A method and system for warning of scouring and instability of a slope toe of a waste dump based on identification of drainage cutoff failure

Abstract

This invention discloses a method and system for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risks at spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification, belonging to the field of soil and water conservation monitoring and slope safety early warning technology. The method first divides the spoil heap into catchment zones and corresponding drainage paths; calculates the inflow demand based on rainfall parameters; quantifies the degree of drainage capacity reduction based on the status of drainage facilities to obtain the current effective drainage capacity; and matches and judges events indicating insufficient drainage capacity. Simultaneously, it monitors slope toe scour and spoil heap deformation status to identify corresponding risk events; finally, it classifies risk levels based on the spatial and temporal event chain correlations and outputs graded early warnings and disposal suggestions. This invention moves risk identification forward to the stage of drainage failure and slope toe scour, effectively improving the timeliness and reliability of spoil heap instability collapse early warning under heavy rainfall.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the fields of soil and water conservation monitoring, spoil disposal site safety monitoring and slope disaster risk early warning technology, and in particular to a method and system for early warning of spoil disposal site slope toe scour and instability collapse risk based on drainage failure identification. Background Technology

[0002] Production and construction projects, pumped storage projects, and large-scale infrastructure projects in mountainous and hilly areas typically require the establishment of spoil disposal sites and temporary material storage areas. These sites are often located in areas with complex water catchment conditions, such as valleys and slopes, and their safety is affected by a combination of factors, including rainfall runoff, the operational status of drainage facilities, slope toe support conditions, and the deformation response of the stockpile.

[0003] Existing safety monitoring technologies for spoil heaps primarily focus on indicators such as rainfall, slope displacement, crack development, pore water pressure, and overall stability coefficient, which can only reflect the deformation or stability changes that have already occurred in the spoil heap. In engineering practice, spoil heap instability and collapse typically follow a gradual evolutionary pattern: initially, interception ditches, drainage ditches, and rapid flow channels become blocked, silted up, narrowed in cross-section, or damaged, leading to a decrease in drainage capacity; when the drainage capacity cannot match the rainfall volume, rainwater flows disorderly along the slope or flows down in concentrated streams, continuously eroding the soil at the toe of the slope; after the support conditions at the toe of the slope weaken, under the influence of continuous rainfall, it gradually develops into local landslides, overall instability, or even collapse.

[0004] The existing technology has the following obvious defects: First, the monitoring of drainage facilities can only output a binary state result of "blocked / normal", which cannot quantify the degree of reduction in drainage capacity caused by blockage, siltation, and damage, nor can it combine real-time rainfall to determine whether there is a risk of overflow. Second, the risk warning is highly dependent on the deformation indicators of the pile body such as displacement and cracks, and is often triggered only after the slope toe scour and support weakening have been developing, resulting in a serious lag in warning time. Third, no event chain correlation mechanism of "drainage failure, slope toe scour, and pile body instability" has been established. The simple superposition of multiple indicators is prone to false alarms, and the warning results have a low degree of matching with the on-site risk mechanism. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art and provide a method and system for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risks in spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification. The method decomposes the risk evolution process of spoil heaps into events such as rainfall triggering, insufficient drainage capacity, slope toe scour, and pile deformation response. It also performs hierarchical early warning based on the event correlations within the same catchment area, the same drainage path, and the same rainfall process, thereby improving the timeliness and reliability of identifying slope toe scour, instability, and collapse risks in spoil heaps.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risks in spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification, comprising the following steps: S1: Obtain basic information about the spoil disposal site, and divide at least one catchment area and the corresponding drainage path based on the terrain features and the layout of interception and drainage facilities. S2: Obtain rainfall parameters and runoff generation and runoff parameters of the catchment area to determine the water demand data of the drainage path under the current rainfall conditions; S3: Obtain the status information of the intercepting and drainage facilities on the drainage path, determine the drainage capacity reduction information based on the status information, and obtain the current effective drainage capacity by combining the designed drainage capacity of the drainage path; S4: Based on the matching relationship between the current effective drainage capacity and the water demand data, determine whether a drainage capacity shortage event has occurred; S5: Obtain monitoring information on slope toe scour in the spoil heap area, determine the slope toe scour degree parameters, and determine whether a slope toe scour event has occurred. S6: Obtain deformation monitoring information of the spoil heap and determine whether a deformation response event has occurred. S7: Under rainfall-triggered conditions, based on the spatial and temporal correlation between insufficient drainage capacity events, slope toe scour events, and pile deformation response events, determine the risk level of instability and collapse of the spoil heap, and output early warning information and disposal suggestions corresponding to the risk level.

[0007] Preferably, in step S1, the basic information of the spoil disposal site includes one or more of the following: spoil disposal site boundary, pile height, slope ratio, walkway layout, slope coverage, location of various interception and drainage facilities, location of slope toe ditch, and location of downstream sensitive objects; the water catchment area is divided based on one or more of the following: engineering design drawings, digital elevation model, on-site slope aspect distribution, and connection relationship of drainage facilities.

[0008] Preferably, in step S2, the water demand data includes the current water inflow. The current water inflow The calculation formula is: ; in, The runoff coefficient, Rainfall intensity, The catchment area is defined as follows: the rainfall intensity is obtained from on-site rainfall monitoring equipment, meteorological station data, or short-term rainfall forecast data; and the runoff coefficient is determined based on the slope cover type and compaction status.

[0009] Preferably, in step S3, the current effective drainage capacity The calculation formula is: ; in, The drainage capacity is designed for the drainage path. This is the drainage capacity reduction factor; The drainage capacity reduction factor The ratio of the effective cross-sectional area to the designed cross-sectional area is used to determine the influencing factors, or the ratio is obtained by weighted calculation of at least two types of influencing factors, including channel blockage rate, effective cross-sectional area reduction rate, overflow status factor, sedimentation rate of sedimentation basin, and drainage facility damage factor.

[0010] Preferably, the drainage capacity reduction factor The calculation formula is: ; in, These are the weighting coefficients. The duct blockage rate, To achieve an effective reduction in cross-sectional area, As an overflow state factor, The sedimentation rate of the sedimentation basin. This refers to factors that cause damage to drainage facilities.

[0011] Preferably, the influencing factors are obtained through one or more of the following: UAV imagery, fixed camera equipment, water level and sediment level sensors, and on-site inspection data, and are converted into graded quantitative parameters through automatic identification, manual verification, or manual reporting; the graded quantitative parameters include multi-level numerical levels or multi-level degree description levels.

[0012] Preferably, in step S4, the drainage safety margin is used. The drainage safety margin is used to determine events of insufficient drainage capacity. The calculation formula is: ; when If the value is less than a preset safety threshold, an event indicating insufficient drainage capacity is determined to have occurred; or if the drainage capacity reduction coefficient is less than a preset reduction threshold, an event indicating insufficient drainage capacity is directly determined to have occurred.

[0013] Preferably, in step S5, the slope toe scour monitoring information is collected by a multi-level sensing scour monitoring device; the slope toe scour degree parameters include slope toe scour depth and slope toe scour rate. The slope toe scour depth The calculation formula is: ; in, This is the sequence number of the highest-level perception point that triggered the state change. The distance between adjacent sensing points; The slope toe scour rate The calculation formula is: ; in, , They are respectively , The corresponding slope toe scour depth at any given time.

[0014] Preferably, a slope toe scour event is confirmed when two or more consecutive sensing points trigger state changes sequentially within a preset time period, or when at least two sets of scour monitoring devices in the same catchment area trigger state changes simultaneously.

[0015] Preferably, in step S6, the pile deformation monitoring information includes one or more of the following: pile surface displacement rate, crack width change, crack length change, ramp subsidence, local slope collapse range, and slope toe uplift; the pile deformation monitoring information is obtained through satellite positioning monitoring equipment, deformation sensors, remote sensing images, or on-site inspection.

[0016] Preferably, in step S7, the spatial dimension correlation includes: each event corresponds to the same catchment area, the same drainage path, or adjacent slopes; the temporal dimension correlation includes: each event is within a preset time window corresponding to the same rainfall process; and each event does not need to occur in a strict fixed order.

[0017] Preferably, in step S7, the risk level classification rules include: Only when the rainfall trigger condition is met will a warning message be issued for patrols of concern level. A yellow alert will be issued when both rainfall triggering conditions and insufficient drainage capacity events are met simultaneously. An orange alert is issued when the conditions for rainfall triggering, insufficient drainage capacity, and slope toe scour are all met simultaneously. A red alert is issued when the following conditions are met simultaneously: rainfall triggering, insufficient drainage capacity, slope toe scour, and pile deformation response.

[0018] Preferably, step S7 further includes a handling review step: generating corresponding handling measures based on the risk level, collecting review data after on-site handling is completed, re-executing the risk assessment process, and completing the risk cancellation or warning level adjustment.

[0019] Another aspect of the present invention provides an early warning system for slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification, comprising: The basic information construction module is used to obtain basic information about the spoil disposal site and divide at least one catchment area and the drainage path corresponding to the catchment area based on the terrain features and the layout of the interception and drainage facilities. The water demand calculation module is used to obtain rainfall parameters and runoff generation and runoff parameters of the catchment area to determine the water demand data of the drainage path under the current rainfall conditions. The drainage capacity assessment module is used to obtain the status information of the interception and drainage facilities along the drainage path, determine the drainage capacity reduction information based on the status information, and obtain the current effective drainage capacity by combining the designed drainage capacity of the drainage path. The drainage anomaly detection module is used to determine whether a drainage capacity shortage event has occurred based on the matching relationship between the current effective drainage capacity and the inflow water demand data. The slope toe scour monitoring module is used to acquire slope toe scour monitoring information in the spoil heap area, determine the slope toe scour degree parameters, and determine whether a slope toe scour event has occurred. The stack deformation monitoring module is used to acquire stack deformation monitoring information of the spoil disposal site and determine whether a stack deformation response event has occurred. The event chain early warning module is used to determine the risk level of instability and collapse of the spoil heap based on the spatial and temporal correlation between events such as insufficient drainage capacity, slope scour, and pile deformation response under rainfall-triggered conditions, and output early warning information and disposal suggestions corresponding to the risk level.

[0020] Preferably, the drainage capacity assessment module includes an anomaly identification unit, a parameter quantification unit, and a capacity calculation unit; The anomaly identification unit is used to identify abnormal states of the drainage system, such as siltation, blockage, collapse, overflow, and damage. The parameter quantization unit is used to convert the anomaly identification results into the quantized values ​​of the corresponding impact factors; The capacity calculation unit is used to calculate the drainage capacity reduction factor and the current effective drainage capacity.

[0021] Preferably, the slope toe scour monitoring module includes a multi-level sensing scour monitoring device, which includes a pole, multi-level sensing units spaced apart along the height of the pole, a data acquisition unit, a power supply unit, and a communication unit. The multi-level sensing units are used to sense the switching between soil encapsulation and exposed / water scour states. The slope toe scour monitoring module calculates the slope toe scour depth and scour rate based on the sensing units that trigger state changes.

[0022] Preferably, the multi-level sensing unit is one or more of a pair of metal electrodes, a resistive sensing element, a moisture content sensing element, a pressure sensing element, or an optical fiber sensing element; the state change includes a change in resistance value, a change in conduction state, a change in moisture content signal, or a change in pressure signal.

[0023] Preferably, the event chain early warning module includes an event marking unit, a spatial association unit, a temporal association unit, a hierarchical early warning unit, and a handling verification unit; The event marking unit is used to mark four types of events: rainfall triggering, insufficient drainage capacity, slope toe scour, and pile deformation response. The spatial association unit is used to verify the spatial correspondence of each event; The time association unit is used to verify the time window correspondence of each event; The hierarchical early warning unit is used to output multi-level early warning information; The disposal review unit is used to generate disposal recommendations and perform risk review and cancellation after disposal.

[0024] The present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. This invention moves the risk identification node from the stage of pile deformation to the stage of drainage failure and slope toe scouring, capturing risk evolution signals before the overall landslide occurs, significantly improving the early warning lead time.

[0025] 2. This invention breaks through the limitations of binary state recognition, transforming anomalies such as blockage, siltation, overflow, and damage into quantifiable drainage capacity reduction coefficients. Combined with real-time rainfall, it achieves full coverage recognition of two scenarios: insufficient drainage due to facility blockage and drainage capacity exceeding design capacity due to heavy rain.

[0026] 3. This invention establishes an event chain correlation mechanism for drainage failure, slope toe scour, and pile deformation by using spatial partitioning and time window as dual constraints, avoiding false alarms caused by simple superposition of multiple indicators, and the early warning results are highly consistent with the risk mechanism.

[0027] 4. This invention is equipped with a graded disposal suggestion and a post-disposal review and cancellation mechanism to form a complete management closed loop of monitoring, early warning, disposal and review, thereby improving the efficiency of emergency response at engineering sites. Attached Figure Description

[0028] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0029] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall process of the early warning method of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the early warning system structure of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the catchment area and monitoring point layout of the waste disposal site according to the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the matching model between drainage capacity and water demand of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the multi-level sensing slope toe scour monitoring device of the present invention; In the figure: 1. Pole body; 2. Multi-level sensing unit; 3. Data acquisition unit; 4. Power supply unit; 5. Communication unit; 6. Anchoring end; 7. Original slope toe soil surface; 8. Surface after scour; 9. Slope toe scour depth; 10. Spacing between adjacent sensing points.

[0030] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the event chain association and early warning classification logic of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the closed-loop process for early warning, handling, and review of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention. For those skilled in the art, adaptive adjustments can be made to the data acquisition method, identification carrier, calculation model, threshold setting, and output format without departing from the concept of the present invention.

[0032] Example 1: Drainage Zone Division and Overall Early Warning Process for Waste Disposal Sites This embodiment illustrates the basic structure and overall execution process of the early warning method.

[0033] like Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown, the system first collects comprehensive basic information about the spoil heap, including the boundary coordinates of the spoil heap, the maximum height of the spoil heap, the slope ratios of each level of slope, the elevation and width of the walkway, the slope cover type, the location and design parameters of intercepting ditches / drainage ditches / sudden flow channels / sedimentation basins / drainage outlets, the direction of the ditches at the toe of the slope, and the location and classification of sensitive objects such as downstream residential areas, roads, and waterways. This basic information can be derived from engineering design documents, as-built data, UAV aerial survey digital elevation models, on-site survey records, and historical inspection logs.

[0034] Based on the connection between the digital elevation model and drainage facilities, and combined with the topographic slope aspect and the separating effect of the horse trail, the spoil heap is divided into several independent catchment zones, each corresponding to one or more drainage paths. For example, if water from the slope above the primary horse trail flows into the horse trail drainage ditch and then into the slope foot ditch via a chute, then that slope area is a catchment zone, and the drainage outlet of the chute in the horse trail drainage ditch is the corresponding drainage path. The granularity of the zones can be adjusted according to the size and risk level of the spoil heap; high-risk areas can be further refined to the catchment area corresponding to a single drainage ditch.

[0035] The overall early warning process follows the logic of basic modeling, real-time calculation, event identification, and correlation-based early warning. When rainfall occurs, the system performs in-flow calculation, drainage capacity assessment, slope toe scour monitoring, and pile deformation monitoring in parallel according to the catchment area; it sequentially identifies three types of events: insufficient drainage capacity, slope toe scour, and pile deformation response; it verifies the correlation of events through spatiotemporal correlation, and finally outputs early warning information and handling suggestions of the corresponding level.

[0036] Example 2: Quantification of drainage capacity reduction and calculation to match inflow water demand This embodiment elaborates in detail the quantitative calculation method of effective drainage capacity and water demand, as well as the judgment rules for insufficient drainage capacity events.

[0037] like Figure 4 As shown, for any drainage path, its design drainage capacity is first extracted from the design data. . The parameters can be calculated using hydraulic formulas based on the channel cross-sectional dimensions, longitudinal slope, and roughness, or the values ​​given in the design documents can be used directly.

[0038] The system obtains real-time rainfall intensity data from on-site rain gauges, weather stations, or short-term forecasts. Combined with the catchment area corresponding to the drainage path With slope runoff coefficient Calculate the current water inflow. : ; In the formula, rainfall intensity The unit is mm / h, and the catchment area is... The unit is m², and the calculated value is... The unit is m³ / s. Runoff coefficient. Values ​​are determined based on the slope condition: 0.6~0.7 for exposed waste slopes, 0.5~0.6 for compacted soil slopes, 0.3~0.4 for covered slopes, 0.2~0.3 for vegetation-restored slopes, and 0.8~0.9 for paved roads.

[0039] Drainage capacity reduction factor Calculated using a multi-factor weighted model: ; In the formula, The ditch blockage rate reflects the degree to which rocks, weeds, and debris block the ditch. The water passage cross-sectional reduction rate reflects the reduction in effective water passage space caused by siltation and landslides. The overflow state factor is 0 for no overflow, 0.5 for overflow traces, and 1 for overflowing. The sedimentation rate of the sedimentation basin reflects the proportion of its effective volume occupied by sediment. This is the facility damage factor, reflecting the impact of structural damage such as trench wall breakage and rapid flow channel fracture. Weighting Based on the importance of the project and historical data, the sum is 1.

[0040] Each influencing factor was obtained through drone image recognition, fixed camera AI recognition, water level and sediment level sensors, or on-site inspection and reporting, and was uniformly converted into a graded value between 0 and 1. For example, "normal, slight, moderate, severe failure" correspond to five levels: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1, to reduce the subjective difference of human judgment.

[0041] For irregularly shaped blockages such as rock clogging, weed blockages, siltation, and ditch wall collapses, where the area is difficult to calculate precisely, the system does not require accurate area identification for each blockage. Instead, it classifies the impact of the abnormality on drainage capacity. The classification results can be initially provided by image recognition and then manually verified by on-site personnel; alternatively, on-site personnel can directly select the abnormality level and enter it via a mobile terminal.

[0042] The current effective drainage capacity is calculated using the following formula: ; Introducing drainage safety margin Determining if drainage capacity is insufficient: ; when When this occurs, it indicates that the effective drainage capacity cannot cover the current water demand, posing a risk of overflow and slope runoff. A safety threshold can be set according to the project's level, such as a threshold of 1.2 for important spoil heaps and 1.0 for general spoil heaps. Furthermore, when... When the rainfall is below the preset reduction threshold (e.g., 0.6), it is judged as an event of insufficient drainage capacity, even if the current rainfall does not exceed the design standard, prompting timely maintenance.

[0043] For example: the designed drainage capacity of a certain drainage ditch Corresponding catchment area The slope is covered with exposed waste. When rainfall intensity At that time, the calculation yielded If the reduction factor ,but , This meets drainage requirements. When rainfall intensity rises to... hour, , If the value is less than the threshold, an insufficient drainage capacity event is triggered.

[0044] Example 3: Multi-level sensing slope toe scour monitoring device and method This embodiment illustrates the quantitative monitoring method and event determination rules for slope toe scour.

[0045] A multi-stage sensing slope toe scour monitoring device is used to achieve continuous monitoring of the scour process. The device structure is as follows: Figure 5 As shown, it includes a vertical pole, multi-level sensing units, a data acquisition module, a power supply module, a communication module, and an anchoring end. The pole is made of stainless steel or high-strength engineering plastic, with the lower anchoring end buried in a stable soil layer. The pole is buried vertically or along the slope toe normal direction into the slope toe soil.

[0046] Multiple sensing units are deployed at fixed intervals along the height of the pole, with the spacing adjustable from 5cm to 20cm depending on the required monitoring accuracy. The sensing units can be paired metal electrodes, resistive sensing elements, or water content sensors. Initially, they are encased in soil and output stable resistance or conduction signals. When the soil at the toe of the slope is eroded by water flow, the sensing units at the corresponding height are exposed to air or water, causing a sudden change in their electrical properties.

[0047] The system is based on the sequence number of the highest-level sensing point that triggers the state change. Spacing between sensing points Calculate the scour depth at the toe of the slope: ; The scour rate at the toe of the slope is calculated by the difference in scour depth at different times. ; To reduce false alarms caused by mis-triggered single sensing points, a dual verification rule is set: First, the scour depth is confirmed to be valid only if two or more consecutive sensing points trigger state changes within a preset time; Second, a slope toe scour event is determined only if at least two monitoring devices in the same catchment area simultaneously show a scour development trend.

[0048] The event trigger threshold can be adjusted according to the engineering level. For example, a slope toe erosion event is officially marked when the erosion depth exceeds 30cm, the erosion rate exceeds 5cm / h, or three or more sensing points are triggered consecutively within two hours. This method can compensate for the shortcomings of insufficient frequency of manual inspections and the lag in displacement monitoring response, and realize real-time quantitative perception of the slope toe erosion process.

[0049] Example 4: Hierarchical early warning mechanism based on spatiotemporal correlation of multiple events This embodiment illustrates the event chain association logic and risk classification rules.

[0050] like Figure 6 As shown, the risk evolution process of a spoil disposal site is defined as four types of events: E1: Rainfall-triggered events, including short-duration heavy rainfall, cumulative rainfall exceeding the standard, continuous rainfall, or previous soil saturation exceeding the standard; E2: Insufficient drainage capacity events, including effective drainage capacity being lower than the incoming water demand, reduction factor exceeding the standard, sedimentation tank being full of silt, and drainage ditch overflowing; E3: Slope toe scour incidents, including scour depth exceeding the standard, scour rate exceeding the standard, and significant erosion downstream of the drainage outlet; E4: Reactor deformation response events, including sudden increases in displacement rate, rapid crack propagation, runway subsidence, localized landslides, and slope toe bulges.

[0051] The event chain relationship employs both spatial and temporal constraints: 1. Spatial correlation: E2, E3, and E4 must correspond to the same catchment area, the same drainage path, or adjacent slopes to exclude the erroneous superposition of independent events in different areas; 2. Time correlation: The three types of events must be within the same preset time window corresponding to the same rainfall process. The window duration can be set to 6~24 hours according to the confluence characteristics.

[0052] The correlation judgment does not require events to occur strictly in the order of E1→E2→E3→E4: in a heavy rainfall scenario, E2 and E3 may be triggered simultaneously; alternatively, E3 can be detected first, and then the upstream drainage path can be traced back to check for insufficient capacity. As long as the spatiotemporal constraints are met, they are considered to be on the same risk evolution chain. When a slope toe scour event is identified first under rainfall triggering conditions, but a drainage capacity insufficiency event is not yet identified, the system outputs a special warning for slope toe scour and traces back the drainage capacity insufficiency, concentrated runoff on the slope, or temporary drainage deficiencies along the same catchment path.

[0053] Risk levels are divided into four levels based on event combinations: Only trigger E1: Attention level, issue inspection notice, requiring key inspection of the unobstructed flow of drainage facilities; Triggering E1+E2: Yellow alert, it is recommended to carry out dredging, repair damaged facilities, and increase the frequency of patrols; Triggering E1+E2+E3: Orange alert, it is recommended to add temporary drainage facilities, implement slope protection, restrict slag stacking operations, and increase monitoring frequency; Triggering E1+E2+E3+E4: Red Alert. It is recommended to suspend all operations, initiate emergency drainage, implement slope back pressure, and organize the evacuation of downstream personnel and equipment.

[0054] This grading mechanism strictly corresponds to the stages of risk evolution, with the warning level gradually increasing as the event chain extends. This avoids over-warning while ensuring the responsiveness in high-risk situations.

[0055] Example 5: Closed-loop management of early warning response and review This example illustrates the handling process and review and cancellation mechanism after the issuance of an early warning, forming a complete management closed loop.

[0056] When the system issues an early warning, it simultaneously locates the causative factors and risk locations, and generates targeted handling suggestions: Yellow alert scenario: Mainly focuses on the operation and maintenance of the drainage system, including cleaning up silt and debris in drainage ditches, dredging sedimentation tanks, repairing locally damaged ditch walls, and clearing blockages at drainage outlets; Orange alert scenario: Increase emergency drainage and slope protection measures, including laying temporary drainage channels to guide the flow, using sandbags or gabions to counter-pressure the slope toe of the scour, and suspending the stockpiling of slag in the corresponding area; Red alert scenario: Activate emergency response, including work stoppage and evacuation, downstream warning, multi-method emergency drainage, slope unloading, and slope toe reinforcement.

[0057] During on-site response, photos and progress records can be uploaded via mobile devices. After the response is completed, the system automatically triggers a review process: re-collecting rainfall data, drainage facility status data, slope toe scour data, and pile deformation data, and recalculating the effective drainage capacity, drainage safety margin, and the status of each event.

[0058] If the review results show that drainage capacity has been restored, scouring has stopped, and deformation has stabilized, and the risk level has dropped below the concern level, then the warning is cancelled. If the risk is not effectively controlled or even continues to develop, the warning level is maintained or upgraded, prompting further action. The closed-loop process is as follows: Figure 7 As shown, this ensures that every warning is addressed, reviewed, and resolved, thereby achieving dynamic management and control of risks at waste disposal sites.

[0059] Example 6: Modular Architecture and Deployment of Early Warning System This embodiment illustrates the composition architecture and deployment method of the early warning system.

[0060] The early warning system adopts a layered and modular design, consisting of a data perception layer, a calculation and analysis layer, and an application output layer, as shown in the following structure: Figure 2 As shown.

[0061] The data perception layer includes IoT sensors such as rain gauges, slope toe scour monitoring devices, GNSS displacement monitoring stations, crack gauges, and inclinometers, as well as image and manual data acquisition equipment such as drones, fixed cameras, and mobile inspection terminals, which are responsible for collecting four types of data in all dimensions: rainfall, drainage, scour, and deformation.

[0062] The computational analysis layer includes a basic information construction module, a water demand calculation module, a drainage capacity assessment module, a drainage anomaly detection module, a slope toe scour monitoring module, a slab deformation monitoring module, and an event chain early warning module. The drainage capacity assessment module has a built-in image recognition unit that can automatically identify anomalies such as siltation, blockage, and overflow in drone and camera images and convert them into quantitative parameters. The event chain early warning module has a built-in spatiotemporal correlation engine and a hierarchical early warning rule base, automatically completing event matching and level determination.

[0063] The application output provides web and mobile interfaces for engineering management personnel, supporting functions such as early warning information push, task assignment, on-site review and uploading, and risk ledger statistics; at the same time, it reserves interfaces for audible and visual alarms, SMS alerts, and integration with third-party platforms to meet the early warning notification needs of different scenarios.

[0064] The system can be flexibly deployed according to the project scale. Small spoil disposal sites can adopt a lightweight deployment of edge computing gateways and cloud platforms, while large watershed spoil disposal sites can adopt a deployment scheme of local servers and multi-level management platforms to adapt to the investment and management needs of different projects.

[0065] Example 7: Complete Implementation of Early Warning Method for Valley-Type Spoil Disposal Sites of Pumped Storage Power Stations This embodiment uses the No. 1 valley-type spoil heap of the upper reservoir of a pumped storage power station in East China as the actual application scenario, and fully implements the entire process steps of the early warning method described in this invention. The spoil heap has a total height of 32m, with two levels of access roads. The slope is mainly composed of exposed and compacted spoil. The interception and drainage system includes a slope top interception ditch, access road drainage ditch, rapid flow channel, sedimentation basin, and slope foot drainage outlet. Rural roads are distributed 500m downstream. It belongs to a spoil heap of general risk level.

[0066] Step S1: Basic Information Collection and Catchment Zoning The system collects basic information such as boundary coordinates of the spoil heap, digital elevation model of the terrain, design parameters of drainage facilities, and locations of downstream sensitive objects. Based on the terrain slope aspect, the role of the walkway in separating the spoil heap and the connection relationship of drainage facilities, the spoil heap is divided into three independent catchment zones: upstream left catchment zone A (catchment area 12,000 m²), upstream right catchment zone B (catchment area 10,000 m²), and downstream slope catchment zone C (catchment area 8,000 m²). Each catchment zone corresponds to an independent drainage path including a walkway drainage ditch, a rapid flow channel, and a drainage outlet. The layout of the zones and monitoring points corresponds accordingly. Figure 3 .

[0067] Step S2: Calculation of Rainfall Inflow The system integrates real-time rainfall data from a local weather station to simulate a short-duration, heavy rainfall event: in the second hour of rainfall, the hourly rainfall intensity reaches 45 mm / h. Taking catchment area A as an example, the slope is exposed, compacted waste, and the runoff coefficient is... Take 0.65 and calculate the current inflow using the following formula: ; Step S3: Calculation of effective drainage capacity The operation status of the drainage ditch corresponding to catchment area A was identified by drone aerial survey: the siltation thickness at the bottom of the ditch accounts for 20% of the designed ditch depth, there are a few stones blocking the ditch entrance, there are no signs of overflow, the siltation rate of the sedimentation basin is about 40%, and the ditch structure is undamaged.

[0068] A multi-factor weighted model is used to calculate the drainage capacity reduction factor, with the weights set to values ​​of 100,000 and 100,000 respectively. , , , , The corresponding impact factor value is , , , , ,but: ; The drainage ditch is designed to have a drainage capacity of Therefore, the current effective drainage capacity is: ; Drainage capacity matching judgment logic Figure 4 .

[0069] Step S4: Determine if drainage capacity is insufficient. Calculate the drainage safety margin: ; The preset safety threshold for this spoil disposal site is 1.0. If the value is less than the threshold, it is determined that the drainage capacity of catchment area A is insufficient (E2).

[0070] Step S5: Monitoring of slope toe scour events Two multi-stage electrode contact-type scour monitoring rods were installed at the downstream toe of the drainage outlet in catchment area A, with a sensing point spacing of 10cm. In the third hour of rainfall, the second and third level sensing points of monitoring rod 1 successively triggered, while the second level sensing point of monitoring rod 2 triggered synchronously; the scour depth at the toe of the slope was calculated. Within 2 hours, the scouring depth increased from 0 to 0.3m, and the scouring rate... .

[0071] According to the verification rules: if two consecutive sensing points are triggered and two monitoring rods in the same zone respond synchronously, it is determined that a slope toe scour event (E3) has occurred in the catchment zone A.

[0072] Step S6: Monitoring of Stack Deformation Response Events One GNSS displacement monitoring station was deployed at the top of the slope corresponding to catchment area A. Before rainfall, the daily average displacement rate was consistently less than 0.2 mm / d. Five hours after rainfall, the displacement rate rose to 2.5 mm / d, and local bulging appeared at the toe of the slope. Manual inspection revealed two new tension cracks on the slope surface, each approximately 3 m long. Based on the comprehensive assessment, a slab deformation response event (E4) occurred.

[0073] Step S7: Event Chain Correlation and Hierarchical Early Warning E2, E3, and E4 all belong to the same drainage path within catchment area A, and all occurred within the same 6-hour time window of the same rainfall event, satisfying both spatial and temporal correlation conditions. The event chain correlation logic corresponds to... Figure 6 The system escalates alerts level by level based on event combinations: During the first hour of rainfall, only an E1 rainfall event was triggered, prompting a level-of-concern inspection alert and notifying maintenance personnel to focus on checking the unobstructed flow of drainage facilities. In the second hour of rainfall, an E1+E2 alert was triggered, upgrading the alert to yellow. The following action recommendations were issued: clear silt and blockages from drainage ditches, dredge sedimentation tanks, and increase the frequency of patrols. In the third hour of rainfall, an E1+E2+E3 alert was triggered, upgrading the alert to orange. The following suggestions were issued: install temporary drainage channels to guide overflowing rainwater, use sandbags to counter-pressure the slope toe for protection, and suspend slag dumping operations in the area. On the 5th hour of rainfall, the alert level was raised to E1+E2+E3+E4, and was upgraded to a red alert. The following action recommendations were issued: evacuate all personnel working on the slope, implement temporary warnings on downstream roads, and initiate emergency drainage measures.

[0074] Step S8: Processing, review, and cancellation On-site personnel completed dredging, temporary drainage, and slope counterweighting operations as recommended. Two hours later, they uploaded verification photos and monitoring data. The system recalculated the indicator: drainage ditch reduction factor. Restored to 0.92, effective drainage capacity. The flow rate increased to 0.1104 m³ / s; at this point, the rainfall intensity decreased to 20 mm / h, and the inflow rate... Reduced to 0.0433 m³ / s, drainage safety margin The slope toe scour rate dropped to 0, and the GNSS displacement rate fell back to 0.3 mm / d.

[0075] The system has determined that the risk has been eliminated, the warning has been closed, and the overall closed-loop process is complete. Figure 7 .

[0076] Example 8: Complete Deployment and Operation of Risk Early Warning System for Waste Disposal Sites This embodiment fully illustrates the hardware composition, software architecture, deployment method, and full-process operation mechanism of the early warning system described in this invention, and the overall system structure corresponds to... Figure 2 .

[0077] 1. System Hardware Architecture The system hardware is divided into three parts: field sensing devices, transmission network and terminal devices, to achieve full-dimensional data collection and early warning delivery.

[0078] Field sensing equipment: 1) Rainfall monitoring unit: One tipping bucket rain gauge is installed on the top of the spoil heap, with a sampling frequency of 5 minutes / time, to collect the cumulative rainfall and hourly rainfall intensity in real time; 2) Drainage interception and drainage facility monitoring unit: Four high-definition fixed cameras are installed at key drainage ditch sections and sedimentation tanks, supporting AI real-time image recognition; one drone aerial survey is conducted monthly to obtain high-definition images of the entire drainage interception and drainage facility area; a mobile inspection APP is provided to support the reporting of on-site abnormal conditions and the uploading of photos. 3) Slope toe scour monitoring unit: A total of 6 multi-level electrode contact type slope toe scour monitoring rods are deployed at the slope toe of each catchment area, with a sensing point spacing of 10cm. The rods have built-in data acquisition modules and LoRa communication modules, and upload contact status data every 10 minutes. 4) Stack deformation monitoring unit: 3 GNSS displacement monitoring stations, 5 surface crack gauges, and 2 slope inclination gauges are deployed to collect displacement, crack width, and inclination data in real time, with a sampling frequency of 1 time / hour.

[0079] Transmission network: It adopts a combination architecture of LoRa local area network and 4G wide area network. Low-power sensors on site collect data through LoRa gateway and then upload it to the cloud platform through 4G network; high-volume data from cameras, drones and other devices are transmitted through 4G dedicated lines.

[0080] Terminal devices include a web-based project management platform, a mobile inspection app, and on-site audible and visual alarms. They support multi-channel early warning push notifications via SMS, WeChat, and system messages, and are adaptable to the usage scenarios of different personnel.

[0081] 2. System Software Modules The software system is deployed on a cloud server and adopts a microservice architecture. Its core functions are as follows: Basic information construction module: Built-in GIS spatial engine, supports importing waste disposal site design drawings, digital elevation models, and drainage facility design parameters, visualizes the division of catchment areas and drainage paths, and establishes a comprehensive basic information ledger for waste disposal sites.

[0082] Water demand calculation module: interfaces with on-site rain gauge data and short-term meteorological forecasts to automatically calculate real-time water inflow according to catchment areas. It supports custom configuration of runoff coefficients for different slope types.

[0083] The drainage capacity assessment module includes an anomaly identification unit, a parameter quantification unit, and a capacity calculation unit. The anomaly identification unit automatically or assistedly identifies anomalies such as siltation, blockage, overflow, and damage in camera and drone images. The parameter quantification unit combines the identification results, sensor data, and manual verification results to convert the identified anomaly status into... , , , , Graded and quantified parameters; the capacity calculation unit automatically calculates the drainage capacity reduction factor. With current effective drainage capacity It supports the engineering calibration of weighting coefficients.

[0084] Drainage anomaly detection module: Includes built-in safety threshold and reduction threshold configuration options, automatically comparing drainage safety margins. With thresholds, it marks the insufficient drainage capacity event E2 in real time, and supports differentiated threshold settings for different regions.

[0085] Slope toe scour monitoring module: Receives real-time data from the scour monitoring rod, automatically calculates the slope toe scour depth and scour rate, and determines the slope toe scour event E3 through continuous multi-level triggering and multi-point verification in the same area, effectively filtering false alarms from single sensing points.

[0086] The reactor deformation monitoring module: It receives data from GNSS, crack gauges, and inclinometers, automatically calculates displacement rate and crack change rate, and compares them with preset thresholds to determine the reactor deformation response event E4.

[0087] The event chain early warning module includes an event marking unit, a spatial association unit, a temporal association unit, a graded early warning unit, and a handling and verification unit. The event marking unit uniformly marks four types of events, E1-E4. The spatial association unit verifies the catchment area and drainage path to which the event belongs. The temporal association unit matches the time window of the rainfall process. The graded early warning unit outputs four levels of early warning information according to the event combination. The handling and verification unit automatically generates handling work orders and supports the uploading of on-site verification data and automatic cancellation of the case.

[0088] 3. Complete System Operation Process The system runs in a cyclical manner to achieve fully automated control of the entire process. Initialization phase: The basic information construction module completes the spatial modeling of the spoil disposal site, the input of monitoring points, and the configuration of early warning parameters, thus completing the system initialization; During the routine monitoring phase: each sensing device uploads data at regular intervals, and each module continuously calculates the inflow of water, drainage capacity, scour depth, and deformation. When there are no abnormalities, only the data is stored and daily reports are generated. Warning Triggering Phase: After rainfall is triggered, the system automatically switches to high-frequency calculation mode, sequentially identifies E2, E3, and E4 events, outputs the corresponding level of warning after spatiotemporal correlation verification, and pushes it to each terminal device simultaneously. In the closed-loop handling phase: the handling work order is automatically dispatched to the mobile terminal of the corresponding patrol personnel. After the handling is completed, the review photos and records are uploaded, the system automatically triggers the recalculation of indicators, and completes the risk cancellation or warning level adjustment. Ledger management phase: Automatically generates early warning ledgers, handling records, and monthly risk statistical reports, supports data export and event tracing, and meets the archiving requirements for engineering safety management.

[0089] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, or improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability / breakdown risks in spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Obtain basic information about the spoil disposal site, and divide at least one catchment area and the corresponding drainage path based on the terrain features and the layout of interception and drainage facilities. S2: Obtain rainfall parameters and runoff generation and runoff parameters of the catchment area to determine the water demand data of the drainage path under the current rainfall conditions; S3: Obtain the status information of the intercepting and drainage facilities on the drainage path, determine the drainage capacity reduction information based on the status information, and obtain the current effective drainage capacity by combining the designed drainage capacity of the drainage path; S4: Based on the matching relationship between the current effective drainage capacity and the water demand data, determine whether a drainage capacity shortage event has occurred; S5: Obtain monitoring information on slope toe scour in the spoil heap area, determine the slope toe scour degree parameters, and determine whether a slope toe scour event has occurred. S6: Obtain deformation monitoring information of the spoil heap and determine whether a deformation response event has occurred. S7: Under rainfall-triggered conditions, based on the spatial and temporal correlation between insufficient drainage capacity events, slope toe scour events, and pile deformation response events, determine the risk level of instability and collapse of the spoil heap, and output early warning information and disposal suggestions corresponding to the risk level.

2. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the basic information of the spoil disposal site includes one or more of the following: spoil disposal site boundary, pile height, slope ratio, walkway layout, slope coverage, location of various interception and drainage facilities, location of slope toe ditch, and location of downstream sensitive objects; the water catchment area is divided based on one or more of the following: engineering design drawings, digital elevation model, on-site slope aspect distribution, and connection relationship of drainage facilities.

3. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the water demand data includes the current water inflow. The current water inflow The calculation formula is: ； in, The runoff coefficient, Rainfall intensity, The catchment area is defined as follows: the rainfall intensity is obtained from on-site rainfall monitoring equipment, meteorological station data, or short-term rainfall forecast data; and the runoff coefficient is determined based on the slope cover type and compaction status.

4. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the current effective drainage capacity The calculation formula is: ； in, The drainage capacity is designed for the drainage path. This is the drainage capacity reduction factor; The drainage capacity reduction factor The ratio of the effective cross-sectional area to the designed cross-sectional area is used to determine the influencing factors, or the ratio is obtained by weighted calculation of at least two types of influencing factors, including channel blockage rate, effective cross-sectional area reduction rate, overflow status factor, sedimentation rate of sedimentation basin, and drainage facility damage factor.

5. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The drainage capacity reduction factor The calculation formula is: ； in, These are the weighting coefficients. The duct blockage rate, To achieve an effective reduction in cross-sectional area, As an overflow state factor, The sedimentation rate of the sedimentation basin. This refers to factors that cause damage to drainage facilities.

6. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 5, is characterized in that, The influencing factors are obtained through one or more of the following methods: UAV imagery, fixed camera equipment, water level and sediment level sensors, and on-site inspection data. They are then converted into graded quantitative parameters through automatic identification, manual verification, or manual reporting. The graded quantitative parameters include multiple levels of numerical values ​​or multiple levels of degree description.

7. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the drainage safety margin is used. The drainage safety margin is used to determine events of insufficient drainage capacity. The calculation formula is: ； when If the value is less than a preset safety threshold, an event indicating insufficient drainage capacity is determined to have occurred; or if the drainage capacity reduction coefficient is less than a preset reduction threshold, an event indicating insufficient drainage capacity is directly determined to have occurred.

8. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, the slope toe scour monitoring information is collected by a multi-level sensing scour monitoring device; the slope toe scour degree parameters include slope toe scour depth and slope toe scour rate. The slope toe scour depth The calculation formula is: ； in, This is the sequence number of the highest-level perception point that triggered the state change. The distance between adjacent sensing points; The slope toe scour rate The calculation formula is: ； in, , They are respectively , The corresponding slope toe scour depth at any given time.

9. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 8, characterized in that, A slope toe scour event is confirmed when two or more consecutive sensing points trigger state changes within a preset time period, or when at least two sets of scour monitoring devices in the same catchment area trigger state changes simultaneously.

10. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step S6, the deformation monitoring information of the pile body includes one or more of the following: pile body surface displacement rate, crack width change, crack length change, ramp subsidence, local slope collapse range, and slope toe heave. The deformation monitoring information of the pile body is obtained through satellite positioning monitoring equipment, deformation sensors, remote sensing images, or on-site inspection.

11. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step S7, the spatial dimension correlation includes: each event corresponds to the same catchment area, the same drainage path, or adjacent slopes; the temporal dimension correlation includes: each event is within a preset time window corresponding to the same rainfall process; and each event does not need to occur in a strict fixed order.

12. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step S7, the risk level classification rules include: Only when the rainfall trigger condition is met will a warning message be issued for patrols of concern level. A yellow alert will be issued when both rainfall triggering conditions and insufficient drainage capacity events are met simultaneously. An orange alert is issued when the conditions for rainfall triggering, insufficient drainage capacity, and slope toe scour are all met simultaneously. A red alert is issued when the following conditions are met simultaneously: rainfall triggering, insufficient drainage capacity, slope toe scour, and pile deformation response.

13. The method for early warning of slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Step S7 also includes a handling review step: generating corresponding handling measures based on the risk level, collecting review data after on-site handling is completed, re-executing the risk assessment process, and completing the risk cancellation or warning level adjustment.

14. A risk warning system for slope toe scour and instability collapse of a spoil heap based on drainage failure identification, wherein the system is implemented based on the risk warning method for slope toe scour and instability collapse of a spoil heap based on drainage failure identification according to any one of claims 1-13, characterized in that, include: The basic information construction module is used to obtain basic information about the spoil disposal site and divide at least one catchment area and the drainage path corresponding to the catchment area based on the terrain features and the layout of the interception and drainage facilities. The water demand calculation module is used to obtain rainfall parameters and runoff generation and runoff parameters of the catchment area to determine the water demand data of the drainage path under the current rainfall conditions. The drainage capacity assessment module is used to obtain the status information of the interception and drainage facilities along the drainage path, determine the drainage capacity reduction information based on the status information, and obtain the current effective drainage capacity by combining the designed drainage capacity of the drainage path. The drainage anomaly detection module is used to determine whether a drainage capacity shortage event has occurred based on the matching relationship between the current effective drainage capacity and the inflow water demand data. The slope toe scour monitoring module is used to acquire slope toe scour monitoring information in the spoil heap area, determine the slope toe scour degree parameters, and determine whether a slope toe scour event has occurred. The stack deformation monitoring module is used to acquire stack deformation monitoring information of the spoil disposal site and determine whether a stack deformation response event has occurred. The event chain early warning module is used to determine the risk level of instability and collapse of the spoil heap based on the spatial and temporal correlation between events such as insufficient drainage capacity, slope scour, and pile deformation response under rainfall-triggered conditions, and output early warning information and disposal suggestions corresponding to the risk level.

15. The early warning system for slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 14, characterized in that, The drainage capacity assessment module includes an anomaly identification unit, a parameter quantification unit, and a capacity calculation unit. The anomaly identification unit is used to identify abnormal states of the drainage system, such as siltation, blockage, collapse, overflow, and damage. The parameter quantization unit is used to convert the anomaly identification results into the quantized values ​​of the corresponding impact factors; The capacity calculation unit is used to calculate the drainage capacity reduction factor and the current effective drainage capacity.

16. The early warning system for slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 14, characterized in that, The slope toe scour monitoring module includes a multi-level sensing scour monitoring device, which includes a pole, multi-level sensing units spaced apart along the height of the pole, a data acquisition unit, a power supply unit, and a communication unit. The multi-level sensing units are used to sense the switching between soil encapsulation and bare / water scour states. The slope toe scour monitoring module calculates the slope toe scour depth and scour rate based on the sensing units that trigger state changes. The multi-level sensing unit is one or more of the following: paired metal electrodes, resistive sensing elements, moisture content sensing elements, pressure sensing elements, or fiber optic sensing elements; the state changes include changes in resistance value, changes in conduction state, changes in moisture content signal, or changes in pressure signal.

17. The early warning system for slope toe scour and instability collapse risk of spoil heaps based on drainage failure identification as described in claim 14, characterized in that, The event chain early warning module includes an event marking unit, a spatial association unit, a temporal association unit, a hierarchical early warning unit, and a handling and verification unit; The event marking unit is used to mark four types of events: rainfall triggering, insufficient drainage capacity, slope toe scour, and pile deformation response. The spatial association unit is used to verify the spatial correspondence of each event; The time association unit is used to verify the time window correspondence of each event; The hierarchical early warning unit is used to output multi-level early warning information; The disposal review unit is used to generate disposal recommendations and perform risk review and cancellation after disposal.

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