A to-be-loaded structure, a to-be-powered assembly, and a preparation method of an isotope battery

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of isotope battery and discloses a to-be-loaded structure, a to-be-powered electric component and a preparation method of an isotope battery, the to-be-loaded body has a first matching surface and a tritium gas loading surface arranged oppositely, and the to-be-loaded body is provided with a to-be-loaded protrusion on the first matching surface; a part of a tritium gas delivery and permeation pipe is arranged in the to-be-loaded protrusion, and another part of the tritium gas delivery and permeation pipe extends into the to-be-loaded body from the to-be-loaded protrusion and extends to the tritium gas loading surface. The to-be-loaded body can load tritium gas uniformly in the to-be-loaded structure through the tritium gas delivery and permeation pipe, meanwhile, the to-be-loaded protrusion can extend into the groove of the transducing unit, and the expansion principle in the tritium loading process is used to realize the uniform filling of the three-dimensional hole of the transducing unit, so that the technical problem that tritium gas is difficult to be loaded uniformly on the hole wall in the three-dimensional hole due to the high width-depth ratio when the transducing unit is loaded in three dimensions is solved, and then it is ensured that the groove of the transducing unit can uniformly receive more decay particle bombardment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of isotope battery technology, specifically to a structure to be loaded, a power generation component, and a method for preparing an isotope battery. Background Technology

[0002] An isotope battery is a special type of power source that uses the energy released during the decay of radioactive isotopes to generate electricity. Its basic principle is to convert the radiation (such as alpha particles, beta particles, etc.) or heat released during the decay of radioactive isotopes into electrical energy. Depending on the energy conversion method, isotope batteries can be classified into several types, including static transduction type, dynamic transduction type, and radiation-voltaic effect type.

[0003] A radiative-voltaic (PVA) isotope battery is a novel type of isotope battery based on the PVA effect. Its working principle involves using charged particles (such as beta particles) generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes to bombard a semiconductor material, producing electron-hole pairs. These electron-hole pairs separate under the influence of the semiconductor's built-in electric field and output electrical energy through an external circuit. A typical PVA isotope battery consists of three parts: an isotope source, a semiconductor material, and electrode materials. A common structure is a single-layer planar type, where the semiconductor material typically employs a PIN structure (lightly doped in the middle and heavily doped on both sides) to achieve a larger junction width and improve the electron-hole pair collection efficiency. PVA isotope batteries have broad application prospects in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), low-power electronic devices, and biomedicine. For example, in deep space exploration, it can provide long-term stable power for spacecraft; in the biomedical field, it can be used to power implantable medical devices.

[0004] With the gradual development of technology, higher requirements have been placed on isotope batteries. To maximize power output while retaining the advantage of their small size, researchers have proposed a three-dimensional loading method. The main principle is to increase the contact area between the tritium source and the transducer by fabricating various three-dimensional structures on the transducer surface, thereby allowing more decay particles to bombard the transducer and ultimately achieving higher power output. Patents CN112086217B and CN202010854285.0 propose increasing the contact area with the tritium source by creating holes on the transducer surface. For example, patent CN112086217B mentions fabricating three-dimensional holes on the device surface with a depth of 0.01-1000 μm and a diameter of 0.01-100 μm, with the tritium source placed on the inner wall of the hole. However, as the aspect ratio gradually increases, it is extremely difficult to uniformly cover the inner wall of the hole with tritium source. The fabrication process easily leads to tritium source waste and is costly, hindering mass production.

[0005] In related technologies, how to uniformly load a tritium source into a three-dimensional hole is a technical problem that urgently needs to be solved by those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This invention aims to at least partially solve one of the technical problems in related technologies. To this end, embodiments of this invention propose a method for preparing a structure to be loaded, a power generation component, and an isotope battery. The structure to be loaded can be uniformly loaded with tritium gas through a tritium gas delivery permeation pipe. Simultaneously, the loading protrusion in the structure to be loaded can extend into the groove of the transducer unit, thereby solving the technical problem that the high aspect ratio of the tritium source makes it difficult to uniformly load the tritium source on the inner wall of the three-dimensional hole during three-dimensional loading. That is, when the transducer unit has a groove with a high depth ratio, the structure to be loaded can ensure that the groove of the transducer unit can uniformly receive more decay particle bombardment, thereby enabling the transducer unit to output more power. Simultaneously, it achieves the maximum effective incident depth of the tritium source decay rays in the spacing between the grooves, maximizing the tritium source utilization efficiency after coupling between the tritium source and the transducer unit.

[0007] The structure to be loaded in this invention includes:

[0008] The object to be loaded has a first adapter surface and a tritium loading surface that are arranged opposite to each other, and the object to be loaded has a loading protrusion located on the first adapter surface;

[0009] A tritium gas delivery and permeation tube, a portion of which is disposed within the protrusion to be loaded, and another portion of which extends from the protrusion to be loaded into the body to be loaded and extends to the tritium gas loading surface.

[0010] Optionally, the shape of the protrusion to be loaded is a cuboid.

[0011] Optionally, multiple protrusions to be loaded are arranged, and multiple tritium gas delivery and permeation pipes are provided;

[0012] Each of the aforementioned protrusions to be loaded is provided with at least one of the aforementioned tritium gas delivery and permeation pipes;

[0013] The multiple protrusions to be loaded are arranged at intervals.

[0014] Optionally, the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe can be arranged in one of the following ways:

[0015] Scenario 1: The tritium gas delivery permeation pipe is diffusely arranged within the protrusion to be loaded;

[0016] Scenario 2: The tritium gas delivery permeation pipe is arranged in a long strip shape.

[0017] Optionally, the structure to be loaded may also include:

[0018] A tritium-enhancing layer is disposed on the tritium loading surface.

[0019] The power generation component of the present invention includes:

[0020] The structure to be loaded as described above;

[0021] The transducer unit has a second adapting surface that adapts to the first adapting surface. The transducer unit is provided with a groove for the protrusion to be loaded to extend into. The shape of the groove is proportional to the shape of the protrusion to be loaded, and the groove and the protrusion to be loaded are spaced apart.

[0022] Optionally, the material of the protrusion to be loaded is a tritium storage material. When the protrusion to be loaded is a cuboid, the protrusion length h, the protrusion lateral width l, and the protrusion longitudinal length e satisfy the following:

[0023] h = H ÷ (1 + ε) x (Q)

[0024] l = L ÷ (1 + ε) y (Q)

[0025] e = E ÷ (1 + ε) z (Q)

[0026] ε x (Q), ε y (Q), ε z The relationship between (Q) can be categorized into the following two scenarios;

[0027] Scenario 1: During the tritium absorption process, if the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is isotropic, then ε x (Q) =ε y (Q)=ε z (Q) = ε(Q), and under different phase interval conditions, the expansion rate of the bulge to be loaded satisfies:

[0028] The tritium storage material is in the α phase range, and Q < Q1. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε(Q) = ε α =0; or

[0029] The tritium storage material exists in a mixed phase region between the α-phase and β-phase regions, and Q1 < Q < Q2. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε(Q) = ε β ×(Q2-Q1)÷(Q-Q1); or

[0030] The tritium storage material is in the β phase range, and Q ≥ Q2. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε(Q) = ε β .

[0031] Scenario 2: During the tritium absorption process, if the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is anisotropic, then ε x (Q))≠ε y (Q)≠ε z (Q) Under different phase interval conditions, the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded satisfies:

[0032] The tritium storage material is in the α phase range, and Q < Q1. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε. i (Q)≈ε （α，i），i (i=x, y, z); or

[0033] The tritium storage material exists in a mixed phase region between the α-phase and β-phase regions, and Q1 < Q < Q2. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε. i (Q)=ε （α，i） +(ε （β，i） -ε （α，i） ) × (Q2- Q1) ÷ (Q - Q1) (i=x, y, z); or

[0034] The tritium storage material is in the β phase range, and Q ≥ Q2. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε. i (Q)=ε （β，i）， (i=x, y, z);

[0035] in,

[0036] Q represents the amount of tritium absorbed by the tritium storage material;

[0037] Q1 is the critical hydrogen absorption capacity of the α phase of the tritium storage material;

[0038] Q2 is the critical hydrogen absorption capacity of the β phase of the tritium storage material;

[0039] ε α The α-phase expansion rate of the tritium storage material;

[0040] ε β The β-phase expansion rate of the tritium storage material;

[0041] ε(Q) is the isotropic expansion rate of the tritium storage material;

[0042] ε x (Q) represents the x-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material;

[0043] ε y (Q) represents the y-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material;

[0044] ε z (Q) represents the z-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material;

[0045] H is the depth dimension of the groove;

[0046] h is the length dimension of the protrusion to be loaded;

[0047] L is the lateral width dimension of the groove;

[0048] l represents the lateral width of the protrusion to be loaded;

[0049] E is the longitudinal width dimension of the groove;

[0050] e represents the longitudinal length of the protrusion to be loaded.

[0051] Optionally, the power generation component is characterized in that, when at least two grooves are provided, the spacing d between the grooves satisfies:

[0052] d = 2 × max{R} eff ×cosθ÷(1+γ)E avg ×K÷(μ×ρ)}

[0053] in,

[0054] d is the distance between the two grooves;

[0055] R eff The effective range of tritium beta rays after self-absorption;

[0056] θ is the incident angle of the β ray;

[0057] γ is the scattering loss coefficient of the inner wall surface of the groove (0 < γ < 0.2);

[0058] E avg This represents the average energy of tritium beta rays;

[0059] K is the conversion coefficient between energy and range;

[0060] μ is the linear attenuation coefficient of the material of the transducer unit;

[0061] ρ is the material density of the transducer unit.

[0062] The method for preparing the isotope battery of the present invention includes: placing the component to be generated in an environment filled with tritium gas and maintaining it at a preset temperature for a preset time to obtain the power generation component;

[0063] The power generation component is the aforementioned power generation component.

[0064] Optionally, the preset temperature is between 209 degrees Celsius and 310 degrees Celsius. Attached Figure Description

[0065] Figure 1 This is a front view schematic diagram of the structure to be loaded in a specific embodiment of the present invention.

[0066] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the power generation component forming a power generation component in a specific embodiment of the present invention.

[0067] Reference numerals: 1000-Power generation component to be generated, 100-Structure to be loaded, 110-Body to be loaded, 111-First adapter surface, 112-Tritium loading surface, 113-Protrusion to be loaded, 120-Tritium delivery and permeation pipe, 130-Tritium absorption layer, 200-Transducer unit, 210-Second adapter surface, 220-Groove, 2000-Power generation component. Detailed Implementation

[0068] Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and intended to explain the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0069] The loading structure 100 of an embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Figures 1 to 2 As shown, the loading structure 100 of this embodiment of the invention includes a loading body 110 and a tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120.

[0070] The body to be loaded 110 has a first fitting surface 111 and a tritium gas loading surface 112 that are arranged opposite to each other. The body to be loaded 110 is provided with a loading protrusion 113 located on the first fitting surface 111. A part of the tritium gas delivery and permeation pipe 120 is located in the loading protrusion 113, and another part of the tritium gas delivery and permeation pipe 120 extends from the loading protrusion 113 into the body to be loaded 110 and extends to the tritium gas loading surface 112.

[0071] According to a specific embodiment of the present invention, the loading body 110 can uniformly load tritium gas into the loading structure 100 through the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120. At the same time, the loading protrusion 113 in the loading structure 100 can extend into the groove 220 of the transducer unit 200, thereby solving the technical problem that the tritium gas is difficult to uniformly load on the inner wall of the three-dimensional hole due to the high aspect ratio during three-dimensional loading of the transducer unit 200. That is, when the transducer unit 200 has a groove 220 with a high depth ratio, the loading structure 100 can ensure that the groove 220 of the transducer unit 200 can uniformly receive more decay particle bombardment, thereby enabling the transducer unit 200 to output more power.

[0072] like Figures 1 to 2 As shown, to make the technical solution of this application easier to understand, the technical solution of this application will be described in more detail below with specific embodiments of isotope batteries. It should be noted that the tritium gas in this technical solution is loadable gaseous tritium gas, for example, tritium gas.

[0073] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 2 As shown, the power generation component 1000 includes a loading structure 100 and a transducer unit 200. After loading tritium gas onto the power generation component 1000, a power generation component 2000 can be obtained.

[0074] It should be noted that the power generation component 1000 can be understood as having the function of generating electricity, but it can only generate electricity when certain conditions or requirements are met; the structure to be loaded 100 can be understood as a structure with the function of loading tritium gas, but the structure has not yet been loaded with tritium gas; the power generation component 2000 can be understood as a component that can generate electricity directly.

[0075] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 2 As shown, the groove 220 provided on the second adapter surface 210 of the transducer 200 can increase the effective receiving area of ​​tritium gas and the transducer 200, thereby allowing more decay particles to bombard the transducer 200 and thus improve the conversion efficiency of the transducer 200, that is, the isotope cell can obtain more power output.

[0076] In some specific embodiments, the fabrication process of the groove 220 of the transducer unit 200 is as follows: First, the silicon carbide is ultrasonically cleaned with acetone alcohol, and then dried with cold air for later use. Then, a mask and photolithography are used to etch the surface of the silicon carbide, that is, to form the groove 220 on the surface of the silicon carbide.

[0077] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the structure to be loaded 100 includes the body to be loaded 110 and the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120.

[0078] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the body to be loaded 110 has a first adapter surface 111 and a tritium gas loading surface 112 that are arranged opposite to each other. The first adapter surface 111 is mainly for adapting to the second adapter surface 210, that is, the first adapter surface 111 and the second adapter surface 210 can be assembled together.

[0079] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the loading body 110 has a loading protrusion 113 located on the first fitting surface 111. When the loading structure 100 and the transducer unit 200 are assembled together, the loading protrusion 113 can extend into the groove 220. Simultaneously, when the loading structure 100 is loaded with tritium gas, the tritium gas in the loading protrusion 113 can emit decay particles to bombard the inner wall of the groove 220, thereby increasing the effective receiving area of ​​the tritium gas and the transducer unit 200, and thus improving the conversion efficiency of the transducer unit 200. That is, the isotope cell can obtain more power output. In other words, by having the loading protrusion 113 on the loading body 110 extend into the groove 220, the technical problem of unevenly loading tritium gas into the groove 220 due to its aspect ratio can be solved, avoiding situations where the output power of the transducer unit 200 cannot meet the requirements.

[0080] In traditional three-dimensional loading processes, tritium sources are deposited onto the inner pore walls of the transducer unit's three-dimensional structure using deposition techniques. However, with traditional loading methods, it is difficult to achieve uniform coverage of the internal pore walls of three-dimensional structures with high aspect ratios. Furthermore, the great depth of the three-dimensional structure easily leads to blockage of the tritium source during fabrication, resulting in the absence of a tritium source at the bottom of the structure.

[0081] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 2 As shown, the shape of the groove 220 is proportional to the shape of the protrusion 113 to be loaded, and the groove 220 and the protrusion 113 to be loaded are spaced apart. Specifically, after the protrusion 113 to be loaded extends into the groove 220, there is no contact between the protrusion 113 to be loaded and the groove 220. During the process of loading tritium gas, the tritium gas enters the protrusion 113 to increase its volume (phase change expansion principle) through the tritium absorption phase change expansion principle of the tritium storage material. That is, during the process of loading tritium gas, the tritium gas enters the protrusion 113 to be loaded, which can increase the volume of the protrusion 113 to be loaded (phase change expansion principle). This allows the protrusion 113 to fill the gap between the groove 220 and the protrusion 113 to be loaded through expansion, thereby ensuring that the protrusion 113 to be loaded can perfectly fit the groove 220, thereby greatly increasing the effective receiving area between the tritium source and the transducer unit 200, and thus improving the utilization rate of the tritium source.

[0082] It should be noted that if tritium is loaded first and then the loading protrusion 113 is inserted into the groove 220, the shape of the loading protrusion 113 and the groove 220 will not match, which will cause the loading protrusion 113 to break and the loading protrusion 113 and the groove 220 to not fit properly, thus failing to achieve the purpose of increasing the effective irradiation area.

[0083] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the shape of the loading protrusion 113 is a cuboid. The columnar shape of the loading protrusion 113 is not only convenient to process, but also facilitates the assembly of the loading protrusion 113 with the groove 220.

[0084] In some specific embodiments, the cross-section of the protrusion 113 to be loaded gradually decreases in the protrusion direction of the protrusion 113 to be loaded. Specifically, the bottom cross-section of the protrusion 113 to be loaded has a large size, and the top cross-section of the protrusion 113 to be loaded has a small size.

[0085] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, there are multiple protrusions 113 to be loaded.

[0086] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, multiple protrusions 113 to be loaded are arranged at intervals.

[0087] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the main function of the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120 is to serve as a tritium gas delivery channel, allowing tritium atoms to permeate through the pipe wall into the structure to be loaded 100. In other words, by prefabricating the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120 in the structure to be loaded 100, the expansion rate of the protrusion 113 during tritium atom absorption can be controlled. This prevents the protrusion 113 from failing to absorb tritium atoms and expanding due to its long tritium diffusion length. Furthermore, the varying amounts of tritium atoms absorbed by the protrusion 113 can create localized stress differences, potentially disrupting the tritium gas delivery channel. That is, during the process of absorbing tritium atoms, the protrusion 113 to be loaded will gradually expand as the tritium atom content of tritium gas increases. If the normal diffusion method is adopted, the top position of the protrusion 113 to be loaded is very likely to fail to tritize. In addition, during the process of absorbing tritium, a local stress difference occurs between the tritized area and the normal area, which leads to the breakage and blockage of the protrusion 113 to be loaded.

[0088] In some specific embodiments, the preparation process of the tritium gas delivery permeation tube 120 is as follows: a structure to be loaded 100 with the distribution of tritium gas delivery permeation tubes 120 is prepared using nano-3D printing technology.

[0089] For example, first, prepare titanium alkoxide (Ti(OC2H5)4) with a purity ≥99% and diammonium palladium dichlorodi ...

[0090] Then, a 3D printer with a nozzle diameter of 100 nm and a printing speed of 10 μm / s was selected. A titanium film with a thickness of 750 ± 20 nm was fabricated layer by layer on the surface of the NaCl film using liquid bridge control technology. During the fabrication process, by changing the precursor solution, a palladium tube with a diameter of 100 ± 10 nm was printed in the central region of the titanium film using a palladium precursor. The process continued, using the nozzle and titanium and palladium precursor solutions, layer by layer, to fabricate a titanium pillar with a length and width of 750 nm, a height of 20 ± 1 μm, and a central palladium tube with a length and width of 100 ± 10 nm. After printing, the titanium pillar was held at 400 ± 10 °C for 2 hours to remove organic ligands and form pure titanium and pure palladium.

[0091] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, a portion of the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120 is disposed within the loading protrusion 113, and another portion of the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120 extends from the loading protrusion 113 into the loading body 110 and extends to the tritium gas loading surface 112. Specifically, the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120 can deliver tritium gas located at the tritium gas loading surface 112 into the loading protrusion 113.

[0092] In some specific embodiments, the material of the tritium gas delivery permeation tube 120 includes at least one of palladium and nickel.

[0093] In some specific embodiments, the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120 is diffusely arranged within the loading protrusion 113.

[0094] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120 is arranged in a long strip shape. Specifically, the tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120 is a straight line that extends from the loading protrusion 113 to the tritium gas loading surface 112.

[0095] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, there are multiple tritium gas delivery permeation pipes 120, and each loading protrusion 113 is provided with at least one tritium gas delivery permeation pipe 120.

[0096] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, a tritium adsorption layer 130 is disposed on the tritium loading surface. Utilizing the physical properties of the tritium adsorption layer 130, its electronic structure can lower the diffusion barrier of tritium atoms, and its crystal structure can facilitate the entry of hydrogen atoms and its surface can catalyze the dissociation of tritium molecules. For example, in palladium materials, when the electronic structure of palladium interacts with tritium atoms, it can lower the diffusion barrier of tritium atoms in palladium, meaning that tritium atoms move more easily in the palladium lattice. This allows hydrogen to diffuse into palladium without requiring excessive external energy, thus lowering the diffusion temperature. In other words, the tritium adsorption layer 130 can lower the tritium adsorption temperature.

[0097] In some specific embodiments, the tritium adsorption layer 130 can be made of materials such as palladium, palladium-silver alloy, or nickel.

[0098] It should be noted that the maximum radiation irradiation area on the surface of the transducer unit 200 is achieved by designing the aspect ratio of the transducer unit 200 and the spacing between the grooves 200 on its surface, thus obtaining the optimal three-dimensional loading structure per unit volume. Currently, there is no optimized design for the three-dimensional structure of the transducer unit 200 in traditional designs. An unreasonable three-dimensional structure design would not only waste the tritium source but also prevent the output power of the transducer unit 200 from meeting the requirements, leading to the failure of isotope cell fabrication. In this technical solution, the output power of the transducer unit 200 is related to the limited radiation particle energy, optimized size of the transducer unit 200, optimized size of the structure to be loaded 100, and atomic number of the transducer unit 200, effectively ensuring that the transducer unit 200 can receive the maximum amount of radiation from the tritium source.

[0099] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 2 As shown, when the protrusion 113 to be loaded is a cuboid, the protrusion length h, the protrusion width l, and the longitudinal length e of the protrusion 113 to be loaded satisfy the following:

[0100] h = H ÷ (1 + ε) x (Q)

[0101] l = L ÷ (1 + ε) y (Q)

[0102] e = E ÷ (1 + ε) z (Q)

[0103] By defining the size relationship between the protrusion 113 to be loaded and the groove 220, the protrusion 113 to be loaded can uniformly fill the groove 220 of the transducer unit 200.

[0104] ε x (Q), ε y (Q), εz The relationship between (Q) can be categorized into the following two scenarios;

[0105] Scenario 1: During the tritium absorption process, if the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is isotropic, then ε x (Q) =ε y (Q)=ε z (Q) = ε(Q), and under different phase interval conditions, the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded satisfies:

[0106] The tritium storage material is in the α-phase region, and Q < Q1. Within this region, the amount of tritium absorbed by the storage material is extremely small. The absorbed tritium atoms are dissolved in the atomic gaps within the storage material, which is insufficient to cause the tritium storage material to expand. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε(Q) = ε α =0; or

[0107] The tritium storage material exists in a mixed phase region between the α-phase and β-phase regions, where Q1 < Q < Q2. Within this region, the amount of tritium absorbed by the storage material gradually increases, leading to an increase in the number of tritium atoms in the atomic gaps within the material. When the number of tritium atoms in these gaps reaches the concentration required for the formation of tritium-titanium compounds, the material properties change, i.e., a phase transition begins. At this point, the hydrogen storage material begins to expand, and the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε(Q) = ε. β ×(Q2-Q1)÷(Q-Q1); or

[0108] The tritium storage material is in the β phase range, and Q ≥ Q2. Within this range, the tritium absorption of the storage material gradually reaches saturation. The number of tritium atoms in the atomic gaps inside the storage material reaches the concentration required for a complete phase transition. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε(Q) = ε β .

[0109] Scenario 2: During the tritium absorption process, if the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is anisotropic, then ε x (Q))≠ε y (Q)≠ε z (Q) Under different phase interval conditions, the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded satisfies:

[0110] The tritium storage material is in the α-phase range, and Q < Q1. Within this range, the amount of tritium absorbed by the storage material is extremely small. The absorbed tritium atoms are dissolved in the atomic gaps within the storage material, which is insufficient to cause the tritium storage material to expand. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε. i (Q)≈ε （α，i），i (i=x, y, z); or

[0111] The tritium storage material exists in a mixed phase region between the α-phase and β-phase regions, where Q1 < Q < Q2. Within this region, the amount of tritium absorbed by the storage material gradually increases, leading to an increase in the number of tritium atoms in the atomic gaps within the material. When the number of tritium atoms in these gaps reaches the concentration required for the formation of tritium-titanium compounds, the material properties change, i.e., a phase transition begins. At this point, the hydrogen storage material begins to expand, and the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε. i (Q)=ε （α，i） +(ε （β，i） -ε （α，i） ) × (Q2- Q1) ÷ (Q - Q1) (i=x, y, z); or

[0112] The tritium storage material is in the β phase range, and Q ≥ Q2. Within this range, the tritium absorption of the storage material gradually reaches saturation. The number of tritium atoms in the atomic gaps inside the storage material reaches the concentration required for a complete phase transition. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε. i (Q)=ε （β，i）， (i=x, y, z);

[0113] in,

[0114] Q represents the amount of tritium absorbed by the tritium storage material;

[0115] Q1 is the critical hydrogen absorption capacity of the α phase of the tritium storage material;

[0116] Q2 is the critical hydrogen absorption capacity of the β phase of the tritium storage material;

[0117] ε α The α-phase expansion rate of the tritium storage material;

[0118] ε β The β-phase expansion rate of the tritium storage material;

[0119] ε(Q) is the isotropic expansion rate of the tritium storage material;

[0120] ε x (Q) represents the x-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material;

[0121] ε y (Q) represents the y-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material;

[0122] ε z (Q) represents the z-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material;

[0123] H is the depth dimension of the groove;

[0124] h is the length dimension of the protrusion to be loaded;

[0125] L is the lateral width dimension of the groove;

[0126] l represents the lateral width of the protrusion to be loaded;

[0127] E is the longitudinal width dimension of the groove;

[0128] e represents the longitudinal length of the protrusion to be loaded.

[0129] It should be noted that the tritium storage material expands during tritium absorption because tritium atoms fill and dissolve within the material. The dimensions of the protrusion 113 to be loaded are given, Q represents the amount of tritium absorbed by the storage material, Q1 is the critical hydrogen absorption capacity of the α-phase of the storage material (beyond which it begins to transform into the β-phase), Q2 is the critical hydrogen absorption capacity of the β-phase of the storage material, which is the minimum hydrogen absorption capacity for the material to be completely in the β-phase, and ε... α ε is the expansion rate of the α phase of the tritium storage material. β ε is the expansion rate of the β phase of the tritium storage material, and ε(Q) is the expansion rate of the tritium storage material when the tritium absorption and expansion are isotropic. x (Q) represents the x-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material, ε y (Q) represents the y-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material, ε z (Q) represents the z-axis expansion rate of the tritium storage material, H represents the depth dimension of the groove 220, h represents the protrusion length dimension of the protrusion 113 to be loaded, L represents the lateral width dimension of the groove 220, l represents the lateral width dimension of the protrusion 113 to be loaded, E represents the longitudinal width dimension of the groove 220, and e represents the longitudinal length dimension of the protrusion 113 to be loaded; the x-axis expansion rate is the expansion rate parallel to the lateral width direction of the protrusion 113 to be loaded; the y-axis expansion rate is the expansion rate parallel to the longitudinal length direction of the protrusion 113 to be loaded; and the z-axis expansion rate is the expansion rate parallel to the protrusion length direction of the protrusion 113 to be loaded.

[0130] In some specific embodiments, such as Figure 2 As shown, when at least two grooves 220 are provided, the spacing between the grooves 220 satisfies:

[0131] d = 2 × max{R} eff ×cosθ÷(1+γ)E avg ×K÷(μ×ρ)}

[0132] After the tritium storage material is filled in the groove of the transducer and absorbs tritium, the maximum incident depth of the β rays (maximum energy 18.6 keV) generated by its decay in the groove is limited by the energy attenuation of the rays, geometric constraints, and the interaction between the source and the transducer unit. The rays incident from the tritium source in the groove can reach the center of the distance between adjacent grooves (distance (d / 2)) at most. If d / 2 is greater than or equal to the maximum depth that the rays can reach, then the geometric dimensions do not constitute a limitation, and the incident depth is determined by the inherent capability of the rays (in this case, the maximum depth is the actual range of the rays).

[0133] By limiting the relationships between the radiation energy attenuation, the geometry of the transducer unit 200, the interaction between the tritium source and the transducer unit 200 material, the linear attenuation coefficient of the transducer unit 200 material, the density of the transducer unit 200 material, and the size of the groove 220 of the transducer unit 200, it is effectively ensured that when selecting the appropriate material for the transducer unit 200, the transducer unit 200 can obtain the maximum effective area irradiated by tritium decay rays, and at the same time achieve the maximum effective incident depth of the tritium source decay rays in the spacing between the grooves 220, thereby maximizing the tritium source utilization efficiency after coupling between the tritium source and the transducer device.

[0134] Where d is the distance between the two grooves 220; R eff E represents the effective range (μm) of tritium beta rays after self-absorption; θ is the incident angle of the beta rays (the angle between the incident angle and the normal to the surface of the spacing material, °); γ is the scattering loss coefficient of the groove wall (0 < γ < 0.2), correcting for path elongation caused by scattering; avg The average energy of tritium beta rays is ≈5.7 keV; K is the energy-to-range conversion factor (≈0.02 μm·cm³ / (g·keV)); μ is the linear attenuation coefficient of the groove spacing material (unit: μm⁻¹); ρ is the material density of transducer element 200 (unit: g / cm³). 3 ).

[0135] In some specific embodiments, a method for preparing an isotope battery includes placing a power generation component 1000 in a tritium-filled environment and maintaining it at a preset temperature for a preset time to obtain a power generation component 2000. Specifically, the power generation component 1000 is placed in a tritium-filled cavity, heated to 300±10℃ for activation for 2 hours, and then tritium gas at 10000±50 Pa is introduced, causing the protrusion 113 to expand uniformly during tritium absorption, filling the groove 220. In traditional tritium loading processes, loading tritium requires a high temperature, and the structure to be loaded is easily damaged due to high temperature. In this technical solution, the tritium-enhancing layer 130 can greatly reduce the tritium absorption temperature, that is, it can reduce the tritium loading temperature to between 290 degrees Celsius and 310 degrees Celsius, effectively preventing the structure to be loaded 100 from being damaged due to high temperature. In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "counterclockwise," "axial," "radial," and "circumferential" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this invention.

[0136] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of that feature. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0137] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," "linking," and "fixing," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection, an electrical connection, or a connection that allows communication between them; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components, unless otherwise explicitly limited. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0138] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, "above" or "below" the second feature can mean that the first feature is in direct contact with the second feature, or that the first feature is in indirect contact with the second feature through an intermediate medium. Furthermore, "above," "over," and "on top" of the second feature can mean that the first feature is directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply that the first feature is at a higher horizontal level than the second feature. "Below," "below," and "under" the second feature can mean that the first feature is directly below or diagonally below the second feature, or simply that the first feature is at a lower horizontal level than the second feature.

[0139] In this invention, the terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., refer to a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example, which is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples. Moreover, without contradiction, those skilled in the art can combine and integrate the different embodiments or examples described in this specification, as well as the features of different embodiments or examples.

[0140] Although the above embodiments have been shown and described, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Any changes, modifications, substitutions and variations made to the above embodiments by those skilled in the art are within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A structure to be loaded, characterized in that, include: The object to be loaded has a first adapter surface and a tritium loading surface that are arranged opposite to each other, and the object to be loaded has a loading protrusion located on the first adapter surface; A tritium gas delivery and permeation tube, a portion of which is disposed within the protrusion to be loaded, and another portion of which extends from the protrusion to be loaded into the body to be loaded and extends to the tritium gas loading surface.

2. The structure to be loaded according to claim 1, characterized in that, The shape of the protrusion to be loaded is a cuboid.

3. The structure to be loaded according to claim 1, characterized in that, The loading protrusions are arranged in multiple ways, and the tritium gas delivery and permeation pipes are provided in multiple ways; Each of the aforementioned protrusions to be loaded is provided with at least one of the aforementioned tritium gas delivery and permeation pipes; The multiple protrusions to be loaded are arranged at intervals.

4. The structure to be loaded according to claim 1, characterized in that, The tritium gas delivery permeation pipe is arranged in one of the following ways: Scenario 1: The tritium gas delivery permeation pipe is diffusely arranged within the protrusion to be loaded; Scenario 2: The tritium gas delivery permeation pipe is arranged in a long strip shape.

5. The structure to be loaded according to claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: A tritium-enhancing layer is disposed on the tritium loading surface.

6. A power generation component, characterized in that, include: The structure to be loaded according to any one of claims 1-5; The transducer unit has a second adapting surface that adapts to the first adapting surface. The transducer unit is provided with a groove for the protrusion to be loaded to extend into. The shape of the groove is proportional to the shape of the protrusion to be loaded, and the groove and the protrusion to be loaded are spaced apart.

7. The power generation component according to claim 6, characterized in that, The material of the protrusion to be loaded is a tritium storage material. When the protrusion to be loaded is a cuboid, the length h, the lateral width l, and the longitudinal length e of the protrusion to be loaded satisfy the following: h=H÷(1+ε) x (Q)) l=L÷(1+ε) y (Q)) e=E÷(1+ε) z (Q)) ε x (Q), ε y (Q), ε z The relationship between (Q) can be categorized into the following two scenarios; Scenario 1: During the tritium absorption process, if the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is isotropic, then ε x (Q) =ε y (Q)=ε z (Q) = ε(Q), and under different phase interval conditions, the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded satisfies: The tritium storage material is in the α-phase range, and Q < Q1. Therefore, the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded, as described by Liu Yihai, is ε(Q) = ε. α =0; or The tritium storage material exists in a mixed phase region between the α-phase and β-phase regions, and Q1 < Q < Q2. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε(Q) = ε β ×(Q2-Q1)÷(Q-Q1); or The tritium storage material is in the β phase range, and Q ≥ Q2. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε(Q) = ε β . Scenario 2: During the tritium absorption process, if the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is anisotropic, then ε x (Q))≠ε y (Q)≠ε z (Q) Under different phase interval conditions, the expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded satisfies: The tritium storage material is in the α phase range, and Q < Q1. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε. i (Q)≈ε （α，i），i (i=x, y, z); or The tritium storage material exists in a mixed phase region between the α-phase and β-phase regions, and Q1 < Q < Q2. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε. i (Q)=ε （α，i） +(ε （β，i） -ε （α，i） ) × (Q2- Q1) ÷ (Q - Q1) (i=x, y, z); or The tritium storage material is in the β phase range, and Q ≥ Q2. The expansion rate of the protrusion to be loaded is ε. i (Q)=ε （β，i）， (i=x, y, z); in, Q represents the amount of tritium absorbed by the tritium storage material; Q1 is the critical hydrogen absorption capacity of the α phase of the tritium storage material; Q2 is the critical hydrogen absorption capacity of the β phase of the tritium storage material; ε α The α-phase expansion rate of the tritium storage material; ε β The β-phase expansion rate of the tritium storage material; ε(Q) is the isotropic expansion rate of the tritium storage material; ε x (Q) represents the x-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material; ε y (Q) represents the y-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material; ε z (Q) represents the z-axis expansion coefficient of the tritium storage material; H is the depth dimension of the groove; h is the length dimension of the protrusion to be loaded; L is the lateral width dimension of the groove; l represents the lateral width of the protrusion to be loaded; E is the longitudinal width dimension of the groove; e represents the longitudinal length of the protrusion to be loaded.

8. The power generation component according to claim 6, characterized in that, When there are at least two grooves, the spacing d between the grooves satisfies: d=2×max{R eff ×cosθ÷(1+γ),E avg ×K÷(μ×ρ)} in, d is the distance between the two grooves; R eff The effective range of tritium beta rays after self-absorption; θ is the incident angle of the β ray; γ is the scattering loss coefficient of the inner wall surface of the groove (0 < γ < 0.2); E avg This represents the average energy of tritium beta rays; K is the conversion coefficient between energy and range; μ is the linear attenuation coefficient of the material of the transducer unit; ρ is the material density of the transducer unit.

9. A method for preparing an isotope battery, characterized in that, include: The power generation component is obtained by placing it in an environment filled with tritium gas and maintaining it at a preset temperature for a preset time. Wherein, the power generation component is the power generation component according to any one of claims 6-8.

10. The power generation component according to claim 9, characterized in that, The preset temperature is 209 degrees Celsius to 310 degrees Celsius.

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