Starch hydrogen energy driven vehicle based on coupling of enzymatic reaction and fuel cell

Abstract

Provided is a starch hydrogen energy driven vehicle based on coupling of an enzymatic reaction with a fuel cell, comprising: a starch hydrogen production system for converting starch into hydrogen through an enzymatic reaction; a fuel cell group connected with the starch hydrogen production system and used for converting chemical energy of the hydrogen into electrical energy; a driving system comprising a motor driving circuit and an electric motor in electrical connection with the fuel cell group, the electric motor converting the electrical energy into mechanical energy, the mechanical energy driving the vehicle to move; and a surplus energy storage system comprising a lithium battery group and a lithium battery charging circuit, the surplus energy storage system being used for storing electrical energy and dynamically distributing the electrical energy to the electric motor. Thus, a complete hydrogen energy vehicle scheme is provided, starch is used to produce hydrogen and is transmitted to the fuel cell to drive the electric motor to rotate, thereby driving the vehicle to move, and the overall coupling is strong.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and in particular to a starch-hydrogen fuel cell-driven vehicle based on an enzymatic reaction coupled with a fuel cell. Background Technology

[0002] Hydrogen energy, with its high energy density and environmentally friendly characteristics, has attracted widespread attention. Existing hydrogen production methods mainly include fossil fuel reforming and water electrolysis, which suffer from environmental pollution and high costs to some extent. Producing cost-competitive green hydrogen from renewable energy sources is crucial for the hydrogen economy; therefore, starch-based hydrogen production is gradually emerging as a new green and environmentally friendly method.

[0003] In current systems that primarily use hydrogen as an energy storage medium, there are two main issues. First, hydrogen is mostly produced through methods such as water electrolysis, which consumes electricity generated from other sources in the power grid, resulting in significant energy consumption. Second, although some progress has been made in converting hydrogen into electricity through fuel cells, hydrogen storage and transmission still require further research and improvement to enhance the overall efficiency and safety of the system.

[0004] Starch-based hydrogen production energy conversion systems and related technologies have gradually moved from the laboratory stage to practical applications after years of research and development. However, they still face some challenges and limitations, especially in large-scale production and industrial applications. First, there is still room for optimization in the design of existing starch-based hydrogen production reactors and the use of reaction raw materials. In particular, cost control in hydrogen production remains a key issue; how to reduce production costs while maintaining high conversion efficiency is a major obstacle to the current widespread adoption of this technology. Second, the control methods for hydrogen production reaction products still need optimization. Current bio-hydrogen production technologies, such as fermentation-based hydrogen production, often contain other byproducts, most of which cannot be fully recovered, leading to energy waste and affecting the system's economic viability.

[0005] Furthermore, hydrogen-powered vehicles, as a typical application of hydrogen energy, mainly fall into two technological categories: hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles. Hydrogen internal combustion engine technology involves directly injecting hydrogen into the cylinder for combustion, driving the piston to perform work. Fuel cell electric vehicles deliver high-pressure hydrogen to the fuel cell, where, under the action of a catalyst, hydrogen decomposes into protons and electrons at the anode. The protons combine with oxygen at the cathode through a proton exchange membrane to form water, while the electrons generate current through an external circuit to drive the motor. This process only emits pure water. Although fuel cell electric vehicles are more suited to future technological directions, the hydrogen used as an energy source often still relies on the vehicle's own hydrogen storage tank, and the hydrogen in the storage tank is often produced by electrolyzing water at an external factory. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This application is made in view of the aforementioned state of the prior art. The purpose of this application is to provide a starch-hydrogen powered vehicle based on an enzymatic reaction coupled with a fuel cell.

[0007] The technical solution adopted in this application includes: a starch-to-hydrogen system, which converts starch into hydrogen through an enzymatic reaction; a fuel cell stack, which is connected to the starch-to-hydrogen system and converts the chemical energy of the hydrogen into electrical energy; a drive system, which includes a motor drive circuit and a motor electrically connected to the fuel cell stack, the motor converting the electrical energy into mechanical energy, and the mechanical energy driving the vehicle; and a surplus energy storage system, which includes a lithium battery pack and a lithium battery charging circuit, the surplus energy storage system storing electrical energy and dynamically distributing it to the motor; wherein the starch-to-hydrogen system, the fuel cell stack, the surplus energy storage system, and the motor are connected by circuitry to achieve sequential conversion from chemical energy to electrical energy and then to mechanical energy.

[0008] As a further improvement of this application, the output terminal of the fuel cell stack is connected to a comprehensive voltage regulator circuit, which includes an input voltage regulator module and an output voltage regulator module. The input voltage regulator module is used to regulate the voltage of the lithium battery charging circuit, and the output voltage regulator module is used to regulate the voltage of the motor drive circuit.

[0009] As a further improvement of this application, the integrated voltage regulator circuit is bidirectionally electrically connected to the excess energy storage system; the integrated voltage regulator circuit is electrically connected to the motor and other actuators of the vehicle.

[0010] As a further improvement of this application, a hydrogen purification and storage system is connected between the starch hydrogen production system and the fuel cell stack. The hydrogen produced by the starch hydrogen production system first enters the hydrogen purification and storage system and then enters the fuel cell stack. The starch hydrogen production system includes a reaction tank, and the hydrogen purification and storage system includes a storage tank. The reaction tank is provided with a raw material inlet and an enzyme preparation inlet. A filter screen is provided between the reaction tank and the storage tank.

[0011] As a further improvement of this application, the reaction vessel is equipped with a temperature gauge and a first valve, the gas storage tank is equipped with a pressure gauge and a second valve, and the reaction vessel and the gas storage tank are connected by a pipeline, the pipeline being equipped with a third valve.

[0012] As a further improvement of this application, the hydrogen purification and storage system is connected to the fuel cell stack and the waste gas collection and treatment device via a branch pipe, and the hydrogen in the storage tank can selectively enter the fuel cell stack or the waste gas collection and treatment device.

[0013] As a further improvement of this application, the fuel cell stack is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, which is composed of 8 to 12 single cells connected in parallel. The rated voltage range of each single cell is 0.6V to 1.2V, and it outputs a 9V voltage through a parallel circuit. The motor is a DC motor with a rated voltage of 9V, which is matched with the output voltage of the fuel cell stack. The volume of the reaction vessel ranges from 1L to 5L, and the reaction pressure inside the reaction vessel is controlled from 0.15MPa to 0.3MPa.

[0014] As a further improvement of this application, the temperature in the starch-to-hydrogen system is maintained in part by the waste heat generated by the fuel cell stack; the water used in the starch-to-hydrogen system is partially borrowed from the water generated by the fuel cell stack.

[0015] As a further improvement of this application, the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle is also equipped with a remote control system, which is connected to the electric motor via Bluetooth Classic or Bluetooth Low Energy protocol to realize remote start / stop and speed control.

[0016] As a further improvement of this application, the length of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle ranges from 0.2m to 1.0m, the width of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle ranges from 0.2m to 0.6m, and the maximum load capacity of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle is 5kg.

[0017] The beneficial effects of the starch-hydrogen powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling in this application include:

[0018] First, the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on the coupling of enzymatic reaction and fuel cell uses an enzymatic reaction to directly convert starch into hydrogen through a starch-to-hydrogen system, realizing a continuous supply of hydrogen energy from biomass raw materials. This avoids the dependence on grid electricity or fossil fuels in the traditional hydrogen production process, and enhances the autonomy and sustainability of energy acquisition.

[0019] Secondly, the fuel cell stack is directly connected to the starch-based hydrogen production system, efficiently converting hydrogen into electrical energy. This electrical energy is then converted into mechanical energy via an electric motor to drive the vehicle, creating a complete energy conversion chain from chemical energy to electrical energy to mechanical energy. By directly coupling the hydrogen production and consumption modules, rather than relying on existing technologies involving water electrolysis for hydrogen production, hydrogen compression and storage, and the turnover of hydrogen tanks, energy losses in intermediate storage and transportation stages are reduced, thus improving the overall efficiency of the system.

[0020] Furthermore, the excess energy storage system solves the problem of fluctuating output power of the fuel cell stack by dynamically storing and distributing electrical energy to the electric motor, ensuring stable vehicle operation under different operating conditions. The energy utilization of its lithium battery charging circuit and motor drive circuit can be allocated proportionally as needed, achieving balanced energy distribution.

[0021] Finally, a vehicle powered by starch-based hydrogen production is presented, solving the problem of not being able to directly use starch to produce hydrogen for vehicle propulsion. Existing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles generally use readily available hydrogen, i.e., hydrogen produced in hydrogen plants, rather than hydrogen produced by the vehicle itself. This vehicle couples an endothermic and water-consuming biological hydrogen production reaction, an exothermic and water-producing hydrogen-ion membrane fuel cell, and an electric motor, providing a new application solution for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Attached Figure Description

[0022] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments, the accompanying drawings of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on the coupling of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and a fuel cell, as described in this application.

[0024] Figure 2 This is a front view of the PCB board of one embodiment of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on the coupling of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and a fuel cell, according to this application.

[0025] Figure 3 This is a back view of the PCB board of one embodiment of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on the coupling of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and a fuel cell in this application.

[0026] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the ESP32 circuit diagram of one embodiment of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on the coupling of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and a fuel cell in this application.

[0027] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the USB automatic download circuit of one embodiment of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on the coupling of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and a fuel cell in this application.

[0028] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the front circuit of a circuit schematic diagram of one embodiment of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on the coupling of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and a fuel cell in this application.

[0029] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the rear drive circuit of one embodiment of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling of this application.

[0030] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the battery power interface circuit of one embodiment of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling of this application.

[0031] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures

[0032] 1-Starch-to-hydrogen system; 101-Reaction tank; 2-Hydrogen purification and storage system; 201-Storage tank; 3-Fuel cell stack; 301-Single cell; 4-Integrated voltage regulator circuit; 5-Input voltage regulator circuit; 6-Output voltage regulator circuit; 7-Excess energy storage system; 8-Electric motor; 9-Vehicle transmission device; 10-Other vehicle actuators; 11-Raw material inlet; 12-Enzyme inlet; 13-Pressure gauge; 14-Thermometer; 15-Filter screen; 16-Third valve; 17-First valve; 18-Second valve; 19-Excess gas collection and treatment device; 20-Pipeline; 21-Bifurcation pipe; 2101-First pipe head; 2102-Second pipe head; 2103-Third pipe head Detailed Implementation

[0033] Exemplary embodiments of this application are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these specific descriptions are for teaching those skilled in the art how to implement this application only, and are not intended to exhaustively describe all possible methods of this application, nor to limit the scope of this application.

[0034] See Figure 1 This application provides a starch-hydrogen powered vehicle based on an enzymatic reaction coupled with a fuel cell. The vehicle includes: a starch-to-hydrogen system 1, a fuel cell stack 3, a drive system, and a surplus energy storage system 7. The starch-to-hydrogen system 1 converts starch into hydrogen through an enzymatic reaction. The fuel cell stack 3 is directly connected to the starch-to-hydrogen system 1 and converts the hydrogen into electrical energy. The drive system includes a motor drive circuit and a motor 8 electrically connected to the fuel cell stack 3. The motor 8 converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, which drives the vehicle. The surplus energy storage system 7 includes a lithium battery pack and a lithium battery charging circuit. The surplus energy storage system 7 stores electrical energy and dynamically distributes it to the motor 8. The starch-to-hydrogen system 1, fuel cell stack 3, surplus energy storage system 7, and motor 8 are connected through a closed-loop circuit, realizing the sequential conversion from chemical energy to electrical energy and then to mechanical energy.

[0035] The beneficial effects of the above embodiments are as follows: by setting up a starch-to-hydrogen system 1, a fuel cell stack 3, a drive system, and a surplus energy storage system 7, and connecting them through circuits, the sequential conversion from chemical energy to electrical energy and then to mechanical energy is achieved. The starch-to-hydrogen system 1 converts starch into hydrogen through an enzymatic reaction, providing energy for the system. The fuel cell stack 3 is directly connected to the starch-to-hydrogen system 1, converting hydrogen into electrical energy. The electric motor 8 is electrically connected to the fuel cell stack 3, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy to drive the vehicle. The surplus energy storage system 7 stores electrical energy and dynamically distributes it to the electric motor 8, rationally utilizing energy and constructing a complete and efficient energy conversion system to provide power for the vehicle.

[0036] In one embodiment, the output terminal of the fuel cell stack 3 is connected to a comprehensive voltage regulator circuit 4. The comprehensive voltage regulator circuit 4 includes an input voltage regulator module 5 and an output voltage regulator module 6. The input voltage regulator module 5 is used to regulate the voltage of the lithium battery charging circuit, and the output voltage regulator module 6 is used to regulate the voltage of the motor drive circuit.

[0037] The beneficial effects of the above embodiments are as follows: The output terminal of the fuel cell stack 3 is connected to the integrated voltage regulator circuit 4, which includes an input voltage regulator module 5 and an output voltage regulator module 6. The input voltage regulator module 5 regulates the voltage of the lithium battery charging circuit to ensure that the lithium battery is charged at a suitable voltage, thus ensuring charging safety and efficiency. The output voltage regulator module 6 regulates the voltage of the motor drive circuit to provide a stable voltage input to the motor drive circuit, ensuring the stable operation of the motor 8, avoiding the adverse effects of voltage fluctuations on the circuit and motor, and improving the stability and reliability of the circuit system. The input voltage regulator module 5 is independently electrically connected to the output voltage regulator module 6, the motor 8, and other actuators 10 of the vehicle via independent wires. The input voltage regulator module 5 and the output voltage regulator module 6 provide voltage stability, the excess energy storage system 7 regulates energy supply and demand, and the motor 8 consumes energy as a load and interacts with the excess energy storage system 7, together forming a coordinated circuit system.

[0038] In a non-limiting example, the lithium battery charging circuit and the motor drive circuit are DC-DC converter circuits. The main control chip is an ESP32WROOM, the current control chip is an IR2184 half-bridge gate driver IC with a shutdown function, and the TPS5430 chip is a high-output-current PWM converter that integrates a low-resistance, high-side N-channel MOSFET. The TPS5430 chip is connected to the signals of the lithium battery charging circuit and the motor drive circuit, and can step down the higher input voltage to a suitable voltage range for the lithium battery charging circuit, thus adapting the input voltage.

[0039] In one embodiment, the integrated voltage regulator circuit 4 is bidirectionally electrically connected to the excess energy storage system 7. The integrated voltage regulator circuit 4 is electrically connected to the electric motor 8 and other vehicle actuators 10.

[0040] The beneficial effects of the above embodiments are as follows: The integrated voltage regulator circuit 4 is bidirectionally electrically connected to the excess energy storage system 7. The integrated voltage regulator circuit 4 is electrically connected to the motor 8 and other actuators 10 of the vehicle. This bidirectional electrical connection allows the lithium battery pack to both store excess electrical energy from the fuel cell stack 3 and supply power to the motor 8 and other actuators 10 when its output is insufficient, achieving dynamic energy balance and flexible distribution. The lithium battery pack can store excess energy, avoiding waste, providing stable energy support for the continuous operation of the vehicle, and improving the system's energy utilization efficiency and overall performance.

[0041] In a non-limiting example, other vehicle actuators 10 include a steering system, a braking system, a body control system, etc., wherein the body control system includes an electric window motor, an electric sunroof drive mechanism, a windshield wiper motor, an electric rearview mirror adjustment motor, an electric seat adjustment motor, a door lock actuator, etc.

[0042] In one embodiment, a hydrogen purification and storage system 2 is connected between the starch hydrogen production system 1 and the fuel cell stack 3. The hydrogen produced by the starch hydrogen production system 1 first enters the hydrogen purification and storage system 2 and then enters the fuel cell stack 3. The starch hydrogen production system 1 includes a reaction tank 101, and the hydrogen purification and storage system 2 includes a storage tank 201. The reaction tank 101 is provided with a raw material inlet 11 and an enzyme preparation inlet 12. A filter screen 15 is provided between the reaction tank 101 and the storage tank 201.

[0043] The beneficial effects of the above embodiments are as follows: The hydrogen purification and storage system 2 primarily removes impurities carried over from the hydrogen. The filter screen 15 between the reaction tank 101 and the storage tank 201 filters impurities from the hydrogen, ensuring the purity of the hydrogen entering the storage tank 201 and the fuel cell stack 3, and preventing impurities from affecting the performance and lifespan of the fuel cell stack 3. The hydrogen purification and storage system 2 can also include a palladium membrane through which hydrogen molecules can pass. Hydrogen molecules dissociate into hydrogen atoms on one side of the palladium membrane and diffuse to the other side to recombine into molecules, thus obtaining high-purity hydrogen.

[0044] In a non-limiting example, the temperature of reaction vessel 101 is controlled between 50°C and 80°C by means of a water bath or heating blanket, and the enzyme preparation is a modified thermostable enzyme.

[0045] In a non-limiting example, the temperature of the reaction vessel 101 is maintained in part by utilizing the waste heat generated by the fuel cell stack 3.

[0046] The starch-to-hydrogen system 1 involves enzymatic reactions with four modules in its artificial enzymatic pathway. The first module catalyzes the reaction of starch and phosphate to produce glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) using α-glucan phosphorylase (αGP) and phosphoglucose mutase (PGM). The second module utilizes the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) based on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconolactone (6PGL), and 6-phosphogluconolactone dehydrogenase (6PGDH), to generate two moles of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) from one mole of G6P. The third module produces hydrogen from NADH via a biomimetic electron transport chain (ETC) containing cytochrome bc1 complex dehydrogenase (BCV-DI) and succinate dehydrogenase complex (SHI). The fourth module regenerates 5 moles of G6P from 6 moles of ribulose 5-phosphate via the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and a partial gluconeogenesis pathway.

[0047] In a non-limiting example, an enzyme preparation is injected through enzyme preparation inlet 12. Preferred enzyme preparations include enzymes such as α-glucan phosphorylase (αGP), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconolactonease (6PGL), 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6PGDH), ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI), ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (RPE), transketolase (TK), transaldolase (TAL), and triose-phosphate isomerase (TIM). The enzymes used include isomerase, aldolase (ALD), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), diisoamylase (DI), isoamylase (IA), and 4-glucanotransferase (4GT). This selection of enzymes can improve the efficiency of catalytic reactions.

[0048] In one embodiment, the reaction vessel 101 is equipped with a thermometer 14 and a first valve 17, and the gas storage tank 201 is equipped with a pressure gauge 13 and a second valve 18. The reaction vessel 101 and the gas storage tank 201 are connected by a pipeline 20, and the pipeline 20 is equipped with a third valve 16.

[0049] The beneficial effects of the above embodiments are as follows: The second valve 18 is used to prevent hydrogen overpressure and can be installed at the top of the tank. The thermometer 14 monitors the temperature inside the reaction tank 101 in real time, facilitating the control of the enzymatic reaction at a suitable temperature and ensuring reaction efficiency. The pressure gauge 13 displays the pressure inside the gas storage tank 201 in real time, ensuring gas storage safety. The three valves respectively control the feeding of the reaction tank 101, the gas discharge of the gas storage tank 201, and the gas flow between the two, making it convenient for operators to adjust and control the hydrogen production and gas transmission process, improving system safety and operability.

[0050] In a non-limiting example, the pressure of the second valve 18, which serves as an overpressure protection function, does not exceed 0.8 MPa. The pressure relief method is passive pressure relief, and the valve is automatically opened when the pressure reaches the threshold.

[0051] In a non-limiting example, filter 15 covers the connection between pipe 20 and reaction vessel 101.

[0052] In one embodiment, the hydrogen purification and storage system 2 is connected to the fuel cell stack 3 and the waste gas collection and treatment device 19 via a branch pipe 21, and the hydrogen in the storage tank 201 can selectively enter the fuel cell stack 3 or the waste gas collection and treatment device 19.

[0053] The beneficial effects of the above embodiments are as follows: the hydrogen purification and storage system 2 is connected to the fuel cell stack 3 and the waste gas collection and treatment device 19 via a branch pipe 21, and the hydrogen in the storage tank 201 can be selectively sent to either of them. Excess hydrogen enters the waste gas collection and treatment device 19 for treatment, avoiding direct emission that could cause safety hazards or environmental pollution, realizing the rational utilization and environmentally friendly treatment of hydrogen, improving system safety and environmental friendliness, and ensuring the flexibility and reliability of system operation.

[0054] In a non-limiting example, the branch pipe 21 includes a first pipe head 2101, a second pipe head 2102, and a third pipe head 2103. The first pipe head 2101 is connected to the gas storage tank 201, the second pipe head 2102 is connected to the residual gas collection and processing device 19, and the third pipe head 2103 is connected to the fuel cell stack 3.

[0055] In a non-limiting example, there is a height difference between the two pipe ends for hydrogen inlet and outlet in the gas storage tank 201. That is, one end of pipe 20 is at a higher height in the gas storage tank 201 than the other end of the first pipe end 2101 is at a higher height in the gas storage tank 201, thus realizing a gas path configuration of high-level gas inlet and low-level gas outlet.

[0056] In one embodiment, the fuel cell stack 3 is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 3, which consists of 8 to 12 single cells 301 connected in parallel. The rated voltage range of each single cell 301 is 0.6V to 1.2V, and it outputs a 9V voltage through a parallel circuit. The motor 8 is a DC motor with a rated voltage of 9V, and it is matched with the output voltage of the fuel cell stack 3.

[0057] The beneficial effects of adopting the above embodiments are: this matching design allows the output power of the fuel cell stack 3 to be directly and efficiently supplied to the electric motor 8 without the need for an additional voltage conversion device, thus reducing energy conversion losses. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack 3 has high energy conversion efficiency and stability, and the parallel connection of individual cells 301 allows for adjustment of output power to meet the power requirements of the electric motor 8 and ensure the normal operation of the vehicle.

[0058] In a non-limiting example, the current of the proton exchange membrane cell does not exceed 0.2A.

[0059] In one embodiment, the volume of the reaction vessel 101 ranges from 1L to 5L, and the reaction pressure inside the reaction vessel 101 is controlled to be from 0.15MPa to 0.3MPa.

[0060] The beneficial effects of using the above embodiments are that reasonable volume and pressure provide a suitable environment for enzymatic reactions, which is conducive to improving starch conversion efficiency and hydrogen production.

[0061] In one embodiment, the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle is also equipped with a remote control system, which is connected to the electric motor 8 via Bluetooth Classic or Bluetooth Low Energy protocol to realize remote start-stop and speed control.

[0062] The advantages of using the above embodiments are: users can control the vehicle without being physically present, which is suitable for special scenarios or situations where direct operation is inconvenient, thus improving the user experience. Classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy protocols offer good stability and low power consumption, ensuring reliable transmission of remote control signals and facilitating intelligent vehicle control.

[0063] In one embodiment, the length of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle ranges from 0.2m to 1.0m, the width of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle ranges from 0.2m to 0.6m, and the maximum load capacity of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle is 5kg.

[0064] The beneficial effect of adopting the above embodiments is that, from the perspective of end product design, a small vehicle that can be powered by amylase-catalyzed hydrogen production is provided.

[0065] The starch-hydrogen powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling proposed in this application requires the use of a PCB board for electrical connections. For example... Figure 2 and Figure 3As shown, the PCB board uses AON7403 and AON7544 metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) for power switching or motor drive control. The resistor network includes low-resistance 10Ω resistors, as well as medium-resistance resistors such as 4.7KΩ and 10KΩ, which can be used for voltage division and other functions. Capacitors include 10μF, 100μF, and 100nF, which can be used for filtering.

[0066] The specific circuit aspects of the starch-hydrogen powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling in this application are as follows: Figure 4 As shown, the core system circuit uses the ESP32 chip, namely the ESP32-WROOM-32U-N8 main control chip, which has IO interfaces such as IO0, IO2, and IO23, as well as power supply pins including 3V3 and GND.

[0067] like Figure 5 As shown, the circuit also includes a USB automatic download circuit, whose core chip is CH340C, which realizes USB to serial communication and can be used for program download and debugging.

[0068] like Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown, the drive vehicle includes independently driven front-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive. The front-wheel drive circuit and the rear-wheel drive circuit use AON7544 to build an H-bridge circuit.

[0069] like Figure 8 The circuit diagram shown is for the battery power interface, which is connected to a lithium battery and uses a TPS563201DDCR as a step-down chip.

[0070] The first embodiment of the starch-hydrogen powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling of this application is as follows:

[0071] Vehicle parameters: length 0.9m, width 0.5m, load 2kg. Reactor 101 has a volume of 3L, a height of 30cm, and a side diameter of 11.28cm. Gas storage tank 201 has a volume of 2L.

[0072] Weigh 200g of starch and prepare a starch aqueous solution. There are 8 fuel cell stacks. Before the experiment, the temperature of the reaction vessel 101 and the reaction solution was controlled within a suitable range, from 50℃ to 80℃.

[0073] Open the raw material inlet 11 and add the starch aqueous solution into the reaction vessel 101. Open the enzyme preparation inlet 12 and add the enzyme preparation into the reaction vessel 101. Close the raw material inlet 11 and the enzyme preparation inlet 12. Open the third valve 16, which acts as a gas valve, to bring the pressure inside the reaction vessel 101 to approximately 0.15 MPa.

[0074] Hydrogen gas enters fuel cell stack 3. In fuel cell stack 3, the hydrogen gas undergoes an electrochemical reaction to generate electrical energy. This electrical energy is transmitted to the power supply system via wires, possibly through two separate paths to the input voltage regulator circuit 5. After voltage regulation, it is transmitted via the integrated voltage regulator circuit 4 to the energy storage circuit 7, the electric motor 8, and the actuator circuits of other vehicle mechanisms 10, with some energy stored in the lithium battery. The electric motor 8 drives the vehicle via the vehicle transmission system 9. The liquid and exhaust gas discharged and condensed after the electrochemical reaction in fuel cell stack 3 are collected for subsequent analysis. The continuous generation of gas in reaction tank 101 indicates that the starch-to-hydrogen reaction is underway. The measured starch content as a raw material decreased by 80%, indicating high starch-to-hydrogen efficiency. The lithium battery voltage increased from 10.5V to 11.7V, a significant increase indicating that the energy storage circuit is functioning normally.

[0075] Through the above experimental steps and observations, the energy conversion process of the starch-hydrogen energy storage vehicle was verified, demonstrating the transformation from chemical energy to electrical energy and then to mechanical energy, which enabled the vehicle's movement. Furthermore, the experimental results show that the system possesses high energy conversion efficiency and stability, providing strong support for the practical application of starch-hydrogen energy storage technology.

[0076] The second embodiment of the starch-hydrogen powered vehicle based on the coupling of an enzymatic reaction and a fuel cell in this application is as follows:

[0077] Parameters of the starch-hydrogen energy storage vehicle: length 0.6m, width 0.4m, load 1kg. Reaction tank 101 has a volume of 2.5L, a height of 25cm, and a side diameter of 10cm. Gas storage tank 201 has a volume of 1.5L. Before the experiment, the temperature of reaction tank 101 and the reaction solution was controlled within a suitable range. 100g of starch was weighed, and 500g of water was added to make a paste. After stirring evenly, the paste was added to reaction tank 101.

[0078] Open the raw material inlet 11 and add the aqueous solution obtained in the above steps into the reaction tank 101. Open the enzyme preparation inlet 12 and add the enzyme preparation into the reaction tank 101. Close the raw material inlet 11 and the enzyme preparation inlet 12. Open the third valve 16, which acts as a gas valve, to bring the pressure inside the reaction tank 101 to approximately 0.25 MPa. Hydrogen enters the fuel cell stack 3. In the fuel cell stack 3, the hydrogen undergoes an electrochemical reaction and generates electrical energy. The electrical energy is transmitted to the power supply system via wires, and then splits into two paths to the excess energy storage system 7 and the electric motor 8, as well as other actuators 10 of the vehicle. The excess energy storage circuit 7 stores the electrical energy in the lithium battery pack or supplies the electrical energy to the electric motor 8 to drive the vehicle. Collect the condensed liquid and exhaust gas for residual gas treatment. Turn on the switch, and the vehicle begins to move. Gas is continuously generated in the reaction tank 101, indicating that the starch-to-hydrogen reaction is underway. The lithium battery voltage is measured to rise from 10.8V to 11.5V, and the significant voltage increase indicates that the energy storage circuit is working normally. The starch content used as raw material decreased by 75%, indicating that the starch hydrogen production efficiency was relatively high.

[0079] The above two embodiments are merely illustrative examples, representing the principles and techniques. In practical applications, other parameters and specifications can be selected based on these principles and techniques to build hydrogen-powered vehicles.

[0080] This application's starch-hydrogen powered vehicle, based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling, offers several advantages. First, it directly utilizes starch as a raw material, which is relatively inexpensive. Although the conversion efficiency varies among different starches, the enzymatic reaction can still proceed, facilitating large-scale application and promotion. Second, raw material and product recovery is simple; the substrate recovery rate depends primarily on reaction conditions and enzyme activity. In practice, the substrate recovery rate is typically between 90% and 95%. Because some substrate may not be completely converted, the recovery rate may be slightly below 100%. Third, it broadens the application range of raw materials, applicable to any starch-containing crop or other natural products. Fourth, excess gas can be recovered or directly burned, preventing environmental pollution and ensuring full resource recovery and utilization. Fifth, the generated electricity directly powers the motor, significantly reducing energy losses during transportation or use, a common practice in traditional hydrogen energy.

[0081] The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling proposed in this application also has cost advantages:

[0082] The energy consumption for hydrogen production by water electrolysis is typically 4-6 kWh / m³. 3 The specific value of H2 depends on the efficiency of the electrolyzer and operating conditions. Assume an average energy consumption of 5 kWh / m³. 3H2. The price of electricity varies by region and time; let's assume an average price of 0.7 yuan / kWh. Starch-to-hydrogen production involves producing 12 moles of hydrogen per mole of glucose. Assuming the molar mass of glucose units in starch is 180 g / mol and the molar mass of hydrogen is 2 g / mol, then each kilogram of starch can produce approximately 12 / 180 * 1000 = 66.7 m³ of hydrogen. 3 H2. The unit price of starch varies depending on the type and market; we assume an average unit price of 3.5 yuan / kg.

[0083] In terms of cost calculation, the cost of hydrogen production through water electrolysis is: Cost = Required electricity × Electricity price per unit = 5 kWh / m 3 ×0.7 yuan / kWh = 3.5 yuan / m³ 3 Cost of hydrogen production from starch: Cost = Required starch / Volume of hydrogen produced × Unit price of starch = 1 kg / 66.7 m³ 3 ×3.5 yuan / kg ≈ 0.05 yuan / m 3 .

[0084] Therefore, it can be understood that the production cost of hydrogen per cubic meter produced by water electrolysis is approximately 3.5 yuan. The production cost of hydrogen per cubic meter produced by starch is approximately 0.05 yuan.

[0085] This application's starch-powered hydrogen-powered vehicle, based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling, integrates an enzymatic green hydrogen production bioreactor and ion exchange membrane hydrogen fuel cell technology. It adapts the bio-hydrogen production module to the hydrogen fuel cell module, couples the endothermic and water-consuming enzymatic hydrogen production process with the exothermic and water-dissipating hydrogen fuel cell, establishes an on-board enzymatic hydrogen production-fuel cell-motor model, and finally produces a high-purity hydrogen "on-demand" driven all-electric vehicle model, which is equivalent to proving that starch is also a new hydrogen storage medium.

[0086] The above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical concept and features of this application. Their purpose is to enable those skilled in the art to understand the content of this application and implement it. They should not be used to limit the scope of protection of this application. All equivalent changes or modifications made in accordance with the spirit and essence of this application should be covered within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A starch-hydrogen powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling, characterized in that, include: A starch hydrogen production system (1) is used to convert starch into hydrogen gas through an enzymatic reaction; A fuel cell stack (3) is connected to the starch hydrogen production system (1) and is used to convert the chemical energy of the hydrogen into electrical energy. The drive system includes a motor drive circuit and a motor (8) electrically connected to the fuel cell stack (3), the motor (8) converting the electrical energy into mechanical energy, and the mechanical energy driving the vehicle to move. The excess energy storage system (7) includes a lithium battery pack and a lithium battery charging circuit. The excess energy storage system (7) is used to store electrical energy and dynamically distribute it to the motor (8). The starch hydrogen production system (1), the fuel cell stack (3), the excess energy storage system (7), and the electric motor (8) are connected by circuits to realize the sequential conversion from chemical energy, electrical energy, and mechanical energy.

2. The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that: The output terminal of the fuel cell stack (3) is connected to a comprehensive voltage regulator circuit (4). The comprehensive voltage regulator circuit (4) includes an input voltage regulator module (5) and an output voltage regulator module (6). The input voltage regulator module (5) is used to regulate the voltage of the lithium battery charging circuit, and the output voltage regulator module (6) is used to regulate the voltage of the motor drive circuit.

3. The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling according to claim 2, characterized in that: The integrated voltage regulator circuit (4) is bidirectionally electrically connected to the excess energy storage system (7); The integrated voltage regulator circuit (4) is electrically connected to the motor (8) and other actuators (10) of the vehicle.

4. The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that: A hydrogen purification and storage system (2) is connected between the starch hydrogen production system (1) and the fuel cell stack (3). The hydrogen produced by the starch hydrogen production system (1) first enters the hydrogen purification and storage system (2) and then enters the fuel cell stack (3). The starch hydrogen production system (1) includes a reaction tank (101), and the hydrogen purification and storage system (2) includes a gas storage tank (201). The reaction tank (101) is provided with a raw material inlet (11) and an enzyme preparation inlet (12). A filter screen (15) is provided between the reaction tank (101) and the gas storage tank (201).

5. The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling according to claim 4, characterized in that: The reaction vessel (101) is equipped with a thermometer (14) and a first valve (17), and the gas storage tank (201) is equipped with a pressure gauge (13) and a second valve (18). The reaction vessel (101) and the gas storage tank (201) are connected by a pipe (20), and the pipe (20) is equipped with a third valve (16).

6. The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling according to claim 4, characterized in that: The hydrogen purification and storage system (2) is connected to the fuel cell stack (3) and the residual gas collection and treatment device (19) via a branch pipe (21). The hydrogen in the storage tank (201) can selectively enter the fuel cell stack (3) or the residual gas collection and treatment device (19).

7. The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling according to claim 4, characterized in that: The fuel cell stack (3) is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack. The fuel cell stack (3) is composed of 8 to 12 single cells (301) connected in parallel. The single cell (301) has a rated voltage range of 0.6V to 1.2V and outputs a 9V voltage through a parallel circuit. The electric motor (8) is a DC motor with a rated voltage of 9V, and is matched with the output voltage of the fuel cell stack (3); The volume of the reaction vessel (101) ranges from 1L to 5L, and the reaction pressure inside the reaction vessel (101) is controlled from 0.15MPa to 0.3MPa.

8. The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that: The temperature within the starch-to-hydrogen system (1) is maintained in part by the waste heat generated by the fuel cell stack (3); The water used in the starch-to-hydrogen system (1) is partially borrowed from the water produced by the fuel cell stack (3).

9. The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that: The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle is also equipped with a remote control system, which is connected to the electric motor (8) via Bluetooth Classic or Bluetooth Low Energy protocol to realize remote start-stop and speed control.

10. The starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle based on enzymatic reaction and fuel cell coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that: The length of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle ranges from 0.2m to 1.0m, the width ranges from 0.2m to 0.6m, and the maximum load capacity of the starch-hydrogen-powered vehicle is 5kg.

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