Battery management system and charge-discharge algorithm for a photovoltaic rack tracking controller

Abstract

This invention discloses a battery management system and charging / discharging algorithm for a photovoltaic (PV) mounting system tracking controller, belonging to the field of intelligent PV energy equipment technology. Specifically, it includes a charging / discharging control module, a battery connection component, a temperature regulation module, and a data monitoring module. The system distributes battery voltage through semiconductor field-effect transistors and automatically adjusts the heating unit power using the temperature regulation module to maintain battery operating temperature. The charging / discharging algorithm dynamically adjusts the operating mode based on external temperature and power conditions, charging the battery and supporting heating. When the power is insufficient but higher than the baseline power consumption, it enters a direct-supply survival mode, where the PV directly supplies power and the battery floats. When the light intensity is unstable, the algorithm uses a time window integration algorithm to determine the conditions, initiating charging only after meeting the effective light intensity ratio threshold. This system and algorithm achieve efficient energy management and battery thermal protection, preventing downtime due to extreme external environments.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the technical field of intelligent photovoltaic energy equipment, and specifically relates to a battery management system and charging / discharging algorithm for a photovoltaic bracket tracking controller. Background Technology

[0002] Photovoltaic tracking brackets need to use controllers to track the sun's position in real time in order to improve the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic modules. Their stable operation depends on a continuous and reliable energy supply.

[0003] The existing lithium battery power supply system of photovoltaic bracket tracking controller has many shortcomings. For example, lithium batteries are prone to charging and discharging performance degradation in low temperature environments, and may even fail to charge normally. Due to the lack of consideration for battery life in the charging strategy, the battery cycle performance is easily reduced due to overcharging. When the external power supply is abnormal, the power supply mode is not switched in time, which affects the core function of the tracking bracket. In addition, the data monitoring during charging and discharging is not comprehensive, the safety protection mechanism is not perfect, and there is a risk of equipment damage.

[0004] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a lithium battery charging and discharging management system and algorithm that is highly adaptable to the environment, has precise charging and discharging control, intelligent power supply switching, is safe and reliable, and has rigorous power supply logic. This system can clearly define the power supply priority control logic and avoid unreasonable scenarios where the battery powers the heating film. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The main objective of this invention is to provide a battery management system and charging / discharging algorithm for a photovoltaic bracket tracking controller, aiming to improve the efficiency of lithium battery power supply, achieve precise control of charging and discharging, and intelligent switching of power supply modes, so as to avoid system downtime due to extreme external environmental changes.

[0006] According to a first aspect of the invention:

[0007] This invention discloses a battery management system for a photovoltaic mounting bracket tracking controller, comprising:

[0008] The charging and discharging control module has its input terminal connected to the photovoltaic input source to form a circuit, and it also distributes voltage externally.

[0009] The battery connection component has an anti-reverse fixing interface at its output end, which is connected to the battery. The input end of the battery connection component is connected to the charge and discharge control module.

[0010] The temperature regulation module is connected to an external heating unit and is adapted to sense the ambient temperature of the battery to generate an ambient temperature signal. The temperature regulation module is also adapted to transmit the ambient temperature signal to the charge and discharge control module.

[0011] The data monitoring component has its output end connected to both the power supply switching module and the charge / discharge control module, and its input end connected to the data acquisition module. The data acquisition module is suitable for sampling the battery's voltage, current, remaining capacity, and internal temperature information during the charge / discharge process, and sending it to the data monitoring component for edge computing.

[0012] The charging and discharging control module responds to the heating control command of the algorithm based on the ambient temperature signal and the battery temperature signal, and distributes current to the heating unit through the temperature regulation module to complete the heating. When the power supply switching module detects an abnormality in the external power supply through the data monitoring component, it quickly switches between the external power supply mode and the battery power supply mode.

[0013] Furthermore, the charge / discharge control module includes:

[0014] The charging module has its input end connected to the photovoltaic input source circuit. The charging module is a power supply circuit, and its output end is divided into two paths. One path is connected to the battery through a MOSFET, and the other path is connected to the voltage regulator circuit through a diode.

[0015] The main controller's power supply is connected to the voltage regulator circuit. The three signal output ports of the main controller are connected to the gates of MOSFET 1, MOSFET 2, and MOSFET 3, respectively. The battery is connected to the temperature regulation module through MOSFET 3.

[0016] The battery is connected to the tracking motor via MOSFET 2, and the two signal input ports of the main controller are connected to the temperature regulation module and the data monitoring component via bus protocol signals.

[0017] Furthermore, the data acquisition module consists of a voltage sensor, a current sensor, a temperature sensor, and a capacity calculation unit;

[0018] The data acquisition module is suitable for real-time acquisition of voltage, current, remaining capacity, cell temperature, and external power supply during the charging and discharging process of lithium batteries, with a sampling frequency of not less than 1Hz.

[0019] The beneficial effects of applying the technical solution of this invention are as follows:

[0020] The battery management system of the photovoltaic bracket tracking controller disclosed in this invention realizes inter-device communication through a serial port protocol, providing a human-machine interface for easy operation and monitoring. Simultaneously, by dividing the system into modules such as charge / discharge control, battery connection, temperature regulation, and data monitoring, it facilitates on-demand start / stop and voltage distribution. The power supply logic is configurable, supporting multiple operating modes such as battery priority and external power backup, improving system applicability and resulting in a clear structure that is easy to maintain and expand.

[0021] According to a second aspect of the invention:

[0022] This invention discloses a charging and discharging algorithm that applies the battery management system of the photovoltaic bracket tracking controller proposed above, and includes the following process:

[0023] The system starts up and initializes, connecting the photovoltaic input source to the battery via the battery connection component. After completing the hardware connection, the system monitors the photovoltaic input source in real time. Output power at time Based on power supply priority control logic, charging and discharging parameters are set through the charging and discharging control module;

[0024] when When this occurs, the active thermal management mode is activated:

[0025] The heating unit is turned on, and the energy required for the heating unit to generate heat is completely covered by the input power of the photovoltaic input source. for The heating unit's heating power consumption at all times. This is the basic static power consumption of the control circuit. The safety redundancy power set for the system is used to offset line losses and sensor errors;

[0026] when Furthermore, when the data monitoring component and temperature regulation module detect that the battery temperature difference is higher than the threshold, the dynamic power following charging mode is activated, and the charging current command is dynamically adjusted according to the following formula:

[0027]

[0028] in, This is the charging current command value. Real-time load power Real-time voltage at the battery terminal Energy conversion efficiency;

[0029] when When the system is in operation, the direct supply survival mode is activated. In this mode, photovoltaic power generation is used only to maintain system operation, and the batteries are in a floating state.

[0030] when Enter low battery protection mode to allow battery charging;

[0031] when When the light is unstable, such as Figure 9 We introduce a time window integration algorithm and define a state function H(t):

[0032] ,in, This represents the system's lowest operating power consumption.

[0033] Set the sampling period to T. The system calculates the effective percentage within the window based on the interval number and the decision window length of N. :

[0034] ,

[0035] Among them, For the preset ratio threshold, when And the battery discharges outwards.

[0036] Furthermore, the charging start conditions are:

[0037] When the data monitoring component detects that the battery temperature has risen to 5.0℃ or above and the battery is not fully charged, it automatically starts the charging process and turns on the heating unit at the same time.

[0038] If the battery temperature rises to between 10.0℃ and 15.0℃, continue charging while monitoring the battery temperature.

[0039] If the battery temperature exceeds 15.0℃ and the temperature difference is below the threshold, the heating unit will be turned off through the temperature regulation module, and charging will continue.

[0040] Furthermore, when the battery is not fully charged, the charging and discharging process includes:

[0041] Constant current charging stage: In the initial stage of charging, the system starts constant current mode. Through the built-in precise current regulation unit, the charging current threshold range can be controlled to quickly replenish the battery energy. During this stage, the battery voltage gradually increases as the charging process progresses.

[0042] Constant voltage charging stage: When the battery voltage rises to the specified threshold, the algorithm automatically switches to constant voltage mode, and a dynamic power following strategy is adopted during the charging stage, with the charging current setpoint changing in real time according to the margin of the input power.

[0043] Charging cutoff phase: As the battery gradually fills up, the charging current gradually decreases. When the current drops to 0.1C, the battery is considered fully charged, and the charge / discharge control module turns off the charging enable. Here, C is the battery capacity.

[0044] During the discharge start-up phase, the data monitoring module continuously monitors parameters such as battery voltage, current, and temperature. The charge and discharge control module executes the discharge operation according to the standard. When the battery voltage drops to the discharge cutoff threshold or an abnormality occurs, the discharge is stopped immediately.

[0045] Performance evaluation phase: The data processing system analyzes the parameter data during the charging and discharging process to generate voltage-time curves, current-time curves, and capacity change curves, and evaluates the charging and discharging efficiency, cycle performance, and stability of the lithium battery.

[0046] Furthermore, the battery being in a floating state and entering low battery protection mode includes:

[0047] When the data monitoring component detects that the battery voltage is less than 25.3V, the charging current is less than 0.3A, and the battery voltage is greater than 5V, the algorithm determines that the battery is in a low power condition and activates the low power protection mode.

[0048] Disconnect power to non-core loads to prevent battery over-discharge;

[0049] When the battery voltage recovers to above 26V, or the charging current is ≥0.3A, or the battery voltage is below 5V, the low battery protection mode will be exited.

[0050] Furthermore, the power supply priority control logic includes:

[0051] The system collects data such as external power supply, system operating power consumption, and rated power consumption of the heating film in real time through the data monitoring component;

[0052] When the power supplied by the photovoltaic input source is less than or equal to the current operating power consumption of the system, only the power supply for the charging and discharging control module to perform its functions is maintained.

[0053] When the power supplied by the photovoltaic input source is greater than or equal to the current operating power consumption of the system, the heating unit is activated to heat the battery and charge the battery based on the battery temperature conditions. The prerequisite for activating the heating unit is that the power supplied by the photovoltaic input source is greater than the power consumption of the charge and discharge control module and the power consumption of the heating unit.

[0054] The battery charging and discharging process is only initiated when the power supply from the photovoltaic input source meets the power supply requirements of the charging and discharging control module and the heating unit, and the battery is not fully charged.

[0055] Furthermore, the charging and discharging algorithm also includes an intelligent power supply switching mechanism, including:

[0056] Status monitoring: The data monitoring component collects external power supply voltage and current data in real time and maintains a data sampling rate of once every 100ms;

[0057] Anomaly detection: When the external power supply voltage is detected to be lower than 80% of the normal operating voltage and the duration exceeds 500ms, it is determined to be an external power supply anomaly.

[0058] Quick switching: After triggering the external power supply abnormality detection, the charge and discharge control module immediately disconnects the external power supply circuit and simultaneously closes the battery power supply circuit, with a switching time of no more than 100ms;

[0059] Status feedback: After the switch is completed, the system sends a power supply status signal to the photovoltaic bracket tracking controller to ensure the continuous operation of the photovoltaic system.

[0060] Furthermore, the system startup and initialization process includes:

[0061] After the system is powered on, a first-time boot flag is set, and initialization is completed after 0.5 seconds of initialization timer, then the system enters normal working mode.

[0062] Low voltage start detection: After initialization, if the battery voltage is detected to be between 1V and 25V, it is marked as a low voltage start.

[0063] If the battery voltage subsequently rises above 25.3V, the algorithm triggers a system reset to ensure that the system operates within a safe voltage range.

[0064] Current chip calibration logic: Every 10 minutes or when the battery charging current flag is greater than 0, the algorithm command shuts down the heating unit and performs current chip error calibration based on 70mA. After calibration, normal control logic is restored to ensure current detection accuracy.

[0065] The beneficial effects of applying the technical solution of this invention are as follows:

[0066] The charging and discharging algorithm disclosed in this invention adjusts the charging current in real time according to the photovoltaic output power, prioritizing the system's static power consumption and heating requirements, maximizing the utilization of photovoltaic energy, and can activate active thermal management when there is sufficient sunlight to ensure that the battery operates at a suitable temperature, thereby improving charging and discharging efficiency. Furthermore, it can flexibly switch between multiple modes such as active thermal management, power-following charging, direct power survival, and low-power protection according to the light intensity and system power consumption requirements, achieving fine energy allocation, making energy management and utilization more efficient, and effectively avoiding the problem of system downtime due to extreme external environments. Attached Figure Description

[0067] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this application, are used to provide a further understanding of the invention. The illustrative embodiments of the invention and their descriptions are used to explain the invention and do not constitute an undue limitation of the invention. In the drawings:

[0068] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the battery connection assembly disclosed in this invention;

[0069] Figure 2 The present invention discloses a structural block diagram of a charge / discharge control module;

[0070] Figure 3 The system control logic block diagram disclosed in this invention;

[0071] Figure 4 The heating unit circuit diagram disclosed in this invention;

[0072] Figure 5 The voltage detection circuit diagram disclosed in this invention;

[0073] Figure 6The current detection circuit diagram disclosed in this invention;

[0074] Figure 7 The battery charging circuit diagram disclosed in this invention;

[0075] Figure 8 The simulation structure block diagram disclosed in this invention;

[0076] Figure 9 The flowchart shows the input stability determination process based on a sliding window.

[0077] The above figures include the following reference numerals:

[0078] 1. Charge / discharge control module; 11. Charging module; 12. MOSFET 3; 13. Main controller; 14. MOSFET 1; 15. MOSFET 2; 16. Voltage regulator circuit; 2. Data acquisition module; 3. Battery connection assembly; 4. Power supply switching module; 5. Temperature regulation module; 6. Heating unit; 7. Data monitoring assembly; 8. Battery; 9. Photovoltaic input source; 01. Tracking motor. Detailed Implementation

[0079] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this application can be combined with each other. The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0080] It should be noted that the following detailed descriptions are exemplary and intended to provide further explanation of this application. Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains.

[0081] It should be noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the exemplary embodiments according to this application. As used herein, the singular form is intended to include the plural form as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, it should be understood that when the terms "comprising" and / or "including" are used in this specification, they indicate the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components, and / or combinations thereof.

[0082] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this application are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments of this application described herein can be implemented, for example, in sequences other than those illustrated or described herein.

[0083] Furthermore, the terms “including” and “having” and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such as a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that includes a series of steps or units, which is not necessarily limited to those steps or units that are explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units that are not explicitly listed or that are inherent to such process, method, product, or apparatus.

[0084] For ease of description, spatial relative terms such as "above," "on top of," "on the upper surface of," "above," etc., may be used here to describe the spatial positional relationship of a device or feature to other devices or features as shown in the figure. It should be understood that spatial relative terms are intended to include different orientations in use or operation in addition to the orientation of the device as described in the figure.

[0085] For example, if a device in the accompanying drawings is inverted, a device described as "above" or "on top of" other devices or structures will subsequently be positioned as "below" or "under" other devices or structures. Thus, the exemplary term "above" can include both "above" and "below". The device may also be positioned differently, rotated 90 degrees, or in other orientations, and the spatial relative descriptions used herein will be interpreted accordingly.

[0086] Please refer to the above as well. Figures 1-9 This invention discloses a battery management system for a photovoltaic bracket tracking controller, which is mainly designed for complex environments such as low temperature and dryness. It optimizes the charging and discharging of batteries. At the same time, through precise logic control and priority scheduling, it adopts edge computing with independent power supply for micro-components and faces complex meteorological environments such as extremely low irradiance, low temperature and long-term cloudy and rainy periods, thereby ensuring the stable and efficient operation of the system.

[0087] The technical solutions disclosed in this invention will be described below by way of specific embodiments:

[0088] In a specific embodiment of this invention, the battery management system of the photovoltaic mounting tracking controller includes a charge / discharge control module 1, a battery connection component 3, and a temperature regulation module 5. The charge / discharge control module 1 is the core execution unit of the system, integrating a semiconductor field-effect transistor (SFET) for rapid switching of the power supply circuit. Simultaneously, the charge / discharge control module 1 forms a loop with the photovoltaic input source 9 and distributes voltage externally through the SFET, reducing the frequency of battery 8 use in low-temperature environments and thus extending battery life. Furthermore, the charge / discharge control module 1 is connected to the input terminal of the battery connection component 3, and the output terminal of the battery connection component 3 is connected to the battery 8 and adapted to provide distribution voltage to the load through the SFET of the charge / discharge control module 1. It should be noted that the load includes the tracking motor 01 that moves the photovoltaic panel, the heating unit 06 for cold weather, and the power supply required by the main controller of the charge / discharge control module 1. Corresponding switches are provided in the charge / discharge control module 1 to activate the corresponding functions and distribute the starting voltage in specific environments.

[0089] In this embodiment, the temperature regulation module 5 is adapted to sense the ambient temperature outside the battery 8 and connect to the external heating unit 6. The temperature regulation module 5 is a specially developed microcontroller system that can dynamically adjust the heating power through a PID temperature control algorithm and perform edge computing to maintain the operating temperature of the battery 8 within the normal operating temperature range. The battery 8 can supply power to the load to maintain system stability. In addition, by installing the load on the photovoltaic input source 9, under extreme conditions, the photovoltaic input source 9 can drive the load to maintain the photovoltaic input source 9 to operate normally at a minimum. On this basis, the battery 8 is signal-connected to the temperature regulation module 5, which is adapted to automatically adjust the output power of the heating unit 6. The battery 8 is also signal-connected to the data monitoring module 8, which is adapted to collect the voltage, current, remaining capacity, and cell temperature information of the battery 8 during the charging and discharging process and send it to the charging and discharging control module 1. The charging and discharging control module 1, as the core execution unit of the system, undertakes the parameter configuration and dynamic execution functions of the charging and discharging process. It can flexibly set key parameters such as charging current, charging voltage, discharging current, and discharging voltage according to the lithium battery type and actual operating conditions to ensure that the charging and discharging process is accurate and controllable, while responding to the priority scheduling instructions of the algorithm.

[0090] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the system may optionally include a simulator for testing and simulating the operating conditions of the system. The simulator's output terminal is connected to a host computer signal, and the simulator's input terminal is connected to a PLC controller 12 via interfaces M1 and M2. The signal output port of the PLC controller is connected to the circuit switching port of the semiconductor field-effect transistor. Simultaneously, the working battery, with its positive and negative terminals connected to the host computer, enables the host computer and simulator to work together to test the coordination of the entire system and verify the accuracy of data exchange. To facilitate communication between devices, a gateway is used to connect to the semiconductor field-effect transistor and the host computer signal via a serial port protocol. The host computer is a touch screen used to receive communication information from the gateway and select commands on the touch screen for operation.

[0091] like Figure 8 To explain the working principle of the simulator in detail, the instruction manual uses color illustrations to illustrate the circuit configuration. Specific parameters are shown in the table below:

[0092] The various switch functions of the PLC controller are shown in the table below:

[0093] In some embodiments, the charge / discharge control module 1 includes a charging module 11 and a main controller 13, such as Figure 2 The input terminal of the charging module 11 is connected to the photovoltaic input source 9 circuit. The charging module 11 is a power supply circuit, and its output terminal is divided into two paths. One path is connected to the battery 8 through MOSFET 14, and the other path is connected to the voltage regulator circuit 16 through a diode. The power supply terminal of the main controller 13 is connected to the voltage regulator circuit 16. The three signal output ports of the main controller 13 are connected to the gates of MOSFET 14, MOSFET 25, and MOSFET 312, respectively. The battery 8 is connected to the temperature regulation module 5 through MOSFET 312. The battery 8 is a series lithium battery pack. The main controller 13 is a microcontroller used for voltage distribution control. The battery 8 is connected to the tracking motor 01 through MOSFET 215. The two signal input ports of the main controller 13 are connected to the temperature regulation module 5 and the data monitoring component 7 through bus protocol signals.

[0094] In this embodiment, the data acquisition module 2 consists of a voltage sensor, a current sensor, a temperature sensor, and a capacity calculation unit. The data acquisition module 2 is suitable for real-time acquisition of voltage, current, remaining capacity, cell temperature, and external power supply during the charging and discharging process of the lithium battery, with a sampling frequency of not less than 1Hz.

[0095] Based on the same inventive concept, this invention application discloses a charging and discharging algorithm, which is applied to the battery management system of the photovoltaic bracket tracking controller mentioned above, and specifically includes the following steps:

[0096] Step 1: Hardware Connection and Parameter Initialization. Connect the battery cell to the system via the battery connection module to complete the hardware connection; initialize system parameters and monitor the photovoltaic input source 9 in real time. Output power at time Simultaneously, based on the power supply priority control logic, the charging and discharging parameters are set through the charging and discharging control module 1.

[0097] Step 2: Real-time data acquisition and continuous monitoring of charging and discharging parameters, including the output power of the photovoltaic input source. Rated heating power consumption of the heating unit Real-time load power Real-time voltage at the battery terminal The temperature of battery 8 inside the insulation shell (T) bat (t). Step 3: Power supply priority control and charging / discharging parameter setting. Based on the preset power supply priority control logic, the basic charging / discharging parameters are initially set through the charging / discharging control module. In Step 4, power judgment and mode branching are performed, specifically including four sub-steps:

[0098] when When this occurs, the active thermal management mode is activated:

[0099] Heating unit 6 is turned on, and the energy required for heating unit 6 to generate heat is completely covered by the input power of photovoltaic input source 9. for The heating power consumption of heating unit 6 is constantly monitored. This is the basic static power consumption of the control circuit. The safety redundancy power set for the system is used to offset line losses and sensor errors;

[0100] when Furthermore, when the temperature monitoring circuit 74 detects that the temperature inside the insulation shell 71 is higher than the threshold, it activates the dynamic power following charging mode, and the charging current command is dynamically adjusted according to the following formula:

[0101] ;

[0102] in, This is the charging current command value. Real-time load power Real-time voltage at the battery terminal Energy conversion efficiency;

[0103] when When the direct supply survival mode is activated, the photovoltaic maintenance circuit operates and the photovoltaic voltage is directly supplied to the load after being stabilized by the unit control component 2. The battery 8 is in a floating state and neither charges nor discharges. The photovoltaic only maintains the operation of the circuit and directly supplies the load after being stabilized.

[0104] when Enter low battery protection mode;

[0105] when When the light is unstable, such as Figure 9 We introduce a time window integration algorithm and define a state function H(t):

[0106] ;

[0107] in, This represents the system's lowest operating power consumption.

[0108] Set the sampling period to T. The system calculates the effective percentage within the window based on the interval number and the decision window length of N. :

[0109] ,

[0110] Among them, For the preset ratio threshold, when And when the charging start conditions are confirmed to be met, the battery 8 is charged. In step 5, the charging start conditions are further refined. Finally, in step 6, steps 2-5 are repeated continuously, and the operating mode is dynamically switched according to the changes in real-time parameters.

[0111] In this embodiment, the heating unit is dynamically started and stopped using 5℃, 10℃~15℃, and 15℃ as thresholds during the charging process to ensure charging safety. Charging initiation requires simultaneous fulfillment of power supply priority requirements and temperature conditions. Specifically, when the battery temperature rises to 5.0℃ or higher, and the power supply priority requirement is met while the battery is not fully charged, the charging process is automatically initiated, and the heating unit 6 is activated. If the battery temperature is between 10.0℃ and 15.0℃, the charging state is maintained while the battery temperature is monitored. If the battery temperature exceeds 15.0℃ and the temperature difference is below the threshold, the heating unit 6 is deactivated via the temperature regulation module 5, and charging continues.

[0112] In some embodiments, when the battery is not fully charged and the core conditions for charging initiation mentioned above are met, the charging and discharging process is automatically initiated, including the following steps: First, the charging process is initiated. After the system determines that the battery is not fully charged and the initiation conditions are met, the charging and discharging process is automatically initiated, prioritizing the charging operation. Then, a constant current charging stage is entered. In the initial stage of charging, the system switches to constant current charging mode and then controls the charging current within a set threshold range through a built-in precise current regulation unit, thereby quickly replenishing battery energy. During this stage, the battery voltage gradually increases with the charging process, while the battery terminal voltage is continuously monitored to determine whether the constant voltage switching threshold has been reached. Until the constant voltage charging stage is entered, a dynamic power following strategy is adopted. The charging current set value follows the change of the photovoltaic input power margin in real time, while the charging current is continuously monitored to determine whether it has dropped to the cutoff threshold. When the charging cutoff stage is entered, as the battery is fully charged, the charging current gradually decreases. When the current drops to 0.1C (C is the battery capacity), the battery is determined to be fully charged, the charging and discharging control module disables the charging enable, and the charging process is stopped. In this embodiment, when discharge is required, the system enters the discharge initiation phase. The data monitoring module 8 continuously monitors key parameters such as battery voltage, current, and temperature. The charge / discharge control module 1 executes the discharge operation according to preset standards. When the cell voltage drops to the discharge cutoff threshold or the battery experiences abnormal temperature, overcurrent, or other faults, the discharge is immediately stopped, and the system enters the performance evaluation phase, generating core analysis curves.

[0113] In this embodiment, the analysis curves include voltage-time curves, current-time curves, and capacity change curves. Based on curve analysis, the charge-discharge efficiency, cycle performance, and stability of the lithium battery are evaluated. The evaluation results are then fed back to the charge-discharge control module to optimize subsequent charge-discharge parameters. Specifically, when the battery voltage exceeds the overcharge threshold, the charging circuit is immediately cut off. And when the internal and external temperatures of the battery 8 exceed 60°C, the temperature regulation module 5 triggers the heating unit 6 to stop operating.

[0114] In this embodiment, the battery 8 is in a floating state and enters a low-power protection mode. The low-power protection mode includes cutting off the power supply to non-core loads when the data monitoring module 8 detects that the battery voltage is lower than 5.3V, the charging current is lower than 0.3A, or the battery voltage is higher than 5V, to prevent the battery from being over-discharged; and exiting the low-power protection mode when the battery voltage recovers to above 26V, or the charging current is greater than 0.3A, or the battery voltage is less than 5V.

[0115] In this embodiment, the power supply priority control logic mainly collects data such as external power supply, system operating power consumption, and heating film rated power consumption in real time through the data monitoring component 7. Specifically, it includes the following steps: First, when the power supply from the photovoltaic input source 9 is less than or equal to the current system operating power consumption, only the power supply to the charging / discharging control module 1 is maintained. Second, when the power supply from the photovoltaic input source 9 is greater than or equal to the current system operating power consumption, the heating unit 6 is activated to heat the battery 8 and charge the battery 8 based on the battery 8's temperature conditions. The prerequisite for activating the heating unit 6 is that the power supply from the photovoltaic input source 9 is greater than the power consumption of the charging / discharging control module 1 and the power consumption of the heating unit 6. In some cases, the charging / discharging process of the battery 8 is only initiated when the power supply from the photovoltaic input source 9 meets the power supply requirements of the charging / discharging control module 1 and the heating requirements of the heating unit 6, and the battery 8 is not fully charged.

[0116] In some embodiments, the charging and discharging algorithm further includes an intelligent power supply switching mechanism, including status monitoring: the data monitoring module 8 collects external power supply voltage and current data in real time and maintains a data sampling rate of once every 100ms. Anomaly judgment: when the external power supply voltage is detected to be lower than 80% of the normal operating voltage and the duration exceeds 500ms, it is judged as an external power supply anomaly. Fast switching: after triggering the external power supply anomaly judgment, the charging and discharging control module 1 immediately disconnects the external power supply circuit using MOSFET 12 or MOSFET 15, and simultaneously closes the power supply circuit of battery 8. The total hardware action time during the switching process is ≤100ms, and the switching process is ensured by capacitor energy storage without power loss. Status feedback: after the switching is completed, the system sends a power supply status signal to the photovoltaic bracket tracking controller to ensure the continuous operation of the photovoltaic system. After the switching is completed, the system must feed back the status to the controller to ensure the continuous operation of the photovoltaic system, and return to the continuous monitoring state after the switching.

[0117] In some embodiments, the algorithm's initialization process includes first marking a first-time startup flag after the system is powered on, starting an initialization timer for 0.5 seconds to complete initialization, and then entering normal operating mode. After initialization is complete, a low-voltage startup judgment is performed: if the voltage of battery 8 is detected to be between 1V and 25V, a low-voltage startup flag is set; then, if the voltage of battery 8 subsequently rises above 25.3V, the algorithm triggers a system reset to ensure that the system operates within a safe voltage range.

[0118] In this embodiment, the current chip calibration logic is as follows: every 10 minutes or when the charging current flag of battery 8 is greater than 0, the algorithm command shuts down the heating unit 6 and performs current chip error calibration based on 70mA. After calibration, the normal control logic is restored to ensure current detection accuracy.

[0119] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A battery management system for a photovoltaic bracket tracking controller, characterized in that, include: The charging and discharging control module (1) has its input terminal connected to the photovoltaic input source (9) to form a circuit and distributes voltage to the outside. The battery connection component (3) has an anti-reverse fixing interface at its output end, which is connected to the battery (8). The input end of the battery connection component (3) is connected to the charging and discharging control module (1). The temperature regulation module (5) is connected to an external heating unit (6) and is adapted to sense the ambient temperature of the external environment of the battery (8) to form an ambient temperature signal. The temperature regulation module (5) is adapted to transmit the ambient temperature signal to the charge and discharge control module (1). The data monitoring component (7) has its output end connected to both the power supply switching module (4) and the charge / discharge control module (1), and its input end connected to the data acquisition module (2). The data acquisition module (2) is adapted to sample the voltage, current, remaining capacity and internal temperature information of the battery (8) during the charge / discharge process and send them to the data monitoring component (7) for edge computing. The charging and discharging control module (1) responds to the heating control command of the algorithm according to the ambient temperature signal and the battery temperature signal, and distributes current to the heating unit (6) through the temperature adjustment module (5) to complete the heating. The power supply switching module (4) quickly switches between the external power supply mode and the battery power supply mode when the data monitoring component (7) detects an abnormality in the external power supply.

2. The battery management system of the photovoltaic bracket tracking controller as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The charge / discharge control module (1) includes: The charging module (11) has its input end connected to the photovoltaic input source (9) circuit. The charging module (11) is a power supply circuit and its output end is divided into two paths. One path is connected to the battery (8) through MOS transistor 1 (14), and the other path is connected to the voltage regulator circuit (16) through a diode. The main controller (13) is connected to the power supply terminal of the voltage regulator circuit (16). The three signal output ports of the main controller (13) are connected to the gates of MOSFET 1 (14), MOSFET 2 (15) and MOSFET 3 (12) respectively. The battery (8) is connected to the temperature regulation module (5) through MOSFET 3 (12). The battery (8) is connected to the tracking motor (01) via MOS transistor (15), and the two signal input ports of the main controller (13) are connected to the temperature regulation module (5) and the data monitoring component (7) via bus protocol signals.

3. The battery management system of the photovoltaic bracket tracking controller as described in claim 2, characterized in that: The data acquisition module (2) consists of a voltage sensor, a current sensor, a temperature sensor, and a capacity calculation unit; The data acquisition module (2) is suitable for real-time acquisition of voltage, current, remaining capacity, cell temperature and external power supply during the charging and discharging process of lithium battery, with a sampling frequency of not less than 1Hz.

4. A charging and discharging algorithm, applying the battery management system of the photovoltaic bracket tracking controller as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The process includes the following: The system starts up and initializes, connecting the photovoltaic input source (9) to the battery (8) via the battery connection component (3). After completing the hardware connection, the photovoltaic input source (9) is monitored in real time. Output power at time And based on the power supply priority control logic, the charging and discharging parameters are set through the charging and discharging control module (1); when When this occurs, the active thermal management mode is activated: The heating unit (6) is turned on, and the energy required for the heating unit (6) to generate heat is completely covered by the input power of the photovoltaic input source (9), wherein, for Heating power consumption of heating unit (6) at all times. This is the basic static power consumption of the control circuit. The safety redundancy power set for the system is used to offset line losses and sensor errors; when Furthermore, when the data monitoring component (7) and the temperature adjustment module (5) detect that the temperature difference of the battery (8) is higher than the threshold, the power dynamic following charging mode is activated, and the charging current command is dynamically adjusted according to the following formula: in, This is the charging current command value. Real-time load power Real-time voltage at the battery terminal Energy conversion efficiency; when When the direct supply survival mode is activated, the photovoltaic power generation is only used to maintain the operation of the system, and the battery (8) is in a floating state; when Enter low power protection mode to allow charging of the battery (8); when When the illumination is unstable, a time window integration algorithm is introduced, and the state function H(t) is defined: ,in, This represents the system's lowest operating power consumption. Set the sampling period to T. The system calculates the effective percentage within the window based on the interval number and the decision window length of N. : ； Among them, For the preset ratio threshold, when And the battery (8) discharges outward.

5. The charging / discharging algorithm as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The charging start condition is as follows: When the data monitoring component (7) detects that the temperature of the battery (8) rises above 5.0°C and the battery is not fully charged, it automatically starts the charging process and turns on the heating unit (6). If the temperature of the battery (8) rises to between 10.0°C and 15.0°C, the charging state is maintained while the temperature of the battery (8) is monitored. If the battery (8) temperature exceeds 15.0°C and the temperature difference is below the threshold, the heating unit (6) is turned off by the temperature regulation module (5) and charging continues.

6. The charging and discharging algorithm as described in claim 4, characterized in that, When the battery is not fully charged, the charging and discharging process includes: Constant current charging stage: In the initial stage of charging, the system starts constant current mode. Through the built-in precise current regulation unit, the charging current threshold range can be controlled to quickly replenish the battery energy. During this stage, the battery voltage gradually increases as the charging process progresses. Constant voltage charging stage: When the battery voltage rises to the specified threshold, the algorithm automatically switches to constant voltage mode, and a dynamic power following strategy is adopted during the charging stage, with the charging current setpoint changing in real time according to the margin of the input power. Charging cutoff stage: As the battery charge gradually increases, the charging current gradually decreases. When the current drops to 0.1C, the battery is determined to be fully charged, and the charging and discharging control module (1) turns off the charging enable, where C is the battery capacity; During the discharge start-up phase, the data monitoring module continuously monitors parameters such as battery voltage, current, and temperature. The charge and discharge control module (1) performs the discharge operation according to the standard. When the battery (8) voltage drops to the discharge cutoff threshold or an abnormality occurs, the discharge is stopped immediately. Performance evaluation phase: The data processing system analyzes the parameter data during the charging and discharging process to generate voltage-time curves, current-time curves, and capacity change curves, and evaluates the charging and discharging efficiency, cycle performance, and stability of the lithium battery.

7. The charging / discharging algorithm as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The battery (8) is in a floating state and enters a low-power protection mode, including: When the data monitoring component (7) detects that the battery voltage is less than 25.3V, the charging current is less than 0.3A, and the battery (8) voltage is greater than 5V, the algorithm determines that the battery (8) is in a low power condition and starts the low power protection mode. Disconnect power to non-core loads to prevent battery over-discharge; When the battery voltage recovers to above 26V, or the charging current is ≥0.3A, or the battery voltage is below 5V, the low battery protection mode will be exited.

8. The charging and discharging algorithm as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The power supply priority control logic includes: The system collects data such as external power supply, system operating power consumption, and rated power consumption of the heating film in real time through the data monitoring component (7); When the power supply of the photovoltaic input source (9) is less than or equal to the current operating power consumption of the system, only the power supply for the charging and discharging control module (1) to perform its functions is maintained; When the power supply of the photovoltaic input source (9) is greater than or equal to the current operating power consumption of the system, the heating unit (6) is started to heat and charge the battery (8) based on the temperature conditions of the battery (8). The premise for starting the heating unit (6) is that the power supply of the photovoltaic input source (9) is greater than the power consumption of the charge and discharge control module (1) and the power consumption of the heating unit (6). The charging and discharging process of the battery (8) is only started when the power supply of the photovoltaic input source (9) meets the power supply requirements of the charging and discharging control module (1) and the heating unit (6), and the battery (8) is not fully charged.

9. The charging and discharging algorithm as described in claim 8, characterized in that, The charging and discharging algorithm also includes an intelligent power supply switching mechanism, including: Status monitoring: The data monitoring component (7) collects external power supply voltage and current data in real time and maintains a data sampling rate of once every 100ms; Anomaly detection: When the external power supply voltage is detected to be lower than 80% of the normal operating voltage and the duration exceeds 500ms, it is determined to be an external power supply anomaly. Quick switching: After triggering the external power supply abnormality judgment, the charging and discharging control module (1) immediately disconnects the external power supply circuit and at the same time closes the power supply circuit of the battery (8), and the switching time does not exceed 100ms; Status feedback: After the switch is completed, the system sends a power supply status signal to the photovoltaic bracket tracking controller to ensure the continuous operation of the photovoltaic system.

10. The charging / discharging algorithm as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The system startup and initialization process includes: After the system is powered on, a first-time boot flag is set, and initialization is completed after 0.5 seconds of initialization timer, then the system enters normal working mode. Low voltage start judgment: After initialization, if the battery (8) voltage is detected to be between 1V and 25V, it is marked as a low voltage start flag; If the voltage of the battery (8) rises above 25.3V, the algorithm triggers a system reset to ensure that the system operates within a safe voltage range. Current chip calibration logic: Every 10 minutes or when the battery (8) charging current flag is greater than 0, the algorithm command shuts down the heating unit (6) and performs current chip error calibration based on 70mA. After calibration, the normal control logic is restored to ensure current detection accuracy.

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