A method and device for monitoring fault slip in a mine

Abstract

This invention discloses a method and device for monitoring fault slip in mines, belonging to the field of mine fault safety monitoring technology. During monitoring, fixed points and monitoring points are set on both the upper and lower sides of the fault, respectively. A monitoring cable running through the fault plane is laid between them, and the cable length change is collected in real time using a wheeled incremental encoder. A geometric calculation model is built using the fault interface reference point, and a rectangular coordinate system with positive and negative judgment criteria and dip angle conversion rules are set. The coordinates of the measuring points before and after slip are calculated using trigonometric functions, obtaining the horizontal and vertical slip vectors of the fault. The supporting monitoring device includes a miniature spring cable retraction box, a wheeled incremental encoder, and a high-strength monitoring cable, enabling multi-point network synchronous monitoring. This invention does not require additional dip angle data collection, has a larger monitoring range, is simple to install and operate underground, and can simultaneously determine the displacement value and direction of fault slip, providing experimental evidence for early warning of underground fault instability disasters.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of mining fault slip monitoring technology, and relates to a mining fault slip monitoring method and monitoring device. Background Technology

[0002] Faults are a common geological structure in coal-bearing strata. With increasing coal mining intensity, faults are prone to slippage and instability under the influence of mining activities, becoming a significant geological hazard threatening safe mine production. On the one hand, the dynamic stress generated by fault activation can easily induce fault-type rockbursts; on the other hand, the tectonic stress generated by slippage and the mining stress are superimposed, causing intensified instability and damage to the surrounding rock near the fault, significantly impacting safe and efficient mine operation.

[0003] Fault slip monitoring is a crucial link in ensuring geological safety in mines and a vital foundation for understanding fault deformation dynamics and ensuring safe mining operations. However, existing monitoring methods still have many problems in engineering applications: first, the selection of monitoring base points lacks representativeness; second, the layout of monitoring points is too simplistic, resulting in incomplete fault slip information and low actual monitoring accuracy. This makes it difficult for existing monitoring technologies to accurately obtain real fault slip data and meet the actual needs of precise prevention and control of fault geological hazards in mines. Therefore, achieving high-precision fault slip monitoring technology has become an urgent need for precise prevention and control of fault hazards in mines.

[0004] An existing technology includes a fault slip simulation monitoring system and method based on distributed optical fiber (application number: CN202411042237.6). This system simulates and monitors fault slip by laying sensing optical fibers on a pre-fabricated rock sample cross-section, applying pressure through a triaxial pressure chamber, and collecting strain signals to calculate slip parameters. This provides a reference for related rock mechanics research and disaster early warning data acquisition. However, from a structural perspective, this method requires the integration of multiple large devices and specialized components, resulting in a complex and bulky system with high space requirements, making it unsuitable for complex terrain or space-constrained scenarios. More importantly, from an application perspective, it relies on indoor rock sample simulation without incorporating actual geological parameters of real faults. This fails to reflect the changes in fault slip under actual surrounding rock stress adjustments, leading to a disconnect between monitoring data and actual disaster early warning and protection parameter optimization, making it difficult to form a closed-loop management system.

[0005] There is another existing device and method for measuring fault slip displacement (application number: CN202311372187.3), which obtains angle and displacement data by connecting sensors to rock anchors and calculates the displacement using trigonometric functions. However, it has obvious limitations: it only uses a single anchor-type monitoring base point layout, the monitoring dimension is limited, it is difficult to fully capture the true characteristics of the three-dimensional slip of the fault, and it cannot comprehensively reflect the overall slip state of the fault.

[0006] In addition, there is a cantilever beam type fault displacement monitoring device and system in the existing technology (authorization announcement number: CN223064561U). By arranging a cantilever elastic rod, connecting plate and end piezoresistive strain gauge in a cavity perpendicular to the fault, the fault displacement pulls the elastic rod to generate deformation. The strain gauge senses the signal and transmits it to a reading device outside the tunnel wall, which can accurately measure the amount and direction of fault displacement deformation, providing data support for construction monitoring and engineering safety protection of small-angle faults. However, this device has significant limitations: First, it relies on the deformation sensing of the cantilever elastic rod, which has a limited range and fatigue resistance. It is prone to plastic deformation or fracture when facing large displacement fault displacement, resulting in monitoring failure; Second, it requires a pre-set cavity installation structure, which is difficult and costly to excavate in hard rock fault areas.

[0007] In view of the above-mentioned problems in existing fault slip monitoring technologies, there is an urgent need in this field for a method and device that can accurately measure fault slip monitoring, so as to provide scientific and reliable technical support for early warning and prevention of fault disasters in mines. Summary of the Invention

[0008] To address the shortcomings of existing mine slippage monitoring technologies, such as small measuring range, susceptibility to damage, and difficult installation, this invention provides a mine-use fault slippage monitoring method and device. Based on real-time monitoring and calculation of monitoring line length and angle data, this monitoring method can accurately determine the fault slippage amount, thereby achieving direct slippage measurement with a large measuring range, resistance to large deformations, and ease of construction.

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0010] A method for monitoring fault slip in mining, characterized in that,

[0011] Step 1: Base Point Location Planning

[0012] The monitoring points and fixed points are planned on the two sides of the fault, respectively. The fixed points are planned in the stable rock mass next to the roadway on one side of the fault, and multiple monitoring points are planned on the stable rock mass on the other side. All monitoring points are located in planes parallel to the fault plane.

[0013] Step 2: Deploy monitoring lines and obtain initial parameters

[0014] A through-hole is drilled from a fixed point at a predetermined angle, penetrating the fault. The borehole is divided into two sections by the fault plane. After drilling, the length L of the section along the borehole from the fixed point to the fault plane is measured. b Then, a cross-fault monitoring line is laid between the fixed point and the monitoring point; one end of the monitoring line is fixed to the fixed point and can extend adaptively, while the other end is locked and fixed to the monitoring point. After the laying is completed, the initial length L of the monitoring line and the initial laying inclination θ of the monitoring line are recorded. 0g And the fault dip angle α, the aforementioned parameters are combined with L bTogether they serve as the initial parameters for monitoring; the initial tilt angle θ of the monitoring line is also used. 0g It refers to the original inclination angle of the borehole;

[0015] Step 3: Obtain real-time data

[0016] When the fault slips, the length of the monitoring line is collected in real time, and the change in the length of the monitoring line ΔL is calculated by combining the initial length. The two blocks of the fault slip in parallel and opposite directions along the fault plane at equal intervals. The total change in the length of the monitoring line is the sum of the slip distances of the two blocks. Therefore, the overall slip distance of the entire monitoring block along the fault plane is 1 / 2ΔL.

[0017] Step 4: Geometric Calculation of Fault Slip

[0018] Construct a triangular geometric model consisting of the initial monitoring point A, the post-slip monitoring point A', and the intersection point C of the pre-slip monitoring line and the fault plane; combine the initial parameters with the real-time acquired length change data, and use the cosine theorem and the sine theorem to solve for the length of line segment A'C and the angle θ between line segment A'C and the horizontal plane. 1g Then, the projection decomposition is completed using the side-angle relationship of a right triangle. The projection parameters before and after the slip are compared and the absolute values ​​are taken to obtain the geometric values ​​of the horizontal and vertical slip of the fault.

[0019] θ used in the geometric derivation stage 0g θ 1g Both α and α are defined as the angle between the corresponding line segment and the horizontal line facing the monitoring point. The calculation process does not distinguish whether the line is above or below the horizontal line, and only uses the magnitude of the angle value in the calculation.

[0020] Furthermore, it also includes step five: processing of anomaly monitoring data.

[0021] Based on the time series of continuous monitoring, radiation multidimensional monitoring maps of vertical slip, horizontal slip, and slip angle of the fault were plotted. The data of the three radiation multidimensional monitoring maps were analyzed, and abnormal monitoring data were processed.

[0022] Furthermore, in step four, to simultaneously calculate the magnitude and direction of the horizontal and vertical slip of the fault, a rectangular coordinate system is established with point C as the origin. The horizontal direction towards the monitoring point is defined as the positive X-axis, and the vertical upward direction is defined as the positive Y-axis. As the calculation benchmark for the monitoring point and angles, this benchmark stipulates that: the monitoring point position is expressed in coordinate form; all angles related to the monitoring line, as well as the dip angle of the fault, are defined as the angle between the monitoring point and the positive X-axis. An angle above the positive X-axis is a positive value, and vice versa. In the coordinate system, the initial dip angle of the monitoring line is denoted as θ. 0c The tilt angle of the monitoring line after slippage is denoted as θ. 1c When the monitoring point is above the X-axis, θ 0c =θ0g When it is below the X-axis, θ 0c =-θ 0g ;θ 1c With θ 1g The conversion relationship is the same.

[0023] Based on this, the coordinates of monitoring point A and the post-slip monitoring point A' are determined, and then the horizontal and vertical slippage of the fault are calculated. The calculation steps are as follows:

[0024] 4.1: Based on the initial dip angle of the monitoring line, the fault dip angle α, and the initial parameters L and L obtained in step three. b The coordinates of A can be obtained using trigonometric functions. ;

[0025] 4.2: Using the constructed trigonometric geometric model, combined with the initial parameters obtained in step two and the real-time data obtained in step three, the length L1 from the sliding monitoring point A' to the origin C, and the angle θ between the line connecting the two points relative to the positive X-axis direction are calculated using the sine and cosine theorems. 1c ;

[0026] 4.3: Based on L1 and θ 1c The coordinates of point A' can be obtained using trigonometric functions. ;

[0027] 4.4: Determine the magnitude and direction L of the fault slip based on the coordinates of points A and A'. x and L y

[0028]

[0029]

[0030] Furthermore, in step 4.2, based on the fault type and the relative positional relationship between the monitoring point and the fixed point, the slip direction of the monitoring disk is predetermined as either upward or downward, and the corresponding L1 and θ are selected accordingly. 1c Calculation formula;

[0031] If it's an upward slide, then it's L1 and θ. 1c The calculation formula is:

[0032]

[0033]

[0034] If the downward slide occurs, then L1 and θ 1c The calculation formula is:

[0035]

[0036] .

[0037] Furthermore, the number of monitoring points is 3 to 8.

[0038] To achieve the above method, the present invention provides a mining fault slip monitoring device, characterized in that it consists of multiple sets of independent monitoring units with identical structures, each set of independent monitoring units being equipped with a wire laying and storage assembly, a length measuring assembly, and a monitoring wire; wherein:

[0039] The wire release and storage assembly is used to store and adaptively release the monitoring wire, which connects the fixed point and the monitoring point across the fault.

[0040] The length measuring component is used to sense and monitor line displacement in real time and measure the change in line length.

[0041] Furthermore, the monitoring line is made of high-strength, low-relaxation galvanized steel strand. Preferably, it is composed of 7 strands of steel wire twisted together; this twisting structure gives the monitoring line wear resistance and shear strength, and also provides structural stability.

[0042] Furthermore, the wire feeding and storage assembly is a miniature spring wire feeding box, and the miniature spring wire feeding boxes of all monitoring units are centrally fixed at a fixed point.

[0043] Furthermore, an installation base is provided on the tunnel wall of the fault plate, and the miniature spring wire distribution boxes of all monitoring units are centrally fixed on the installation base.

[0044] Furthermore, the length measuring component is a wheel-type incremental encoder, which is fixed to the outside of the wire outlet of the wire release box. The monitoring line led out from the wire outlet of the wire release box passes directly between the roller and the pressure roller of the wheel-type incremental encoder, slides freely against the wheel surface, and drives the wheel-type incremental encoder to rotate synchronously when the monitoring line is displaced to realize the measurement of the slippage.

[0045] The advantages of the method of the present invention are:

[0046] 1. The monitoring baseline adopts a combination mode of "fixed benchmark point + monitoring baseline network" to collect data synchronously through multiple monitoring lines, effectively avoiding the random errors and local disturbances of a single monitoring link, and solving the problem of insufficient data reliability of traditional single monitoring lines. In addition, the present invention can be installed by conventional drilling, without the need for complex construction structures, fundamentally overcoming the shortcomings of existing devices that are difficult to install and have high construction costs.

[0047] 2. Establish a complete technical system of "real-time acquisition of monitoring parameters - accurate calculation of trigonometric functions - drawing of multi-dimensional radiation monitoring maps - handling of outliers". By accurately calculating the fault slip through trigonometric functions and drawing multi-dimensional radiation monitoring maps in combination with time series data, and then processing the outliers in the maps, it is possible to analyze the overall situation of fault slip and significantly improve the application value of monitoring data and the timeliness of disaster early warning.

[0048] 3. This invention only requires measuring the length of each monitoring line segment and its changing length; the entire measurement process does not require collecting any angle data, which is the core innovative advantage of this invention. Traditional triangulation technology heavily relies on high-precision angle sensing equipment. This invention, through the rational layout of monitoring points, reference fixed points, and monitoring lines, fundamentally avoids the inconvenience caused by angle sensors. Attached Figure Description

[0049] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. The accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0050] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the fault slip monitoring device of the present invention;

[0051] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram showing the relative positions of the monitoring points.

[0052] Figure 3 The main view shows the relative positional relationships between the monitoring points.

[0053] Figure 4 A top view showing the relative positions of the monitoring points;

[0054] Figure 5 A side view illustrating the relative positional relationships between the monitoring points;

[0055] Figure 6-11 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the geometric relationship for calculating fault slip in Embodiments 1-6 of the present invention.

[0056] Figure 12 This is a multi-dimensional radiation monitoring map of "fault vertical slip".

[0057] Figure 13 This is a multi-dimensional radiation monitoring map of "fault horizontal slip".

[0058] Figure 14 This is a multi-dimensional radiation monitoring diagram for "the sliding angle θ1 of each monitoring point".

[0059] Figure 15 This is a flowchart of the mine fault slip monitoring method of the present invention.

[0060] In the diagram: 1-Miniature spring wire feeding box; 2-Wheel incremental encoder; 3-Monitoring line; 4-Mounting base; 5-Drill hole; 6-Tunnel wall; 7-Fixing plate; 8-Monitoring plate; 9-Fixing point; 10-Monitoring point network; 11-Tunnel;

[0061] A - Initial monitoring point; B - Fixed point; C - Intersection of the monitoring line with the fault plane in the initial state; A' - Monitoring point after slippage; A1 - Represents the first monitoring point; A2 - Second monitoring point; A3 - Third monitoring point; A4 - Fourth monitoring point; A5 - Fifth monitoring point; A6 - Sixth monitoring point.

[0062] AC represents the distance from the initial monitoring point A to point C, BC represents the distance from the fixed point B to point C, A'C represents the distance from the sliding monitoring point A' to point C, and AA' represents the distance from the initial monitoring point A to the sliding monitoring point A'. Detailed Implementation

[0063] The technical solution of this invention will be explained in detail below using six monitoring points as an example.

[0064] The monitoring device of the present invention consists of multiple independently operating monitoring units, with each monitoring point corresponding to one monitoring unit.

[0065] Figure 1 The diagram shows the component composition of a single monitoring unit, which consists of a wire feeding and storage assembly, a length measuring assembly, and a monitoring line 3. The wire feeding and storage assembly is a miniature spring wire feeding box 1, used to store and freely release the monitoring line. The length measuring assembly is a wheel-type incremental encoder 2, which is fixed to the outside of the wire outlet of the wire feeding box.

[0066] To ensure reliable overall anchoring of all monitoring units and facilitate the installation of miniature spring wire-laying boxes, mounting bases 4 are installed on the fault plate roadway wall 6 corresponding to the fixing point. The miniature spring wire-laying boxes of all monitoring units are respectively fixed to the mounting bases 4 by bolts.

[0067] In this embodiment, the monitoring line 3 is made of high-strength, low-relaxation galvanized steel strand, which is made of 7 strands of steel wire; the miniature spring wire release box 1 is a DYH-1807 industrial-grade miniature spring wire reel; and the wheel-type incremental encoder 2 is a BQH5 mining intrinsically safe incremental encoder.

[0068] The mechanism by which the above-mentioned monitoring device is used to monitor fault slip is briefly described below:

[0069] A fault consists of two disks, upper and lower, which move in opposite directions and parallel at equal intervals along the fault plane when slip occurs. Based on this movement characteristic, during slip, only the slip distance of one disk needs to be monitored, while the other disk serves as the fixed end of the monitoring line. The fault plane divides the entire borehole into two connected sections. The monitoring line runs through the borehole and is arranged across the fault plane, with its two ends fixed to the fault fixed disk and the monitoring disk, respectively. Constrained by the borehole, the length and spatial orientation of the monitoring line within the two disks remain constant. The increase in the length of the monitoring line is equal to the sum of the slip lengths of the two disks along the fault plane, and the midpoint of the increased length segment of the monitoring line is the intersection point of the monitoring line and the fault plane before slip. Using this intersection point as a reference, the amount of fault slip can be obtained by comparing the positions of the monitoring points before and after slip.

[0070] To simplify calculations, a rectangular coordinate system was designed to represent the slip distance of the monitoring points in coordinate form. This simplifies the slip distance of the monitoring line to the change in the coordinate position of the monitoring points. Therefore, a △AA′C triangle geometric model was constructed using the original monitoring points, the slipped monitoring points, and an auxiliary reference point (this auxiliary reference point is the intersection of the initial state of the monitoring line and the fault, and also the midpoint of the slipped monitoring line's distribution along the fault plane). The slip displacement was calculated by combining coordinate data and angle determination rules.

[0071] In addition, different faults have different lithologies and structures. Furthermore, the fixed points need to be located beside the fault single-panel roadway 11. The location of the fixed point in the pan (hanging or footwall) is determined by the fault structure and the strike of the strata, which leads to the slip direction of the monitoring point being non-unique and determined by the fault geological characteristics. Therefore, this characteristic must be fully considered in the slip calculation process.

[0072] Based on the above monitoring mechanism, this invention designs a corresponding fault slip monitoring technology solution, and the detailed implementation steps are as follows:

[0073] In all the formulas below, the angle θ 0g θ 1g α and α both refer to the angle between the relevant line segment and the horizontal line pointing towards the monitoring line, and are both taken as positive values. In the subsequent coordinate calculation stage, the angle θ, which has both positive and negative values, will be used. 0c θ 1c .

[0074] Step 1: Base Point Location Planning

[0075] The monitoring baseline is divided into fixed points 9 and monitoring points, which are respectively located on the two sides of the fault. The fault side adjacent to the tunnel wall 6 is designated as the fixed side 7, and the other side is designated as the monitoring side 8; fixed points 9 are located on the fixed side 7, and monitoring points are located on the monitoring side 8. In this embodiment, the first to sixth monitoring points A1-A6 are planned on the monitoring side 8. The first to sixth monitoring points A1-A6 are arranged in a regular hexagon, forming a monitoring point network 10. The surface formed by the monitoring point network 10 is parallel to the fault plane. The planned location of fixed points 9 is in the stable rock mass next to the tunnel wall 6 of the fixed side 7. The result is as follows: Figure 2-5 As shown.

[0076] Step 2: Deploy monitoring devices and acquire initial parameters

[0077] Six through-holes 5 are drilled from the fixed point at a preset angle toward the monitoring panel. The boreholes pass through the fault and are divided into two sections by the fault plane. After drilling, the dust inside the boreholes is cleaned, and the length L of the borehole section on the side of the fixed panel is measured before the monitoring line is laid. b This length is the length of the monitoring line inside the fixed plate;

[0078] Subsequently, the miniature spring wire release boxes 1 of the six monitoring devices are concentrated and fixed on the mounting base 4 at the fixed point B. The wheel-type incremental encoder is fixed to the outside of the wire outlet of each miniature spring wire release box 1 by a bracket. The monitoring wire 3, which is wound inside the miniature spring wire release box 1, is led out from the wire outlet of the wire release box, passes between the roller and the pressure roller of the wheel-type incremental encoder 2, and then extends to the monitoring point through the corresponding drill hole and is anchored on the anchoring component. The monitoring wire is laid across the fault plane and can be released autonomously as the fault slides.

[0079] Finally, all the signal lines of the wheel incremental encoders have been led out through cables and connected to the data acquisition device. The data acquisition device is used to record and store monitoring data in real time, and can transmit the data to the monitoring terminal via wired or wireless means.

[0080] At this point, the deployment and installation of all monitoring units are complete. After installation, the initial length L of the monitoring line in each borehole and the length L of the monitoring line inside the fixed plate are collected. b and the initial tilt angle θ of the monitoring line 0g The fault dip angle α is used as the initial parameter for later calculations of slip. The initial dip angle θ of the monitoring line is set. 0g It is actually the original inclination angle of the borehole.

[0081] Step 3: Obtain real-time data

[0082] When the fault slips, the monitoring disk and the fixed disk slide in opposite directions parallel to the fault plane. During the slip, the monitoring point, along with the monitoring line, is pulled out from the miniature spring wire box 1 at the fixed point. The monitoring line changes, and the wheel-type incremental encoder 2 at the fixed point collects the total length of the monitoring line in real time. The length change value ΔL is calculated by combining the initial length.

[0083] Step 4: Geometric Calculation of Fault Slip

[0084] Because the monitoring point and fixed point B can have various relative positional relationships, the following will combine... Figure 6-11 The six embodiments are used to calculate and deduce different point layout methods one by one.

[0085] Example 1:

[0086] Fixed point B is positioned below origin point C, while initial monitoring point A and the slidable monitoring point A' are both above origin point C. This corresponds to the monitoring disk sliding upwards and the fixed disk sliding downwards.

[0087] 4.1: See reference Figure 6 Line segment AC = LL b The angle between line segment AC and the horizontal plane is equal to the original inclination angle θ of the borehole. 0g Based on the principle of right triangles, the value of monitoring point A is calculated.

[0088] Horizontal projection value:

[0089] Vertical projection value:

[0090] Based on this, the detailed derivation process of step 4.2 is as follows:

[0091] 4.2: Calculate the length of the monitoring line A'C in the monitoring panel (denoted as L1) and the angle between A'C and the horizontal plane (denoted as θ) using △AA'C. 1g ):

[0092] 4.2.1: Solving for the interior angle ∠A'AC of a triangle using the parallel relationship

[0093] Line segment AA' is parallel to the fault plane. According to the geometric theorem that alternate angles within parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α and the known borehole angle θ are given. 0g The angle conversion relationship between the interior angle ∠A'AC and the interior angle is as follows:

[0094]

[0095] 4.2.2: Calculate the length L1 of line segment A'C using the Law of Cosines.

[0096] In △AA'C, AA'= 1 / 2Δ L AC=LL b The included angle is According to the Law of Cosines:

[0097]

[0098] Substituting the geometric parameters, we get:

[0099]

[0100] 4.2.3: Solving for the interior angle ∠AA'C of a triangle using the Law of Sines

[0101] After calculating the length L1 of line segment A'C, continue to use the side-angle relationship of △AA'C and the sine theorem to calculate the interior angle ∠AA'C of the triangle, that is:

[0102]

[0103] Set the geometric parameter AC=LL b A'C=L1, Substituting into the above equation, we get:

[0104]

[0105] The interior angle ∠AA'C is obtained by performing arcsine function operations.

[0106]

[0107] 4.2.4: Solving for θ based on parallel relationships 1g

[0108] Line segments AA' and CD are parallel to each other. According to the geometric theorem that alternate interior angles of parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α, the interior angle ∠AA'C, and the angle θ to be determined are... 1g Satisfy the angle difference relationship:

[0109]

[0110]

[0111] 4.3: Calculate the horizontal and vertical projection values ​​of point A' using the results from step 4.2.

[0112] Horizontal projection value:

[0113] Vertical projection value:

[0114] 4.4: Compare the horizontal projection values ​​of the initial monitoring point A and the monitoring point A' after slippage and take the absolute value to obtain the horizontal slippage distance of the fault; compare the vertical projection values ​​of the two and take the absolute value to obtain the geometric value of the vertical slippage distance of the fault.

[0115] Example 2:

[0116] Fixed point B is positioned above origin C, while initial monitoring point A and subsequent monitoring point A' are both located below origin C (see...). Figure 7This situation also corresponds to the monitoring panel sliding upwards and the fixed panel sliding downwards; see reference [link / reference needed]. Figure 7 .

[0117] The derivation results of steps 4.1, 4.3, and 4.4 in Example 2 are the same as those in Example 1, and the logical derivation process of step 4.2 is also the same as that in Example 1. However, due to different operating conditions, the derivation results of each step are different. The specific derivation process is as follows:

[0118] 4.2: Calculate the length of the monitoring line A'C in the monitoring panel (denoted as L1) and the angle between A'C and the horizontal plane (denoted as θ) using △AA'C. 1g ):

[0119] 4.2.1: Solving for the interior angle ∠A'AC of a triangle using the parallel relationship

[0120] Line segment AA' is parallel to the fault plane. According to the geometric theorem that alternate angles within parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α and the known initial borehole dip angle θ... 0g The angle conversion relationship between the interior angle ∠A'AC and the interior angle is as follows:

[0121]

[0122] 4.2.2: Calculate the length L1 of line segment A'C using the Law of Cosines.

[0123] In △AA'C, AA'= 1 / 2Δ L , AC=L - L b The included angle is According to the Law of Cosines:

[0124] Substituting the geometric parameters, we get:

[0125]

[0126] 4.2.3: Solving for the interior angle ∠AA'C of a triangle using the Law of Sines

[0127] After calculating the length L1 of line segment A'C, continue to use the side-angle relationship of △AA'C and the sine theorem to calculate the interior angle ∠AA'C of the triangle, that is:

[0128] ,

[0129] Set the geometric parameter AC=LL b A'C=L1, Substituting into the above equation, we get:

[0130]

[0131] The interior angle ∠AA'C is obtained by performing arcsine function operations.

[0132]

[0133] 4.2.4: Solving for θ based on parallel relationships 1g

[0134] Line segments AA' and CD are parallel to each other. According to the geometric theorem that alternate interior angles of parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α, the interior angle ∠AA'C, and the angle θ to be determined are... 1g Satisfy the angle difference relationship:

[0135]

[0136]

[0137] Example 3:

[0138] Fixed point B is positioned above origin C, initial monitoring point A is below origin C, and after sliding, monitoring point A' is above origin C. This situation also corresponds to the monitoring disk sliding upwards and the fixed disk sliding downwards. See [reference needed]. Figure 8 .

[0139] The derivation results of steps 4.1, 4.3, and 4.4 in Example 3 are the same as those in Example 1. The logical derivation process of step 4.2 is also the same as that in Example 1. However, due to different operating conditions, the derivation results of each step are different. The specific derivation process is as follows:

[0140] 4.2: Calculate the length of the monitoring line A'C in the monitoring panel (denoted as L1) and the angle between A'C and the horizontal plane (denoted as θ) using △AA'C. 1g ):

[0141] 4.2.1: Solving for the interior angle ∠A'AC of a triangle using the parallel relationship

[0142] Line segment AA' is parallel to the fault plane. According to the geometric theorem that alternate angles within parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α and the known borehole angle θ are given. 0g The angle conversion relationship between the interior angle ∠A'AC and the interior angle is as follows:

[0143]

[0144] 4.2.2: Calculate the length L1 of line segment A'C using the Law of Cosines.

[0145] In △AA'C, AA' = AC=LL b The included angle is According to the Law of Cosines:

[0146]

[0147] Substituting the geometric parameters, we get:

[0148]

[0149] 4.2.3: Solving for the interior angle ∠AA'C of a triangle using the Law of Sines

[0150] After calculating the length L1 of line segment A'C, continue to use the side-angle relationship of △AA'C and the sine theorem to calculate the interior angle ∠AA'C of the triangle, that is:

[0151]

[0152] Set the geometric parameter AC=LL b A'C=L1, Substituting into the above equation, we get:

[0153]

[0154] The interior angle ∠AA'C is obtained by performing arcsine function operations.

[0155]

[0156] 4.2.4: Solving for θ based on parallel relationships 1g

[0157] Line segments AA' and CD are parallel to each other. According to the geometric theorem that alternate interior angles of parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α, the interior angle ∠AA'C, and the angle θ to be determined are... 1g Satisfy the angle difference relationship:

[0158]

[0159]

[0160] Example 4:

[0161] Fixed point B is positioned above origin point C, while initial monitoring point A and the slidable monitoring point A' are both below origin point. This corresponds to the monitoring disk sliding downwards and the fixed disk sliding upwards. (See reference...) Figure 9 .

[0162] The derivation results of steps 4.1, 4.3, and 4.4 in Example 4 are the same as those in Example 1. The logical derivation process of step 4.2 is also the same as that in Example 1. However, due to different operating conditions, the derivation results of each step are different. The specific derivation process is as follows:

[0163] 4.2: Calculate the length of the monitoring line A'C in the monitoring panel (denoted as L1) and the angle between A'C and the horizontal plane (denoted as θ) using △AA'C.1g ):

[0164] 4.2.1: Solving for the interior angle ∠A'AC of a triangle using the parallel relationship

[0165] Line segment AA' is parallel to the fault plane. According to the geometric theorem that alternate angles within parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α and the known borehole angle θ are given. 0g The angle conversion relationship between the interior angle ∠A'AC and the interior angle is as follows:

[0166]

[0167] 4.2.2: Calculate the length L1 of line segment A'C using the Law of Cosines.

[0168] In △AA'C, AA'= 1 / 2Δ L AC=LL b The included angle is According to the Law of Cosines:

[0169] Substituting the geometric parameters, we get:

[0170]

[0171] 4.2.3: Solving for the interior angle ∠AA'C of a triangle using the Law of Sines

[0172] After calculating the length L1 of line segment A'C, continue to use the side-angle relationship of △AA'C and the sine theorem to calculate the interior angle ∠AA'C of the triangle, that is:

[0173] ,

[0174] Set the geometric parameter AC=LL b A'C=L1, Substituting into the above equation, we get:

[0175]

[0176] The interior angle ∠AA'C is obtained by performing arcsine function operations.

[0177]

[0178] 4.2.4: Solving for θ based on parallel relationships 1g

[0179] Line segments AA' and CD are parallel to each other. According to the geometric theorem that alternate interior angles of parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α, the interior angle ∠AA'C, and the angle θ to be determined are... 1g Satisfy the angle difference relationship:

[0180]

[0181]

[0182] Example 5:

[0183] Fixed point B is positioned below origin point C, while initial monitoring point A and the slidable monitoring point A' are both above origin point. This situation corresponds to the monitoring disk sliding downwards and the fixed disk sliding upwards; see reference [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 10 .

[0184] The derivation results of steps 4.1, 4.3, and 4.4 in Example 5 are the same as those in Example 1. The logical derivation process of step 4.2 is also the same as that in Example 1. However, due to different operating conditions, the derivation results of each step are different. The specific derivation process is as follows:

[0185] 4.2: Calculate the length of the monitoring line A'C in the monitoring panel (denoted as L1) and the angle between A'C and the horizontal plane (denoted as θ) using △AA'C. 1g ):

[0186] 4.2.1: Solving for the interior angle ∠A'AC of a triangle using the parallel relationship

[0187] Line segment AA' is parallel to the fault plane. According to the geometric theorem that alternate angles within parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α and the known borehole angle θ are given. 0g The angle conversion relationship between the interior angle ∠A'AC and the interior angle is as follows:

[0188]

[0189] 4.2.2: Calculate the length L1 of line segment A'C using the Law of Cosines.

[0190] In △AA'C, AA'= 1 / 2Δ L AC=LL b The included angle is According to the Law of Cosines:

[0191]

[0192] Substituting the geometric parameters, we get:

[0193] 4.2.3: Solving for the interior angle ∠AA'C of a triangle using the Law of Sines

[0194] After calculating the length L1 of line segment A'C, continue to use the side-angle relationship of △AA'C and the sine theorem to calculate the interior angle ∠AA'C of the triangle, that is:

[0195] ,

[0196] Set the geometric parameter AC=LL b A'C=L1, Substituting into the above equation, we get:

[0197]

[0198] The interior angle ∠AA'C is obtained by performing arcsine function operations.

[0199]

[0200] 4.2.4: Solving for θ based on parallel relationships 1g

[0201] Line segments AA' and CD are parallel to each other. According to the geometric theorem that alternate interior angles of parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α, the interior angle ∠AA'C, and the angle θ to be determined are... 1g Satisfy the angle difference relationship:

[0202]

[0203] .

[0204] Example 6:

[0205] Fixed point B is positioned below origin point C, while initial monitoring point A and the slidable monitoring point A' are located above and below the origin, respectively. This situation corresponds to the monitoring disk sliding downwards and the fixed disk sliding upwards. See [reference needed]. Figure 11 .

[0206] The derivation results of steps 4.1, 4.3, and 4.4 in Example 6 are the same as those in Example 1. The logical derivation process of step 4.2 is also the same as that in Example 1. However, due to different operating conditions, the derivation results of each step are different. The specific derivation process is as follows:

[0207] 4.2: Calculate the length of the monitoring line A'C in the monitoring panel (denoted as L1) and the angle between A'C and the horizontal plane (denoted as θ) using △AA'C. 1g ):

[0208] 4.2.1: Solving for the interior angle ∠A'AC of a triangle using the parallel relationship

[0209] Line segment AA' is parallel to the fault plane. According to the geometric theorem that alternate angles within parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α and the known borehole angle θ are given. 0g The angle conversion relationship between the interior angle ∠A'AC and the interior angle is as follows:

[0210]

[0211] 4.2.2: Calculate the length L1 of line segment A'C using the Law of Cosines.

[0212] In △AA'C, AA'= 1 / 2Δ L AC=LL b The included angle is According to the Law of Cosines:

[0213]

[0214] Substituting the geometric parameters, we get:

[0215]

[0216] 4.2.3: Solving for the interior angle ∠AA'C of a triangle using the Law of Sines

[0217] After calculating the length L1 of line segment A'C, continue to use the side-angle relationship of △AA'C and the sine theorem to calculate the interior angle ∠AA'C of the triangle, that is:

[0218] ,

[0219] Set the geometric parameter AC=LL b A'C=L1, Substituting into the above equation, we get:

[0220]

[0221] The interior angle ∠AA'C is obtained by performing arcsine function operations.

[0222]

[0223] 4.2.4: Solving for θ based on parallel relationships 1g

[0224] Line segments AA' and CD are parallel to each other. According to the geometric theorem that alternate interior angles of parallel lines are equal, the fault dip angle α, the interior angle ∠AA'C, and the angle θ to be determined are... 1g Satisfy the angle difference relationship:

[0225]

[0226] .

[0227] L1 and θ are derived from the above six embodiments. 1g The results show that, due to the positional relationship between the initial monitoring point A and the sliding monitoring point A' relative to the origin of the coordinate system, the calculation formulas of each embodiment are inconsistent when only the angle value is used for pure geometric derivation.

[0228] To simultaneously calculate the magnitude and direction of the horizontal and vertical slip of the fault, and to simplify the calculation, a rectangular coordinate system is established with point C as the origin. The horizontal direction towards the monitoring point is defined as the positive X-axis, and the vertical upward direction is defined as the positive Y-axis. This coordinate system serves as a unified standard for determining the sign of the dip angle corresponding to the initial and post-slip monitoring points. This standard stipulates that the monitoring point position is expressed in coordinate form; all angles related to the monitoring line, as well as the dip angle of the fault, are defined as the angle between the monitoring line and the positive X-axis. Angles above the positive X-axis are positive, and those below are negative. In this coordinate system, the initial dip angle of the monitoring line is denoted as θ. 0c The tilt angle of the monitoring line after slippage is denoted as θ. 1c；

[0229] Since the fault dip angle is an inherent occurrence of the strata and only represents the dip amplitude of the rock strata, it does not have a distinction between upper and lower positions. Therefore, regardless of whether this rectangular coordinate system is established, α is always a positive value.

[0230] Based on the aforementioned rules for determining the sign of the tilt angle, the correspondence between geometric angles and coordinate tilt angles is as follows:

[0231] In Example 1, monitoring point A and the sliding monitoring point A′ are both located above the X-axis, with the following correspondence: , ;

[0232] In Example 2, both monitoring point A and the sliding monitoring point A′ are located below the X-axis, with the following correspondence: , ;

[0233] In Example 3, monitoring point A is located below the X-axis, and after sliding, monitoring point A′ is located above the X-axis. The corresponding relationship is as follows: , ;

[0234] In Example 4, both monitoring point A and the sliding monitoring point A′ are located below the X-axis, with the following correspondence: , ;

[0235] In Example 5, both monitoring point A and the sliding monitoring point A′ are located above the X-axis, with the following correspondence: , ;

[0236] In Example 6, monitoring point A is located above the X-axis, and after sliding, monitoring point A′ is located below the X-axis. The corresponding relationship is as follows: , ;

[0237] According to the aforementioned rules for determining the sign of the tilt angle, θ, which only represents the magnitude of the angle in the geometric derivation formulas of Examples 1 to 6, is used instead. 0g θ 1gReplace with θ in the coordinate system with positive and negative labels. 0c θ 1c Thus, L1 and θ in the coordinate system are obtained. 1c The calculation formula is as follows: Then:

[0238] The unified calculation formula after conversion of Examples 1-3 for the upward sliding of the monitoring plate is as follows:

[0239]

[0240]

[0241] The unified calculation formula after conversion of Examples 4-6 (where the monitoring panel slides downwards) is as follows:

[0242]

[0243]

[0244] This result is consistent with the general formula described in the invention.

[0245] Thus, in step 4.4: the fault slip vector L is solved based on the coordinate values ​​of points A and A'. x and L y

[0246]

[0247]

[0248] The slip vector L obtained based on this coordinate system x and L y It can not only obtain the absolute displacement of the monitoring point, but also accurately distinguish the relative orientation of the monitoring points A and A′ before and after the slippage based on the positive and negative values.

[0249] Using the above method, the fault slip displacement values ​​of each measuring point can be obtained continuously over time. To transform the obtained continuously changing fault slip displacement data into fault disaster early warning information that can directly serve mine safety production, this invention adds a fifth step to perform multi-dimensional graphical processing and anomaly discrimination analysis on the continuous monitoring time series. Relying on the multi-dimensional radiation monitoring map, the evolution law of fault slip is intuitively presented, and abrupt changes in slip anomalies are quickly identified, providing quantitative support for underground fault disaster early warning and mining protection decisions. The specific method is as follows:

[0250] Step 5.1: Drawing a multi-dimensional radiation monitoring map

[0251] Based on the continuous monitoring time series (t0, t0+Δt, ..., where Δt is the monitoring time interval), radiometric multidimensional monitoring maps of "fault vertical slip", "fault horizontal slip", and "fault slip angle" were plotted. The results are as follows: Figure 12 , 13 As shown in Figure 14, the values ​​in the figure are for illustrative purposes only and do not represent the actual values.

[0252] Step 5.2: Anomaly Monitoring Data Processing

[0253] Based on the constructed multi-dimensional radiation monitoring maps of "vertical fault slip," "horizontal fault slip," and "fault slip angle," the abnormal monitoring data were analyzed. The constructed multi-dimensional radiation monitoring maps consist of multiple ring-shaped layers, with the numerical interval between adjacent layers being 1 dm from the center outwards. Figure 12 , 13 ), 10° Figure 14 The values ​​increase progressively with each concentric circle. Data cleaning is performed on all monitored values ​​to remove outliers; the lower limit T of the value is determined based on the remaining valid monitoring data. min The upper limit of the sum T max It will be no greater than T min The nearest concentric circle is set as the inner threshold concentric circle, and the threshold value is not less than T. max The nearest threshold layer is set as the outer threshold layer; the annular region enclosed by the inner and outer threshold layers is taken as the normal interval; if the projection point corresponding to the monitoring point falls inside the inner threshold layer (the value is less than T), the normal interval is defined as follows: min ) or the outer edge of the outer threshold layer (value greater than T) max The data at that measurement point was determined to be a suspected outlier.

[0254] For example: Multi-dimensional monitoring map of "fault vertical slip" ( Figure 12In this study, after cleaning all monitoring data, outlier data of 7.85 dm was removed. Based on the remaining valid monitoring data, the lower limit of the value was determined to be 10.03 dm and the upper limit to be 10.36 dm. Therefore, the inner threshold circle is 10 dm and the outer threshold circle is 11 dm. If the value of a monitoring point is less than 10 dm or greater than 11 dm, the data at that monitoring point is determined to be a suspected outlier. The monitoring value of the fourth monitoring point A4 is 7.85 dm, which is inside the inner threshold circle, so the data at this point is determined to be a suspected outlier. The data from the remaining five monitoring points (A1-A3 and A5-A6) ranged from 10.03 to 10.36 dm, all within the normal range enclosed by the inner and outer threshold layers. The monitoring results from monitoring point A4 deviated significantly from the other points, making it impossible to directly determine whether the data was valid slip data or abnormal data. To clarify the data validity, supplementary verification monitoring was conducted: a new monitoring network was deployed around the fourth monitoring point A4, and the fault slip volume monitoring was repeated. If the monitoring data from the new monitoring points were consistent with the original data from monitoring points A1, A2, A3, A5, and A6, and only the data from the original monitoring point A4 was abnormal, then the data was determined to be abnormal and removed. If the slip volume from the new monitoring points all showed a trend consistent with the data from the original monitoring point A4 and was significantly lower than that of the surrounding monitoring area, then the data was considered valid and retained.

[0255] Reference Figure 12 Data analysis logic, Figure 13 , Figure 14 The corresponding monitoring data of "horizontal fault slip" and "fault slip angle" are analyzed using the same judgment process. The implementation process of data cleaning, threshold layer selection, suspected anomaly judgment and subsequent supplementary verification is the same as the above content, and will not be repeated here.

[0256] The above is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not constitute a limitation on the technical solution of the present invention. Any modifications or refinements made without creative effort based on the technical solution of the present invention shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention, and the specific details shall be subject to the contents of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for monitoring fault slip in mining, characterized in that, Step 1: Base Point Location Planning Fixed points and multiple monitoring points were set up on both sides of the fault. Fixed points were set up in the stable rock mass next to the roadway, and monitoring points were set up on the other side of the stable rock mass. The plane where each monitoring point is located is parallel to the fault plane. Step 2: Deploy monitoring lines and obtain initial parameters Drill a through-hole through the fault at a predetermined angle from a fixed point. After the hole is completed, measure the distance L from the fixed point to the fault plane. b A cross-fault monitoring line is laid between the fixed point and the monitoring point; one end of the monitoring line is fixed at the fixed point and can extend adaptively, while the other end is anchored at the monitoring point; the initial length L and the initial dip angle θ of the monitoring line are recorded. 0g and fault dip angle α; Step 3: Obtain real-time data When the fault slips, the length of the monitoring line is collected in real time, and the change in the length of the monitoring line ΔL is calculated by combining it with the initial length. The overall slip distance of the entire monitoring panel along the fault plane is 1 / 2ΔL. Step 4: Geometric Calculation of Fault Slip A triangular geometric model is constructed, consisting of the initial monitoring point A, the post-slip monitoring point A', and the intersection point C of the pre-slip monitoring line and the fault plane. Based on the geometric model, the horizontal and vertical distances of A and A' relative to C are calculated. The two sets of distances are subtracted to obtain the geometric value of the fault slip. The above θ 0g θ 1g Both are defined as the angle between the monitoring line before and after slippage and the horizontal line facing the monitoring point, and α is also the angle between the fault plane and the horizontal line facing the monitoring point.

2. The mining fault slip monitoring method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step four, based on the geometric model and combining initial parameters with real-time data, the length of line segment A'C and the angle θ between line segment A'C and the horizontal plane are calculated sequentially using the cosine theorem and the sine theorem. 1g The horizontal and vertical distances of monitoring point A' relative to C after sliding are obtained using the side-angle relationships of a right triangle; simultaneously, the initial inclination angle θ of the monitoring line is used as a reference. 0g And the initial line segment length AC, the horizontal and vertical distances of the initial measuring point A relative to C are calculated using the side-angle relationship of a right triangle. The two sets of distances are subtracted respectively to obtain the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical slip of the fault.

3. The mining fault slip monitoring method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The process also includes step five: processing of abnormal monitoring data: based on the time series of continuous monitoring, radiation multidimensional monitoring maps of vertical slip, horizontal slip, and slip angle of the fault are drawn respectively, the data of the three radiation multidimensional monitoring maps are analyzed respectively, and the abnormal monitoring data are processed.

4. The mining fault slip monitoring method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, in step four, the magnitude and direction of the horizontal and vertical slip of the fault are calculated simultaneously by establishing a rectangular coordinate system, the specific process of which is as follows: A rectangular coordinate system is established with point C as the origin. The horizontal direction towards the monitoring point is defined as the positive X-axis, and the vertical upward direction is defined as the positive Y-axis. The dip angle of the monitoring line and the dip angle of the fault are both defined as the angles with the positive X-axis, with positive values ​​above the positive X-axis and negative values ​​below it. In this coordinate system, the initial dip angle of the monitoring line is denoted as θ. 0c The tilt angle of the monitoring line after slippage is denoted as θ. 1c The fault dip angle α is always positive. When the monitoring point is above the X-axis, θ 0c =θ 0g When it is below the X-axis, θ 0c =-θ 0g ;θ 1c With θ 1g The conversion relationships are similar; based on this, the solution is as follows: 4.1: Based on the initial dip angle of the monitoring line, the fault dip angle α, and the initial parameters L and L obtained in step three. b The coordinates of A can be determined using trigonometric functions: 4.2: Using the constructed trigonometric geometric model, combined with the initial parameters obtained in step two and the real-time data obtained in step three, the length L1 from the sliding monitoring point A' to the origin C, and the angle θ between the line connecting the two points relative to the positive X-axis direction are calculated using the sine and cosine theorems. 1c ; 4.3: Based on L1 and θ 1c The coordinates of point A' can be obtained using trigonometric functions. ; 4.4: Determine the magnitude and direction L of the fault slip based on the coordinates of points A and A'. x and L y 。 5. The mining fault slip monitoring method as described in claim 4, characterized in that, In step 4.2, based on the fault type and the relative positional relationship between the monitoring point and the fixed point, the slip direction of the monitoring disk is predetermined as either upward or downward, and the corresponding L1 and θ are selected accordingly. 1c Calculation formula: If the monitoring disk slides upwards, then L1 and θ 1c The calculation formula is: ； If the monitoring disk slides downwards, then L1 and θ 1c The calculation formula is: 。 6. A monitoring device for implementing the mining fault slip monitoring method according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, It consists of multiple independent monitoring units with identical structures, each equipped with a wire laying and storage assembly, a length measuring assembly, and a monitoring line; among which: The wire release and storage assembly is used to store and adaptively release the monitoring wire, which connects the fixed point and the monitoring point across the fault. The length measuring component is used to sense and monitor line displacement in real time and measure the change in line length.

7. The monitoring device as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The monitoring line is made of high-strength, low-relaxation galvanized steel strand; preferably, it is made of 7 strands of steel wire twisted together.

8. The monitoring device as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The wire feeding and storage assembly is a miniature spring wire feeding box, and all the miniature spring wire feeding boxes of the monitoring units are centrally fixed at a fixed point.

9. The monitoring device as described in claim 6, characterized in that, An installation base is provided on the tunnel wall of the fault plate, and the miniature spring wire boxes of all monitoring units are centrally fixed on the installation base.

10. The monitoring device as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The length measuring component is a wheel-type incremental encoder, which is fixed to the outside of the wire outlet of the wire release box. The monitoring line led out from the wire outlet of the wire release box passes directly between the roller and the pressure roller of the wheel-type incremental encoder, slides freely against the wheel surface, and drives the wheel-type incremental encoder to rotate synchronously when the monitoring line moves to realize the measurement of the slippage.

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