated motor connecting plate is provided with a centering stop structure, which mates with the input end bearing seat of the drive axle housing, with a fit tolerance of H7 / h6.

[0014] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the dedicated motor connecting plate is provided with a heat insulation cavity / heat dissipation duct inside, and / or a heat insulation gasket is sandwiched between the motor end flange and the bridge end flange.

[0015] Compared with existing technologies, the beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention provides a drive axle assembly adapted to heavy-duty lithium-ion forklifts. The drive axle has a simple and ingenious structure. Based on the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing, half-shaft, and main reducer, a first-stage reduction mechanism and a dedicated motor connection plate are added. Through this added dedicated motor connection plate, the traditional drive shaft transmission structure is eliminated, achieving a direct rigid connection between the traction motor and the drive axle. This shortens the power transmission link, eliminates drive shaft resonance noise, and completely eliminates the risk of drive shaft fatigue fracture, reducing equipment maintenance frequency and costs, and significantly improving the overall vehicle's operational stability and service life. Furthermore, by adding a first-stage reduction mechanism to the original internal combustion drive axle, the overall transmission ratio of the drive axle is increased, enhancing the reduction and torque-increasing effect to match the power characteristics of the lithium-ion traction motor. Under the premise of matching a conventional standard torque traction motor, it effectively improves the forklift's climbing ability and heavy-duty traction performance, meeting the requirements of harsh operating conditions. There is no need to select a high-torque dedicated motor, reducing the overall vehicle power system configuration cost by 5% and enhancing the product's market competitiveness.

[0016] To achieve the second objective mentioned above, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a heavy-duty high-voltage lithium battery forklift, which uses the aforementioned drive axle assembly adapted to a large-tonnage lithium battery forklift.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: the heavy-duty high-voltage lithium battery forklift of the present invention, by applying the above-mentioned drive axle assembly adapted to large-tonnage lithium battery forklifts, has the advantages of low modification cost, reduced operating noise, improved transmission system reliability, and improved user experience. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a drive axle assembly adapted to a large-tonnage lithium battery forklift in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0019] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the special motor connection plate in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0020] Reference numerals in the attached diagram: 1. Original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing; 2. Traction motor; 3. Mounting bracket; 4. Adjusting screw; 5. Special motor connecting plate; 6. Splined shaft; 7. First-stage reduction mechanism; 8. Support frame. Detailed Implementation

[0021] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention is described below with reference to specific embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings. However, it should be understood that these descriptions are merely exemplary and not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Furthermore, descriptions of well-known structures and technologies are omitted in the following description to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the concept of the invention.

[0022] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this invention.

[0023] The embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0024] Example 1: As Figures 1 to 2 As shown in the figure, a drive axle assembly adapted to a heavy-duty lithium-ion forklift in this embodiment mainly consists of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1, half shafts, wheel-side reducers, and a main reducer. A first-stage reduction mechanism 7 and a dedicated motor connecting plate 5 are added to the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1. The first-stage reduction mechanism 7 is located inside the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1 and is connected in series with the main reducer to increase the overall transmission ratio of the drive axle and enhance the reduction and torque increase effect. One end of the dedicated motor connecting plate 5 is rigidly connected to the output end of the traction motor 2, and the other end is connected to the input end of the first-stage reduction mechanism 7. That is, the dedicated motor connecting plate 5 is used to realize the direct connection between the traction motor 2 and the first-stage reduction mechanism 7, thereby shortening the power transmission link and eliminating the traditional drive shaft structure.

[0025] In this embodiment, the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 adopts an NGW-type planetary gear reduction mechanism, which is arranged in the input end cavity of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1. Specifically, the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 includes a sun gear, planet gears, a planet carrier, and an internal gear ring. The sun gear is connected to the output end of the dedicated motor connecting plate 5 via a splined shaft 6, receiving the input torque from the traction motor 2; the internal gear ring is fixedly installed on the inner wall of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1, or fixed by an internal gear ring seat integrated with the axle housing; the planet gears mesh with both the sun gear 1 and the internal gear ring, and are installed on the planet carrier; the planet carrier serves as the output end, connected to the driving bevel gear shaft of the main reducer via a spline or flange structure. In this embodiment, by adopting the planetary gear reduction mechanism, the overall structure is compact, the radial dimension is small, and the arrangement can be completed without significantly changing the outer contour of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1, making full use of the axial space of the axle housing input end cavity; at the same time, planetary transmission has power splitting characteristics, strong load-bearing capacity, and is suitable for heavy-duty impact conditions of large-tonnage forklifts.

[0026] To further ensure the coaxiality of the dedicated motor connecting plate 5 and the traction motor 2, and to improve the overall rigidity and operational stability of the transmission structure, a support frame 8 is also provided outside the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1 in this embodiment. The support frame 8 provides support and positioning for the dedicated motor connecting plate 5. Furthermore, a mounting bracket 3 is fixed to the outside of the traction motor 2. The mounting bracket 3 is adjustable on the forklift frame via an adjusting screw 4. The installation position of the traction motor 2 is adjusted by adjusting the position of the adjusting screw 4 to meet the installation requirements.

[0027] The single-stage transmission ratio of the aforementioned first-stage reduction mechanism 7 is set to 2.51:1, the transmission ratio of the aforementioned main reducer is 3.15:1, and the transmission ratio of the wheel-side reducer is 4.751. The total transmission ratio after the three are connected in series is 36.1:1, which is within the preferred range of 30 to 45. This transmission ratio configuration allows the vehicle to achieve a wheel-end output torque of approximately 27,075 N·m when matched with a standard permanent magnet synchronous traction motor with a rated output torque of 750 N·m. This, after being amplified by the aforementioned total transmission ratio, meets the stringent operational requirements of 10-16 ton heavy-duty forklifts for fully loaded climbing (≥20% gradient) and heavy-duty traction, eliminating the need for a high-torque dedicated motor and effectively reducing the overall vehicle power system configuration cost.

[0028] The dedicated motor connecting plate 5 in this embodiment includes a motor end flange, a bridge end flange, and an elastic damping element disposed between the motor end flange and the bridge end flange. The dedicated motor connecting plate 5 has a centering stop structure. The motor end flange is positioned and fitted against the output end face of the traction motor 2 via the stop structure, and is secured by 12 evenly distributed high-strength bolts. The bridge end flange mates with the input end bearing seat of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1 via the centering stop structure, with a fit tolerance of H7 / h6, ensuring that the coaxiality of the motor shaft and the input shaft of the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 is controlled within 0.05 mm. The centering stop structure not only achieves precise positioning of the traction motor 2 and the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1, but also bears part of the radial load, reducing the load on the motor output end bearing.

[0029] The aforementioned elastic damping element is a torsional vibration damping disc with a vulcanized rubber-metal composite structure, and its torsional stiffness is calibrated to be 2.8 × 10⁻⁶. 4 The damping coefficient is 350 N·m·s / rad. This elastic damping element effectively absorbs the torque pulsation of the traction motor 2 and the high-frequency vibration generated by the gear meshing of the first-stage reduction mechanism 7, preventing vibrations caused by rigid connections from being directly transmitted to the traction motor 2 and the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing, significantly reducing overall machine operating noise. Simultaneously, under conditions of frequent forward and reverse rotation of the heavy-duty forklift and ground impact, the elastic damping element 53 can buffer sudden torque changes, protecting the motor bearings and reduction gears from impact damage.

[0030] The aforementioned special motor connecting plate 5 has a heat insulation cavity 5 inside, and a ceramic fiber heat insulation gasket is sandwiched between the motor end flange and the bridge end flange, which effectively blocks the heat generated by the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 and the main reducer from being transferred to the traction motor 2, thus avoiding excessive motor temperature rise that could lead to demagnetization of the permanent magnet or aging of the insulation.

[0031] The original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1 is filled with special gear lubricating oil, and the oil level should be such that it submerges 1 / 3 of the tooth height of the driven bevel gear of the main reducer. In this embodiment, the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 uses an NGW-type planetary gear reduction mechanism. The first-stage reduction mechanism 7 shares the same lubrication chamber as the main reducer. The rotation of the planetary carrier 73 can agitate the oil, enhancing its flow.

[0032] Under heavy-load continuous operation conditions, the aforementioned drive axle assembly can also be equipped with a forced lubrication system, including an electric oil pump, a filter, and independent oil injectors that lead to the meshing areas of the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 and the main reducer, respectively, to ensure sufficient lubrication under high loads.

[0033] The drive axle assembly in this embodiment also includes a wet multi-disc brake, which is installed on the transmission path between the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 and the main reducer. The wet multi-disc brake adopts a spring braking and hydraulic release (SAHR) form. The braking torque is amplified by the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 and then applied to the wheels to meet the needs of heavy-duty forklifts for parking on slopes and emergency braking. At the same time, the closed structure of the wet brake prevents dust and mud from entering, making it suitable for harsh working environments such as ports and mines, and its service life is significantly longer than that of traditional dry brakes.

[0034] Example 2: The difference between this example and Example 1 is that the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 in this example adopts a parallel-shaft cylindrical gear reduction mechanism, which is fixedly connected to the outside of the input end of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1. The first-stage reduction mechanism 7 includes an input gear shaft, an intermediate gear, and an output gear shaft. The input gear shaft is supported by bearings inside the housing of the first-stage reduction mechanism 7, and its input end is connected to the dedicated motor connecting plate 5. The intermediate gear meshes with the driving gear on the input gear shaft and the driven gear on the output gear shaft, forming a single-stage external meshing reduction transmission. The output gear shaft is supported by bearings, and its output end extends into the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1, and is connected to the driving bevel gear shaft of the main reducer via a spline. The housing of the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 is fixedly connected to the input end flange of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1 by bolts, and a sealing gasket is provided between the two to ensure the sealing of the connection. In this embodiment, the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 is arranged independently of the main reducer, which facilitates its subsequent inspection, maintenance and replacement; and the transmission ratio can be flexibly adjusted by replacing gear pairs with different numbers of teeth to meet the needs of different tonnage vehicles.

[0035] In this embodiment, the single-stage transmission ratio of the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 is set to 2.51:1, the transmission ratio of the main reducer is 3.51:1, the wheel-side reduction ratio is 4.571, and the total transmission ratio is 36.1:1, which also meets the adaptation requirements of the standard torque motor.

[0036] In this embodiment, the first-stage reduction housing is provided with an independent lubrication cavity and is connected to the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1 through an oil return hole to achieve oil level balance and circulating heat dissipation.

[0037] The drive axle assembly described in this embodiment also includes a wet multi-disc brake, which is integrated into the end of the half-shaft near the hub.

[0038] The working principle of a drive axle assembly adapted to a large-tonnage lithium battery forklift in the above embodiment is as follows: During operation, the power output by the traction motor 2 is transmitted to the first-stage reduction mechanism 7 through the dedicated motor connecting plate 5. After the first-stage reduction and torque increase, the main reducer performs a second reduction and finally drives the wheels through the half-shaft.

[0039] Compared with the prior art, the drive axle assembly in the above embodiments has the following technical advantages:

[0040] 1. Shortened transmission link and improved reliability: The dedicated motor connection plate 5 enables direct connection between the motor and the drive axle, completely eliminating the traditional drive shaft and the potential for fatigue fracture of the drive shaft; the power transmission links are reduced, vibration coupling and resonance problems are effectively suppressed, and the overall machine operating noise is reduced by 3 to 5 dB(A).

[0041] 2. Optimized transmission parameters and improved economy: By adding the above-mentioned first-stage reduction mechanism 7, the total transmission ratio of the drive axle is increased from 12-20 of the original internal combustion axle to 30-50. Under the premise of matching a standard torque motor, the wheel-end output torque is increased by more than 40%, which meets the requirements of heavy-duty operation. Compared with the selection of a high-torque special motor, the cost of the whole vehicle power system is reduced by 15%-20%.

[0042] 3. Resource reuse and reduced development costs: The original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing 1 and main reducer body are retained and modified. There is no need to redevelop the dedicated electric drive axle housing mold and production line. It is especially suitable for the electrification retrofit project of existing internal combustion forklifts, which significantly shortens the development cycle and reduces manufacturing costs.

[0043] The drive axle assembly adapted to a heavy-duty lithium-ion forklift in the above embodiments can be applied to, but is not limited to, heavy-duty high-voltage lithium-ion forklifts.

[0044] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention; therefore, the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

[0045] Although this document uses numerous reference numerals in the figures, such as 1. Original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing; 2. Traction motor; 3. Mounting bracket; 4. Adjusting screw; 5. Special motor connecting plate; 6. Splined shaft; 7. First-stage reduction mechanism; and 8. Support frame, the possibility of using other terms is not excluded. These terms are used merely for the convenience of describing and explaining the essence of the invention; interpreting them as any additional limitation would contradict the spirit of the invention.

Claims

1. A drive axle assembly adapted for heavy-duty lithium-ion forklifts, comprising a housing of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle, half-shafts, wheel-side reducers, and a main reducer; characterized in that: It also includes a primary reduction mechanism and a dedicated motor connection plate. The primary reduction mechanism is located inside the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing or fixed to the input end of the original internal combustion forklift drive axle housing and is connected in series with the main reducer. One end of the dedicated motor connection plate is rigidly connected to the output end of the traction motor, and the other end is connected to the input end of the primary reduction mechanism. The primary reduction mechanism, the main reducer, and the wheel-side reducer together form a reduction transmission chain with a total transmission ratio of 30 to 45, so that the driving torque output by the standard torque lithium battery traction motor through the reduction transmission chain meets the heavy-duty operation conditions of the heavy-duty forklift.

2. The drive axle assembly adapted for a large-tonnage lithium-ion forklift according to claim 1, characterized in that: The primary reduction mechanism is a planetary gear reduction mechanism, including a sun gear and a planet carrier. The sun gear is connected to the dedicated motor connecting plate, and the planet carrier is connected to the input end of the main reducer.

3. The drive axle assembly adapted for a large-tonnage lithium-ion forklift according to claim 1, characterized in that: The primary reduction mechanism is a parallel shaft cylindrical gear reduction mechanism, including an input gear and an output gear. The input gear is coaxially arranged with the special motor connecting plate, and the output gear is connected to the input shaft of the main reducer via a spline / coupling.

4. The drive axle assembly adapted for a large-tonnage lithium-ion forklift according to claim 1, characterized in that: The primary reduction mechanism shares the same lubrication chamber with the main reducer, or the primary reduction mechanism has an independent lubrication chamber and is connected to the main lubrication system through an oil passage.

5. The drive axle assembly adapted for a large-tonnage lithium-ion forklift according to claim 1, characterized in that: The single-stage transmission ratio of the first-stage reduction mechanism is 2.5:1 to 4:1, and the transmission ratio of the main reducer is 3:1 to 6:

1.

6. The drive axle assembly adapted for a large-tonnage lithium-ion forklift according to claim 1, characterized in that: The output end of the first-stage reduction mechanism is equipped with a torque limiter / overload protection device.

7. The drive axle assembly adapted for a large-tonnage lithium-ion forklift according to claim 1, characterized in that: The dedicated motor connection plate includes a motor end flange, a bridge end flange, and an elastic damping element disposed between the motor end flange and the bridge end flange.

8. The drive axle assembly adapted for a large-tonnage lithium-ion forklift according to claim 7, characterized in that: The dedicated motor connecting plate is provided with a centering stop structure, which mates with the input end bearing seat of the drive axle housing, with a fit tolerance of H7 / h6.

9. A drive axle assembly adapted for a large-tonnage lithium-ion forklift according to claim 8, characterized in that: The dedicated motor connecting plate is provided with a heat insulation cavity / heat dissipation duct inside, and / or a heat insulation gasket is sandwiched between the motor end flange and the bridge end flange.

10. A large-tonnage lithium-ion battery forklift, characterized in that: The application includes a drive axle assembly adapted for heavy-duty lithium-ion forklifts as described in any one of claims 1 to 9.

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