napped fabric

Abstract

This invention relates to a napped fabric having a support structure and at least one pile cluster, wherein the at least one pile cluster has a plurality of fibers. To provide an improved napped fabric for filtration, within the scope of this invention, the fibers of the at least one pile cluster have different cross-sectional shapes.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a pile fabric comprising a support structure and at least one pile cluster connected to the support structure, wherein the at least one pile cluster has a plurality of fibers. Background Technology

[0002] Pile fabrics are known.

[0003] DE19912548A1 relates to a pile fabric having a textile support structure and a pile yarn cover anchored in the support structure. In this case, the pile yarn is composed wholly or partially of multifilaments, which contain fine filaments on one hand and coarse filaments on the other, the fineness of the coarse filaments being more than 25 times that of the fine filaments.

[0004] DE3615684A1 describes a velvet textile in the form of woven fur. The yarn forming the fibrous pile consists of long, smooth filaments that mimic the guard hairs of fur and short, spun, and contracted fibers that form a denser and shorter undercoat. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The specific terms will be further explained below in the context of this invention.

[0006] A fiber is a small textile structure. A fiber is a linear unit structure composed of material / substance. Fibers have an external shape (longitudinal shape: smooth, simple, or crimped; cross-sectional shape: circular, angular, etc.) and are solid or hollow. They can be continuous (filaments) or finite in length (short fibers).

[0007] Composite fibers are fibers composed of combinations of different materials to achieve specific properties, such as strength, brightness, or other desired characteristics. This type of fiber consists of at least two different types of fibers or materials that are combined with each other in spliced ​​fibers (composite materials) or have been processed separately.

[0008] Nonwoven fabric is a structure made of finite-length fibers, continuous fibers, or cut yarns that are bonded together in fiber layers.

[0009] Gewirk is a textile surface structure made by looping yarns on a knitting machine.

[0010] Gestrick is a type of fabric made by knitting. In warp knitting, the entire row of loops is formed at once, while in weft knitting, the loops are formed one after another.

[0011] Zwirn is a collective term for linear textile structures. In this case, at least two yarns are joined together by twisting.

[0012] Yarn is a linear textile structure made of multiple fibers.

[0013] Covered yarn is yarn made by wrapping or covering a core yarn with another fibrous material.

[0014] Filament is a fiber with an almost unlimited length (at least 1,000 mm). Filament is also known as continuous fiber.

[0015] A monofilament is a single long filament. An ultrafine monofilament is a long filament with an equivalent diameter of less than 0.03 mm (30 µm).

[0016] Multifilament is a bundle of monofilaments.

[0017] Short fibers are fibers with a limited length (less than 1,000 mm). Here, we distinguish between long short fibers (< 600 mm), medium short fibers (< 60 mm), and short fibers (< 40 mm).

[0018] "Twist" refers to the number of single yarns and / or pre-twisted yarns contained in a plied or twisted yarn.

[0019] Woven fabrics are textile surface structures made by intersecting at exactly or approximately 90° angles with at least two yarn systems (warp or weft) in a patterned manner.

[0020] The napped fabric is a multidimensional structure consisting of a fluidizable filter active fiber layer (pile fiber layer) and a backing fabric. Within the scope of this invention, the napped fabric can also be designed entirely or partially as a loop fabric, i.e., having uncut loops.

[0021] The backing fabric or support structure is a textile surface structure with large flow-dependent and non-filtration-active pores that acts as a carrier for the pile fiber layer. The pile clusters are connected to the carrier. Flow-dependent pores are defined as openings in the support structure that maintain fluid permeability even when scaling or sedimentation begins. Scaling refers to the deposition of minerals, such as calcium carbonate, on the surface of the piled fabric filter. Scaling can lead to clogging and increased pressure loss. Sedimentation refers to the accumulation of undesirable substances, such as organic matter, sludge, microorganisms, and other particles, on the surface and within the pores of the piled fabric filter. Flow-related pores include, for example, openings with a length ≥ 100 µm and a width ≥ 100 µm, abbreviated as ≥ 100 µm × 100 µm, particularly ≥ 200 × 200 µm, preferably ≥ 400 × 400 µm, especially preferably ≥ 800 × 800 µm, very particularly preferably ≥ 1,000 × 1,000 µm, and most preferably ≥ 1,200 × 1,200 µm.

[0022] The fluff fiber layer is a layer composed of multiple individual fibers. These individual fibers (fleeces) are bundled together (tufts) and connected to the supporting structure. Solid retention depends solely on the fluff fiber layer. The finer the fibers in the fluff fiber layer, the higher the solid retention, meaning smaller particles can be separated.

[0023] The characteristics of pile fabrics can be defined, in particular, by the height of the upright pile fibers, the diameter of the individual filaments, the specific surface area of ​​the pile fibers, the weight per unit area of ​​the pile fabric, and the size of the flow-related pores in the supporting structure. There are no pore sizes in pile fabrics or pile fiber layers defined by particle / solid separation.

[0024] Pile fabric filtration is a mechanical method for separating organic and inorganic solids, as well as surfactants, from Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, particularly liquids and gases, preferably water, and especially preferably wastewater. In a broad sense, it belongs to surface filtration, cake filtration, or pre-coated filtration (pre-coated with fixing agents), where the actual filtration effect, in addition to sieving, is achieved through the depth of the pile fiber layer. Pile fabric filtration represents an important subfield of cloth filtration and is particularly used in water and wastewater treatment. In pile fabric filtration, a three-dimensional filter medium called pile fabric is used. The pile fabric is mounted, for example, on a disc (disc filter), drum (drum filter / pressure drum filter), plate (plate filter), or grid support with a diamond cross-section (diamond filter).

[0025] The purpose of this invention is to provide an improved napped fabric for filtration.

[0026] In the preamble of claim 1, the pile fabric achieves this purpose by having fibers of at least one pile cluster having different cross-sectional shapes.

[0027] At least one tuft of fibers has a different cross-sectional shape. The cross-sectional shape of the fibers can be set as, for example, circular, elliptical, polygonal, triangular, octolobal, lobed, trilobal, rectangular, hollow, dumbbell-shaped, serrated, flat, ribbon-shaped, Y-shaped, or star-shaped.

[0028] Surprisingly, it has been found within the scope of this invention that such napped fabrics exhibit better filtration properties than conventional napped fabrics. The different fibers during the production of the filter media and during its use result in different behaviors of the fibers within the filter media, making it possible to optimize the configuration for each application. Due to the different fibers in the pile, different cross-sections are formed in the pile fiber layer.

[0029] Therefore, a filtration-active fluff fiber layer exists alongside a non-filtration-active support structure, wherein the fluff fiber layer is adaptable to various fluid matrices and filtration methods. Advantageously, the composition of the fluff fiber layer with different fibers can influence solid separation, as well as the regenerability of the filter media, cloth resistance, vacuum, and flushing water requirements during filtration.

[0030] Advantageous embodiments of the present invention include the following:

[0031] At least one tuft of fibers may be composed of different materials, for example.

[0032] It is possible that the fibers of at least one tuft have different equivalent diameters.

[0033] At least one tuft of fibers can have different texture variations.

[0034] Furthermore, it is possible that the fibers of at least one tuft have different vortex deformations (Verwirbelungen).

[0035] Finally, the fibers of at least one tuft can differ in terms of their chemical and / or biodegradability.

[0036] Any combination of these preferred embodiments is also possible.

[0037] Preferably, the fibers of a portion of the pile in the napped fabric are different.

[0038] Particularly preferably, the fibers of all the pile clusters in the pile fabric are different.

[0039] It is possible that the napped fabric has uniform pile clusters, each with different fibers. Another possibility is that the napped fabric has two or more types of pile clusters, each with different fibers, and these fibers also vary depending on the type.

[0040] Advantageously, in the case of piled fabric filtration, the pile fiber surface or pile fiber layer can be adapted to various fluid matrices, various filtration methods, and various suction / purification technologies or the suction lip of the filtration unit (e.g., a smooth, irregular, or bristled surface of the contact surface between the pile fiber surface and the suction lip). In this case, the filtration properties can be changed by adjusting the pile fiber layer, similar to using different particle sizes in multilayer filters in water treatment. In particular, the depth effect of the pile fiber layer in filtration can be enhanced, and thus the solids storage capacity and the solids release capacity or regenerability during suction can be enhanced.

[0041] For example, one or more coarse fibers with a larger cross-section can stabilize and / or structure finer fibers with a smaller cross-section. One or more fiber types with a larger cross-section can act as spacers in the pile fiber layer. In this case, the fiber types with larger cross-sections extend from the support structure, while the fiber types with smaller cross-sections rest against the support structure.

[0042] Multiple different fibers can be blended into the pile used to produce napped fabrics. Alternatively, different fibers can be used as short fibers in the yarn used to produce napped fabrics.

[0043] In the pile fiber layer, at least two fiber types are mixed with each other. The fiber mixture can be a monofibrate mixture in a ratio of up to 1:1 and / or two to n fiber types. The fibers can exist in the pile fiber layer as filaments and / or monofilaments and / or staple fibers and / or yarns and / or ply yarns.

[0044] The fluff fiber layer can have various types of blended yarns.

[0045] For example, blended yarns made from the following materials:

[0046] Multifilaments with the same or different filament diameters

[0047] Multifilament and monofilament,

[0048] Multifilament and staple fiber,

[0049] Monofilaments and short fibers,

[0050] Short fibers with the same or different filament diameters,

[0051] Multifilaments and (one or more) monofilaments blends, or

[0052] Monofilaments with the same or different filament diameters.

[0053] Here, a uniform distribution (uniform distribution) of the fiber mixture is preferably present in each individual tuft and in the entire pile fiber layer.

[0054] Fibers can be chemically or biologically stable or unstable materials. A preferred embodiment of the invention involves the use of biodegradable fibers, wherein preferably, a portion of the fibers is biologically stable and a portion is biodegradable. Biodegradable fiber materials develop pores in the fluff fiber layer over time. Therefore, by selectively using biodegradable fibers, it is possible to selectively form openings in the fluff fiber layer over time.

[0055] Advantageously, targeted colonization of biofilms on or within the villous fiber layer can also be achieved using biodegradable materials. For applications where a continuous nutrient supply is not available, bioavailable materials can be used as a nutrient source.

[0056] Advantageously, the formation and structure of the filter active layer can be influenced by the layup direction or position of the fluff fiber layer. Depending on the layup direction, for example, coarse and fine filtration can be performed, or higher or lower filtration resistance can be generated.

[0057] Advantageously, the pore structure and pore size within the fluff fiber layer are specifically defined and adapted to the fluid matrix. For example, the pore size can be minimized by adjusting the fibers of the fluff fiber layer according to the fluid matrix.

[0058] Depending on the location of the fluff fiber layers, the laying direction of the fluff fiber layers, the composition of the fluff fiber layers made of different fibers, and the structure of the supporting structure, the following structures made of different layers can be produced for example for filtration:

[0059] The first fine and dense filter active layer, the transition layer, and the perforated support frame near the support structure.

[0060] The first layer (flock fiber surface) near the supporting structure consists of coarse fibers, fine fibers, medium-fine fibers, and coarse fibers.

[0061] By adjusting the fiber layer through fiber mixing, the storage volume of particles or solids in or on the fluff fiber layer can be advantageously increased.

[0062] Unlike multilayer filters, fiber type separation is impossible due to the connection between the fiber mixture and the support structure.

[0063] Coarser fibers and / or filaments can be introduced into the fluff fiber layer as spacers and structural members.

[0064] The tuft can have a length of 5 to 200 mm. Here, depending on the connection with the support structure and the fiber type / material, a tuft length of 21 mm corresponds to a pile fiber height of approximately 6 mm. Depending on the connection with the support structure and the fiber type / material, a tuft length of approximately 38 mm corresponds to a pile fiber height of approximately 14 mm.

[0065] One embodiment of the present invention is that at least one tuft comprises at least one multifilament having multiple filaments, wherein the filaments of one multifilament and / or the filaments of multiple multifilaments and / or the multiple multifilaments of multiple tufts are different.

[0066] Another embodiment of the invention is that at least one tuft is composed of up to 100 different fibers, preferably 2 to 50 different fibers, and particularly preferably 3 to 10 different fibers.

[0067] Another embodiment of the invention is that the fibers in the pile are in the form of short fibers and / or yarns and / or ply yarns.

[0068] Another embodiment of the invention is that the fibers differ in their texture deformation and / or eddy current deformation.

[0069] Here, the fibers can be smooth to strongly curved, vortex-deformed, or textured. The fibers can also be arranged in pleats. The fibers can also be arranged from unmixed to strongly mixed. Mixing here refers to the vortex deformation of the fibers to cause the multifilaments to bundle together in a dotted pattern.

[0070] An advantageous embodiment of the invention is that the fiber comprises hollow fibers. A particularly advantageous embodiment is that the hollow fibers comprise a filler, wherein the filler preferably comprises an adsorbent, particularly activated carbon. Alternatively, the filler may also comprise additives or waxes.

[0071] Another advantageous embodiment is that the fibers are provided with a coating and / or mixture. The coating and / or mixture can impart specific properties to the fibers, such as giving them a hydrophilic or hydrophobic surface, or making the fibers conductive. Another preferred embodiment of the invention is that the fibers are provided with a coating and / or mixture to impart antibacterial properties to the fibers, for example, through a coating containing silver, copper, or zinc.

[0072] Another embodiment of the invention is that the fiber has a fiber fineness between 0.001 and 700 dtex, preferably between 0.005 and 500 dtex, and particularly preferably between 0.01 and 435 dtex.

[0073] In the case of fibers composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (polyester (PES) in the textile technical sense) with a density of 1.38 g / cm³, fiber fineness of 0.001 and 700 dtex corresponds to an equivalent diameter of 0.3 to 254 µm, fiber fineness of 0.005 and 500 dtex corresponds to a diameter of 0.7 to 215 µm, and fiber fineness of 0.01 and 435 dtex corresponds to a diameter of 1.0 to 200 µm.

[0074] For example, PES microfibers with a fineness of 0.26 dtex have a diameter of 4.9 µm, PES microfibers with a fineness of 0.6 dtex have a diameter of 7.4 µm, and PES standard fibers with a fineness of 4.6 dtex have a diameter of 20.6 µm.

[0075] In the case of a mixture of PES microfiber and PES standard fiber, the fiber fineness ratio is approximately 18.8; in the case of a mixture of PES microfiber and PES microfiber, the fiber fineness ratio is, for example, approximately 2.3; and in the case of a mixture of PES microfiber and PES standard fiber, the fiber fineness ratio is, for example, approximately 7.7.

[0076] According to the present invention, when two different fibers form a tuft, the fineness of the coarse filament is less than 25 times that of the fine filament. Therefore, a fineness ratio of less than 1:25 exists.

[0077] If three or more types of fibers form a tuft, the fineness ratio of the different fibers can be freely chosen in principle.

[0078] If the three fibers form a tuft, the fineness ratio is preferably from 1:1:1 to 1:500:1,000, more preferably from 1:1:2 to 1:250:500, and particularly preferably from 1:2:2 to 1:100:250. When the tuft contains more than three different fibers, the fineness of the different fibers is preferably the same; particularly preferably, the fineness of the next larger fiber is twice that of each of the smaller fibers; particularly preferably, five times; and most preferably, ten times.

[0079] Another embodiment of the invention is that the pile fiber layer has a weight per unit area between 100 and 10,000 g / m², preferably between 200 and 5,000 g / m², and particularly preferably between 250 and 1,500 g / m².

[0080] The weight per unit area of ​​the entire pile fabric is, for example, between 200 and 15,000 g / m², preferably between 300 and 6,000 g / m², and particularly preferably between 400 and 1,800 g / m².

[0081] Another embodiment of the invention is that the pile fabric has an air permeability of 10 to 5,000 l / m² / s, preferably 50 to 4,000 l / m² / s, particularly preferably 100 to 2,000 l / m² / s, and most preferably 150 to 1,500 l / m² / s.

[0082] Air permeability (measured according to DIN EN ISO 9237) depends on the equivalent fiber diameter.

[0083] Another embodiment of the present invention is that the support structure is a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a nonwoven fabric, or a mixture thereof.

[0084] Flow-related pores include, for example, openings in the pile fabric support structure with a length ≥ 600 µm and a width ≥ 600 µm, abbreviated as ≥ 600 µm × 600 µm, particularly ≥ 700 × 700 µm, preferably ≥ 800 × 800 µm, further preferably ≥ 900 × 900 µm, further preferably ≥ 1000 × 1000 µm, further preferably ≥ 1100 × 1100 µm, further preferably ≥ 1200 × 1200 µm, further preferably ≥ 1300 × 1300 µm, further preferably ≥ 1400 × 1400 µm, further preferably ≥ 1500 × 1500 µm, further preferably ≥ 1600 × 1600 µm, further preferably ≥ 1700 × 1700 µm, further preferably ≥ 1800 × 1800 µm. µm, preferably ≥ 1900 × 1900 µm, preferably ≥ 2000 × 2000 µm, preferably ≥ 2100 × 2100 µm, preferably ≥ 2200 × 2200 µm, particularly preferably ≥ 2300 × 2300 µm, very particularly preferably ≥ 2400 × 2400 µm, and most preferably ≥ 2500 × 2500 µm. The area of ​​the flow-related pores is, for example, ≥ 0.36 mm², preferably ≥ 0.49 mm², further preferably ≥ 0.64 mm², further preferably ≥ 0.81 mm², further preferably ≥ 1.00 mm², further preferably ≥ 1.21 mm², further preferably ≥ 1.44 mm², further preferably ≥ 1.69 mm², further preferably ≥ 1.96 mm², further preferably ≥ 2.25 mm², further preferably ≥ 2.56 mm², further preferably ≥ 2.89 mm², further preferably ≥ 3.61 mm², further preferably ≥ 4 mm², further preferably ≥ 4.41 mm², further preferably ≥ 4.84 mm², particularly preferably ≥ 5.29 mm², very particularly preferably ≥ 5.76 mm², and most preferably ≥ 6.25 mm². In particular, depending on the type of support structure of the pile fabric, the flow-related pores must not be formed in a rectangular manner. Depending on the support structure of the pile fabric, flow-related pores and / or non-flow-related pores can be formed, for example, in the form of rectangles, circles, rhombuses, trapezoids, stars, or mixtures thereof with rounded corners.

[0085] Another embodiment of the invention involves connecting identical and different tufts to a support structure to form a line pattern or checkerboard pattern and / or a combination of line patterns and checkerboard patterns.

[0086] A checkerboard pattern can contain rows with different tufts (tufts composed of different fibers). A line pattern can contain lines with different tufts. Different tufts can also alternate within a line.

[0087] Another embodiment of the present invention is that the tufts are connected to the support structure in the form of W-tufts, double W-tufts, or V-tufts.

[0088] In principle, the fiber can be composed of inorganic or organic natural materials, plastics, metals, or alloys, more precisely, in each combination. A preferred embodiment of the invention is that the fiber is composed of polypropylene (PP), viscose, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyester (PES), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyetherketone (PEK), polyamide-imide (PAI), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), and poly... The product comprises phenyl sulfide (PPS), polycarbonate (PC), styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS), syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS), polyurethane (PUR), leinensis, kenaf, flax, jute, cotton, bast, hemp, silk, carbon, glass, minerals, aromatic polyamides, iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, titanium, cobalt, chromium, tin, manganese, tungsten, vanadium, austenitic stainless steel (e.g., A2), ferritic stainless steel, martensitic stainless steel, duplex stainless steel and / or high alloy stainless steel (e.g., A4) or combinations thereof.

[0089] Another embodiment of the present invention is that the fiber has a lipophilic and / or hydrophobic surface.

[0090] Finally, according to the invention, the napped fabric according to the invention can also be used for napped fabric filtration. Attached Figure Description

[0091] Embodiments of the invention are further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0092] Figures 1a to 1c Side views showing different fiber arrangements are displayed.

[0093] Figures 2a to 2g show side views of fibers with different structures.

[0094] Figure 3 A bar graph showing the structured air permeability of the fiber.

[0095] Figure 4The scatter plot shows the maximum fluidization as a function of the vacuum in the suction rod and the slot velocity in the suction rod for different fiber structuring.

[0096] Figures 5a to 5c show several cross-sections of the fiber with different cross-sectional shapes.

[0097] Figure 6 A bar graph showing air permeability as a function of the fiber's equivalent diameter is displayed.

[0098] Figures 7a to 7c show side views of various weaves of the pile.

[0099] Figures 8a to 8f show cross-sections of various tufts in the fluff fiber layer.

[0100] Figures 9a to 9c show top views of several different support structures.

[0101] Figures 10a to 10d show schematic top views of the distribution of various tufts in the support structure.

[0102] Figure 11 A schematic diagram of a napped fabric according to the present invention is shown.

[0103] Figure 12 A scatter plot of the slot velocity in the suction rod as a function of the vacuum in the suction rod is shown for various napped fabrics.

[0104] Figures 13a and 13b show the measurements from parallel runs of single-fiber napped fabric (EF) and mixed-fiber napped fabric (MF). Detailed Implementation

[0105] exist Figure 1a The diagram shows a schematic of short fibers. Figure 1b The monofilament is shown. Figure 1c This shows a multifilament composed of multiple monofilaments.

[0106] Figures 2a to 2d show fibers with varying degrees of curvature. The fiber shown in Figure 2a is smooth and uncurved. The fiber shown in Figure 2b is slightly curved. Figure 2c shows a strongly curved fiber. The fiber in Figure 2d is strongly curved. Figure 2e shows pleated fibers. The fibers in Figure 2f are misaligned. Figure 2g shows the misalignment points. By structuring the fibers, the air permeability of the pile fabric can be altered.

[0107] Figure 3A graph showing the air permeability (measured according to DIN EN ISO 9237) as a function of the fiber structure of the napped fabric is presented. Here, the napped fabrics have the same backing structure (> 800 µm × 800 µm), area weight (860 g / m²), and fiber fineness (7.4 µm; 0.6 dtex), but different fiber texture deformation.

[0108] Figure 4 This shows different fiber structuring for napped fabrics, as well as the vacuum in the suction rod (left figure) and the slot velocity v in the suction rod. 槽口 (Right figure) shows two graphs of the maximum fluidization of the function. Here, the pile fabrics have the same backing structure (> 800 µm × 800 µm), area weight (860 g / m²), and fiber fineness (7.4 µm; 0.6 dtex), but exhibit different fiber texture deformations during filtration and purification. 槽口 (The groove velocity in the suction rod, determined according to Grabbe, U. (1998) Untersuchungen zur weitergehenden Abwasserreinigung mit Hilfe textilerFiltermedien - Tuchfiltration und Mikrosiebung. Institut fürSiedlungswasserwirtschaft und Abfalltechnik. Hannover, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Dissertation) and the vacuum in the suction rod are the operating conditions for filtering napped fabrics.

[0109] Figures 5a to 5c show different cross-sectional shapes of the fiber. Figure 5a shows cross-sectional shapes with rounded corners, such as circles, ellipses, stars with rounded corners, double dumbbells and triple dumbbells, squares with rounded corners, or triangles with rounded corners.

[0110] Figure 5b shows polygonal cross-sectional shapes, such as squares, parallelograms, triangles, or stars.

[0111] Figure 5c shows a fiber with one or more cavities.

[0112] Figure 6Two bar graphs show the air permeability (measured according to DIN EN ISO 9237) as a function of the equivalent diameter of the fibers in the napped fabric. The napped fabric has single fibers (left) or mixed fibers (right) in the pile fiber layer and has the same backing structure (> 800 µm × 800 µm), but with different equivalent fiber diameters.

[0113] Figures 7a to 7c illustrate various weaves for the pile clusters used in connection with the support structure. Figure 7a shows a W-cluster, and Figure 7b shows a V-cluster. Figure 7c shows the formation of a pile fiber layer in a layup direction from left to right. This layup forms a filter-active layer of the pile clusters.

[0114] Figures 8a to 8g show various tufts of the fluff fiber layer in cross-section. On the left, a single tuft is shown in each case. On the right, a filter-active layer is shown formed by the layup of the fluff fibers shown on the left. As can be seen in Figures 8a to 8f, various filter layers can be formed in the fluff fiber layer by distributing fibers with different equivalent diameters within the tufts. Figure 8g shows tufts containing fibers with different cross-sectional shapes.

[0115] Figures 9a to 9c schematically illustrate several different support structures. The support structure can be a woven fabric (Figure 9a), a knitted fabric (Figure 9b), or a nonwoven fabric (Figure 9c).

[0116] Figures 10b and 10d show various distributions of the same tufts in the support structure. The same tufts have different fibers. The distribution can correspond to a checkerboard pattern (Figure 10b) or multiple rows (Figure 10d).

[0117] Figures 10a and 10c show various distributions of different tufts in the support structure. The different tufts differ in their fiber structure. The distribution can correspond to a checkerboard pattern (Figure 10a) or multiple rows (Figure 10c). Here, the different tufts alternate row by row.

[0118] exist Figure 11 The diagram illustrates a pile fabric according to the invention. The pile fabric has a support structure. Pile tufts are connected to the support structure. Here, the pile tufts have different fibers. The fibers may differ, for example, in their equivalent diameter, their cross-sectional shape, or their material. The spatial distribution of different fibers within the pile tufts is schematically shown in an enlarged view with various exemplary distributions. In the spatial distribution of fibers within the pile tufts, different gray levels correspond to different fibers. For example, the spatial distribution on the right side of the middle row represents a case where the left side of the pile tuft is composed of one fiber type and the right side of the pile tuft is composed of another fiber type.

[0119] Figure 12This shows the slot velocity (v) in the suction rod as a function of the vacuum in the suction rod for various napped fabrics. 槽口 A scatter plot of the data is shown. Measurements are displayed for various pile fiber layers made from monofibrils (EF) and only one type of fiber, and for various pile fiber layers made from mixed fibers (MF) with two different fiber types. The fiber types differ in their equivalent fiber diameter. Pile fiber layers made from monofibrils (EF) have an equivalent diameter of 20.6 µm or 7.4 µm. A pile fiber layer made from mixed fibers (MF) with an equivalent diameter of 8.2 µm consists of 50% of the first fiber type with an equivalent diameter of 10.5 µm (1.2 dtex) and 50% of the second fiber type with an equivalent diameter of 4.9 µm (0.26 dtex). The fluff fiber layer, made of mixed fibers (MF) with an equivalent diameter of 6.8 µm, consists of 25% of a first fiber type with an equivalent diameter of 10.5 µm (1.2 dtex) and 75% of a second fiber type with an equivalent diameter of 4.9 µm (0.26 dtex).

[0120] Figures 13a and 13b show measurements from parallel operations comparing a single-fiber napped fabric (EF) according to the prior art and a mixed-fiber napped fabric (MF) according to the invention during napped fabric filtration of biologically treated wastewater using a drum filter and upstream sedimentation and flocculation with added ferric chloride (III) (2.1 mg Fe(III) / L). The following parameters are compared: filtration velocity (v) [m / h], water level (tank and riser) [cm], regenerability (recovery rate) [%], resistance (cloth resistance) [cm / m / h], vacuum [mbar], and turbidity - inflow / outflow [NTU]. The water level in the tank is used for device control, thereby enabling filter cleaning when approximately 30 cm is reached. This involves moving the napped fabric along the suction rod to fluidize the napped fiber layer and thereby remove solids remaining in the napped fiber layer.

[0121] After filter cleaning, the napped fabric has temporarily higher permeability, resulting in a higher water level in the riser. The interval between filter cleanings directly affects the napped fabric's solids loading capacity (given comparable effluent quality). The longer the interval, the higher the napped fabric's solids loading capacity, and the lower the rinsing water consumption and energy requirements of the napped fabric filter.

[0122] The vacuum indicator displays the negative pressure used by the filter cleaning pump on the suction side to perform cleaning. A higher vacuum indicates greater hydraulic loss in the filter cleaning system. Renewability (recovery rate) indicates the percentage decrease in the water level in the tank after cleaning, relative to the water level at the start of cleaning. A greater decrease in the water level after cleaning indicates higher renewability of the napped fabric achieved through filter cleaning.

[0123] The hydraulic resistance (fabric resistance) of napped fabric is derived from the ratio of water level in the tank and riser after filter cleaning, relative to the filtration velocity, minus machine losses. Higher fabric resistance indicates higher hydraulic losses through the filter.

[0124] The turbidity in the influent filtered by the napped fabric (in combination with the filtration rate) can be used to determine the solid surface load of the napped fabric, and when combined with the turbidity in the effluent, it can be used to evaluate the napped fabric's ability to remove substances from the influent. Claims (as amended under Article 19 of the Treaty) 1. The use of a napped fabric for fluid filtration, the napped fabric comprising a support structure and at least one pile cluster connected to the support structure, wherein the at least one pile cluster has a plurality of fibers, characterized in that the fibers of the at least one pile cluster have different cross-sectional shapes. 2. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fibers of the at least one tuft are composed of different materials. 3. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fibers of the at least one tuft have different equivalent diameters. 4. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fibers of the at least one tuft have different texture deformations. 5. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fibers in the pile are in the form of short fibers and / or yarns and / or ply yarns. 6. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fibers of the at least one tuft have different eddy deformations. 7. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fibers of the at least one tuft are different in terms of their chemical and / or biodegradability. 8. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fiber has a fiber fineness between 0.001 and 700 dtex, preferably between 0.005 and 500 dtex, and particularly preferably between 0.01 and 435 dtex. 9. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pile fiber layer has a weight per unit area between 100 and 10,000 g / m², preferably between 200 and 5,000 g / m², and particularly preferably between 250 and 1,500 g / m². 10. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pile fabric has a breathability of 10 to 5,000 l / m² / s, preferably 50 to 4,000 l / m² / s, particularly preferably 100 to 2,000 l / m² / s, and most preferably 150 to 1,500 l / m² / s. 11. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the support structure is a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a nonwoven fabric, or a mixture thereof. 12. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that identical and different tufts are connected to the support structure to form a line pattern or a checkerboard pattern and / or a combination of line patterns and checkerboard patterns. 13. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the tufts are connected to the support structure in the form of W-tufts, double W-tufts, or V-tufts. 14. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fiber is composed of inorganic or organic natural materials, plastics, metals or alloys, preferably polypropylene (PP), viscose, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyester (PES), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyetherketone (PEK), poly... Amide-imide (PAI), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polycarbonate (PC), styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS), syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS), polyurethane (PUR), linen fabric, kenaf, flax, jute, cotton, bast, hemp, silk, carbon, glass, aromatic polyamide, iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, titanium, cobalt, chromium, tin, manganese, tungsten, vanadium, austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, martensitic stainless steel, duplex stainless steel and / or high alloy stainless steel or combinations thereof. 15. The use according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fiber has a lipophilic and / or hydrophobic surface.

Claims

1. A pile fabric comprising a support structure and at least one pile tuft connected to said support structure, wherein said at least one pile tuft has a plurality of fibers, characterized in that, The fibers of the at least one tuft have different cross-sectional shapes.

2. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The fibers of the at least one tuft are composed of different materials.

3. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The fibers of the at least one tuft have different equivalent diameters.

4. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The fibers of the at least one tuft have different texture deformations.

5. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The fibers in the tuft exist in the form of short fibers and / or yarns and / or ply yarns.

6. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The fibers of the at least one tuft have different eddy deformations.

7. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The fibers of the at least one tuft differ in their chemical and / or biodegradability.

8. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The fiber has a fiber fineness between 0.001 and 700 dtex, preferably between 0.005 and 500 dtex, and particularly preferably between 0.01 and 435 dtex.

9. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The pile fiber layer has a weight per unit area between 100 and 10,000 g / m², preferably between 200 and 5,000 g / m², and particularly preferably between 250 and 1,500 g / m².

10. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The napped fabric has a breathability of 10 to 5,000 l / m² / s, preferably 50 to 4,000 l / m² / s, particularly preferably 100 to 2,000 l / m² / s, and most preferably 150 to 1,500 l / m² / s.

11. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The support structure is a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a nonwoven fabric, or a mixture thereof.

12. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, Connect the same and different tufts to the support structure to form line patterns or checkerboard patterns and / or combinations of line patterns and checkerboard patterns.

13. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The tufts are connected to the support structure in the form of W-shaped tufts, double W-shaped tufts, or V-shaped tufts.

14. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The fibers are composed of inorganic or organic natural materials, plastics, metals, or alloys, preferably polypropylene (PP), viscose, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyester (PES), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyetherketone (PEK), polyamide-imide (PAI), and poly... Composed of ether ether ketone (PEEK), polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polycarbonate (PC), styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS), syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS), polyurethane (PUR), linen fabric, kenaf, flax, jute, cotton, bast, hemp, silk, carbon, glass, aromatic polyamide, iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, titanium, cobalt, chromium, tin, manganese, tungsten, vanadium, austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, martensitic stainless steel, duplex stainless steel and / or high alloy stainless steel or combinations thereof.

15. The pile fabric according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, The fibers have lipophilic and / or hydrophobic surfaces.

16. The napped fabric according to any one of the preceding claims is used for fluid filtration, preferably liquid filtration, and particularly preferably napped fabric filtration.

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