A red phosphorus smoke generator

Abstract

The application discloses a red phosphorus smoke agent, which is characterized by the following components and mass percentage: red phosphorus, 42.75-57; titanium or titanium alloy, 14.25-19; strontium nitrate, 14.25-19; functional additive, 9.5-14.25; and adhesive, 5. Preferably, the adhesive is phenolic resin, and the functional additive is a copper salt of an organic acid. The red phosphorus smoke agent has good shielding performance to visible light and infrared light and fast burning speed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of pyrotechnics, specifically a red phosphorus smoke generator with good shielding performance and fast combustion speed. Background Technology

[0002] Red phosphorus smoke agents are primarily used to counter drone detectors on modern battlefields that rely mainly on visible light and infrared detection. By loading red phosphorus smoke agents into smoke grenades and launching them, a large smoke cloud is created between the target and the detector, attenuating the target's infrared and visible light radiation intensity, interfering with the infrared seeker guidance system, and reducing the probability of target detection and attack. With the experience gained in recent wars, various advanced observation, search, positioning, ranging, and guided weapons operate across a broad electromagnetic spectrum, significantly enhancing the offensive, tactical, and night-fighting capabilities of combat forces. The hit probability of offensive weapons has increased dramatically. In particular, the widespread use of reconnaissance and attack drones has drastically changed the nature of warfare. To counter drones and the frequent urban warfare, the efficient and rapid deployment of effective smoke screens has become increasingly urgent and important.

[0003] Because the atmosphere has high transmittance for infrared radiation in the 3-5 μm and 8-14 μm bands, current infrared detectors and guidance systems primarily operate in these two bands. The smoke screen generated by the smoke generator needs to have a strong shielding effect against infrared radiation in these two bands.

[0004] To this end, US Patent (Patent No.: US005522320A, Patent Name: LOW-TOXICITY OBSCURINGSMOKE FORMULATION, Application Date: Jul. 12, 1993) discloses a red phosphorus smoke generator, the composition and mass percentage of which are: red phosphorus 45-60, oxidant 15-50, acid remover 0-15, and binder 5-10. This red phosphorus smoke generator is a smoke generator with masking performance comparable to HC-type smoke generators. It uses red phosphorus smoke screen mixed with organic acid smoke screen to improve the masking performance of organic acid smoke screen, and uses acid remover to neutralize the phosphoric acid produced by red phosphorus to reduce the acidity of smoke screen.

[0005] However, experimental studies have found that the infrared shielding performance of this red phosphorus smoke generator is not good enough and the combustion speed is not fast enough. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a red phosphorus smoke generator with good shielding performance against visible and infrared light and a fast combustion speed.

[0007] The technical solution for realizing the present invention is as follows:

[0008] A red phosphorus fume generator, the composition and mass percentage of which are as follows:

[0009] Red phosphorus, 42.75~57; titanium or titanium alloy, 14.25~19; strontium nitrate, 14.25~19; functional additives, 9.5~14.25; binder, 5.

[0010] Preferably, the adhesive is a phenolic resin.

[0011] Preferably, the functional additive is an organic acid copper salt.

[0012] Preferably, the red phosphorus has a mass percentage content of 47.5 to 57%.

[0013] As the preferred option, the red phosphorus has a mass percentage content of 47.5%.

[0014] Preferably, the titanium or titanium alloy has a mass percentage of 19%.

[0015] Preferably, the strontium nitrate has a mass percentage content of 18.5 to 19%.

[0016] As the preferred option, the strontium nitrate has a mass percentage content of 19%.

[0017] This invention uses red phosphorus as the main smoke-generating component. Through extensive experiments and theoretical research, combustibles, oxidants, functional additives, and binders were screened, and the proportions of each component were repeatedly adjusted to enhance the smoke-screening performance and increase the combustion speed of the smoke-generating agent.

[0018] Compared with the prior art, the significant advantages of this invention are:

[0019] 1. Excellent shielding performance: This invention uses titanium or titanium alloy as the combustible agent, which produces titanium dioxide during combustion, mixing into the smoke screen and enhancing its shielding performance. Organic copper acid salts decompose at the high temperature of the smoke-generating agent combustion, producing carbon black particles and copper oxide, which improve the smoke screen's infrared resistance. Phenolic resin, as an organic polymer, also produces carbon black during negative oxygen combustion, further enhancing the smoke screen's shielding performance. The addition of the oxidant strontium nitrate improves the far-infrared shielding performance of the red phosphorus smoke screen in the 8-12μm range.

[0020] 2. Fast combustion speed: Organic acid copper salts can lubricate and improve the dispersion and flowability of the smoke generator, thereby increasing the combustion speed and accelerating the smoke formation process. Detailed Implementation

[0021] The key point of this invention lies in the formulation of the novel smoke-generating agent and the introduction of organic acid copper salt as a functional additive.

[0022] The red phosphorus fume generator of the present invention is prepared by mixing the following substances in the stated proportions:

[0023] category Material quality score Tobacco Components Red phosphorus 42.75%~57% combustibles Titanium or titanium alloy 14.25%~19% Oxidizing agent Strontium nitrate 14.25%~19% Functional additives Organic acid copper salt 9.5%~14.25% adhesives Phenolic resin 5%

[0024] The preparation process of the red phosphorus fume generator of the present invention is as follows:

[0025] A) Measurement: The experiment requires 20 grams of reagent to be prepared for each formula. Based on the designed formula, calculate the specific amount (gram weight) of each raw material in each formula.

[0026] B) Raw material pretreatment: crushing, grinding, sieving (above 80 mesh), and storage.

[0027] C) Weighing: Accurately weigh each raw material according to the measured amount. Place them on mixing pads, separating oxidizing and reducing agents. Note that some sensitive agents need to be mixed with desensitizing agents or fillers first before being added to the overall formulation.

[0028] D) Dry Mixing: First, use a wooden knife to mix the oxidizer or reducing agent with other non-flammable and explosive components on a backing paper. Then, mix the oxidizer and reducing agent. Handle with care throughout the process to avoid igniting some formulations with low mechanical sensitivity. Next, transfer the mixed agent to a sieve and gently brush it off with a brush. Place the brushed agent back on the sieve and brush it off again; repeat this process 3-5 times until the agent appears to have a uniform color.

[0029] E) Wet mixing: Dissolve the adhesive with a suitable solvent, pour the adhesive solution into the dry-mixed agent, and press and mix with a wooden knife to form a uniform wet sample.

[0030] F) Granulation: Transfer the wet-mixed reagent to a sieve, gently brush it off with a brush to form granules, place it in a cool, dry and ventilated place, and store it in a reagent bag after the solvent has completely evaporated.

[0031] These six steps will produce a new type of red phosphorus fume generator.

[0032] The sample was ignited in a smoke chamber to generate smoke. After stirring, the visible light and infrared transmittance were measured and the data were recorded.

[0033] Repeat the above steps to test all the smoke-generating agent samples, and evaluate the smoke screen formed by the smoke-generating agent based on the experimental data.

[0034] Unless otherwise specified, all materials used in the preparation process of the red phosphorus fume generator of this invention are commercially available, and all equipment used is conventional equipment already existing in the field.

[0035] The red phosphorus smoke generator of this invention and the smoke generator described in the US patent were prepared according to the above steps. The two smoke generators were then tested in a smoke box to compare their visible light and infrared shielding performance, as well as their combustion speed. The comparative experimental results are shown in Table 2. As can be seen from the comparative experimental results in Table 2, the red phosphorus smoke generator of this invention has a fast combustion speed and good shielding performance, and can be used as an alternative to existing red phosphorus smoke generators in the prior art.

[0036] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0037] The composition and formulation of each embodiment and comparative example are shown in Table 1.

[0038] The performance test results of each embodiment and comparative example are shown in Table 2.

[0039] Example 1

[0040] A smoke-generating agent was prepared by mixing red phosphorus (47.25%), titanium powder (11.00%), titanium boride (8.00%), strontium nitrate (19.00%), copper oxalate (9.75%), and phenolic resin (5.00%) by mass fraction. The combustion time and smoke-massaging performance of the smoke-generating agent were then tested. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0041] Example 2

[0042] A smoke generator was prepared by mixing red phosphorus (47.50%), titanium powder (10.00%), titanium carbide (9.00%), strontium nitrate (19.00%), copper stearate (9.50%), and phenolic resin (5.00%) by mass fraction. The combustion time and masking performance of the smoke generator were then tested. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0043] Example 3

[0044] A smoke generator was prepared by mixing red phosphorus (48.00%), titanium boride (10.00%), titanium carbide (9.00%), strontium nitrate (18.50%), copper citrate (9.50%), and phenolic resin (5.00%) by mass fraction. The combustion time and masking performance of the smoke generator were then tested. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0045] Example 4

[0046] A smoke generator was prepared by mixing red phosphorus (49.00%), titanium powder (18.75%), strontium nitrate (17.75%), copper gluconate (9.50%), and phenolic resin (5.00%) by mass. The combustion time and masking performance of the smoke generator were then tested. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0047] Example 5

[0048] A smoke generator was prepared by mixing red phosphorus (51.00%), titanium boride (17.25%), strontium nitrate (16.75%), copper oxalate (5.00%), copper stearate (5.00%), and phenolic resin (5.00%) by mass fraction. The combustion time and masking performance of the smoke generator were then tested. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0049] Example 6

[0050] A smoke generator was prepared by mixing red phosphorus (53.00%), titanium powder (6.00%), titanium boride (5.00%), titanium carbide (5.00%), strontium nitrate (15.50%), copper oxalate (5.25%), copper citrate (5.25%), and phenolic resin (5.00%) by mass fraction. The combustion time and masking performance of the smoke generator were then tested. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0051] Example 7

[0052] A smoke generator was prepared by mixing red phosphorus (42.75%), titanium carbide (19.00%), strontium nitrate (19.00%), copper stearate (8.25%), copper gluconate (6.00%), and phenolic resin (5.00%) by mass fraction. The combustion time and masking performance of the smoke generator were then tested. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0053] Example 8

[0054] A smoke generator was prepared by mixing red phosphorus (57.00%), titanium powder (14.25%), strontium nitrate (14.25%), copper gluconate (5.50%), copper citrate (4.00%), and phenolic resin (5.00%) by mass fraction. The combustion time and masking performance of the smoke generator were then tested. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0055] Comparative Example 1: US Patent US005522320A

[0056] A smoke generator was prepared by mixing red phosphorus (55%), manganese dioxide (25%), magnesium powder (15%), and fluororubber (5%) by mass. The combustion time and masking performance of the smoke generator were then tested. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0057] Table 1. Mass fraction ratio of red phosphorus fume generator

[0058] Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Comparative Example 1 Tobacco Components Red phosphorus 47.25% Red phosphorus 47.50% Red phosphorus 48.00% Red phosphorus 49.00% Red phosphorus 51.00% Red phosphorus 53.00% Red phosphorus 42.75% Red phosphorus 57.00% Red phosphorus 55% combustibles Titanium powder 11.00% Titanium boride 8.00% Titanium powder 10.00% Titanium carbide 9.00% Titanium boride 10.00% Titanium carbide 9.00% Titanium powder 18.75% Titanium boride 17.25% Titanium powder 6.00%, titanium boride 5.00%, titanium carbide 5.00% Titanium carbide 19.00% 14.25% titanium powder 15% magnesium powder Oxidizing agent Strontium nitrate 19.00% Strontium nitrate 19.00% Strontium nitrate 18.50% Strontium nitrate 17.75% Strontium nitrate 16.75% Strontium nitrate 15.50% Strontium nitrate 19.00% Strontium nitrate 14.25% 25% manganese dioxide Functional additives Copper oxalate 9.75% Copper stearate 9.50% Copper citrate 9.50% Copper gluconate 9.50% Copper oxalate 5.00%, copper stearate 5.00% Copper oxalate 5.25%, copper citrate 5.25% Copper stearate 8.25%, copper gluconate 6.00% Copper gluconate 5.50%, copper citrate 4.00% adhesives Phenolic resin 5.00% Phenolic resin 5.00% Phenolic resin 5.00% Phenolic resin 5.00% Phenolic resin 5.00% Phenolic resin 5.00% Phenolic resin 5.00% Phenolic resin 5.00% Fluororubber 5.00%

[0059] Table 2. Test results of combustion time and shielding performance of various red phosphorus smoke generators.

[0060] Test Project Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Comparative Example 1 Burning time / s 20.2 21.6 22.8 25.3 28.7 33.4 16.3 38.1 53.6 Visible light transmittance / % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Infrared transmittance (1~2μm) / % 8 6 7 7 9 8 10 9 12 Infrared 2~3μm transmittance / % 9 6 7 8 10 10 12 9 13 Infrared transmittance (3~5μm) / % 10 7 7 8 11 9 10 10 12 Infrared transmittance (8~12μm) / % 12 10 10 11 12 14 14 13 20

[0061] As can be seen from the test results shown in Table 2, the red phosphorus smoke generator of this invention has a better combustion smoke generation rate and a better shielding effect on visible and infrared wavelengths compared to existing technologies. The effect is particularly good when the mass percentage of red phosphorus is 47.5% to 48%, with an optimal value of 47.5%; the mass percentage of titanium or titanium alloy is 19%; and the mass percentage of strontium nitrate is 18.5% to 19%, with an optimal value of 19%.

Claims

1. A red phosphorus fume generator, the composition and mass percentage of which are as follows: Red phosphorus, 42.75~57; Titanium or titanium alloy, 14.25~19; Strontium nitrate, 14.25~19; Functional additives, 9.5~14.25; Adhesive, 5.

2. The red phosphorus fume generator according to claim 1, characterized in that: The adhesive is a phenolic resin.

3. The red phosphorus fume generator according to claim 1, characterized in that: The functional additive is an organic acid copper salt.

4. The red phosphorus fume generator according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The red phosphorus content is 47.5% to 48% by mass.

5. The red phosphorus fume generator according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The red phosphorus content is 47.5% by mass.

6. The red phosphorus fume generator according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The mass percentage of titanium or titanium alloy is 19%.

7. The red phosphorus fume generator according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The mass percentage of strontium nitrate is 18.5-19%.

8. The red phosphorus fume generator according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The mass percentage of strontium nitrate is 19%.