Light emitting element and electronic device including the same

Abstract

A light-emitting element is provided, the light-emitting element comprising a first electrode, a light-emitting unit disposed on the first electrode, and a second electrode disposed on the light-emitting unit. The light-emitting unit includes a first emitting layer configured to generate light having a first wavelength, a second emitting layer configured on the first emitting layer to generate light having a second wavelength different from the first wavelength, an intermediate layer on the second emitting layer containing a first compound, and a third emitting layer disposed on the intermediate layer and containing a second compound, the third emitting layer being configured to generate light having a third wavelength different from both the first and second wavelengths, wherein the first compound contains a phosphorescent material, and the second compound contains a fluorescent material.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority and benefit to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2025-0048357, filed on April 14, 2025, with the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] One or more embodiments of the present disclosure described herein relate to a light-emitting element comprising multiple emitting layers and an electronic device comprising said light-emitting element. Background Technology

[0004] Organic light-emitting elements (OLEDs) are self-emissive components that exhibit high response speeds and operate at low voltages. Therefore, since a separate light source is not required, organic light-emitting display devices incorporating OLEDs can be lightweight and thin, and can offer advantages such as excellent or suitable brightness and / or wide viewing angle independence.

[0005] An organic light-emitting element (OLED) is a display element that may include an emitting layer containing organic material between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode. Holes supplied from the anode electrode and electrons supplied from the cathode electrode recombine in the emitting layer to form excitons, which then produce light corresponding to the energy between the holes and electrons. Multiple emitting layers may exist between the anode and cathode electrodes. Multiple emitting layers can be designed to emit light with different wavelengths. Light with different wavelengths can be mixed together to emit white light (e.g., white light).

[0006] The information disclosed in this Background section is intended to enhance (facilitate) the understanding of the background of this disclosure and may contain information that does not constitute prior art. Summary of the Invention

[0007] One or more aspects of the embodiments of this disclosure relate to light-emitting elements having improved display efficiency and display lifetime, and electronic devices including said light-emitting elements.

[0008] Other aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and will be apparent in part from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments presented in this disclosure.

[0009] According to one or more embodiments of this disclosure, a light-emitting element includes a first electrode, a light-emitting unit disposed on the first electrode, and a second electrode disposed on the light-emitting unit. The light-emitting unit includes a first emitting layer configured to generate light having a first wavelength, a second emitting layer configured to generate light having a second wavelength different from the first wavelength and disposed on the first emitting layer, an intermediate layer disposed on the second emitting layer and containing a first compound, and a third emitting layer disposed on the intermediate layer and containing a second compound. The third emitting layer is configured to generate light having a third wavelength different from both the first and second wavelengths. The first compound contains a phosphorescent material, and the second compound contains a fluorescent material.

[0010] In one or more embodiments, the second emission layer may be directly disposed on the first emission layer, the intermediate layer may be directly disposed on the second emission layer, and the third emission layer may be directly disposed on the intermediate layer.

[0011] In one or more embodiments, the light having the first wavelength may be red light, the light having the second wavelength may be green light, and the light having the third wavelength may be blue light.

[0012] In one or more embodiments, the first compound may include a hole transport host, an electron transport host, and a phosphorescent dopant.

[0013] In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be represented by Formula 1.

[0014] Formula 1

[0015] In Equation 1 above, Q1 to Q4 can each be independently C or N, and C1 to C4 can each be independently a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ring having 5 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. 11 To L 13 Each can be independently configured as a direct-connect key, , , , substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted arylene groups having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene groups having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, where b1 to b3 can each be 0 or 1 independently, R 51 To R 56Each group can independently be a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted thio group, a substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amine group, a substituted or unsubstituted boron group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms, or can be bonded to adjacent groups to form a ring, and d1 to d4 can each independently be an integer from 0 to 4. "" refers to the part to be connected to C1 to C4.

[0016] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport entity may include a compound represented by formula H1.

[0017] Formula H1

[0018] In formula H1 above, R1 to R8 can each be independently hydrogen, deuterium atom, halogen atom, cyano group, substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, substituted or unsubstituted thio group, substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, substituted or unsubstituted amine group, substituted or unsubstituted boron group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or each can optionally be bonded to an adjacent group to form a ring.

[0019] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport body may include a compound represented by formula ET-1.

[0020] ET-1

[0021] In the above formula ET-1, at least one of Z1 to Z3 can be N, and the remainder is CR9. R9 can be hydrogen, deuterium, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms. a1 to a3 can each be an integer from 0 to 10 independently. L1 to L3 can each be a straight bond, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, and if (e.g., when) Each of a1 to a3 is an integer of 2 or greater than 2, L2 to L4 can each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, and Ar1 to Ar3 can each independently be a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms.

[0022] In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be present in a weight percentage of about 0.1% to about 5.0% of the total weight of the intermediate layer.

[0023] In one or more embodiments, the second compound may include a spirocyclic compound.

[0024] In one or more embodiments, the first emitting layer and the second emitting layer may each be a phosphorescent emitting layer.

[0025] In one or more embodiments, the first emitter layer may include a first host and a first dopant, the second emitter layer may include a second host and a second dopant, and the first dopant and the second dopant may each independently include a compound represented by formula D.

[0026] Formula D

[0027] In formula D above, Y1 to Y4 and Z1 to Z4 can each be independently CR1 or N, R1 to R4 can each be independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted amine group, substituted or unsubstituted thio group, substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or each can optionally be bonded to an adjacent group to form a ring, m can be 0 or 1, and n can be 2 or 3.

[0028] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting element may further include a hole transport region disposed between the first electrode and the light-emitting unit and an electron transport region disposed between the second electrode and the light-emitting unit.

[0029] In one or more embodiments, the first emitting layer may have a first thickness of about 10 nm to about 30 nm, and the second emitting layer may have a second thickness of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.

[0030] In one or more embodiments, the thickness of the intermediate layer (3-1) may be less than the thickness of the third emission layer (3-2).

[0031] In one or more embodiments, the thickness of the (3-1) can be from about 1 nm to about 10 nm, and the thickness of the (3-2) can be from about 5 nm to about 20 nm.

[0032] According to one or more embodiments of this disclosure, the light-emitting element includes a first electrode, a light-emitting unit disposed on the first electrode, and a second electrode disposed on the light-emitting unit. The light-emitting unit includes a first emitting layer configured to generate light having a first wavelength, a second emitting layer configured to generate light having a second wavelength different from the first wavelength, a third emitting layer configured to generate light having a third wavelength different from both the first and second wavelengths, and an intermediate layer disposed between the second and third emitting layers. The intermediate layer includes a hole transport host, an electron transport host, and a phosphorescent dopant, and the phosphorescent dopant accounts for about 0.1% to about 5.0% of the total weight of the intermediate layer by weight.

[0033] According to one or more embodiments of this disclosure, an electronic device includes a display device configured to provide an image and a power module configured to supply power to the display device. The display device includes a substrate layer, a circuit layer disposed on the substrate layer, and a display element layer disposed on the circuit layer and including a light-emitting element. The light-emitting element includes a first electrode, a light-emitting unit disposed on the first electrode, and a second electrode disposed on the light-emitting unit. The light-emitting unit includes a first emitting layer configured to generate light having a first wavelength, a second emitting layer configured to generate light having a second wavelength different from the first wavelength and disposed on the first emitting layer, an intermediate layer disposed on the second emitting layer and containing a first compound, and a third emitting layer disposed on the intermediate layer and containing a second compound. The third emitting layer is configured to generate light having a third wavelength different from the first wavelength and the second wavelength. The first compound includes a phosphorescent material, and the second compound includes a fluorescent material.

[0034] In one or more embodiments, the substrate layer may include a first light-emitting region, a second light-emitting region, and a third light-emitting region spaced apart from each other on a plane, and a peripheral region defined between the first light-emitting region and the third light-emitting region, and the first emitting layer to the third emitting layer may be provided as a common layer between the first light-emitting region and the third light-emitting region.

[0035] In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a color filter layer disposed on the display element layer, and the color filter layer may include a first color filter to a third color filter that overlaps with the first light-emitting area to the third light-emitting area, respectively.

[0036] In one or more embodiments, the electronic device may further include a processor and a memory.

[0037] For example, one or more embodiments of this disclosure provide light-emitting elements and electronic devices comprising multilayer light-emitting units configured to improve emission efficiency and operational lifetime. The light-emitting units include: a first and second emitting layer, each potentially phosphorescent; an intermediate layer comprising a hole transport host, an electron transport host, and a phosphorescent dopant; and a third emitting layer, potentially fluorescent. By arranging the intermediate layer between the second and third emitting layers, the remaining triplet excitons can be utilized while reducing exciton quenching, thereby improving overall device performance. These structural and compositional features, along with optional hole and electron transport regions and specified thickness ranges, enable embodiments to achieve high brightness, low power consumption, and improved reliability of display devices and corresponding electronic devices. Attached Figure Description

[0038] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of this disclosure, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure. The drawings illustrate certain embodiments of this disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of this disclosure. The above and / or other aspects of this disclosure should become apparent and understood from the following description of the embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings: Figure 1 It is a block diagram of an electronic device according to one or more implementation schemes; Figure 2 A schematic diagram of an electronic device according to one or more embodiments is shown; Figure 3 It is an exploded perspective view of an electronic device according to one or more implementation schemes; Figure 4A It is a perspective view of an electronic device according to one or more implementation schemes; Figure 4B yes Figure 4A An exploded perspective view of the electronic device shown in the image; Figure 5 It is a plan view of a display panel according to one or more implementation schemes; Figure 6 It is a cross-sectional view of a display panel according to one or more embodiments; and Figure 7 It schematically shows a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting element according to one or more embodiments. Detailed Implementation

[0039] In this disclosure, if (for example, when) an element (or area, layer, section, etc.) is referred to as being "on" another element, "connected" to another element, or "attached to" another element, it may be directly arranged on, directly connected to, or directly attached to another element, or other elements may be arranged between them. Conversely, when an element is referred to as being "directly on" another element, "directly connected" to another element, "directly attached to," or "immediately adjacent to" another element, there is no intermediate element.

[0040] The same reference numerals or symbols refer to the same elements throughout, and for the sake of brevity, repeated descriptions of them may be omitted. In the accompanying drawings, the thickness, scale, and dimensions of the elements are exaggerated for the purpose of effectively describing the technical content. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed elements.

[0041] Although the terms “first,” “second,” etc., may be used herein to describe one or more suitable elements, these elements are not limited by these terms. These terms are used only to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, or part from another element, component, region, layer, or part. For example, the first element, first component, first region, first layer, or first part discussed may be referred to as a second element, second component, second region, second layer, or second part without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Similarly, a second element, second component, second region, second layer, or second part may also be referred to as a first element, first component, first region, first layer, or first part. In this disclosure, the singular expressions “a / an” and “the” are also intended to include the plural forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0042] In addition, the terms "below," "under," "on the lower side," "above," "on top," "on the upper side," etc., can be used to describe the relationship between the elements shown in the accompanying drawings. These terms are relative concepts and are described based on the directions indicated in the drawings.

[0043] It should also be understood that the terms “comprises,” “includes,” “has,” and / or “comprising,” “including,” “having,” if used (for example, when) in this disclosure, indicate the presence of the specified features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof. Furthermore, the terms “comprise(s) / comprising,” “include(s) / including,” “have / has / having,” or other similar terms include or support the terms “consisting of,” and “substantially consisting of,” indicating the presence of the specified features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, and the absence or substantial absence of other features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0044] Unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein (including technical and scientific terms) have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. It should be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having meanings consistent with their meanings in the relevant field context and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

[0045] In this disclosure, the term "substituted or unsubstituted" can mean substituted or unsubstituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, cyano group, nitro group, amino group, silyl group, oxy group, thio group, sulfinyl group, sulfonyl group, carbonyl group, boron group, phosphine oxide group, phosphine sulfide group, alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, cyclic hydrocarbon group, aryl group, and heterocyclic group. Furthermore, each of the exemplary substituents can be substituted or unsubstituted. For example, a biphenyl group can be interpreted as an aryl group, and can also be interpreted as a phenyl group substituted by a phenyl group.

[0046] In this disclosure, the term "bonded with an adjacent group to form a ring" can refer to bonding with an adjacent group to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ring or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle. Hydrocarbon rings include aliphatic hydrocarbon rings and aromatic hydrocarbon rings. Heterocycles include aliphatic heterocycles and aromatic heterocycles. Hydrocarbon rings and heterocycles can be monocyclic or polycyclic rings. Furthermore, the bonded ring can also connect to another ring to form a spirocyclic structure.

[0047] In this disclosure, the term "adjacent group" can refer to a substituent that is directly connected to an atom substituted by the corresponding substituent, another substituent that replaces the atom substituted by the corresponding substituent, or the substituent that is closest in three dimensions to the corresponding substituent. For example, the two methyl groups in 1,2-dimethylbenzene can be interpreted as "adjacent groups" to each other, and the two ethyl groups in 1,1-diethylcyclopentane can be interpreted as "adjacent groups" to each other. Furthermore, the two methyl groups in 4,5-dimethylphenanthrene can be interpreted as "adjacent groups" to each other.

[0048] In this disclosure, examples of halogen atoms include fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms and / or iodine atoms.

[0049] In this specification, alkyl groups can be straight-chain or branched. Alkyl groups have 1 to 60, 1 to 30, 1 to 20, 1 to 10, or 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl groups, ethyl groups, n-propyl groups, isopropyl groups, n-butyl groups, sec-butyl groups, tert-butyl groups, isobutyl groups, 2-ethylbutyl groups, 3,3-dimethylbutyl groups, n-pentyl groups, isopentyl groups, neopentyl groups, tert-pentyl groups, 1-methylpentyl groups, 3-methylpentyl groups, 2-ethylpentyl groups, 4-methyl-2-pentyl groups, n-hexyl groups, and 1-methylhexyl groups. 2-Ethylhexyl group, 2-Butylhexyl group, n-Heptyl group, 1-Methylheptyl group, 2,2-Dimethylheptyl group, 2-Ethylheptyl group, 2-Butylheptyl group, n-Octyl group, tert-Octyl group, 2-Ethyloctyl group, 2-Butyloctyl group, 2-Hexyloctyl group, 3,7-Dimethyloctyl group, n-Nonyl group, n-Decyl group, 2-Ethyldecyl group, 2-Butyldecyl group, 2-Hexyldecyl group, 2-Octyl group The following groups are included: decyl group, undecyl group, dodecyl group, 2-ethyldodecyl group, 2-butyldodecyl group, 2-hexyldodecyl group, 2-octyldodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group, hexadecyl group, 2-ethylhexadecyl group, 2-butylhexadecyl group, 2-hexylhexadecyl group, 2-octylhexadecyl group, heptadecanyl group, octadecyl group, nonadecanyl group, eicosyl group, 2-ethyleicosyl group, 2-butyleicosyl group, 2-hexyleicosyl group, 2-octyleicosyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group, hexadecyl group, heptadecanyl group, octadecyl group, nonadecanyl group, and triadecyl group, but examples are not limited thereto.

[0050] In this disclosure, a cycloalkyl group can refer to a cyclic alkyl group. A cycloalkyl group has 3 to 60, 3 to 30, 3 to 20, or 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl groups, cyclobutyl groups, cyclopentyl groups, cyclohexyl groups, 4-methylcyclohexyl groups, 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl groups, cycloheptyl groups, cyclooctyl groups, cyclononyl groups, cyclodecyl groups, norbornyl groups, 1-adamantyl groups, 2-adamantyl groups, isobornyl groups, bicycloheptyl groups, etc., but are not limited to these examples.

[0051] In this disclosure, an alkenyl group refers to a hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the middle or at the end of an alkyl group having two or more carbon atoms. The alkenyl group can be linear or branched. The alkenyl group has 2 to 60, 2 to 30, 2 to 20, or 2 to 10 carbon atoms, but the number of carbon atoms is not particularly limited. Examples of alkenyl groups include vinyl groups, 1-butenyl groups, 1-pentenyl groups, 1,3-butadienyl groups, styryl groups, styrylvinyl groups, etc., but are not limited to these examples.

[0052] In this disclosure, an alkynyl group refers to a hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds in the middle or at the end of an alkyl group having two or more carbon atoms. The alkynyl group can be straight-chain or branched. The alkynyl group has 2 to 30, 2 to 20, or 2 to 10 carbon atoms, but the number of carbon atoms is not particularly limited. Examples of alkynyl groups may include ethynyl groups, propynyl groups, etc., but are not limited to these examples.

[0053] In this disclosure, a hydrocarbon cyclic group refers to any functional group or substituent derived from an aliphatic hydrocarbon ring. The hydrocarbon cyclic group can be a saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 5 to 20 cyclic carbon atoms.

[0054] In this disclosure, an aryl group refers to any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. An aryl group can be a monocyclic or polycyclic aryl group. An aryl group can have 6 to 60, 6 to 30, 6 to 20, or 6 to 15 cyclic carbon atoms. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl groups, naphthyl groups, fluorenyl groups, anthraceneyl groups, phenanthrene groups, biphenyl groups, triphenyl groups, tetraphenyl groups, pentaphenyl groups, hexaphenyl groups, benzo[a]phenanthrene groups, pyrene groups, benzo[a]fluorene-anthrayl groups, alkyl groups, etc., but are not limited to these examples.

[0055] In this disclosure, the fluorenyl group may be substituted, and two substituents may be bonded to form a spirocyclic structure. Examples of substituted fluorenyl groups are given below. However, the examples are not limited thereto.

[0056]

[0057] In this disclosure, a heterocyclic group refers to any functional group or substituent derived from a ring containing one or more of B, O, N, P, S, Si, and Se as heteroatoms. Heterocyclic groups include aliphatic heterocyclic groups and aromatic heterocyclic groups. Aromatic heterocyclic groups may be heteroaryl groups. Aliphatic and aromatic heterocycles may be monocyclic or polycyclic rings.

[0058] In this disclosure, the heterocyclic group may contain one or more of B, O, N, P, S, Si, and Se as heteroatoms. When the heterocyclic group contains two or more heteroatoms, the two or more heteroatoms may be the same or different from each other. The heterocyclic group may be a monocyclic heterocyclic group or a polycyclic heterocyclic group, which refers to a group containing a heteroaryl group. The heterocyclic group may have 2 to 60, 2 to 30, 2 to 20, or 2 to 10 cyclic carbon atoms.

[0059] In this disclosure, the aliphatic heterocyclic group may include one or more of B, O, N, P, S, Si, and Se as a heteroatom. The aliphatic heterocyclic group may have 2 to 30, 2 to 20, or 2 to 10 cyclic carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic heterocyclic groups include oxetane groups, thiohepane groups, pyrrolidinyl groups, piperidinium groups, tetrahydrofuran groups, tetrahydrothiophene groups, sulfide cyclopentane groups, tetrahydropyran groups, 1,4-dioxolane groups, etc., but are not limited to these examples.

[0060] In this disclosure, the heteroaryl group may include one or more of B, O, N, P, S, Si, and Se as a heteroatom. When the heteroaryl group contains two or more heteroatoms, the two or more heteroatoms may be the same or different from each other. The heteroaryl group may be a monocyclic heterocyclic group or a polycyclic heterocyclic group. The heteroaryl group may have 2 to 60, 2 to 30, 2 to 20, or 2 to 10 cyclic carbon atoms. Examples of heteroaryl groups include thiophene groups, furan groups, pyrrole groups, imidazole groups, pyridine groups, bipyridine groups, pyrimidine groups, triazine groups, triazole groups, acridine groups, pyridazine groups, pyrazinyl groups, quinoline groups, quinazoline groups, quinoxaline groups, phenoxazine groups, phthalazine groups, pyridopyrimidine groups, pyridopyrazine groups, pyrazinopyrazine groups, isoquinoline groups, indole groups, carbazole groups, N-arylcarbazole groups, N-heteroarylcarbazole groups, N-alkylcarbazole groups, benzoxazole groups, benzimidazole groups, benzothiazole groups, benzocarbazole groups, benzothiophene groups, dibenzothiophene groups, thienothiophene groups, benzofuran groups, phenanthroline groups, thiazole groups, isoxazole groups, oxazole groups, oxadiazole groups, thiadiazole groups, phenthiazine groups, dibenzothiophene groups, dibenzofuran groups, etc., but examples are not limited to these.

[0061] In this disclosure, the foregoing description of aryl groups can be applied to arylene groups, but arylene groups are divalent groups. The foregoing description of heteroaryl groups can be applied to heteroarylene groups, but heteroarylene groups are divalent groups.

[0062] In this disclosure, silyl groups include alkylsilyl groups and arylsilyl groups. Examples of silyl groups include trimethylsilyl groups, triethylsilyl groups, tert-butyldimethylsilyl groups, dimethylsilyl groups, propyldimethylsilyl groups, triphenylsilyl groups, diphenylsilyl groups, phenylsilyl groups, etc., but are not limited to these examples.

[0063] In this disclosure, the carbonyl group may have 1 to 40, 1 to 30, or 1 to 20 carbon atoms, but the number of carbon atoms is not limited thereto. For example, the carbonyl group may have the structure shown below, but this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0064]

[0065] In this disclosure, the sulfinyl group and the sulfonyl group may have 1 to 30, 1 to 20, or 1 to 10 carbon atoms, but the number of carbon atoms is not limited thereto. The sulfinyl group may include alkylsulfinyl groups and arylsulfinyl groups. The sulfonyl group may include alkylsulfonyl groups and arylsulfonyl groups.

[0066] In this disclosure, a thio group may include an alkylthio group and an arylthio group. A thio group may refer to a sulfur atom bonded to an alkyl group or an aryl group as defined above. Examples of thio groups include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, pentylthio, hexylthio, octylthio, dodecylthio, cyclopentylthio, cyclohexylthio, phenylthio, and naphthio groups.

[0067] In this disclosure, an oxy group can refer to an oxygen atom bonded to an alkyl group or an aryl group as defined above. Oxygen groups can include alkoxy groups and aryloxy groups. Alkoxy groups can be straight-chain, branched, or cyclic. For example, an alkoxy group can have 1 to 20 carbon atoms or 1 to 10 carbon atoms, but the number of carbon atoms is not limited thereto. Examples of oxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, octoxy, nonoxy, decoxy, benzyloxy, etc., but are not limited to these examples.

[0068] In this disclosure, a boron group can refer to a boron atom bonded to an alkyl group or an aryl group as defined above. Boron groups include alkylboron groups and arylboron groups. Examples of boron groups include dimethylboron groups, diethylboron groups, tert-butylmethylboron groups, diphenylboron groups, phenylboron groups, etc., but are not limited to these examples.

[0069] In this disclosure, the amine group may have 1 to 30, 1 to 20, or 1 to 10 carbon atoms, but the number of carbon atoms is not limited thereto. The amine group may include alkylamine groups and arylamine groups. Examples of amine groups include methylamine groups, dimethylamine groups, phenylamine groups, diphenylamine groups, naphthylamine groups, 9-methyl-anthraylamine groups, etc., but are not limited to these examples.

[0070] In this disclosure, alkyl groups, alkylthio groups, alkylsulfonoxy groups, alkylaryl groups, alkylamino groups, alkylboron groups, alkylsilyl groups, and alkylamine groups include instances of the same alkyl groups as those described above.

[0071] In this disclosure, aryl groups, aryloxy groups, arylthio groups, arylsulfonoxy groups, arylamino groups, arylboronic groups, arylsilyl groups, and arylamine groups include examples of the same aryl groups as those mentioned above.

[0072] In this disclosure, a direct-connect key can refer to a single key.

[0073] In this public disclosure, " "and" "This is the position to be connected."

[0074] In the following description, one or more embodiments of this disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0075] Figure 1 This is a block diagram of an electronic device according to one or more implementation schemes. (Reference) Figure 1 An electronic device ED according to one or more embodiments may include a display module DM, a processor PR, a memory MR, and a power module PM.

[0076] The processor PR may include at least one selected from the central processing unit (CPU), application processor (AP), graphics processing unit (GPU), communication processor (CP), image signal processor (ISP), and controller.

[0077] The memory MR can store data required for the operation of the processor PR and / or the display module DM. When the processor PR runs the application stored in the memory MR, image data signals and / or input control signals can be transmitted to the display module DM, and the display module DM can process the received signals to output image information through the display screen. The display module DM may include a display panel for displaying images.

[0078] The power module PM may include a power supply module, such as a power adapter or battery device, and a power conversion module that converts the power supplied by the power supply module to generate the power required for the operation of the electronic device ED.

[0079] At least one of the components of the electronic device ED described above may be included in a display module according to one or more embodiments, as described below, and may be included in a display device including the display module according to one or more embodiments. Furthermore, some individual modules included in a functional module may be included in the display device, and others may be provided separately from the display device. For example, the display device may include a display module DM, and a processor PR, a memory MR, and a power module PM may be provided as devices in the electronic device ED other than the display device.

[0080] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of one or more suitable embodiments of an electronic device ED is shown.

[0081] refer to Figure 2 The display module, which includes one or more suitable electronic devices according to one or more embodiments, may include not only electronic devices for displaying images, such as smartphones ED_1a, tablet computers ED_1b, laptop computers ED_1c, TVs ED_1d, and desktop monitors ED_1e, but also wearable electronic devices, such as smart glasses ED_2a, head-mounted displays ED_2b, and smartwatches ED_2c; and electronic devices for vehicles ED_3, such as car dashboards, central panels, central information displays (CIDs) arranged on dashboards, and interior mirror displays.

[0082] Figure 3 This is an exploded perspective view showing an electronic device ED according to one or more embodiments.

[0083] Figure 3 Examples of head-mounted displays as wearable electronic devices are shown, such as those previously referenced. Figure 2 The smart glasses ED_2a, head-mounted display ED_2b, and smartwatch ED_2c are described. The head-mounted display device can be a device mounted on a user's head to provide a screen displaying video or images to the user. The head-mounted display device can be of two types: a see-through type that provides augmented reality (AR) based on external real objects, and a non-see-through type that provides virtual reality (VR) to the user through a screen independent of external objects.

[0084] refer to Figure 3 The electronic device ED may include a display panel DP and a lens portion LS opposite to the display panel DP. Furthermore, the electronic device ED may include a main frame MF, a cover frame CF, and a fixing portion FP.

[0085] The main frame MF can be a part worn on the user's face. The main frame MF can have a shape corresponding to the shape of the user's head (face). For example, the length of the fixing part FP can be adjusted according to the circumference of the user's head. The fixing part FP can be a structure that facilitates the installation of the main frame MF, which may include a strap, belt, etc. However, the implementation is not limited to this, and the fixing part FP can have one or more suitable forms, including helmet or eyeglass temples for attachment to the main frame MF.

[0086] The lens assembly LS, display panel DP, and cover frame CF can be mounted on the main frame MF. The main frame MF may include space or structure capable of accommodating the lens assembly LS and display panel DP.

[0087] The lens section LS can be positioned between the display panel DP and the user. The lens section LS delivers light emitted from the display panel DP to the user by allowing light to pass through a lens. For example, the lens section LS may include one or more suitable types of lenses, such as multi-channel lenses, convex lenses, concave lenses, spherical lenses, aspherical lenses, single lenses, compound lenses, standard lenses, narrow-angle lenses, wide-angle lenses, fixed-focus lenses, and / or variable-focus lenses.

[0088] The lens section LS may include a first lens LS1 and a second lens LS2. The first lens LS1 and the second lens LS2 may be arranged to correspond to the respective positions of the user's left and right eyes. The first lens LS1 and the second lens LS2 may be housed in the main frame MF. The display panel DP may be provided in a fixed state to the main frame MF, or it may be provided in a detachable state.

[0089] The cover frame CF can be mounted on one surface of the display panel DP to protect the display panel DP. The cover frame CF and the lens portion LS can be spaced apart from each other, with the display panel DP between them.

[0090] exist Figure 3 In the accompanying drawings, a first direction axis DR1 to a third direction axis DR3 are shown, and the directions indicated by the first direction axis to the third direction axis DR1, DR2, and DR3 as described in this disclosure may be relative concepts and may be changed to other directions. Furthermore, the directions indicated by the first direction axis to the third direction axis DR1, DR2, and DR3 may be described as a first direction to a third direction and may be represented by the same reference numerals or symbols. In this disclosure, the first direction axis DR1 and the second direction axis DR2 may intersect each other, and the third direction axis DR3 may be the normal direction of the plane defined by the first direction axis DR1 and the second direction axis DR2.

[0091] The thickness direction of the electronic device ED can be parallel to a third directional axis DR3, which is the normal direction of the plane defined by the first directional axis DR1 and the second directional axis DR2. In this disclosure, the front (or upper) and rear (or lower) surfaces of each component constituting the electronic device ED can be defined based on the third directional axis DR3. In this disclosure, the term "in a plane" refers to a surface parallel to the plane defined by the first directional axis DR1 and the second directional axis DR2, and the term "in a cross-section" refers to a surface parallel to the third directional axis DR3.

[0092] Figure 4A It is a perspective view of an electronic device ED according to one or more implementation schemes. Figure 4A Examples of mobile phones, such as smartphones ED_1a, tablet computers ED_1b, laptop computers ED_1c, TVs ED_1d, and desktop monitors ED_1e, are shown as examples of electronic devices used for displaying images, as previously described. Figure 2 As described in the text.

[0093] An electronic device ED-a can display an image IM via an active area AA-DD. The active area AA-DD may include a flat surface defined by a first direction axis DR1 and a second direction axis DR2. The active area AA-DD may include a curved surface bent from at least one side of the flat surface defined by the first direction axis DR1 and the second direction axis DR2. However, this is just an example, and the shape of the active area AA-DD is not limited thereto. For example, the active area AA-DD may only include a flat surface, and may further include curved surfaces bent from at least two sides of the flat surface; for example, it may include four curved surfaces bent from each of the four sides of the flat surface.

[0094] The peripheral region NAA-DD is adjacent to the active region AA-DD. The peripheral region NAA-DD may surround (e.g., enclose) the active region AA-DD. Therefore, the shape of the active region AA-DD may be substantially defined by the peripheral region NAA-DD. However, this is shown as an example, and the peripheral region NAA-DD may also be arranged near only one side of the active region AA-DD, or may not be provided at all. The active region AA-DD may be provided in one or more suitable shapes, and is not limited to any one embodiment.

[0095] Figure 4B yes Figure 4A An exploded perspective view of the electronic device ED-a shown. (Reference) Figure 4B The electronic device ED-a may include a housing HAU, a display panel DP, and a window component WM.

[0096] The window component WM can cover the entire outer side of the display panel DP. The window component WM can include a transmissive area TA and a bezel area BZA. The front surface of the window component WM, including the transmissive area TA and the bezel area BZA, can correspond to the front surface of the electronic device ED-a. The transmissive area TA can correspond to... Figure 4A The active region AA-DD of the electronic device ED-a shown in the figure, and the border region BZA can correspond to Figure 4A The peripheral area NAA-DD of the electronic device ED-a is shown in the figure.

[0097] The transmissive region TA can be an optically transparent region. The border region BZA can be a region with relatively low light transmittance compared to the transmissive region TA. The border region BZA can be colored. The border region BZA can be adjacent to the transmissive region TA and can surround (e.g., enclose) the transmissive region TA. The border region BZA can define the shape of the transmissive region TA. However, the embodiments are not limited to those shown in the figures, and the border region BZA can also be arranged only adjacent to one side of the transmissive region TA, and a portion of the border region BZA may not be provided.

[0098] In one or more embodiments, an input sensing element may be provided on the display panel DP. The input sensing element can detect external input applied from the outside. The external input may be user input. User input may include one or more suitable types (categories) of external input, such as a part of the user's body, light, heat, a pen, and / or pressure. More specifically, the input sensing element may be disposed on the encapsulation layer TFE of the display panel DP (see [link to TFE encapsulation layer]). Figure 6 In one or more embodiments, the input sensing components can be directly disposed on the TFE encapsulation layer (see [reference]). Figure 6 Alternatively, it can be directly disposed on an adhesive member disposed on an encapsulation layer TFE (see...). Figure 6 The adhesive component may include a general adhesive or bonding agent.

[0099] In this disclosure, if (for example, when) a component (or area, layer, section, etc.) is referred to as being “directly disposed” on another component, it means that no third component is disposed between said component and the other component. For example, “directly disposed” on another component means that said component and the other component are “in contact” with each other.

[0100] The housing HAU can accommodate the display panel DP, etc. The housing HAU can be connected to the window component WM.

[0101] Figure 5 This is a plan view illustrating a display panel DP according to one or more embodiments. In the following description of the display panel DP, the same applies. Figure 2 , Figure 3and Figure 4A The electronic device ED shown includes a display panel DP.

[0102] refer to Figure 5 The display panel (DP) may include an emitting area (PXA) and a non-emitting area (NPXA). The non-emitting area (NPXA) may surround (e.g., enclose) the emitting area (PXA). Multiple emitting areas (PXA) may be provided. The emitting areas (PXA) may include a first emitting area (PXA-1), a second emitting area (PXA-2), and a third emitting area (PXA-3). Each of the three emitting areas (PXA-1, PXA-2, and PXA-3) may emit light of a different wavelength. The first emitting area (PXA-1) may be designed to emit a first light, and the second emitting area (PXA-2) may be designed to emit a second light different from the first light. The third emitting area (PXA-3) may be designed to emit a third light different from the first and second light.

[0103] Among the first to third luminous regions PXA-1, PXA-2, and PXA-3, the third luminous region PXA-3 can have the largest area, and the second luminous region PXA-2 can have the smallest area. However, this is just an example, and the areas of the first to third luminous regions PXA-1, PXA-2, and PXA-3 are not limited thereto. Figure 5 The illustration shows the first luminous area PXA-1 and the third luminous area PXA-3 alternately arranged in a row, and the second luminous area PXA-2 separated from the first luminous area PXA-1 and the third luminous area PXA-3 and arranged in another row. However, this is just an example, and the arrangement of the first to third luminous areas PXA-1, PXA-2, and PXA-3 is not limited to this.

[0104] Figure 6 It is a cross-sectional view of a display panel according to one or more implementation schemes. Figure 6 It shows along Figure 5 A cross-sectional view of the portion cut off by line I-I'. Figure 6 The components included in the display panel DP are shown in more detail.

[0105] refer to Figure 6 The display panel DP may include a substrate layer BS, a circuit layer DP-CL disposed on the substrate layer BS, a display element layer DP-ED disposed on the circuit layer DP-CL, a packaging layer TFE disposed on the display element layer DP-ED, and a color filter layer CFL disposed on the packaging layer TFE.

[0106] The substrate layer BS can be a component that provides a substrate surface on which the circuit layer DP-CL is disposed. The substrate layer BS can be a rigid substrate or a flexible substrate that can be bent, folded, rolled, etc. The substrate layer BS can be a glass substrate, a metal substrate, a polymer substrate, etc. However, the embodiments are not limited to these, and the substrate layer BS can be an inorganic layer, an organic layer, or an organic-inorganic composite material layer.

[0107] The substrate layer BS can have a single-layer or multi-layer structure. For example, the substrate layer BS may include a first synthetic resin layer, an intermediate layer in a multi-layer or single-layer structure, and a second synthetic resin layer stacked in sequence. The intermediate layer may be referred to as a substrate barrier layer. The intermediate layer may include silicon oxide (SiO2). x The intermediate layer may be a silicon oxide layer and an amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer disposed on a silicon oxide layer, but is not limited thereto. For example, the intermediate layer may be a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxide nitride layer and / or an amorphous silicon layer.

[0108] The first and second synthetic resin layers may each comprise a polyimide-based resin. Furthermore, the first and second synthetic resin layers may each comprise at least one of the following: acrylate-based resin, methacrylate-based resin, polyisoprene-based resin, ethylene-based resin, epoxy-based resin, urethane-based resin, cellulose-based resin, siloxane-based resin, polyamide-based resin, and perylene-based resin. In this document, "resin based on '~'" refers to a resin containing a functional group including '~'.

[0109] A circuit layer DP-CL can be disposed on a substrate layer BS. The circuit layer DP-CL may include insulating layers, semiconductor patterns, conductive patterns, signal lines, etc. The insulating layer, semiconductor layer, and conductive layer can be formed on the substrate layer BS by coating, deposition, etc., and then patterned (e.g., selectively patterned) by multiple cycles of photolithography. Subsequently, semiconductor patterns, conductive patterns, and signal lines included in the circuit layer DP-CL can be formed.

[0110] The display element layer DP-ED can be disposed on the circuit layer DP-CL. The display element layer DP-ED may include first to third light-emitting elements ED-1, ED-2, and ED-3, and a pixel defining film PDL. (Reference) Figure 6 The first to the third light-emitting elements ED-1, ED-2 and ED-3 can be spaced apart from each other in a direction perpendicular to the thickness direction DR3.

[0111] Each of the first to third light-emitting elements ED-1, ED-2, and ED-3 includes first electrodes EL1-1, EL1-2, and EL1-3, a light-emitting unit EP disposed on the first electrodes EL1-1, EL1-2, and EL1-3, and a second electrode EL2 disposed on the light-emitting unit EP. Furthermore, each of the first to third light-emitting elements ED-1, ED-2, and ED-3 may further include a capping layer CPL. The light-emitting unit EP may include multiple emitting layers EML-1, EML-2, and EML-3 that emit light of different wavelengths (see...). Figure 7 The light-emitting unit EP will be described in more detail later.

[0112] In the first to third light-emitting elements ED-1, ED-2, and ED-3, the light-emitting unit EP can overlap with the first to third light-emitting regions PXA-1, PXA-2, and PXA-3 and the non-light-emitting region NPXA. The light-emitting unit EP can serve as a common layer for the first to third light-emitting regions PXA-1, PXA-2, and PXA-3. In this disclosure, "common layer" can refer to a layer that is commonly provided throughout the light-emitting elements ED-1, ED-2, and ED-3 and essentially forms a single component. Furthermore, in the first to third light-emitting elements ED-1, ED-2, and ED-3, the hole transport region HTR (see...) Figure 7 ) and Electronic Transmission Zone (ETR) (see Figure 7 The second electrode EL2 can be provided as a common layer in the first to third light-emitting elements ED-1, ED-2 and ED-3. In this disclosure, the overlap of one component with another is not limited to having the same area and the same shape on a plane, but also includes having different areas and / or different shapes.

[0113] The pixel opening P_OH of the pixel-defined film PDL can expose at least a portion of the first electrodes EL1-1, EL1-2, and EL1-3. The first to third light-emitting regions PXA-1, PXA-2, and PXA-3 can be defined as corresponding to the first electrodes EL1-1, EL1-3, and EL1-3 exposed by the pixel opening P_OH, respectively. The non-light-emitting region NPXA can be a region corresponding to the pixel-defined film PDL.

[0114] The encapsulation layer TFE can be disposed on the display element layer DP-ED. The encapsulation layer TFE can protect the display element layer DP-ED from moisture, oxygen, and foreign matter (such as dust particles). The encapsulation layer TFE may include at least one inorganic film (hereinafter, inorganic encapsulation film). In addition, the encapsulation layer TFE may include at least one organic film (hereinafter, organic encapsulation film) and at least one inorganic encapsulation film.

[0115] Inorganic encapsulation films protect the display element layer (DP-ED) from moisture and oxygen, while organic encapsulation films protect the DP-ED from foreign matter (such as dust particles). Inorganic encapsulation films may contain silicon nitrides, silicon oxides, silicon oxides, titanium oxides, aluminum oxides, etc., and are not limited to these. Organic encapsulation films may contain acrylate-based compounds, epoxy-based compounds, etc. Organic encapsulation films may contain photopolymerizable organic materials, and are not limited to these.

[0116] A color filter layer (CFL) can be disposed on an encapsulation layer (TFE). The color filter layer (CFL) may include a first filter (CF1) corresponding to a first emitting region (PXA-1), a second filter (CF2) corresponding to a second emitting region (PXA-2), and a third filter (CF3) corresponding to a third emitting region (PXA-3). The color filter layer (CFL) may include a first filter (CF1) that transmits first light, a second filter (CF2) that transmits second light, and a third filter (CF3) that transmits third light. For example, the first filter (CF1) may be a red filter, the second filter (CF2) may be a green filter, and the third filter (CF3) may be a blue filter. The first to third filters (CF1, CF2, and CF3) may each contain a polymeric photosensitive resin and a colorant. In this disclosure, the colorant may include pigments and / or dyes. The first filter (CF1) may contain a red pigment or a red dye, the second filter (CF2) may contain a green pigment or a green dye, and the third filter (CF3) may contain a blue pigment or a blue dye.

[0117] The color filter layer CFL may further include a light-shielding portion corresponding to the non-emitting region NPXA. The light-shielding portion may be a black matrix. The light-shielding portion can be formed by using an organic or inorganic light-shielding material containing black pigment or dye. The light-shielding portion can prevent or reduce light leakage and can establish boundaries between adjacent filters CF1, CF2, and CF3.

[0118] A cover layer OC can be placed on the color filter layer CFL. The cover layer OC can cover the first to third filters CF1, CF2, and CF3. The cover layer OC can overlap with the entire display element layer DP-ED. The upper surface of the cover layer OC can cover the entire surface of the display panel DP to protect the display panel DP.

[0119] Figure 7 It schematically shows a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting element according to one or more embodiments. Figure 7 It is shown Figure 6 An enlarged cross-sectional view of the ZZ' region.

[0120] refer to Figure 7 ED-2 light-emitting element (see Figure 6 It may include a first electrode EL1, a hole transport region HTR disposed on the first electrode EL1, a light-emitting unit EP disposed on the hole transport region HTR, an electron transport region ETR disposed on the light-emitting unit EP, and a second electrode EL2 disposed on the electron transport region ETR. Figure 7 Specifically shown Figure 6 An enlarged view of the second light-emitting element ED-2 among the first to third light-emitting elements ED-1, ED-2, and ED-3 is shown, but this is shown for ease of description, and the description can be applied equally to the first light-emitting element ED-1 and the third light-emitting element ED-3. Furthermore, for convenience, Figure 6 The first electrode EL1-2 included in the second light-emitting element ED-2 shown in the figure is shown as Figure 7 The first electrode EL1 is described below as the first electrode EL1.

[0121] The first electrode EL1 is conductive (e.g., a conductor). The first electrode EL1 may comprise a metallic material, a metal alloy, and / or a conductive compound. The first electrode EL1 may be an anode or a cathode. However, the embodiments are not limited thereto. Furthermore, the first electrode EL1 may be a pixel electrode. The first electrode EL1 may be a transmission electrode, a semi-transparent reflection electrode, and / or a reflection electrode. The first electrode EL1 may comprise at least one selected from Ag, Mg, Cu, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, Li, Ca, LiF, Mo, Ti, W, In, Sn, and Zn, a compound selected from two or more of these, a mixture selected from two or more of these, or oxides thereof.

[0122] When the first electrode EL1 is a semi-transparent reflective electrode or a reflective electrode, the first electrode EL1 may contain Ag, Mg, Cu, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, Li, Ca, Mo, Ti, W, or compounds or mixtures thereof (e.g., a mixture of Ag and Mg); or LiF / Ca (a stacked structure of LiF and Ca), or LiF / Al (a stacked structure of LiF and Al). In one or more embodiments, the first electrode EL1 may have a multilayer structure, the multilayer structure including a reflective or semi-transparent reflective film containing the above-mentioned materials, and a transparent conductive film containing indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin zinc oxide (ITZO), etc. For example, the first electrode EL1 may be a reflective electrode and contain transparent conductive oxide (TCO). The first electrode EL1 may have a three-layer structure of ITO / Ag / ITO, but the embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0123] A hole transport region (HTR) can be provided on the first electrode EL1. The hole transport region (HTR) may include a hole injection layer (HIL), a hole transport layer (HTL), and a buffer layer (BUF). The buffer layer (BUF) can compensate for the resonant distance according to the wavelength of the light emitted from the light-emitting unit (EP) and control the hole charge balance, thereby improving the luminous efficiency. In addition, the buffer layer (BUF) can also be used to prevent or reduce electron injection into the hole transport layer (HTL).

[0124] and Figure 7 Conversely, the hole transport region HTR can have a single-layer structure containing a variety of different materials, or it can have a structure consisting of hole injection layer HIL / hole transport layer HTL, hole injection layer HIL / hole transport layer HTL / luminescence auxiliary layer, hole injection layer HIL / luminescence auxiliary layer, hole transport layer HTL / luminescence auxiliary layer, hole injection layer HIL / hole transport layer HTL / luminescence auxiliary layer, or hole injection layer HIL / hole transport layer HTL / electron blocking layer stacked sequentially from the first electrode EL1, but the implementation is not limited to this.

[0125] Hole transport regions (HTRs) can be formed using one or more suitable methods, including vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB), inkjet printing, laser printing, laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI), etc.

[0126] The hole transport region (HTR) may contain compounds represented by formula H-1.

[0127] Formula H-1

[0128] In formula H-1 above, L1 and L2 can each independently be a straight-linked, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. a and b can each independently be integers from 0 to 10. When a or b is an integer of 2 or greater than 2, multiple L1 and L2 can each independently be substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl groups having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms.

[0129] In formula H-1, Ar1 and Ar2 can each be independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. Furthermore, in formula H-1, Ar3 can be a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms.

[0130] The compound represented by formula H-1 above can be a monoamine compound. In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by formula H-1 above can be a diamine compound, wherein at least one of Ar1 to Ar3 contains an amine group as a substituent. Furthermore, the compound represented by formula H-1 above can be a carbazole-based compound containing a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group in at least one of Ar1 and Ar2, or a fluorene-based compound containing a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene group in at least one of Ar1 and Ar2.

[0131] The compound represented by formula H-1 can be represented by any of the compounds in group H (e.g., any of the compounds selected from group H). However, the compounds listed in group H are examples, and the compound represented by formula H-1 is not limited to the compounds listed in group H.

[0132] Compound group H

[0133] For example, in one or more embodiments, the hole transport region HTR may include phthalocyanine compounds such as copper phthalocyanine, N... 1 N 1 '-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(N 1 -Phenyl-N 4 , N 4 -Di-m-Tolylphenyl-1,4-Diamine (DNTPD), 4,4',4"-[Tris(3-methylphenyl)phenylamino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), 4,4',4"-Tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA), 4,4',4"-Tris[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT / PSS), Polyaniline / dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI / DBSA), Polyaniline / camphorsulfonic acid (PANI / CSA), Polyaniline / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI / PSS), N,N'-di(naphthyl-1-yl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (NPB), triphenylamine-containing polyether ketone (TPAPEK), 4-isopropyl-4'-methyldiphenyliodonium [tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate], dipyrazolo[2,3-f: 2',3'-h]quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarboxylonitrile (HAT-CN), etc.

[0134] Hole transport regions (HTRs) can also contain carbazole-based derivatives, such as N-phenylcarbazole and polyvinylcarbazole; fluorene-based derivatives; triphenylamine-based derivatives, such as N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TPD) and 4,4',4"-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA); N,N'-bis(naphthyl-1-yl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (NPB); 4,4'-cyclohexylenebis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)aniline] (TAPC); 4,4'-bis[N,N'-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD); 1,3-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene (mCP), etc.

[0135] In addition, the hole transport region (HTR) can contain 9-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3,6-bis(triphenylsilyl)-9H-carbazole (CzSi), 9-phenyl-9H-3,9'-bicarbazole (CCP), 1,3-bis(1,8-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)benzene (mDCP), etc.

[0136] The hole transport region HTR may contain the aforementioned compound of the hole transport region in at least one of the hole injection layer HIL, the hole transport layer HTL, and the buffer layer BUF.

[0137] In addition to the materials described above, the hole transport region (HTR) may further include a charge-generating material for improving conductivity. The charge-generating material may be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed within the hole transport region (HTR). The charge-generating material may be, for example, a p-dopant. The p-dopant may include at least one of halide metal compounds, quinone derivatives, metal oxides, and compounds containing cyano groups, but this disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, p-dopers may include halometallic compounds (e.g., CuI and RbI), quinone derivatives (e.g., tetracyanoquinone dimethyl ether (TCNQ) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7',8,8'-tetracyanoquinone dimethyl ether (F4-TCNQ)), metal oxides (e.g., tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide), and cyano-containing compounds (e.g., dipyrazino[2,3-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarboxynitrile (HAT-CN) and 4-[[2,3-bis[cyano-(4-cyano-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)methylene]cyclopropyl]-cyanomethyl]-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzonitrile (NDP9)), but embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0138] The hole transport region (HTR) can have a thickness of approximately 100 Å to approximately 10,000 Å, for example, approximately 100 Å to approximately 5,000 Å. When the hole transport region (HTR) includes a hole injection layer (HIL), the thickness of the hole injection layer (HIL) can be approximately 30 Å to approximately 1,000 Å. When the hole transport region (HTR) includes a hole transport layer (HTL), the thickness of the hole transport layer (HTL) can be, for example, approximately 30 Å to approximately 1,000 Å. When the hole transport region (HTR) includes a buffer layer (BUF), the thickness of the buffer layer (BUF) can be approximately 30 Å to approximately 1,000 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region (HTR), the hole injection layer (HIL), the hole transport layer (HTL), and the buffer layer (BUF) fall within the aforementioned ranges, satisfactory hole transport characteristics can be achieved without a significant increase in driving voltage.

[0139] A light-emitting unit (EP) can be provided on the hole transport region (HTR). The EP includes a first emitting layer (EML1), a second emitting layer (EML2), and a third emitting layer (EML3). The EP also includes an intermediate layer (IL) disposed between the second emitting layer (EML2) and the third emitting layer (EML3). The first emitting layer (EML1) can be disposed on the hole transport region (HTR), the second emitting layer (EML2) can be disposed on the first emitting layer (EML1), the intermediate layer (IL) can be disposed on the second emitting layer (EML2), and the third emitting layer (EML3) can be disposed on the intermediate layer (IL). Alternatively, the second emitting layer (EML2) can be directly disposed on the first emitting layer (EML1), the intermediate layer (IL) can be directly disposed on the second emitting layer (EML2), and the third emitting layer (EML3) can be directly disposed on the intermediate layer (IL).

[0140] The first emitting layer EML1 generates light with a first wavelength, the second emitting layer EML2 generates light with a second wavelength, and the third emitting layer EML3 generates light with a third wavelength. The first wavelength can be from about 600 nm to about 670 nm, the second wavelength can be from about 500 nm to about 570 nm, and the third wavelength can be from about 400 nm to about 470 nm. The first emitting layer EML1 can generate red light, the second emitting layer EML2 can generate green light, and the third emitting layer EML3 can generate blue light.

[0141] The first emitting layer EML1 and the second emitting layer EML2 can each be a phosphorescent emitting layer. The first emitting layer EML1 can have a first thickness of about 10 nm to about 30 nm, and the second emitting layer EML2 can have a second thickness of about 1 nm to about 10 nm. For example, the first thickness can be about 15 nm to about 25 nm, and the second thickness can be about 1 nm to about 5 nm.

[0142] The first emitter layer EML1 may contain a first host and a first dopant, and the second emitter layer EML2 may contain a second host and a second dopant.

[0143] The first and second subjects may include suitable general materials in the relevant art. For example, the first and second subjects may each independently include bis(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)diphenylsilane (BCPDS), (4-(1-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)cyclohexyl)phenyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (POPCPA), bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether oxide (DPEPO), 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-bis( Carbazole-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 2,8-bis(diphenylphospho)dibenzo[b,d]furan (PPF), N,N'-bis(naphthyl-1-yl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)-2,2'-dimethylbenzidine (α-NPD), 4,4',4''-tris(carbazole-9-yl)-triphenylamine (TCTA) and / or 1,3,5-tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBi). However, the implementation scheme is not limited to this. For example, tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3), 9,10-bis(naphthyl-2-yl)anthracene (ADN), 2-tert-butyl-9,10-bis(naphthyl-2-yl)anthracene (TBADN), stilbene aryl compounds (DSA), 4,4'-bis(9-carbazolyl)-2,2'-dimethyl-biphenyl (CDBP), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthyl-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), hexaphenylcyclotriphosphazene (CP1), 1,4-bis(triphenylsilyl)benzene (UGH2), hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane (DPSiO3), octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane (DPSiO4), etc., can be used as the host material.

[0144] The first and second bodies may each independently comprise a compound represented by formula E-2a or formula E-2b. The compound represented by formula E-2a or formula E-2b can be used as the host material for phosphorescent elements.

[0145] E-2a

[0146] In equation E-2a, a is an integer from 0 to 10, and L a It can be a directly linked, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. When a is 2 or an integer greater than 2, multiple L aEach can be an arylene group with 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted, or a heteroarylene group with 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted.

[0147] Furthermore, in E-2a, A1 to A5 can each be N or CR independently. i R a To R i Each group may be independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted amine group, substituted or unsubstituted thio group, substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or optionally bonded to adjacent groups to form a ring. R a To R i Each can bond with adjacent groups to form a hydrocarbon ring or a heterocycle containing N, O, S, etc., as cyclic atoms.

[0148] In equation E-2a, two or three selected from A1 to A5 can be N, and the rest can be CR. i .

[0149] E-2b

[0150] In formula E-2b, Cbz1 and Cbz2 can each be an unsubstituted carbazole group or a carbazole group substituted with an aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. b It can be a directly linked, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. b is an integer from 0 to 10, and when b is an integer of 2 or greater than 2, multiple L... b Each can be an arylene group with 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, either substituted or unsubstituted, or a heteroarylene group with 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, either substituted or unsubstituted.

[0151] The compound represented by formula E-2a or E-2b may be represented by any of the compounds in group E-2 (e.g., any of the compounds selected from group E-2). However, the compounds listed in group E-2 are examples, and the compound represented by formula E-2a or E-2b is not limited to the compounds listed in group E-2.

[0152] Compound group E-2

[0153] In one or more embodiments, the first dopant and the second dopant may each be independently a metal complex containing iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), uranium (Os), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), tantalum (Tb), or thulium (Tm). For example, iridium(III) bis(4,6-difluorophenylpyridyl-N,C2')pyridinecarboxylate (FIrpic), iridium(III) bis(2,4-difluorophenylpyridyl)tetra(1-pyrazolyl)borate (Fir6), and / or octaethylporphyrin platinum (PtOEP) can be used as phosphorescent dopants.

[0154] The first and second dopant may each independently comprise a compound represented by formula D. The compound represented by formula D can be used as a phosphorescent dopant material. However, the embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0155] Formula D

[0156] In formula D above, Y1 to Y4 and Z1 to Z4 can each be independently CR1 or N, and R1 to R4 can each be independently hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted amine group, substituted or unsubstituted thio group, substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or optionally bonded to adjacent groups to form a ring.

[0157] In equation D, m is 0 or 1, and n is 2 or 3. In equation Ma, if (for example, when) m is 0, n is 3, or if (for example, when) m is 1, n is 2.

[0158] The compound represented by formula D can be represented by any one of compounds M-a1 to M-a27 (e.g., selected from any one of compounds M-a1 to M-a27). However, compounds M-a1 to M-a27 are examples, and the compound represented by formula Ma is not limited to those represented by compounds M-a1 to M-a27.

[0159]

[0160] In one or more embodiments, the intermediate layer IL may be a phosphorescent emitting layer, and the third emitting layer EML3 may be a fluorescent emitting layer. The thickness of the (3-1)th layer of the intermediate layer IL may be less than the thickness of the (3-2)th layer of the third emitting layer EML3. The thickness of the (3-1)th layer may be from about 1 nm to about 10 nm, and the thickness of the (3-2)th layer may be from about 5 nm to about 20 nm. For example, the thickness of the (3-1)th layer may be from about 1 nm to about 5 nm, and the thickness of the (3-2)th layer may be from about 5 nm to about 15 nm.

[0161] The intermediate layer IL contains a first compound containing a phosphorescent material. The first compound may include a hole transport host, an electron transport host, and a phosphorescent dopant.

[0162] The intermediate layer IL may include a compound represented by Formula 1. The phosphorescent dopant included in the intermediate layer IL may include a compound represented by Formula 1. The weight percentage of the phosphorescent dopant relative to the total weight of the intermediate layer IL may be from about 0.1% to about 5.0%. For example, if (e.g., when) the intermediate layer IL includes all of the hole transport host, the electron transport host, and the phosphorescent dopant, then the weight percentage of the phosphorescent dopant may be from about 1% to about 3% based on the total weight of the hole transport host, the electron transport host, and the phosphorescent dopant.

[0163] Formula 1

[0164] In Equation 1, Q1 to Q4 can each be C or N independently.

[0165] In Formula 1, C1 to C4 can each be an substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ring having 5 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms.

[0166] In Equation 1, L 11 To L 13 Each can be independently configured as a direct-connect key, , , , The following are possible interpretations: substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; substituted or unsubstituted arylene groups having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene groups having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. In L... 11 To L 13 middle," "" refers to the part to be connected to C1 to C4.

[0167] In Equation 1, b1 to b3 can each be 0 or 1 independently. When b1 is 0, C1 and C2 can be unconnected to each other. When b2 is 0, C2 and C3 can be unconnected to each other. When b3 is 0, C3 and C4 can be unconnected to each other.

[0168] In Equation 1 above, R 51 To R 56 Each of these groups can independently be hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, cyano group, substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, substituted or unsubstituted thio group, substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, substituted or unsubstituted amine group, substituted or unsubstituted boron group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms. In one or more embodiments, R 51 To R 56 Each can bond to an adjacent group to form a ring. R 51 To R 56 Each can be an independently substituted or unsubstituted methyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl group.

[0169] In Equation 1, d1 to d4 can each be an integer from 0 to 4 independently. In Equation 1, if (for example, when) each of d1 to d4 is 0, then the compound represented by Equation 1 can be exempted from R. 51 To R 54 Replace. When each of d1 to d4 is 4, and R 51 To R 54 When each of d1 to d4 is a hydrogen atom, the situation is the same as when each of d1 to d4 is 0. When each of d1 to d4 is an integer of 2 or greater, multiple provided R 51 To R 54 They can be the same as each other, or selected from multiple Rs. 51 To R 54 At least one of them can be different.

[0170] In Formula 1, C1 to C4 can each be a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ring or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle represented by any one of C-1 to C-4 (e.g., C-1 to C-4).

[0171]

[0172] In C-1 to C-4, P1 can be... or CR 74 P2 can be or NR 81 P3 can be or NR 82 And P4 can be or CR 88 R 71 To R 88 Each group may be independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or may optionally be bonded to an adjacent group to form a ring.

[0173] Furthermore, in C-1 to C-4, " "Corresponds to the portion attached to Pt as the central metal atom, and" "Corresponds to the adjacent cyclic group (C1 to C4) or linker (L) to be attached." 11 To L 13 (part of)

[0174] In one or more embodiments, the first compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented by any of the compounds listed in Compound Group 1 (e.g., selected from the compounds listed in Compound Group 1). The intermediate layer IL may contain at least one of the compounds listed in Compound Group 1 (e.g., selected from the compounds listed in Compound Group 1) as a phosphorescent dopant material.

[0175] Compound group 1

[0176] In the exemplary compounds of compound group 1, "D" refers to a deuterium atom.

[0177] The intermediate layer IL may contain a compound represented by formula H1. The hole transport host contained in the intermediate layer IL may include a compound represented by formula H1.

[0178] Formula H1

[0179] In formula H1, R1 to R8 can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted thio group, a substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amine group, a substituted or unsubstituted boron group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or each can optionally be bonded to an adjacent group to form a ring. For example, R1 to R8 can each independently be a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms.

[0180] In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by formula H1 may be represented by any of the compounds listed in compound group 2-1 (e.g., selected from the compounds listed in compound group 2-1). The intermediate layer IL may contain at least one of the compounds listed in compound group 2-1 (e.g., selected from the compounds listed in compound group 2-1) as a hole transport host material.

[0181] Compound group 2-1

[0182] The intermediate layer (IL) may contain a compound represented by formula HT-1. The hole transport host contained in the intermediate layer (IL) may include a compound represented by formula HT-1.

[0183] HT-1

[0184] In equation HT-1, A1 to A8 can each be N or CR independently. 51 For example, A1 through A8 can all be CR. 51 In one or more embodiments, any one of A1 to A8 can be N, and the remainder can be CR. 51 .

[0185] In formula HT-1, L1 can be a linear bond, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. For example, L1 can be a linear bond, a substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent biphenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent carbazole group, etc., but the embodiments are not limited to these.

[0186] In equation HT-1, Y a It can be a direct-connect key, CR52 R 53 or SiR 54 R 55 For example, in formula HT-1, it refers to the two benzene rings connected to the nitrogen atom via direct bonds, or Connection. In equation HT-1, if (for example, when) Y a When the bond is a direct linker, the substituent represented by formula HT-1 may include the carbazole moiety.

[0187] In formula HT-1, Ar1 can be a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. For example, Ar1 can be a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzofuran group, a substituted or unsubstituted dibenzothiophene group, a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group, etc., but the embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0188] In equation HT-1, R 51 To R 55 Each of these can independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted thio group, a substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amine group, a substituted or unsubstituted boron group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms. In one or more embodiments, R 51 To R 55 Each can be bonded to an adjacent group to form a ring. For example, R 51 To R 55 It can be either hydrogen or deuterium, each independently. R 51 To R 55 Each can be an unsubstituted methyl group or an unsubstituted phenyl group, which can be independent of each other.

[0189] In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by formula HT-1 may be represented by any of the compounds listed in compound group 2-2 (e.g., selected from the compounds listed in compound group 2-2). The intermediate layer IL may include any of the compounds listed in compound group 2-2 (e.g., selected from the compounds listed in compound group 2-2) as the hole transport host material.

[0190] Compound group 2-2

[0191] In the specific exemplary compounds presented in Compound Group 2-2, “D” may refer to deuterium, and “Ph” may refer to a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group. For example, in the specific example compounds presented in Compound Group 2, “Ph” may be an unsubstituted phenyl group.

[0192] The intermediate layer (IL) may contain a compound represented by formula ET-1. The electron transport host contained in the intermediate layer (IL) may include a compound represented by formula ET-1.

[0193] ET-1

[0194] In Formula ET-1, at least one of X1 to X3 is N, and the remainder is CR9. For example, any one of X1 to X3 can be N, and the other two can each be CR9 independently. In this respect, the third compound represented by Formula ET-1 may contain a pyridine moiety. In one or more embodiments, two of X1 to X3 can be N, and the other can be CR9. In this respect, the third compound represented by Formula ET-1 may contain a pyrimidine moiety. In one or more embodiments, all of X1 to X3 can be N. In one or more embodiments, the third compound represented by Formula ET-1 may contain a triazine moiety.

[0195] In formula ET-1, R9 can be hydrogen, deuterium, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms.

[0196] In Equation ET-1, b1 to b3 can each be an integer from 0 to 10 independently.

[0197] In formula ET-1, Ar1 to Ar3 can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. For example, Ar2 to Ar4 can be a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group.

[0198] In formula ET-1, L1 to L3 can each be independently a straight-linked, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. When b1 to b3 are each an integer of 2 or greater, L1 to L3 can each be independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms.

[0199] In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by formula ET-1 may be represented by any of the compounds in compound group 3 (e.g., selected from compounds in compound group 3). The intermediate layer IL may contain at least one of the compounds listed in compound group 3 (e.g., selected from compounds listed in compound group 3) as the electron transport host material.

[0200] Compound group 3

[0201] In the exemplary compounds presented in compound group 3, “D” refers to deuterium and “Ph” refers to an unsubstituted phenyl group.

[0202] Phosphorescent dopants may include a central metal atom and organometallic complexes containing ligands bonded to the central metal atom.

[0203] The third emitting layer EML3 contains a second compound containing a fluorescent material. The second compound may include a spirocyclic compound. The second compound may include spiro-DPVBi or spiro-6P. In one or more embodiments, the second compound may include any one selected from the group consisting of stilbene (DSB), stilbene aryl compounds (DSA), polyfluorene-based polymers (PFO), and poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV)-based polymers.

[0204] The third emitter layer, EML3, may further contain a compound represented by formula Fa. The compound represented by formula Fa can be used as a fluorescent dopant material.

[0205] Formula Fa

[0206] In the above formula Fa, the value is selected from R.a To R j The two in can be independently... Replace. R a To R j China was not The remaining substituted groups can each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, halogen atoms, cyano groups, substituted or unsubstituted amine groups, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl groups having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. In this context, Ar1 and Ar2 can each be independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. For example, at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 can be a heteroaryl group containing O or S as a cyclic atom. "" refers to the position to be connected.

[0207] In one or more embodiments, the third emitter layer EML3 may comprise styrene derivatives (e.g., 1,4-bis[2-(3-N-ethylcarbazolyl)vinyl]benzene (BCzVB), 4-(di-p-tolylamino)-4'-[(di-p-tolylamino)styryl]stilbene (DPAVB), N-(4-((E)-2-(6-((E)-4-(diphenylamino)styryl)naphth-2-yl)vinyl)phenyl)-N-phenylaniline (N-BDAVBi)), 4,4'-bis[2-(4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenyl)vinyl]biphenyl (DPAVBi), perylene and its derivatives (e.g., 2,5,8,11-tetra-tert-butylperylene (TBP)), pyrene and its derivatives (e.g., 1,1'-dipyrene, 1,4-diphenylbenzene, 1,4-bis(N,N-diphenylamino)pyrene), etc.) as suitable dopant materials.

[0208] The third emission layer, EML3, may further contain a compound represented by formula E-1. The compound represented by formula E-1 can be used as a fluorescent host material.

[0209] E-1

[0210] In equation E-1, R 31 To R 40Each group may independently be a hydrogen, deuterium, halogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, substituted or unsubstituted thio group, substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or may optionally be bonded to adjacent groups to form a ring. R 31 and R 40 Each can bond with adjacent groups to form a saturated hydrocarbon ring, an unsaturated hydrocarbon ring, a saturated heterocycle, or an unsaturated heterocycle.

[0211] In E-1, c and d can each be an integer from 0 to 5 independently.

[0212] Formula E-1 can be represented by any one of compounds E1 to E19 (e.g., selected from compounds E1 to E19).

[0213]

[0214] In one or more embodiments, the third emitter layer EML3 may further comprise a suitable host material. For example, the third emitter layer EML3 may further comprise a general material suitable for the relevant fields described previously in relation to the first and second hosts.

[0215] An electron transport region (ETR) can be provided on the light-emitting unit (EP). The ETR may include an electron transport layer (ETL) and an electron injection layer (EIL).

[0216] and Figure 7 Conversely, the electron transport region (ETR) can have a single-layer structure containing a variety of different materials, or it can have a structure consisting of a hole blocking layer / electron transport layer (ETL) / electron injection layer (EIL) stacked sequentially from the light-emitting unit (EP), but this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0217] The electron transport region (ETR) can be formed using one or more suitable methods, including vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodget (LB), inkjet printing, laser printing, laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI), etc.

[0218] The electron transport region (ETR) may contain a compound represented by the formula ET-2.

[0219] ET-2

[0220] In Equation ET-2, at least one of X1 to X3 is N, and the rest are CR. a R a Ar1 to Ar3 can each be hydrogen, deuterium, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms.

[0221] In Formula ET-2, a to c can each be an integer from 0 to 10 independently. In Formula ET-2, L1 to L3 can each be a directly linked, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. When each of a to c is an integer of 2 or greater, L1 to L3 can each be an substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms.

[0222] For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (ETR) may comprise an anthracene-based compound. However, embodiments are not limited thereto, and the ETR may comprise, for example, tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3), 1,3,5-tris[(3-pyridyl)-benzyl-3-yl]benzene, 2,4,6-tris(3'-(pyridyl-3-yl)biphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(4-(N-phenylbenzimidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-9,10-dinaphthylanthracene, 1,3,5-tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBi), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), 3-(4-biphenyl-1-yl)-[4-diphenyl-1-yl] ... Benzene-4-yl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), 4-(naphth-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ), 2-(4-biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (tBu-PBD), bis(2-methyl-8-quinoline-N1,O8)-(1,1'-biphenyl-4-oline)aluminum (BAlq), (benzoquinoline-10-oline)beryllium (Bebq2), 9,10-bis(naphth-2-yl)anthracene (ADN), 1,3-bis[3,5-bis(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl]benzene (BmPyPhB), or mixtures thereof.

[0223] The electron transport region (ETR) may contain at least one of compounds ET1 to ET36 (e.g., selected from compounds ET1 to ET36).

[0224]

[0225] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region ETR may include metal halides, such as LiF, NaCl, CsF, RbCl, RbI, CuI, and / or KI; lanthanides, such as Yb; or co-deposited materials of metal halides and lanthanides. For example, the electron transport region ETR may include KI:Yb, RbI:Yb, and LiF:Yb as co-deposited materials. Metal oxides (e.g., Li₂O and BaO) or lithium 8-hydroxyquinoline (Liq) may be used for the electron transport region ETR, but the embodiments are not limited thereto. The electron transport region ETR may also comprise a mixture of an electron transport material and an insulating organometallic salt. The organometallic salt may be a band gap material having a band gap of about 4 eV or greater than 4 eV. For example, the organometallic salt may include metal acetates, metal benzoates, metal acetoacetates, metal acetylacetonates, or metal stearates.

[0226] The electron transport region (ETR) may further comprise at least one of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), diphenyl(4-(triphenylsilyl)phenyl)phosphine oxide (TSPO1), and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), but embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0227] The electron transport region ETR can be one of the above-mentioned compounds containing the electron transport region ETR in at least one of the electron injection layer EIL and the electron transport layer ETL.

[0228] The electron transport region (ETR) can have a thickness of, for example, from about 1000 Å to about 1500 Å. When the ETR includes an electron transport layer (ETL), the thickness of the ETL can be from about 100 Å to about 1000 Å, and for example, from about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the ETL falls within the above range, satisfactory electron transport characteristics can be achieved without a significant increase in driving voltage. When the ETR includes an electron injection layer (EIL), the thickness of the EIL is from about 1 Å to about 100 Å, or from about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the EIL falls within the above range, satisfactory electron injection characteristics can be achieved without a significant increase in driving voltage.

[0229] For example, the electron transport region (ETR) may include anthracene-based compounds. However, embodiments are not limited thereto, and the ETR may include tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3), 1,3,5-tris[(3-pyridyl)-benzene-3-yl]benzene, 2,4,6-tris(3'-(pyridin-3-yl)biphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(4-(N-benzimidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-9,10-dinaphthylanthracene, 1,3,5-tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBi), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), 3-(4-biphenyl- 4-(naphthyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), 4-(naphthyl-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ), 2-(4-biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (tBu-PBD), bis(2-methyl-8-quinoline-N1,O8)-(1,1'-biphenyl-4-oline)aluminum (BAlq), (benzoquinoline-10-oline)beryllium (Bebq2), 9,10-bis(naphthyl-2-yl)anthracene (ADN), 1,3-bis[3,5-bis(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl]benzene (BmPyPhB) and mixtures thereof.

[0230] The second electrode EL2 can be provided on the electron transport region ETR. The second electrode EL2 can be a common electrode. The second electrode EL2 can be a cathode or an anode, but the embodiments are not limited thereto. For example, the first electrodes EL1-1, EL1-2, and EL1-3 can be anodes, and the second electrode EL2 can be a cathode. In one or more embodiments, the first electrodes EL1, EL1-2, and EL1-3 can be cathodes, and the second electrode EL2 can be an anode.

[0231] The second electrode EL2 may contain at least one selected from Ag, Mg, Cu, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, Li, Ca, LiF, Mo, Ti, W, In, Sn, and Zn, a compound selected from two or more of these, a mixture selected from two or more of these, or oxides thereof. The second electrode EL2 may be a transmission electrode, a semi-transmissive / reflective electrode, or a reflective electrode. When the second electrode EL2 is a transmission electrode, it may contain a transparent metal oxide, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin zinc oxide (ITZO), etc.

[0232] When the second electrode EL2 is a semi-transparent reflective electrode or an emitting electrode, the second electrode EL2 may contain Ag, Mg, Cu, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, Li, Ca, Mo, Ti, Yb, W, or compounds or mixtures thereof (e.g., AgMg, AgYb, or MgYb); or LiF / Ca or LiF / Al. In one or more embodiments, the second electrode EL2 may have a multilayer structure, the multilayer structure including a reflective or semi-transparent reflective film containing the above-mentioned materials, and a transparent conductive film, the transparent conductive film containing indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin zinc oxide (ITZO), etc. For example, the second electrode EL2 may contain the above-mentioned metallic materials, a combination of at least two metallic materials selected from the above-mentioned metallic materials, oxides of the above-mentioned metallic materials, etc.

[0233] A capping layer CPL can be provided on the second electrode EL2. The capping layer CPL can have multiple layers or a single layer. The capping layer CPL can be an organic layer or an inorganic layer. For example, if (e.g., when) the capping layer CPL contains an inorganic material, the inorganic material can contain alkali metal compounds, such as LiF; alkaline earth metal compounds, such as MgF2, SiON, SiN. x SiO y In one or more embodiments, if (for example, when) the cover layer CPL contains an organic material, the organic material may include α-NPD, NPB, TPD, m-MTDATA, Alq3, CuPc, N4,N4,N4',N4'-tetra(biphenyl-4-yl)biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (TPD15), 4,4',4"-tris(carbazole-9-yl)triphenylamine (TCTA), etc., or may contain an epoxy resin or an acrylate such as methacrylate.

[0234] In the following description, a light-emitting element according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is described in more detail with reference to examples and comparative examples. Furthermore, the following examples are intended to aid in understanding the present disclosure, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0235] (1) Manufacturing light-emitting elements

[0236] For each of the light-emitting elements according to the embodiments and comparative examples, a glass substrate (Corning product) including an ITO electrode of about 90 nm as the anode is cut to a size of about 50 mm x about 50 mm x about 0.7 mm, and is ultrasonically cleaned with isopropanol and pure water for about 5 minutes each, then cleaned by irradiation with ultraviolet light for about 30 minutes and exposure to ozone, and then mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0237] TAPC:NDP9 is deposited on the upper part of the anode to form a hole injection layer with a thickness of about 5 nm, then TAPC is deposited on the upper part of the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer with a thickness of about 40 nm, and then TCTA is deposited on the upper part of the hole transport layer to form a buffer layer with a thickness of about 10 nm.

[0238] Subsequently, α bulk as the first host and M-a27 as the first dopant are co-deposited in a weight ratio of approximately 5:5 to form a first emitter layer with a thickness of approximately 20 nm. TCTA as the second host and M-a26 as the second dopant are co-deposited on the upper part of the first emitter layer in a weight ratio of approximately 5:5 to form a second emitter layer with a thickness of approximately 3 nm. The host compound (where H11 or H12 as the hole transport host and ETH 87 as the electron transport host are mixed in a weight ratio of approximately 1:1) and AD-45 as the phosphorescent dopant are co-deposited on the upper part of the second emitter layer in the weight ratios shown in Table 1 to form an intermediate layer with a thickness of approximately 3 nm. Spiro-DPVBi is deposited on the upper part of the intermediate layer to form a third emitter layer with a thickness of approximately 10 nm.

[0239] Subsequently, ETH87 was deposited on top of the third emitter layer to form a hole blocking layer with a thickness of approximately 5 nm. Then, an aromatic compound (product name: “NET5”, manufactured by Novaled) was deposited on top of the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer with a thickness of approximately 10 nm. Finally, an aromatic compound (product name: “NET5”, manufactured by Novaled) and an aromatic compound (product name: “NDN1”, manufactured by Novaled) were co-deposited on top of the electron transport layer in a weight ratio of approximately 5:5 to form an electron injection layer with a thickness of approximately 40 nm.

[0240] Al is then deposited on top of the electron injection layer to form a cathode with a thickness of approximately 100 nm, thereby fabricating a light-emitting element. Each layer is formed by vacuum deposition.

[0241] The compounds used to manufacture the light-emitting elements according to the examples and comparative examples are listed. The following materials are used in the manufacture of the elements by sublimation and refining commercial products.

[0242]

[0243] (2) Evaluation of the characteristics of light-emitting elements

[0244] The device efficiency and device lifetime of the light-emitting elements were evaluated. Table 1 lists the evaluation results of the light-emitting elements according to Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Example 1. To evaluate the characteristics of the light-emitting elements manufactured according to Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Example 1, the current density (mA / cm²) at a driving voltage of approximately 7.45 V was measured using a Keithley MU 236 mounted on an IVL instrument and a luminance meter PR 650. 2 The emission efficiency (Cd / A) was calculated from the measured brightness, and the quantum yield (%) was calculated from the measured brightness, and the power efficiency (lm / W) was obtained by using the value calculated by the IVL device. The results are listed in Table 1.

[0245] Table 1

[0246] Referring to the results in Table 1, compared to the comparative examples, by including an intermediate layer and containing a phosphorescent dopant in the intermediate layer, the light-emitting element according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure exhibits high current density and high emission efficiency characteristics, and also has increased quantum yield and power efficiency. The light-emitting element according to one or more embodiments and the electronic device including said light-emitting element can have a structure with first to third emission layers stacked sequentially, and the third emission layer can include an intermediate layer of phosphorescent emission layer and a third emission layer of fluorescent emission layer, thereby improving emission efficiency and reliability.

[0247] Studies have shown that in the field of blue light-emitting materials, fluorescence emission efficiency is relatively higher than phosphorescence emission efficiency. In light-emitting element structures including all red, green, and blue emitting layers, a typical technological trend is to use a phosphorescent emitting layer for the red or green emitting layer and a fluorescent emitting layer for the blue emitting layer. However, when a phosphorescent emitting layer is used for the red or green emitting layer, triplet excitons can jump into the adjacent blue fluorescent emitting layer, causing exciton quenching. However, since the light-emitting element according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure includes an intermediate layer between the first and second emitting layers and the third emitting layer, the excitation quenching problem can be solved and emission efficiency can be improved even though the fluorescent emitting layer is included as the third emitting layer. Since the light-emitting element according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure includes an intermediate layer comprising a hole transport host, an electron transport host, and an intermediate phosphorescent dopant, the exciton quenching problem can be solved. Furthermore, since an intermediate layer containing a phosphorescent dopant is included, residual triplet excitons from the red or green emitting layer can be utilized for phosphorescence emission, thereby improving emission efficiency.

[0248] Furthermore, studies have shown that for blue luminescent materials, fluorescence emission efficiency is generally higher than phosphorescence emission efficiency. In light-emitting devices comprising red, green, and blue emitting layers, a common technique is to use phosphorescent emitting layers in the red and green regions and a fluorescent emitting layer in the blue region. However, when the phosphorescent layer is used for red or green and the fluorescent layer for blue, triplet excitons can migrate to the adjacent blue fluorescent layer, causing exciton quenching and reducing overall efficiency. In one or more embodiments of this disclosure, an intermediate layer is provided between the second and third emitting layers. This intermediate layer contains a hole transport host, an electron transport host, and a phosphorescent dopant. By including this intermediate layer, exciton quenching is mitigated, and residual triplet excitons from the red or green phosphorescent layer can be harvested for phosphorescent emission, thereby improving efficiency and device reliability. In other words, the intermediate layer acts as an exciton management region, both preventing triplet excitons from migrating to the blue fluorescent layer and converting residual triplet excitons into useful light emission. This configuration achieves high brightness and high power efficiency while retaining the advantages of fluorescent blue emission (such as longer operating life).

[0249] Light-emitting elements according to one or more embodiments and electronic devices including said light-emitting elements may include an intermediate layer and a third emitting layer, thereby exhibiting excellent or suitable efficiency in emitting white light. For example, the described embodiment data and comparative data confirm that the described structure—including a first phosphorescent emitting layer and a second phosphorescent emitting layer, an intermediate layer including a hole transport host, an electron transport host and a phosphorescent dopant, and a third fluorescent emitting layer—provides measurable improvements in current density, emission efficiency, quantum yield and power efficiency compared to comparable structures without an intermediate layer. These results indicate that the intermediate layer not only mitigates exciton quenching between the phosphorescent and fluorescent regions but also utilizes residual triplet excitons to improve overall performance. Therefore, the disclosed embodiments achieve high brightness, extended operating lifetime and reduced power consumption in light-emitting elements and electronic devices including such light-emitting elements.

[0250] The above description is made with reference to one or more embodiments of this disclosure. However, those skilled in the art or of ordinary skill will understand that one or more appropriate modifications and alterations can be made to this disclosure, provided that such modifications and alterations do not depart from the spirit and scope of this disclosure as set forth in the appended claims.

[0251] When describing implementations of this disclosure, the word "may" means "one or more implementations of this disclosure".

[0252] As used herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” or similar terms are used as approximate terms rather than terms of degree and are intended to account for inherent deviations in measured or calculated values ​​as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, “about” includes specified values ​​and averages within an acceptable range of deviation for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, taking into account errors relating to the measurement in question and those associated with the specific quantity measured (i.e., limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, ±20%, ±10%, or ±5% of the specified value. Furthermore, it should be understood that even if the terms “about,” “approximately,” or “substantially” are not explicitly stated in a given element (e.g., a claim element), the scope of such an element is intended to include non-substantial variations or variations as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the numerical values ​​and ranges provided herein are intended to include tolerances and measurement uncertainties that would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art, and therefore elements (e.g., claim elements) should be interpreted accordingly to include such equivalents.

[0253] Within the scope of this application and unless otherwise defined, “use,” “using,” and “used” may be considered synonymous with “use,” “using,” and “used,” respectively.

[0254] Any numerical range described herein is intended to include all subranges of the same numerical precision within the described range. For example, the range “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the stated minimum value of 1.0 and the stated maximum value of 10.0, i.e., a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limit described herein is intended to include all lower numerical limits contained therein, and any minimum numerical limit described herein is intended to include all higher numerical limits contained therein. Therefore, the applicant reserves the right to amend this specification (including the claims) to expressly describe any subrange within the range expressly described herein.

[0255] Light-emitting elements, display devices / apparatus, electronic devices / apparatus, their manufacturing apparatus, or any other related devices / apparatus or components according to embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented using any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., application-specific integrated circuits), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, various components of the device can be formed on a single integrated circuit (IC) chip or separate IC chips. Furthermore, various components of the device can be implemented on a flexible printed circuit board film, tape-on-a-carrier (TCP), printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on a substrate. Additionally, various components of the device can be processes or threads running on one or more processors, executing computer program instructions within one or more computing devices, and interacting with other system components to perform the various functions described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in memory, which can be implemented in the computing device using standard memory devices (e.g., random access memory (RAM)). The computer program instructions can also be stored on other non-transitory computer-readable media, such as CD-ROMs, flash drives, etc. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that the functions of various computing devices can be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or that the functions of a particular computing device can be distributed to one or more other computing devices without departing from the scope of the embodiments of this disclosure.

[0256] In this disclosure, each suitable feature of the various embodiments of this disclosure may be combined in whole or in part, and may be technically interlocked and operated in various suitable ways, and each embodiment may be implemented independently or in combination with each other, unless otherwise stated or implied.

[0257] Therefore, the technical scope of this disclosure is not limited to the content set forth in the detailed description of this disclosure, but should be determined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A light-emitting element, including: First electrode; The light-emitting unit on the first electrode; as well as The second electrode on the light-emitting unit, The light-emitting unit includes a first emitting layer configured to generate light having a first wavelength, a second emitting layer configured to generate light having a second wavelength different from the first wavelength and disposed on the first emitting layer, an intermediate layer disposed on the second emitting layer and comprising a first compound, and a third emitting layer disposed on the intermediate layer and comprising the second compound, the third emitting layer being configured to generate light having a third wavelength different from both the first and second wavelengths. The first compound includes a phosphorescent material, and the second compound includes a fluorescent material.

2. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein the second emitting layer is directly on the first emitting layer, the intermediate layer is directly on the second emitting layer, and the third emitting layer is directly on the intermediate layer.

3. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein the light having the first wavelength is red light, the light having the second wavelength is green light, and the light having the third wavelength is blue light.

4. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein the first compound comprises a hole transport host, an electron transport host, and a phosphorescent dopant.

5. The light-emitting element according to claim 4, wherein the phosphorescent dopant is represented by formula 1: Formula 1 ,as well as in, In Equation 1, Q1 to Q4 are each independently C or N. C1 through C4 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ring having 5 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. L 11 To L 13 Each is an independent direct-connect key. , , , The following are considered substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted arylene groups having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene groups having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. "This refers to the portion to be connected to C1 through C4." b1 to b3 are each independently 0 or 1. R 51 To R 56 Each of the following is independently a hydrogen, deuterium, halogen atom, cyano group, substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, substituted or unsubstituted thio group, substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, substituted or unsubstituted amine group, substituted or unsubstituted boron group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms, or optionally bonded to an adjacent group to form a ring, and d1 to d4 are each an independent integer from 0 to 4.

6. The light-emitting element according to claim 4, wherein the hole transport host comprises a compound represented by formula H1: Formula H1 ,as well as in, In equation H1, R1 to R8 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen atom, cyano group, substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, substituted or unsubstituted thio group, substituted or unsubstituted oxy group, substituted or unsubstituted amine group, substituted or unsubstituted boron group, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or optionally bonded to adjacent groups to form a ring.

7. The light-emitting element according to claim 4, wherein the electron transport host comprises a compound represented by formula ET-1: ET-1 ,as well as in, In Equation ET-1, At least one of Z1 to Z3 is N, and the rest are CR9. R9 is a hydrogen, deuterium, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 60 cyclic carbon atoms. a1 to a3 are each an independent integer from 0 to 10. L1 to L3 are each independently a straight-linked, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. When each of a1 to a3 is an integer of 2 or greater than 2, L2 to L3 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 cyclic carbon atoms. Ar1 to Ar3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms.

8. The light-emitting element according to claim 4, wherein the phosphorescent dopant accounts for 0.1% to 5.0% of the total weight of the intermediate layer.

9. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein the second compound comprises a spirocyclic compound.

10. The light-emitting element according to claim 1, wherein each of the first emitting layer and the second emitting layer is a phosphorescent emitting layer.

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