Improved connecting structure of rubber waterstop

Abstract

The application discloses a connecting structure of improved rubber waterstop, which is used for connecting a first waterstop plate and a second waterstop plate and comprises a connecting structure body, connecting sheets and a connecting sleeve. The connecting structure body is used for connecting end portions of the first waterstop plate and the second waterstop plate into one body. The connecting sheets are respectively connected between connecting ends of the first waterstop plate and the second waterstop plate and are used for stably connecting the first waterstop plate and the second waterstop plate together. The connecting sleeve is sleeved with the connecting ends of the first waterstop plate and the second waterstop plate. The application has simple structure, novel and reasonable design, realizes close connection of two adjacent rubber waterstops, can effectively prevent problems such as falling of a joint part and poor sealing of the rubber waterstop after installation, obviously and effectively shortens construction period, guarantees construction quality and safety after construction, and ensures that the connecting sheets and the connecting sleeve are connected to tightly adhere the joint part to surrounding areas, form a good sealing effect and effectively prevent water penetration.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a connection structure and its usage method, specifically to an improved connection structure and usage method for rubber waterstops. It is mainly applicable to the connection construction of rubber waterstop joints in new construction and renovation projects, and is also applicable to the repair of rubber waterstop damage caused by construction errors or long-term use. It belongs to the field of auxiliary technology of building construction supplies. Background Technology

[0002] As is well known, rubber waterstops are widely used in many engineering fields, such as concrete deformation joints and expansion joints, due to their excellent waterproof performance and ease of construction. This material, with its unique performance advantages, meets the stringent waterproofing and sealing requirements of various projects, thereby ensuring the safety and stability of the engineering structure. However, the connection quality of the waterstop joints is a key factor in controlling the overall quality of the project.

[0003] During installation, traditional rubber waterstops often fail to achieve a perfect fit between the waterstop and the joint due to factors such as construction conditions and material properties, resulting in gaps that affect the sealing performance of the waterstop. Furthermore, the installation and dismantling of traditional rubber waterstops require a significant amount of manpower and time, and the installation accuracy is difficult to guarantee, increasing the difficulty and cost of the project.

[0004] While existing technologies may employ overlapping connections between adjacent rubber waterstops or fix them together using adhesives or metal bolts, these traditional methods suffer from several drawbacks. Insufficient sealing and the possibility of gaps between the waterstops due to inadequate joint tightness in overlapping and bolted connections can compromise their waterproofing performance. This is particularly problematic under high water pressure or vibration conditions, leading to potential water leakage; in short, these methods are often inconvenient.

[0005] Currently, traditional methods for sealing concrete expansion joints and deformation joints typically involve hot-melt sealing, cold bonding, or mechanical structures. However, the hot-melt method has the following technical drawbacks during construction:

[0006] First, temperature control is difficult. The hot-melt method requires a high construction temperature, and improper temperature control may lead to a decline in the performance of the sealing material.

[0007] Secondly, the curing time is relatively long, and a certain cooling time is required after hot melting, resulting in low construction efficiency.

[0008] Third, the environment has a great influence. Temperatures that are too high or too low will affect the melting and solidification of the material, resulting in an unsatisfactory water-stopping effect.

[0009] Fourth, it has high requirements for construction technology. The hot-melt method requires a high level of technical expertise and experience, and is prone to operational errors.

[0010] The traditional cold-bonding method has the following technical drawbacks during construction:

[0011] First, the bonding strength is relatively low. The adhesives used in the cold bonding method are usually weaker than those used in the hot melt method, which may not be durable enough and are easily affected by external environmental factors, leading to seal failure.

[0012] Secondly, the construction environment requirements are high. The cold bonding method requires a relatively dry environment for construction. Excessive humidity or low temperature conditions may affect the bonding effect.

[0013] Third, the surface treatment requirements are strict. In order to ensure the sealing effect of the cold bonding method, the surface of the expansion joint needs to be thoroughly cleaned and treated to ensure the effective adhesion of the adhesive; otherwise, it is easy to fall off.

[0014] Fourth, it is not resistant to high temperatures. Cold-applied sealing materials generally have poor resistance to high temperatures and are prone to softening or degradation, resulting in reduced sealing performance.

[0015] Traditional mechanical structures, either due to their complexity or their limited functionality, often result in poor sealing at the connection points.

[0016] In summary, compared with traditional construction methods, the hot-melt method is complex, costly and inefficient; while the cold-bonding method is relatively fast, it is difficult to control quality, the finished product is of poor quality and requires multiple rework or repair operations, which is generally very inconvenient.

[0017] Currently, Chinese invention patent CN102493559 B discloses a method for connecting rubber waterstops, including the following steps: Step 1, firstly, the bonding surfaces of the connecting ends of the two rubber waterstops to be connected are ground smooth; Step 2, a mixed adhesive is evenly applied to the bonding surfaces of the two rubber waterstops respectively, and the mixed adhesive on the bonding surfaces is allowed to dry to the specified requirements; Step 3, finally, the bonding surface of one rubber waterstop is attached to the bonding surface of the other rubber waterstop, thereby pressing the two bonding surfaces face to face and bonding them; the specific process of Step 3 includes: firstly, evenly applying a first layer of mixed adhesive to each bonding surface, and waiting for the first layer of mixed adhesive to dry to the specified requirements; After the adhesive dries, a second layer of mixed adhesive is applied over the corresponding first layer of mixed adhesive. Before step two, a step of preparing the mixed adhesive is included. The mixed adhesive for different locations is prepared by mixing SC2000 adhesive and UT-R20 hardener at a weight ratio of 100:5 and stirring until homogeneous. The rubber waterstop is a tunnel rubber waterstop. The working conditions of the connection method are: 10℃ ≤ ambient temperature ≤ 80℃, ambient humidity ≤ 90%. The thickness of both the first and second layers of mixed adhesive is ≤ 0.3mm. If the second layer of mixed adhesive has dried to the point where the two bonding surfaces cannot be adhered, another layer of mixed adhesive is applied over the second layer. Although the above patent can achieve the connection and sealing of the rubber waterstop, it still has the following technical defects:

[0018] On the one hand, the bonding strength is not as strong as that of hot vulcanization: Although the cold vulcanization method is relatively simple, compared with the heat shrink sleeve, the bonding strength of cold vulcanization may not be as good as that of hot vulcanization. Especially under long-term high water pressure, the cold vulcanized waterstop may experience aging or poor bonding.

[0019] On the other hand, the operation and control requirements are high: cold vulcanization bonding requires strict control of the coating thickness and drying time of the adhesive during the operation, which requires a high level of experience and technical skill from the construction personnel. If the operation is not done properly, it may affect the bonding effect.

[0020] Another aspect is the dependence on the construction environment: although cold vulcanization has relatively lower requirements for temperature and humidity, the bonding effect of cold vulcanization may be affected in extreme environments (such as high temperature or excessive humidity), impacting the construction quality. Furthermore, the adhesive mixture used in cold vulcanization has a short working time, typically needing to be used within one hour of preparation, otherwise it will become ineffective. Therefore, timely application of the adhesive during construction is crucial; otherwise, it will result in waste or render the adhesive unusable, which is generally quite inconvenient.

[0021] Therefore, the key to solving the above-mentioned technical problems lies in developing an improved connection structure and application method for rubber waterstops that has good sealing performance and high operational reliability. Summary of the Invention

[0022] In view of the many defects and shortcomings of the above-mentioned background technology, the present invention has made improvements and innovations, aiming to provide a simple structure, novel and reasonable design, easy operation, and connection structure design that enables tight connection between two adjacent rubber waterstops, effectively preventing problems such as detachment of joints and poor sealing that may occur after the installation of rubber waterstops. The construction effect is obvious, the construction period is effectively shortened, the construction efficiency is increased, and the construction quality and post-construction safety are guaranteed.

[0023] Another objective of this invention is to achieve a good sealing effect. The connection between the connecting piece and the connecting sleeve ensures that the joint is tightly fitted with the surrounding area, forming a good sealing effect and effectively preventing water penetration. At the same time, after the connection between the connecting piece and the connecting sleeve, the water pressure resistance of the two adjacent rubber waterstop joints is enhanced, and they can withstand greater water pressure. Especially in water conservancy projects and underground projects, they can effectively prevent water leakage.

[0024] To solve the above problems and achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides an improved connection structure and usage method for a rubber waterstop, which is achieved by adopting the following design structure and the following technical solution:

[0025] An improved connection structure for rubber waterstops, used to connect a first waterstop and a second waterstop, includes:

[0026] The connecting structure body is used to connect the connecting ends of the first waterstop and the second waterstop into one piece.

[0027] Connecting pieces are connected between the connecting ends of the first waterstop and the second waterstop, respectively, to securely connect the first waterstop and the second waterstop together;

[0028] A connecting sleeve is fitted onto the outside of the connection end between the first waterstop and the second waterstop.

[0029] Preferably, the connection structure body includes:

[0030] A first limiting slot group is formed at the connection end of the first waterstop;

[0031] A second limiting slot assembly is provided at the connection end of the second waterstop;

[0032] A limiting connection assembly is inserted into the first limiting slot group and the second limiting slot group to connect the first waterstop and the second waterstop as a whole.

[0033] Preferably, the first limiting slot group includes a first intermediate slot formed in the middle of the first waterstop connecting end and first side slots symmetrically arranged at both ends of the first intermediate slot.

[0034] The diameter of the first intermediate slot is larger than the diameter of the first side slot;

[0035] The second limiting slot group includes a second intermediate slot opened in the middle of the second waterstop connection end and second side slots symmetrically arranged at both ends of the second intermediate slot;

[0036] The diameter of the second intermediate slot is larger than the diameter of the second side slot.

[0037] Preferably, the limiting connection component includes:

[0038] The central connecting post has its two ends inserted into the first intermediate slot and the second intermediate slot, respectively.

[0039] The side connecting post has its two ends inserted into the first side slot and the second side slot, respectively.

[0040] Preferably, the limiting connection assembly is connected to the first limiting slot group and the second limiting slot group by an adhesive;

[0041] Alternatively, the limiting connection assembly can be connected to the first limiting slot group and the second limiting slot group by heat fusion.

[0042] Preferably, the connection structure body includes:

[0043] An extension support platform is provided at the connection end of the first waterstop.

[0044] An overlapping plate is extended at the connection end of the second waterstop. The overlapping plate is connected above the support platform to connect the first waterstop and the second waterstop into one unit, and to make both ends of the first waterstop and the second waterstop lie on the same plane.

[0045] Preferably, the support platform and the first waterstop are fixedly connected or integrally formed;

[0046] The overlapping plate and the second waterstop are either fixedly connected or integrally formed.

[0047] Preferably, a support groove is provided on the support platform, and the support groove extends from one end edge along the length direction of the support platform to the other end edge of the support platform.

[0048] An overlap groove is provided on the overlap plate, extending from one edge along the length of the overlap plate to the other edge; the overlap groove and the support groove are fitted and snapped together.

[0049] Preferably, the connecting piece is a corrugated plate-shaped component;

[0050] Alternatively, the connecting piece can be a cuboid plate-shaped component;

[0051] The connecting sleeve is a heat shrink sleeve, which has an overall structure with openings at both ends and a hollow interior.

[0052] Preferably, the connecting surfaces of the connecting piece and the first and second waterstops are bonded together.

[0053] Alternatively, the connecting piece and the connecting surfaces of the first and second waterstops can be joined together by heat fusion.

[0054] Both the first waterstop and the second waterstop are rubber waterstops.

[0055] The beneficial effects of this invention compared to the prior art are:

[0056] 1. This invention has a simple structure, a novel and reasonable design, and is easy to operate. The design of the connecting structure body enables the tight connection between two adjacent rubber waterstops, which can effectively prevent problems such as detachment of joints and poor sealing that may occur after the installation of rubber waterstops. The construction effect is obvious and the construction period is effectively shortened. While increasing construction efficiency, it can also ensure construction quality and post-construction safety.

[0057] 2. The present invention has a good sealing effect. The connection between the connecting piece and the connecting sleeve can ensure that the joint part fits tightly with the surrounding area, forming a good sealing effect and effectively preventing moisture penetration.

[0058] 3. The present invention is easy to construct. The installation of the connecting piece and the connecting sleeve is relatively simple. It only requires heating to shrink and cover or wrap the joint of the two rubber waterstops. No complicated tools and processes are required, and the construction process is relatively convenient.

[0059] 4. The present invention has strong water pressure resistance. After being connected by connecting pieces and connecting sleeves, the water pressure resistance of two adjacent rubber waterstop joints is enhanced, and it can withstand greater water pressure. Especially in water conservancy projects and underground projects, it can effectively prevent water leakage.

[0060] 5. This invention has strong adaptability. The connecting piece and connecting sleeve can adapt to rubber waterstop joints of different shapes and sizes, and have good compatibility. It is not limited by the position or size of the joint and has strong versatility.

[0061] 6. The present invention, through the shrinking of the connecting piece and connecting sleeve, tightly wraps around the joint, forming a compact structure and a whole, reducing the weaknesses of the joint, avoiding the loosening or leakage problems that may occur in traditional connection methods, providing a good sealing effect, ensuring the quality of construction, and simplifying construction.

[0062] 7. This invention utilizes a connecting piece and a connecting sleeve at the joint of the rubber waterstop, based on the memory effect of heat-shrinkable materials and a specific process. The connecting piece and connecting sleeve are composed of radiation-crosslinked polyethylene and hot melt adhesive. When heated, the polyethylene shrinks radially, and the internal adhesive layer melts, forming a strong bond. As the temperature rises, the polyethylene tightly wraps the joint, forming a robust connecting layer with wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, impact-resistant, and UV-resistant properties. It can work stably for a long time in various chemical media and is suitable for use in complex environments.

[0063] 8. This invention combines the advantages of traditional methods and demonstrates greater convenience in its operation process, significantly improving construction efficiency. Simultaneously, it achieves more precise management in terms of quality control.

[0064] 9. This invention connects adjacent rubber waterstops by providing an overlap plate and a support platform at the joint, i.e., the joint portion, so as to ensure that the two adjacent rubber waterstops are more firmly and reliably connected during installation, resulting in a better sealing effect. Moreover, the overlap plate and the support platform work together to enhance the mechanical strength of the waterstop joint, avoid stress concentration at the joint, and reduce the risk of waterstop breakage.

[0065] 10. The overlapping plate and support platform provided in this invention can, on the one hand, better maintain the stability and sealing effect of the waterstop, and prevent displacement or leakage at the joint due to water pressure or external force; on the other hand, it helps to ensure the accurate positioning of the end of the waterstop during installation, reducing problems such as loose joints or deformation caused by construction errors; and on the other hand, it helps to improve the water pressure resistance of the joint, especially in projects with high groundwater levels or high water pressure, which can effectively prevent water penetration.

[0066] 11. The joint of the waterstop of the present invention may be affected by temperature changes. The overlapping plate and the support platform can play a certain supporting and stabilizing role, prevent the waterstop from expanding and deforming due to temperature changes, and ensure the sealing of the joint. The support platform can fix the end of the waterstop and prevent the end of the waterstop from displacing under the action of water flow or external force, thereby ensuring the stability and long-term effectiveness of the entire waterstop system.

[0067] 12. This invention can improve construction quality. On the one hand, the overlapping plate and support platform can help construction workers provide better support and alignment at the joint, making the waterstop joint more neat and uniform, thus improving construction quality. On the other hand, it increases durability. Due to the use of the overlapping plate and support platform, the joint is more robust and can withstand more external environmental pressure, such as high water pressure and external physical impact, thus extending the service life of the waterstop. Furthermore, it improves construction efficiency. The overlapping plate and support platform can simplify the joint treatment process, improve construction efficiency, and reduce the possibility of joint leakage, thus reducing the risk of rework.

[0068] 13. Another design structure of the present invention involves setting limiting posts and limiting post slots at adjacent waterstop joints. This serves two purposes: firstly, it prevents the waterstop from shifting, as the limiting posts and slots effectively prevent horizontal or vertical displacement during use, ensuring joint stability and preventing the waterstop from loosening or falling off due to external forces; secondly, it increases joint sealing: the cooperation of the limiting posts and slots maintains precise alignment of the waterstop joints, improving the sealing of the joint and effectively preventing water penetration; and thirdly, it enhances the structure's resistance to water pressure: the limiting posts strengthen the water pressure resistance at the waterstop joints, preventing water pressure concentration due to misalignment at the joints, thus avoiding impact on the overall waterproofing effect.

[0069] 14. The limiting post and slot provided in this invention can help construction personnel accurately connect the waterstop joint, reduce construction errors and unnecessary adjustments, improve construction efficiency, and reduce later maintenance costs: due to the function of the limiting post and the limiting post slot, the stability and sealing of the waterstop joint are guaranteed, reducing the repair and replacement work caused by joint problems, thereby reducing later maintenance costs.

[0070] 15. This invention can enhance seismic performance. The design of the limiting column can enhance the stability of the structure under vibration or other dynamic loads, prevent deformation or damage at the joint, and improve the seismic resistance of the structure. It can also extend the service life of the waterstop: by restricting the relative movement of the waterstop, the fatigue damage of the waterstop during long-term use is reduced, thereby extending its service life.

[0071] 16. The design of the limiting post and limiting post slot of the present invention can be customized according to different working conditions, adapt to different types of waterstop joints and environmental conditions, and provide wider applicability; and the use of the limiting post and limiting post slot can ensure the integrity and reliability of the waterstop joint, thereby improving the waterproof effect and long-term stability of the entire waterproof system; and realize the firm connection between two adjacent waterstops. This fixing method ensures that the connection between the two waterstop bodies will not loosen or shift when subjected to external force, thereby maintaining its stability and sealing.

[0072] 17. This invention fully utilizes the inherent advantages of connecting plate and connecting sleeve materials, resulting in high durability: connecting plate and connecting sleeve materials typically possess excellent anti-aging, UV resistance, and weather resistance, enabling them to maintain stable performance during long-term use and extend the service life of the waterstop; including their superior corrosion resistance, excellent sealing performance, wear resistance, and wide adaptability, thus simultaneously endowing the connecting plate and connecting sleeve materials with the aforementioned advantages during the process of connecting rubber waterstop joints;

[0073] 18. This invention innovatively applies the construction technology principle of pipe connecting pieces and connecting sleeves to the connection of rubber waterstop joints, so that two adjacent rubber waterstops are connected into a whole structure. This method has a novel and reasonable design, is simple and practical, and has a good water-stopping effect. By heating, the heat shrink tape is radially shrunk and bonded to the rubber waterstop, thereby achieving a tight and reliable waterstop connection. This method significantly improves construction efficiency, effectively saves labor costs and shortens the construction cycle.

[0074] 19. This invention, through the interlocking connection of the support groove and the overlap groove, achieves a robust mechanical connection at the joint, making the joint between the two rubber waterstops more stable. This design reduces loosening of the connection due to external pressure or deformation, increasing the overall strength and stability of the waterstop. It also prevents the rubber waterstop from being subjected to external forces during construction or use, thus avoiding displacement or deformation. The design of the support groove and overlap groove helps limit the relative displacement of adjacent waterstops, thereby preventing leakage or sealing failure due to displacement.

[0075] 20. In this invention, by providing a connecting piece, and the connecting piece and connecting sleeve being made of the same material as the rubber waterstop, it helps to ensure that the sealing performance of the connection part is consistent with that of the rubber waterstop itself, resulting in a tighter and more reliable connection. This effectively prevents water from seeping into the joint, improves the waterproof effect of the entire system, and reduces stress concentration, ensuring uniform stress distribution at the connection part and avoiding stress concentration caused by material differences, thereby reducing the risk of wear and breakage at the connection.

[0076] 21. Because the connectors of this invention employ a corrugated structure, they not only enhance sealing performance but also increase the contact area between the connecting surfaces, thereby improving the sealing effect. The corrugated design helps to better conform to the surface of the rubber waterstop, reducing the risk of water seepage at the joint and ensuring a more reliable waterproofing effect. The corrugated structure effectively disperses external pressure and stress, avoiding stress concentration. This allows the connection to remain stable under external forces such as water pressure and soil pressure, reducing the risk of cracking or deformation. Simultaneously, the corrugated structure has good elasticity and adaptability, maintaining a tight connection even when the rubber waterstop deforms (such as through expansion or compression). The elasticity of the corrugations helps to cope with the effects of temperature changes or structural displacement, ensuring the stability of the connection; it effectively mitigates dimensional changes caused by thermal expansion and contraction. The corrugated design can accommodate minor displacements or deformations, preventing cracking or leakage due to excessive rigidity at the connection. Attached Figure Description

[0077] The specific embodiments of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0078] Figure 1 This is one of the schematic diagrams showing the usage state of the present invention;

[0079] Figure 2 This is the second schematic diagram of the usage state of the present invention;

[0080] Figure 3 This is the third schematic diagram of the usage state of the present invention;

[0081] Figure 4 yes Figure 3 A magnified schematic diagram of the structure at position A shown;

[0082] Figure 5 This is the fourth schematic diagram of the usage state of the present invention;

[0083] Figure 6 This is the fifth schematic diagram of the usage state of the present invention;

[0084] Figure 7 This is the sixth schematic diagram of the usage state of the present invention;

[0085] Figure 8 This is the seventh schematic diagram of the usage state of the present invention;

[0086] Figure 9 This is the eighth schematic diagram of the usage state of the present invention;

[0087] Figure 10 This is the ninth schematic diagram of the usage state of the present invention;

[0088] Figure 11This is one of the schematic diagrams of the usage state of another design structure of the present invention;

[0089] Figure 12 This is a second schematic diagram of the usage state of another design structure of the present invention;

[0090] Figure 13 This is the third schematic diagram of the usage state of another design structure of the present invention;

[0091] Figure 14 This is the fourth schematic diagram of the usage state of another design structure of the present invention;

[0092] Figure 15 This is the fifth schematic diagram of the usage state of another design structure of the present invention;

[0093] Figure 16 This is one of the schematic diagrams of the usage state of another design structure of the present invention;

[0094] Figure 17 This is a second schematic diagram of the usage state of another design structure of the present invention;

[0095] Figure 18 This is the third schematic diagram of the usage state of another design structure of the present invention;

[0096] Figure 19 This is the fourth schematic diagram of the usage state of another design structure of the present invention;

[0097] Figure 20 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the actual finished product of the connecting sleeve (5) component of the present invention;

[0098] Figure 21 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the actual finished product of the waterstop grinder or waterstop grinder or angle grinder (6) component of the present invention;

[0099] Figure 22 This is one of the schematic diagrams of the actual finished product of the present invention in use;

[0100] Figure 23 This is the second schematic diagram of the actual finished product of the present invention in use;

[0101] Figure 24 This is the third schematic diagram of the actual finished product of the present invention in use;

[0102] Figure 25 This is the fourth schematic diagram of the actual finished product of the present invention in use;

[0103] Figure 26 This is the fifth schematic diagram of the actual finished product of the present invention in use;

[0104] Figure 27This is the sixth schematic diagram of the actual finished product of the present invention in use;

[0105] Figure 28 This is the seventh schematic diagram of the actual finished product of the present invention in use;

[0106] Figure 29 This is the eighth schematic diagram of the actual finished product of the present invention in use;

[0107] In the diagram, number 1 represents the first waterstop.

[0108] 2—Second waterstop;

[0109] 3—Connecting structure body, 31—First limiting slot group, 32—Second limiting slot group, 33—Limiting connection assembly, 331—Middle connecting column, 332—Side connecting column, 3a—Support platform, 3b—Overlap plate, 3c—Support groove, 3d—Overlap groove;

[0110] 4—Connecting piece;

[0111] 5—Connecting sleeve;

[0112] 6—Waterstop grinding tool or angle grinder;

[0113] 7—Cutting machine;

[0114] 8—Drilling machine;

[0115] 9—Hot air gun;

[0116] 10 — Leveling bar or pressure roller. Detailed Implementation

[0117] To make the technical means, inventive features, objectives, and effects of this invention readily understandable, the technical solution of this invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in these embodiments can be combined with each other. The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0118] In summary, a more specific embodiment of the present invention is as follows:

[0119] Example 1

[0120] like Figures 1 to 29 The diagram shows an improved connection structure for connecting a first waterstop 1 and a second waterstop 2, comprising:

[0121] The connecting structure body 3 is used to connect the connecting ends of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 into one unit.

[0122] Connecting piece 4 is connected between the connecting ends of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2, and is used to securely connect the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 together.

[0123] Connecting sleeve 5 is fitted onto the outside of the connection end between the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2.

[0124] like Figure 7 and Figure 9 As shown, the connecting piece 4 is a rectangular plate-shaped component;

[0125] The connecting sleeve 5 is a heat shrink sleeve, which has an overall structure with openings at both ends and a hollow interior.

[0126] In this invention, the material of the connecting piece 4 is the same as that of the connecting sleeve 5. The purpose of the design of the connecting piece 4 is to make it more tightly connected with the connecting sleeve 5 and to achieve a better sealing effect. The interior of the connecting sleeve 5 can also have several prisms connected in a circumferential direction. The prisms can be easily connected to the connecting piece 4 after heat fusion.

[0127] More specifically, such as Figure 12 and Figure 18 As shown, the connecting surfaces of the connecting piece 4, the first waterstop 1, and the second waterstop 2 are bonded together.

[0128] Alternatively, the connecting surfaces of the connecting piece 4 and the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 can be joined together by heat fusion.

[0129] Both the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 are rubber waterstops.

[0130] In this invention, industrial adhesives are used for pasting or bonding.

[0131] On the outer surfaces of the first waterstop 1, the second waterstop 2, the connecting structure body 3, the connecting piece 4, and the connecting sleeve 5, an injection molding layer, an anti-rust layer, a waterproof layer, and a warning layer are sequentially provided from the inside to the outside. The warning layer is coated with fluorescent powder.

[0132] In this invention, a polymer wear-resistant material is injection molded onto the injection molding layer; the anti-rust layer includes an epoxy zinc-rich primer and a chlorinated rubber topcoat, as well as an epoxy micaceous iron oxide intermediate paint located between the epoxy zinc-rich primer and the chlorinated rubber topcoat; the waterproof layer is a polyurethane waterproof coating; and the warning layer is a reflective warning tape, reflective film, or reflective paint of a single color or a mixture of multiple colors.

[0133] Throughout the entire implementation process described above, the application of anti-rust paint and a waterproof layer to the exterior of the invention prevents rusting and extends the service life of the entire device, achieving environmental protection while saving resources. Furthermore, the coating of the connecting structure with a self-illuminating fluorescent material clearly marks the location of the connecting structure at night, in dark indoor environments, or in underground construction environments, effectively serving as a safety warning, increasing visibility, making it easy for people to identify, and enhancing safety during construction and daily life.

[0134] Meanwhile, in this invention, all connections referred to are fixed connections, movable connections, or detachable connections. Fixed connections are welded connections or directly processed into an integral structure; movable connections, detachable connections, or split structures are hinged connections, internal and external threaded connections, bayonet connections, plug-in sleeves, bolt assembly connections, or screw connections.

[0135] Before using the improved rubber waterstop connection structure described above, the operator only needs to transport the pre-prepared installation components of the present invention to the designated construction location for installation using appropriate handling equipment or directly by hand as a backup.

[0136] Before installation, the construction site must be prepared as follows: The construction site must be flat, dry, and free of corrosive chemical substances, and there should be sufficient space to facilitate the quick movement and construction of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2.

[0137] Material preparation: The first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 are rubber waterstops; the connecting sleeve 5 is a heat shrink sleeve, specifically a steel strip heat shrink sleeve DN300*250; the connecting piece 4 is made of the same material as the connecting sleeve. The materials, specifications, and models of the rubber waterstops and heat shrink sleeves meet the design requirements. Their surfaces are smooth, undamaged, free of bubbles, impurities, and other defects, exhibiting good quality.

[0138] Tool preparation: Commonly used construction auxiliary tools include: preparing appropriate tools such as knives, sandpaper, waterstop grinder or angle grinder, cutting machine, drilling machine, hot air gun or gas spray gun, leveling bar or pressure roller, clamps, etc. After preparation, construction can begin.

[0139] Before construction, the rubber waterstop joints must first be pre-assembled, specifically the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2. During assembly, the flatness and straightness of the rubber waterstop joints must be carefully checked to ensure they meet standard requirements. Then, the pre-assembly of the rubber waterstop joints is performed, ensuring the joint width after assembly is ≤3mm. If this requirement is not met, it is adjusted using a utility knife until it is satisfactory.

[0140] Next, for the positioning and marking of the joint, the heat shrink sleeve should preferably be selected with a shrinkage ratio of 2:1 or 4:1 based on the width of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 being wrapped. The length of the heat shrink sleeve should be ≥250mm, and its extension to both sides of the joint should be ≥125mm. Based on the length of the heat shrink sleeve, the length of the joint should be marked at the predetermined marking positions at both ends of the joint of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2.

[0141] Next, the joint area is polished.

[0142] Use a waterstop grinder or angle grinder to grind the joint area of ​​the rubber waterstop to increase its surface roughness. This enhances the adhesion between the heat shrink sleeve and the rubber waterstop. The grinding width on each side of the joint should be ≥125mm.

[0143] Before sanding the joint, clean the joint area; use a blade brush and a dry cleaning cloth to thoroughly remove any dust remaining on the sanded surface.

[0144] Subsequently, the operator uses a waterstop grinder or angle grinder 6 to grind the bonding surface of the connecting end of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 smooth as needed.

[0145] At the same time, the connecting structure body 3 is used to connect the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 into a whole structure, thereby pressing the two joint end faces face to face and connecting them into a whole structure through multiple connecting pieces; then, connecting pieces 4 are installed, and four connecting pieces 4 are respectively connected between the joint ends of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 to firmly connect the upper and lower end faces of the joint of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 together; finally, connecting sleeve 5 is installed again, and connecting sleeve 5 is a heat shrink sleeve.

[0146] In the above process, the four connecting pieces 4 can be bonded to the connecting ends of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 using industrial adhesive. After the bonding is stable, the heat shrink sleeve can be installed.

[0147] When installing the heat shrink sleeve, first, put the heat shrink sleeve together with the release liner onto the rubber waterstop, that is, put the connecting sleeve 5 on the joint of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2.

[0148] Then, connect it to the waterstop that needs to be extended. Next, for the rubber waterstops being connected, ensure that the ends of the two rubber waterstops are aligned, the surfaces are flat, and they are fixed in place. The gap should be controlled within 3mm, and the center displacement should not exceed 5mm. Then, move the heat shrink sleeve to the pipe joint to be welded, centering it at the center of the two pipes, with even allowance on both sides, ensuring it is precisely installed on the marked and ground area, and ensuring that its extension to both sides of the joint is not less than 125mm. Finally, remove the protective release film.

[0149] After the heat shrink sleeve is installed, heat shrink the heat shrink sleeve and connecting piece 4 to shrink them.

[0150] Begin heating by using a hot air gun (9) to heat the heat shrink sleeve. First, heat the middle part of the sleeve, making sure the middle part wraps around the waterstop and adheres tightly to it. The rest of the sleeve will curl up to both sides, and the peaks and troughs in the middle part will be clearly defined. When heating, the nozzle of the hot air gun (9) should be about 5-10cm away from the heat shrink sleeve, and the sleeve should be moved up and down evenly during baking to ensure that the hot melt adhesive base melts evenly and shrinks tightly.

[0151] After tightening the middle section, use the hot air gun 9 to gradually heat both sides. Hold the hot air gun 9 and swing it back and forth. Do not leave the nozzle of the gun in one place or continuously heat a certain part, as this will cause the heat shrink sleeve to heat up rapidly and carbonize, resulting in cracking. When heating both sides, do not rush. Heat from the inside out gradually. During the shrinking process, you should clearly see that the peaks and troughs of the pipe are tightly attached to the heat shrink sleeve. There should be no air bubbles or suspended parts in the middle. Continue until the heat shrink sleeve is evenly and tightly attached to the connecting piece 4, and the connecting piece 4 is tightly attached and fixed to the rubber waterstop.

[0152] After the heat shrink sleeve is tightly attached to the connecting piece 4, a second baking is required. The purpose is to ensure that the hot melt adhesive melts evenly, preventing areas from being under-baked or where the adhesive is not fully melted during the first baking. If the hot melt adhesive does not melt well, it will not be able to fuse with the waterstop and will cause water leakage. During the second baking, the spray gun should be swung with a large amplitude and moved up and down, but not left and right, until the heat shrink sleeve shrinks and adhesive overflows at both edges. The effect of overflowing adhesive should be clearly visible.

[0153] Check the tightness of the heat shrink sleeve and the effect of excess glue. If any areas are found where no glue has been applied, use a heat gun to reheat them until glue overflows. Pay special attention to the area below the waterstop strip to observe the effect of glue overflow.

[0154] During the heat shrinking process, it is necessary to roll and vent air, and compact the material. During this process, workers only need to use a leveling bar or pressure roller 10 to roll from the middle of the heat shrink sleeve towards both ends to remove air bubbles and voids. Ensure the heat shrink sleeve and the connecting piece 4 are tightly fitted to ensure good sealing performance.

[0155] Finally, after the heat shrink sleeve has shrunk, check the adhesion quality using the finger pressure method. Press the surface of the heat shrink sleeve with your finger; if the small indentation slowly returns to its original shape, the adhesion quality is good. The appearance quality of the heat shrink sleeve should be smooth, free of bubbles, wrinkles, cracks, and other defects. The overlaps should fit tightly and be sealed tightly, without gaps or bubbles.

[0156] Cooling and curing

[0157] The rubber waterstop should only be installed after the joint has cooled to ambient temperature to prevent displacement or damage before the heat shrink sleeve has fully cured. If any loosening, detachment, or damage is found at the overlap during on-site manual tensile testing, appropriate repair measures should be taken immediately.

[0158] During installation and use, simply take the rubber waterstop with the above-mentioned processing and design completed to the designated expansion joint for installation and use.

[0159] Example 2

[0160] This embodiment 2 is the same as embodiment 1, except that, as Figures 10 to 15 As shown. The connecting structure body 3 includes:

[0161] A first limiting slot group 31 is opened at the connecting end of the first waterstop 1;

[0162] The second limiting slot group 32 is opened at the connecting end of the second waterstop 2;

[0163] The limiting connection component 33 is inserted into the first limiting slot group 31 and the second limiting slot group 32 to connect the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 into one unit.

[0164] Furthermore, as shown in the figure, the first limiting slot group 31 includes a first intermediate slot opened in the middle of the connecting end of the first waterstop 1 and first side slots symmetrically arranged at both ends of the first intermediate slot.

[0165] The diameter of the first intermediate slot is larger than the diameter of the first side slot;

[0166] The second limiting slot group 32 includes a second intermediate slot opened in the middle of the connection end of the second waterstop 2 and second side slots symmetrically arranged at both ends of the second intermediate slot.

[0167] The diameter of the second intermediate slot is larger than the diameter of the second side slot.

[0168] More specifically, the limiting connection component 33 includes:

[0169] The middle connecting post 331 has its two ends inserted into the first intermediate slot and the second intermediate slot, respectively.

[0170] The side connecting post 332 has its two ends inserted into the first side slot and the second side slot, respectively.

[0171] More specifically, the limiting connection assembly 33 is connected to the first limiting slot group 31 and the second limiting slot group 32 by an adhesive;

[0172] Alternatively, the limiting connection assembly 33 can be connected to the first limiting slot group 31 and the second limiting slot group 32 by heat fusion.

[0173] When used, this embodiment 2 is the same as that of embodiment 1. The only difference is that during installation and use, the limiting connection component 33 is inserted into the first limiting slot group 31 and the second limiting slot group 32 to connect the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 into one unit.

[0174] More specifically, during the insertion process, the components can be directly connected into a single unit using a heat-fusion method or directly bonded into a single structure using industrial adhesives.

[0175] Other uses are the same as in Example 13, and will not be repeated here.

[0176] Example 3

[0177] This embodiment 3 is the same as embodiment 1 and embodiment 2, except that, as Figures 16 to 19 As shown, the connecting structure body 3 includes:

[0178] The support platform 3a extends from the connection end of the first waterstop 1;

[0179] An overlapping plate 3b is extended at the connecting end of the second waterstop 2. The overlapping plate 3b is connected above the support platform 3a and is used to connect the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 into one unit, so that the two end faces of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 are located on the same plane.

[0180] Specifically, such as Figures 16 to 19 As shown, the support platform 3a and the first waterstop 1 are either fixedly connected or integrally formed.

[0181] The overlapping plate 3b and the second waterstop 2 are either fixedly connected or integrally formed.

[0182] When this embodiment 3 is used, it is the same as that of embodiments 1 and 2. The only difference is that when the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 are connected, the overlapping plate 3b needs to be connected above the support platform 3a, and the two end faces of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 are located on the same plane.

[0183] Other uses are the same as in Examples 1 and 2, and will not be repeated here.

[0184] Example 4

[0185] This embodiment 4 is the same as embodiments 1 to 3, except that, more specifically, as follows: Figure 18 and Figure 19 As shown, a support groove 3c is provided on the support platform 3a, and the support groove 3c extends from one end edge along the length direction of the support platform 3a to the other end edge of the support platform 3a.

[0186] An overlap groove 3d is provided on the overlap plate 3b. The overlap groove 3d extends from one end edge of the overlap plate 3b along its length direction and is provided at the other end edge of the overlap plate 3b. The overlap groove 3d and the support groove 3c are fitted and snapped together.

[0187] This embodiment 4 is the same as embodiments 1, 2 and 3, except that the overlapping groove 3d and the support groove 3c are matched and snapped together, thereby realizing the tight snapping connection of the first waterstop 1 and the second waterstop 2 into a whole structure.

[0188] Other uses are the same as in Examples 1 to 3, and will not be repeated here.

[0189] Example 5

[0190] This embodiment 5 is the same as the other embodiments, except that, as Figure 17 and Figure 18 As shown. The connecting piece 4 is a corrugated plate-shaped component.

[0191] During use, the corrugated structure of the connectors not only enhances sealing but also increases the contact area between the connecting surfaces, thereby improving the sealing effect. The corrugated design helps to better conform to the surface of the rubber waterstop, reducing the risk of water seepage at the joint and ensuring more reliable waterproofing. The corrugated structure effectively disperses external pressure and stress, avoiding stress concentration. This allows the connection to remain stable under external forces such as water pressure and soil pressure, reducing the risk of cracking or deformation. Simultaneously, the corrugated structure has good elasticity and adaptability, maintaining a tight connection even when the rubber waterstop undergoes deformation such as expansion or compression. The elasticity of the corrugations helps to cope with the effects of temperature changes or structural displacement, ensuring the stability of the connection; it effectively mitigates dimensional changes caused by thermal expansion and contraction. The corrugated design can accommodate minor displacements or deformations, preventing cracking or leakage due to excessive rigidity at the connection.

[0192] Other uses are the same as in Examples 1 to 4, and will not be repeated here.

[0193] The following construction equipment and precautions are required during the construction process of this invention, as detailed below:

[0194] 1. Materials and Equipment

[0195] 6.1 List of Major Mechanical Equipment

[0196] Table 6.1 Mechanical Equipment

[0197]

[0198]

[0199] 6.2 Main Material List

[0200] Bill of Materials, Table 6.2

[0201]

[0202] 2. Quality Control

[0203] 7.1 Adopting and referencing normative standards

[0204] "Polymer Waterproofing Materials - Part 2: Waterstops" GB18173.2

[0205] Atlas of Water-Retaining Structures in Underground Buildings 10J301

[0206] Code for Construction and Acceptance of Water Supply and Drainage Structures GB50141

[0207] Technical Specification for Waterproofing of Underground Engineering (GB50108)

[0208] Flame-retardant polyolefin heat shrink tubing for communication applications (YD / T 2490)

[0209] Technical Specification for Underground Heat Shrink Sleeve Splicing of Railway Signal Cables (TB / T 10301)

[0210] Technical Standard for Polyethylene Anticorrosion Coating of Buried Steel Pipelines SY / T 0413

[0211] 7.2 After installation, use the finger pressure method to check the adhesion quality of the heat shrink sleeve. Press the surface of the heat shrink sleeve with your finger; if the small indentation slowly returns to its original shape, it indicates that the adhesion quality is good.

[0212] 7.3 Quality Requirements

[0213] Quality requirements shall be implemented in accordance with Table 7.3.

[0214] Quality control requirements table 7.3

[0215]

[0216]

[0217] Note: According to GB18173.2-2014, "Polymer Waterproofing Materials Part 2: Waterstops", section 4.3.2, the tensile strength of the joint of the waterstop should not be less than 80% of that specified in Table 3 (except for joints constructed on site).

[0218] 3. Safety Management Measures

[0219] 8.1 Implementation Standards

[0220] Technical Regulations for Safety of High-Altitude Operations in Building Construction (JGJ80)

[0221] Construction Safety Inspection Standard (JGJ59)

[0222] Technical Specification for Safety of Temporary Power Supply at Construction Sites (JGJ46)

[0223] Hot Work Operation Standard GB30871

[0224] 8.2 Safety education must be strengthened. All personnel entering the construction site must receive safety education and specialized safety technical training to ensure they are familiar with safe operating procedures.

[0225] 8.3 Upon entering the construction site, wear a safety helmet correctly and fasten the chin strap. When working at heights (above 2m) or near edges without reliable safety protection facilities, fasten the safety belt (high attachment, low application).

[0226] 8.4 Before commencing work, operators should carefully inspect whether the safety protection at construction openings and edges, as well as scaffolding, guardrails, toe boards, and safety nets, are safe and secure.

[0227] 8.5 Mechanical equipment, power tools, etc. must have reliable grounding and neutral grounding measures and leakage protection devices.

[0228] 8.6 Construction workers should wear protective gloves, goggles and other protective equipment to avoid burns and eye injuries.

[0229] 8.7 There should be no flammable or explosive materials in the vicinity of the work site, and fire-fighting facilities must be provided in the work environment.

[0230] 4. Environmental Protection Measures

[0231] 9.1 Materials at the construction site should be neatly stacked, and discarded waterstops and heat shrink sleeves should be stored in designated locations and cleaned up promptly. The work area should be kept clean and tidy after each task is completed.

[0232] 9.2 Flammable materials such as roll-type release films and discarded packaging bags removed during construction must be removed immediately and must not be scattered or piled up haphazardly. Throwing debris from heights is strictly prohibited.

[0233] 9.3 Construction equipment shall be regularly maintained, serviced and cleaned, and arranged neatly and aesthetically on site.

[0234] 5. Economic benefits

[0235] Compared to traditional hot melt welding, this method significantly reduces defects such as incomplete fusion and voids during the hot melt process. Traditional hot melt welding requires 20 to 30 minutes of heating with power, while using heat shrink sleeves only requires 4 to 8 minutes. This greatly saves time, reduces process costs, and effectively shortens the construction period. At the same time, using heat shrink sleeves to connect the waterstop also reduces the overlap of the waterstop, resulting in economic benefits of approximately 60,261.17 yuan.

[0236] 6. Application Examples

[0237] The 11.1 Yunnan Carbon Neutrality Demonstration Industrial Park Infrastructure Construction Project (Site Leveling and Road Engineering) Social Investor and Cooperative Engineering General Contracting Section 1 is located in Luxi County, Honghe Prefecture. The No. 5 municipal road's stormwater culvert is a reinforced concrete structure, with a total designed and constructed length of 5779.2 meters of rubber waterstops. The No. 2 road extension stormwater culvert construction expansion joint treatment is also included for 400 meters. The connection quality during construction was reliable, receiving unanimous praise from the owner, supervision unit, design unit, and command center, and its model has been widely promoted by other units.

[0238] 11.2 The Wenshan College Teacher Education Professional Group Training Center Project, located in Wenshan City, Wenshan Prefecture, is a frame structure. 310 meters of rubber waterstops were used for the underground foundation slab and retaining wall post-pouring strips. The tight connections and effective construction significantly shortened the construction period and increased economic benefits, earning unanimous praise from the command center and supervision unit.

[0239] The 11.3 Guangnan County Second Wastewater Treatment Plant Project, located in Guangnan County, Wenshan Prefecture, is a reinforced concrete structure. A total of 900 meters of rubber waterstops were used. The rubber waterstops were connected using heat-shrink sleeves, which facilitated construction, ensured high safety, and provided good economic benefits. It received unanimous praise from the participating units.

Claims

1. An improved connection structure for rubber waterstops, used to connect a first waterstop (1) and a second waterstop (2), characterized in that it include: The connecting structure body (3) is used to connect the connecting ends of the first waterstop (1) and the second waterstop (2) into one unit; Connecting piece (4), the connecting piece (4) is connected between the connecting ends of the first waterstop (1) and the second waterstop (2) respectively, for the purpose of firmly connecting the first waterstop (1) and the second waterstop (2) together; Connecting sleeve (5) is fitted onto the outside of the connection end between the first waterstop (1) and the second waterstop (2).

2. The improved rubber waterstop connection structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The connecting structure body (3) includes: The first limiting slot group (31) is opened at the connection end of the first waterstop (1); A second limiting slot group (32) is opened at the connection end of the second waterstop (2); The limiting connection component (33) is inserted into the first limiting slot group (31) and the second limiting slot group (32) to connect the first waterstop (1) and the second waterstop (2) into one unit.

3. The improved rubber waterstop connection structure according to claim 2, characterized in that, The The first limiting slot group (31) includes a first intermediate slot opened in the middle of the connection end of the first waterstop (1) and first side slots symmetrically arranged at both ends of the first intermediate slot; The diameter of the first intermediate slot is larger than the diameter of the first side slot; The second limiting slot group (32) includes a second intermediate slot opened in the middle of the connection end of the second waterstop (2) and second side slots symmetrically arranged at both ends of the second intermediate slot; The diameter of the second intermediate slot is larger than the diameter of the second side slot.

4. The improved rubber waterstop connection structure according to claim 2, characterized in that, The limiting connection component (33) includes: The middle connecting post (331) has its two ends inserted into the first intermediate slot and the second intermediate slot, respectively; The two ends of the side connecting post (332) are respectively inserted into the first side slot and the second side slot.

5. The improved rubber waterstop connection structure according to claim 4, characterized in that, The limiting connection assembly (33) is connected to the first limiting slot group (31) and the second limiting slot group (32) by an adhesive; Alternatively, the limiting connection assembly (33) is connected to the first limiting slot group (31) and the second limiting slot group (32) by heat fusion.

6. The improved rubber waterstop connection structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The connecting structure body (3) includes: The support platform (3a) extends from the connection end of the first waterstop (1); An overlapping plate (3b) is extended at the connecting end of the second waterstop (2). The overlapping plate (3b) is connected above the support platform (3a) to connect the first waterstop (1) and the second waterstop (2) into one unit, and to make the two end faces of the first waterstop (1) and the second waterstop (2) lie on the same plane.

7. The improved rubber waterstop connection structure according to claim 6, characterized in that, The support platform (3a) and the first waterstop (1) are fixedly connected or integrally formed; The overlapping plate (3b) and the second waterstop (2) are fixedly connected or integrally formed.

8. The improved rubber waterstop connection structure according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that, A support groove (3c) is provided on the support platform (3a), and the support groove (3c) extends from one end edge along the length direction of the support platform (3a) to the other end edge of the support platform (3a). An overlap groove (3d) is provided on the overlap plate (3b). The overlap groove (3d) extends from one end edge along the length direction of the overlap plate (3b) to the other end edge of the overlap plate (3b). The overlap groove (3d) and the support groove (3c) are fitted and snapped together.

9. The improved rubber waterstop connection structure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The connecting piece (4) is a corrugated plate-shaped component; Alternatively, the connecting piece (4) is a cuboid plate-shaped component; The connecting sleeve (5) is a heat shrink sleeve, which has an overall structure with openings at both ends and a hollow interior.

10. The improved rubber waterstop connection structure according to claim 9, characterized in that, The connection surfaces of the connecting piece (4) with the first waterstop (1) and the second waterstop (2) are bonded together. Alternatively, the connecting surfaces of the connecting piece (4) and the first waterstop (1) and the second waterstop (2) are joined together by heat fusion; Both the first waterstop (1) and the second waterstop (2) are rubber waterstops.

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