Selenium-rich high alpha-linolenic acid fermented feed and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of selenium-rich high alpha-linolenic acid fermented feed, it is related to live pig fermented feed technical field, including the following components: corn flour 440~480 parts, bran 320~360 parts, flaxseed meal 35~45 parts, perilla seed meal 35~45 parts, dry Glechoma longituba 1.5~2.5 parts, fermentation strain carrier+brown sugar+trace element premix 12~20 parts;Production water 80~110 parts, while the application also discloses the preparation method of selenium-rich high alpha-linolenic acid fermented feed, for preparing selenium-rich high alpha-linolenic acid fermented feed.The application uses Glechoma longituba as natural organic selenium source, and is matched with flaxseed meal and perilla seed meal to regulate the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids;Two-stage fermentation is used to optimize the structure of microbial population, and the crude fiber and anti-nutritional factors are fully degraded to improve the nutrient digestion and absorption rate.After feeding black pig, the organic selenium content of pork reaches the standard, alpha-linolenic acid is enriched, and the meat quality and flavor are improved, and the feed is suitable for the automatic liquid feeding system of large-scale pig farm.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of pig fermented feed technology, specifically to a selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Ordinary commercial feed can only meet the basic nutritional needs of pigs for growth and is insufficient for targeted breeding of functional meat products. Most commercially available selenium-enriched feeds directly add inorganic selenium (sodium selenite), which has a low bioavailability rate. Excessive addition can easily cause stress in pigs, and livestock excrement can also lead to selenium accumulation pollution in the soil. If vegetable oil is directly added to the feed to increase the unsaturated fatty acid content of pork, not only is the raw material cost high, but the oil is also highly susceptible to oxidation and rancidity during feed storage, causing feed spoilage.

[0003] Traditional fermented feed generally employs a single anaerobic fermentation mode, which easily leads to the proliferation of miscellaneous bacteria on the surface of raw materials. The rapid temperature rise in the early stages of fermentation makes it difficult for beneficial bacteria to establish stable colonies, and anti-nutritional factors are not completely degraded. Currently, there is no publicly disclosed technical solution for integrating a compound of violet leaf crushed rice (a natural selenium-rich plant and an organic selenium enrichment carrier), perilla seed meal, and flaxseed meal into a two-stage fermentation process combining aerobic and anaerobic fermentation. Existing feed formulations cannot simultaneously achieve multiple objectives such as selenium enrichment in pigs, increasing α-linolenic acid (Omega-3) content in pork, and improving pork flavor, thus failing to meet the breeding and production needs of high-end selenium-enriched health-promoting black pork. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed and its preparation method, so as to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed, comprising the following components: 440-480 parts corn flour, 320-360 parts wheat bran, 35-45 parts flaxseed meal, 35-45 parts perilla seed meal, 1.5-2.5 parts dried violet leaves and crushed water chestnuts, 12-20 parts fermentation inoculum carrier + brown sugar + trace element premix; and 80-110 parts production water. The fermentation strain is a complex of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and yeast. The dried violet leaves and crushed rice stalks are whole-plant dried and pulverized materials with an organic selenium content ≥850mg / kg.

[0006] In a further embodiment, the trace element premix is ​​a livestock and poultry breeding premix containing iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium as auxiliary trace elements, which is used to adapt to the growth and metabolic needs of black pigs for fattening.

[0007] In a further embodiment, the product is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 460 parts corn flour, 340 parts wheat bran, 40 parts flaxseed meal, 40 parts perilla seed meal, 2 parts dried violet leaves and crushed rice, 16 parts fermentation inoculum carrier + brown sugar + trace element premix; and 95 parts production water.

[0008] A method for preparing a selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed, comprising the following steps: A1. All solid raw materials are crushed, sieved, and mixed evenly to obtain a mixed base material; A2. The compound bacterial strain is mixed with warm water and brown sugar to activate it, thus preparing an activated bacterial solution; A3. Spray the activated bacterial solution onto the mixed base material, stir and mix well, and control the moisture content of the material to 40%; A4. First stage aerobic fermentation: The materials are loosely and ventilatedly piled up, the ambient temperature is 22-32℃, and the fermentation time is 24-48 hours; A5. Second stage anaerobic fermentation: The material is compacted and sealed to isolate it from air, and anaerobic fermentation takes 3 to 5 days; A6. After fermentation, feed directly as fresh feed or store in a sealed container at low temperature.

[0009] In a further embodiment, the activation temperature of the strain in step A2 is controlled at 28 to 35 degrees Celsius, and the activation time is controlled at 40 to 60 minutes; in step A1, all solid raw materials are crushed and passed through a 20 to 40 mesh standard sieve.

[0010] In a further embodiment, during the aerobic fermentation process in step A4, the material is kept loose and uncompacted, and ventilation channels are reserved between stacks to ensure sufficient air circulation and inhibit the early reproduction of anaerobic bacteria.

[0011] In a further embodiment, after the material is compacted in step A5, it is fully covered with a sealing film to ensure an absolutely anaerobic fermentation environment throughout the entire process, with no air leakage gaps.

[0012] In a further embodiment, the temperature of the low-temperature sealed storage in step A6 is controlled between 0 and 10 degrees Celsius, and the storage process is kept completely sealed and protected from light to prevent the feed from oxidizing, deteriorating, and losing its flavor.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: This invention uses corydalis leaf fragments as a natural organic selenium source, combined with flaxseed meal and perilla seed meal to regulate the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. A two-stage fermentation process optimizes the microbial community structure, fully degrading crude fiber and anti-nutritional factors, thereby improving nutrient digestibility and absorption. When fed to black pigs, the pork achieves organic selenium standards and α-linolenic acid enrichment, improving meat flavor. Simultaneously, the feed is compatible with automated liquid feeding systems in large-scale multi-story pig farms. Detailed Implementation

[0014] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0015] This embodiment provides a selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed. The core innovation lies in constructing a composite raw material system of natural organic selenium source and double meal fatty acid enrichment, matched with a two-stage precision fermentation process of first aerobic proliferation and then anaerobic maturation, which solves multiple technical problems in the existing technology, such as insufficient feed functionality, low selenium utilization efficiency, unstable fatty acid enrichment, poor fermentation quality, low breeding efficiency, and environmental pollution.

[0016] To accurately verify the technical superiority of the raw material ratio range and fermentation process parameters of this invention, multiple control experiments and gradient implementation examples were set up. All experiments used the same breeding conditions, test samples, and testing standards to eliminate external environmental interference and ensure the authenticity and validity of the experimental data. Healthy black pigs of the same batch, weighing a uniform 60 kg, were selected as experimental subjects. The breeding environment, temperature, humidity, and drinking water conditions were completely identical for all experimental black pigs. They were fed a uniform diet consisting of 70% basal ration and 30% experimental fermented feed, with free access to feed. The experimental period was fixed at 90 days. After the experiment, samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle of the black pigs were collected from all pigs. The content of organic selenium and α-linolenic acid in the muscle was tested. Simultaneously, the feed conversion ratio and sensory flavor scores of the pork were statistically analyzed for each group to comprehensively verify the overall performance of the technical solution of this invention.

[0017] Four experimental groups were set up. The control group used conventional single anaerobic fermented feed (with inorganic selenium added, and a compound of corydalis leaf fragments, flaxseed meal, and perilla seed meal); Examples 1, 2, and 3 were the formulas of this invention; Example 4 used the same raw materials but only used single anaerobic fermentation (comparing the differences in fermentation process). All experiments used the same batch of healthy black pigs weighing 60kg, with a unified feeding environment, and the experimental period was 90 days.

[0018] The feed comprises the following components: 440-480 parts corn flour, 320-360 parts wheat bran, 35-45 parts flaxseed meal, 35-45 parts perilla seed meal, 1.5-2.5 parts dried violet leaves and crushed watercress, 12-20 parts premix of fermentation inoculum carrier + brown sugar + trace elements; and 80-110 parts production water. The fermentation inoculum is a compound inoculum of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and yeast. The dried violet leaves and crushed watercress are whole-plant dried and pulverized material with an organic selenium content ≥850mg / kg. The trace element premix is ​​a special premix for livestock and poultry farming, containing iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium as auxiliary trace elements, designed to meet the metabolic needs of fattening black pigs.

[0019] The feed preparation method, step one, is the raw material pretreatment process. Accurately weigh all solid raw materials according to the preset weight proportions: corn flour, wheat bran, flaxseed meal, perilla seed meal, dried violet leaves and crushed rice straw, fermentation inoculum carrier, brown sugar, and trace element premix. Put all solid raw materials into a pulverizing device for pulverization. After pulverization, sieve through a 20-40 mesh standard sieve to remove large particles and incompletely pulverized materials, ensuring all solid raw materials are of uniform particle size. Put all sieved solid raw materials into a mixing device and continuously mix for 15-25 minutes until the material is uniformly mixed and there is no localized material accumulation, obtaining a homogeneous mixed base material for later use.

[0020] The second step is the inoculum activation process. A compound inoculum of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and yeast is selected. The compound inoculum and brown sugar are added to warm water according to the specified ratio. The temperature of the warm water is strictly controlled between 28 and 35 degrees Celsius. After sealing and stirring evenly, the mixture is left to stand for 40 to 60 minutes to complete the inoculum activation and obtain a uniformly active inoculum solution. The temperature and time are strictly controlled throughout the process to ensure maximum inoculum activity.

[0021] The third step is the material mixing process. The prepared activated bacterial solution is evenly atomized and sprayed onto the surface of the mixed substrate. During the spraying process, the material is continuously stirred to ensure that the bacterial solution and the substrate are in full contact and that there are no local unevenness in moisture content. After stirring, the moisture content of the material is tested and precisely adjusted to 40% to obtain homogeneous material to be fermented.

[0022] The fourth step is the first stage of aerobic fermentation. The mixed materials are loosely piled in a ventilated fermentation area. The materials are kept loose and uncompacted throughout the process, with sufficient ventilation gaps to ensure free air circulation. The fermentation environment temperature is strictly controlled to be stable between 22 and 32 degrees Celsius. Fermentation is carried out continuously for 24 to 48 hours according to the parameters in the example, to complete the process of probiotic proliferation and initial degradation of anti-nutritional factors.

[0023] Step 5, the second stage of anaerobic fermentation. After aerobic fermentation is completed, the material is immediately layered and compacted to completely remove the air inside the material. The material pile is then completely covered with a sealing film to ensure complete isolation from the outside air, forming an absolutely anaerobic fermentation environment. Anaerobic fermentation continues for 3 to 5 days according to the parameters in the example, completing the feed maturation, enrichment of effective components, and synthesis of flavor substances.

[0024] Step 6: Finished Product Storage and Usage. After the entire fermentation cycle is complete, unseal the material. The resulting fermented feed can be directly used to feed black pigs fresh. If storage is required, seal the fermented feed in a sealed package and store it in a cool environment between 0 and 10 degrees Celsius, away from light. During storage, avoid contact with air and exposure to high temperatures and sunlight to prevent oxidation, deterioration, and loss of active ingredients, thus maintaining stable feed quality for a long time.

[0025] Example 1, Raw material parts by weight: 440 parts corn flour, 320 parts wheat bran, 35 parts flaxseed meal, 35 parts perilla seed meal, 1.5 parts dried violet leaves and crushed water chestnuts, 12 parts compound microbial carrier + brown sugar + premix, 80 parts production water. Preparation process: aerobic fermentation for 24 hours, anaerobic fermentation for 3 days, the remaining preparation steps are completely consistent with the feed preparation method.

[0026] Example 2 (Preferred Example): Raw materials (by weight): 460 parts corn flour, 340 parts wheat bran, 40 parts flaxseed meal, 40 parts perilla seed meal, 2 parts dried violet leaves and crushed shepherd's purse, 16 parts compound microbial carrier + brown sugar + premix, and 95 parts production water. Preparation process: Aerobic fermentation for 36 hours, anaerobic fermentation for 4 days, and the remaining preparation steps are completely consistent with the feed preparation method.

[0027] Example 3, Raw material parts by weight: 480 parts corn flour, 360 parts wheat bran, 45 parts flaxseed meal, 45 parts perilla seed meal, 2.5 parts dried violet leaves and crushed water chestnuts, 20 parts compound microbial carrier + brown sugar + premix, 110 parts production water. Preparation process: aerobic fermentation for 48 hours, anaerobic fermentation for 5 days, the remaining preparation steps are completely consistent with the feed preparation method.

[0028] The control group was set up as follows: Comparative Example 1 was a traditional feed with the following raw material composition: 460 parts corn flour, 340 parts wheat bran, and inorganic sodium selenite as the selenium source. No flaxseed meal, perilla seed meal, or violet leaf fragments were added. All materials were directly anaerobic fermented for 7 days.

[0029] Comparative Example 2 uses the same raw materials, but the fermentation process is modified: the raw material ratio is exactly the same as in Example 2; the aerobic stage is eliminated, and direct closed anaerobic fermentation is carried out for 7 days.

[0030] All black pigs were fed the following diet: 70% basal diet + 30% fermented feed from each group, with free access to feed; slaughtered after 90 days of feeding, and longissimus dorsi muscle was collected for testing; growth indicators were also recorded.

[0031] Multiple sets of gradient tests have verified that the weight ranges of each raw material defined in this invention are technically sound. Exceeding these ranges will result in significant technical defects and performance degradation. When the amount of corn flour added is less than 440 parts and the amount of wheat bran added is more than 360 parts, the overall crude fiber content of the feed exceeds the standard, energy supply is insufficient, the black pigs' appetite decreases significantly, the average daily feed intake decreases, and the growth rate slows down. When the amount of corn flour added is more than 480 parts and the amount of wheat bran added is less than 320 parts, the carbohydrate and energy content of the feed is too high, resulting in excessive fat deposition during the fattening process of black pigs, decreased muscle firmness, and a significant reduction in lean meat quality, which does not meet the quality requirements of high-end black pork.

[0032] When the addition amount of flaxseed meal and perilla seed meal is both below 35 parts, the content of natural unsaturated fatty acids in the feed is insufficient, and the effective enrichment of α-linolenic acid cannot be achieved. The nutritional value of pork is not significantly different from that of ordinary pork, and the functional breeding value is lost. When the addition amount of the two meals is both above 45 parts, the crude fiber and plant anti-nutritional factors in the feed are excessive, exceeding the digestive tolerance of the black pig's intestines, which can easily cause mild diarrhea and intestinal stress problems, reducing the survival rate and economic benefits of breeding.

[0033] When the amount of dried violet leaves and broken shepherd's purse added is less than 1.5 parts, the total supply of organic selenium in the feed is insufficient, and the selenium deposition in the pig muscle cannot meet the national standard for selenium-enriched meat, resulting in functional deficiency. When the amount added is greater than 2.5 parts, the increase in the organic selenium content in the muscle slows down significantly, the marginal gain effect decreases, but the raw material procurement cost increases significantly, greatly increasing the cost of large-scale breeding and production, and has no practical application value.

[0034] The two-stage fermentation process parameters of this invention have been precisely screened through experiments. Each step's parameter range possesses uniqueness and optimality; deviations from these parameters will directly disrupt the stability of the fermentation system. When the aerobic fermentation time is less than 24 hours, the compound probiotics cannot be fully activated and proliferated, resulting in insufficient bacterial count, low activity, and an inability to effectively inhibit the growth of other bacteria, leading to incomplete degradation of anti-nutritional factors. When the aerobic fermentation time exceeds 48 hours, excessive moisture loss and material compaction occur. Furthermore, prolonged ventilation can introduce external bacteria, causing localized mold and spoilage in the feed. The aerobic fermentation environment temperature is controlled between 22 and 32 degrees Celsius. This temperature range is the optimal proliferation temperature for lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and yeast, ensuring rapid colonization and propagation of probiotics. Temperatures that are too low will cause bacterial proliferation to stagnate, while temperatures that are too high will easily lead to probiotic inactivation and an outbreak of other bacteria.

[0035] When anaerobic fermentation lasts less than 3 days, the feed is not fully cooked, and the bound organic selenium and unsaturated fatty acids in the raw materials cannot be fully released, resulting in incomplete degradation of crude fiber and low palatability and digestibility. When anaerobic fermentation lasts more than 5 days, the unsaturated fatty acids enriched in the feed are kept in a static environment at room temperature for a long time, which easily leads to a slow oxidation reaction, resulting in a decrease in α-linolenic acid content, loss of flavor substances, and deterioration in quality. The optimal activation parameters for the inoculum are an activation temperature of 28 to 35 degrees Celsius and an activation time of 40 to 60 minutes, which can maximize the activity of the inoculum and ensure the efficiency of subsequent fermentation. Solid raw materials should be sieved through a 20 to 40 mesh sieve to balance the fineness and permeability of the material, avoiding both uneven mixing and insufficient fermentation due to excessively large particles, and the failure of aerobic fermentation due to excessively fine particles.

[0036] Selenium enrichment effect analysis: The first comparative example used a traditional inorganic selenium source, which had extremely low bioconversion and utilization rates, resulting in very low organic selenium deposition in black pig muscle, failing to meet the standards for selenium-enriched meat and posing a risk of livestock contamination. The second comparative example used the organic selenium raw material system of this invention, but employed a single anaerobic fermentation process, leading to insufficient probiotic proliferation and insufficient release and conversion of organic selenium in the raw materials, resulting in limited selenium deposition. The three embodiments of this invention utilize a two-stage fermentation process to fully activate bacterial activity, degrade plant cell walls, and release bound organic selenium, significantly improving the intestinal absorption efficiency of pigs, with the muscle organic selenium content significantly superior to the control group. The second optimal embodiment showed the best selenium enrichment effect, while the third embodiment exhibited diminishing marginal returns due to excessive raw material addition, verifying the accuracy of the raw material ratio range of this invention.

[0037] Analysis of α-linolenic acid enrichment effect: The first comparative example did not add functional raw materials from the soybean meal and lacked a natural source of unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in the lowest α-linolenic acid content in the pork. While the second comparative example had high-quality raw materials, single anaerobic fermentation could not effectively degrade the crude fiber structure of the meal, preventing the release of unsaturated fatty acids trapped within the fibers, leading to poor absorption and deposition in pigs. The two-stage fermentation process of this invention can degrade crude fiber stepwise, break down plant cell walls, fully release α-linolenic acid, and optimize the fatty acid ratio. In all three examples, the α-linolenic acid content in the pork was significantly higher than in the control group, with the second example achieving the optimal fatty acid enrichment effect.

[0038] Growth performance and breeding efficiency analysis: Traditional single-stage anaerobic fermentation processes result in unstable microbial structures, high levels of contaminating bacteria, incomplete degradation of anti-nutritional factors, poor feed palatability, low digestibility and utilization, and a high feed conversion ratio. This invention's two-stage fermentation process purifies the microbial community through an aerobic stage and matures the feed through an anaerobic stage, significantly improving feed digestibility and absorption, reducing feed loss in black pigs, and effectively lowering the feed conversion ratio. The optimal embodiment achieves the lowest feed conversion ratio, the highest feed utilization, and the lowest breeding production costs, demonstrating significant value for large-scale promotion.

[0039] Analysis of pork flavor and quality: In the control group, the feed lacked a functional flavor enhancement system, resulting in pork with a strong earthy smell, insufficient freshness and aroma, and poor sensory quality. The feed in this invention, through the combination of two meal raw materials and probiotic fermentation, significantly increases the content of unsaturated fatty acids and generates a large number of flavor metabolites. This effectively neutralizes and degrades the inherent earthy smell of black pork, significantly improving its freshness, aroma, and tenderness, and greatly enhancing its sensory score, thus meeting the market demand for high-end selenium-enriched health-promoting black pork.

[0040] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed, characterized in that, Includes the following components: 440-480 parts corn flour, 320-360 parts wheat bran, 35-45 parts flaxseed meal, 35-45 parts perilla seed meal, 1.5-2.5 parts dried violet leaves and crushed water chestnuts, 12-20 parts fermentation inoculum carrier + brown sugar + trace element premix; 80-110 parts production water; The fermentation strain is a compound strain of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and yeast. The dried violet leaves and crushed rice stalks are whole-plant dried and pulverized materials with an organic selenium content ≥850mg / kg.

2. The selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The trace element premix is ​​a special premix for livestock and poultry farming, containing iron, zinc, manganese, and selenium as auxiliary trace elements, which is used to meet the growth and metabolic needs of black pigs for fattening.

3. The selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, It is made from the following ingredients in parts by weight: 460 parts corn flour, 340 parts wheat bran, 40 parts flaxseed meal, 40 parts perilla seed meal, 2 parts dried violet leaves and crushed rice, and 16 parts fermentation inoculum carrier + brown sugar + trace element premix. 95 portions of production water.

4. A method for preparing a selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed, used to prepare the selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed according to any one of claims 1-2, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: A1. All solid raw materials are crushed, sieved, and mixed evenly to obtain a mixed base material; A2. The compound bacterial strain is mixed with warm water and brown sugar to activate it, thus preparing an activated bacterial solution; A3. Spray the activated bacterial solution onto the mixed base material, stir and mix well, and control the moisture content of the material to 40%; A4. First stage aerobic fermentation: The materials are loosely and ventilatedly piled up, the ambient temperature is 22-32℃, and the fermentation time is 24-48 hours; A5. Second stage anaerobic fermentation: The material is compacted and sealed to isolate it from air, and anaerobic fermentation takes 3 to 5 days; A6. After fermentation, feed directly as fresh feed or store in a sealed container at low temperature.

5. The method for preparing selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step A2, the activation temperature of the microbial strain is controlled at 28 to 35 degrees Celsius, and the activation time is controlled at 40 to 60 minutes; in step A1, all solid raw materials are crushed and passed through a 20 to 40 mesh standard sieve.

6. The method for preparing selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step A4, during the aerobic fermentation process, the material should be kept loose and uncompacted, and ventilation channels should be reserved between stacks to ensure sufficient air circulation and inhibit the early reproduction of anaerobic bacteria.

7. The method for preparing selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step A5, after the material is compacted, it is fully covered with a sealing film to ensure an absolutely anaerobic fermentation environment throughout the entire process, with no air leakage gaps.

8. The method for preparing selenium-enriched, high-α-linolenic acid fermented feed according to claim 4, characterized in that, In step A6, the temperature for low-temperature sealed storage is controlled between 0 and 10 degrees Celsius. The storage process should be kept completely sealed and protected from light to prevent feed oxidation, deterioration, and loss of flavor.

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