Intelligent optimization of medium-length hole segmented open stope subsequent filling mining method

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of filling mining, and discloses an intelligent optimization method for middle-deep hole segmented open stope subsequent filling mining, which comprises the following steps: establishing a matching database and demarcating a designed filling range; forming an empty area final state geometry set through point cloud splicing and unmeasured area degradation extrapolation after mining by segmented blasting; calculating a strength demand function and a yield stress demand value; dividing a stope filling layer; obtaining a layer boundary height program sequence, layer geometry design volume, strength control value and yield stress interval; screening a feasible matching set; determining a preliminary matching in combination with matching optimization, checking pouring duration and initial setting time, determining an actual matching through adjacent layer compatibility inspection, continuously pouring after generating a matching instruction and layer boundary switching table, and completing roof contact determination and archiving. The present application uniformly processes empty area final state geometry, layered matching optimization, adjacent layer compatibility inspection and roof contact locking, so that layered matching selection and roof contact determination can be executed under the same constraint.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of backfilling mining technology, specifically to an intelligent and optimized method for subsequent backfilling mining in medium-deep hole segmented open spaces. Background Technology

[0002] In deep-hole segmented open-hole mining, subsequent backfilling involves segmented drilling and blasting followed by ore extraction, and then injection of cementitious slurry into the open area to form a backfill. Current technology typically determines the backfilling area according to the stope design plan, and determines the slurry concentration, cementitious material content, and layer thickness based on experience or local tests, while also considering pipeline transportation conditions. The open-hole morphology is often determined using design boundaries or local measurement results, with layer boundaries, mix proportions, and roof connection arrangements determined step-by-step.

[0003] In current technology, the measurement results of void areas do not correspond uniformly with strength requirements, yield stress requirements, and pouring duration. Layered mix proportions cannot simultaneously meet the requirements of void morphology and initial setting time under pumping conditions. Layer boundaries are mostly determined based on fixed height differences or single strength indicators. Joints, extrapolated boundaries of unmeasured areas, rheological changes, and strength grade transitions are not merged on the same high-level sequence. The residual material in the base slab also lacks interface compensation linked to the first main layer. The connection between the concentration and dosage of adjacent layers and the start-up pouring time, as well as the remaining closed volume, pumping flow rate, initial setting time, and permissible time constraints during the top-joining stage, are usually checked separately. The determination of transition sections and top-joining is not uniformly handled. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides an intelligent and optimized method for subsequent backfilling of open spaces in medium-deep holes, which solves the problem that existing technologies struggle to determine layer proportions, layer boundaries, and roof connection determination under the same set of open space geometry and casting constraints.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: This invention provides an intelligent and optimized method for segmented open-field subsequent backfilling mining in medium-deep holes, comprising the following steps: Prepare slurries with different ratios and test them, establish a ratio database, and define the design filling range; Blasting and ore extraction are carried out in sections within the designed filling area to delineate the segmented empty areas. The final geometric set of the empty areas is formed by splicing point clouds and extrapolating the downgraded unmeasured areas. Based on the final geometric set of the empty area, the strength demand function and yield stress demand value are calculated, the mining area filling layer is divided, and the layer boundary height sequence and the layer geometric design quantity, strength control value and yield stress range of each mining area filling layer are obtained. The feasible mix design is selected from the mix design database, and the initial mix design is determined by the mix design optimization method. The pouring time is determined based on the layer geometry design volume and the preset pump flow rate. The initial setting time is checked and verified to be no less than the sum of the pouring time and the preset overlap time margin, and the set pump flow rate is no greater than the preset rated pump flow rate. The initial mix design is checked by the adjacent layer compatibility method to determine the actual mix design and generate mix design instructions and layer boundary switching table. Pour continuously according to the mix proportion instructions and the layer boundary switching table to form a filled layer and a filled height. The top section is determined by the filled height and the top section judgment is completed. When the judgment is passed, pour the top section to form a cementitious filling body. The filled layer is inspected and the filled test record is obtained. The description of the cementitious filling body, the mix proportion instructions, the layer boundary switching table and the filled test record are archived to obtain the subsequent filling record.

[0006] Preferably, slurries with different concentrations and cementitious material dosages are prepared and tested, and the proportion records are written into the proportion database to form proportion profiles; the design filling range is delineated according to the ore body boundary, the mining area boundary and the expected penetration area, and the rated pumping flow rate, concentration adjustment step size, dosage adjustment step size, pipe diameter and pipe length are read.

[0007] Furthermore, multiple sets of mold data and the interlocking rheological calibration interlocking correction coefficient, interlocking depth coefficient and relative bandwidth are used to calculate the particle size ratio and read the upper limit of the available particle size; the compensation trigger threshold is determined by calibrating the residual sample, and the difference between the earliest time when the penetration resistance is not less than the preset penetration resistance threshold and the time when the test block under the same conditions is completed is determined as the disturbance window calibration value.

[0008] Furthermore, deep-hole drilling and blasting are carried out in segments within the designed filling range. When the grade of the extracted ore is not greater than the grade at which the extraction ends, the segmented empty areas are delineated. The segmented empty areas are measured to obtain segmented point clouds and the connectivity status markers are recorded. The segmented point clouds are spliced ​​to obtain the splicing seam set, and the execution range is determined according to the connectivity status markers. Extrapolated segments are formed based on the unmeasured areas, and the extrapolated boundary elevations are written into the extrapolated boundary set and the extrapolated yield stress requirement value is determined. The measured point clouds, splicing results, and extrapolated segments are summarized to form the final state geometric set of the empty area, and the root mean square of the wall undulation, the characteristic width of the cavity, the thickness of the residual layer, the characteristic depth of the cavity, and the residual particle size distribution are obtained.

[0009] Preferably, the strength demand function is calculated based on the final state geometric set of the void area, and the strength span set is obtained according to the strength grading interval; the root mean square of the wall undulation, the characteristic width of the cavity, the effective slurry head, the interlocking correction coefficient, and the interlocking depth coefficient are substituted into the interlocking rheological formula to obtain the yield stress demand value. The extrapolated yield stress demand value is used for the extrapolated section, and the yield stress interval is formed according to the relative bandwidth. The rheological span set is obtained according to the rheological grading interval; the maximum allowable aggregate particle size is obtained according to the characteristic width of the cavity, the particle size ratio, and the upper limit of the available particle size, thus forming the wall interlocking requirements.

[0010] Furthermore, a layer boundary joint merging method is adopted to merge the splicing seam set, extrapolation boundary set, rheological crossing set, and strength crossing set, and a layer boundary high program sequence is generated according to the priority of splicing seam set and extrapolation boundary set being higher than rheological crossing set, and rheological crossing set being higher than strength crossing set. The stope filling layers are divided by the boundary height program sequence. The bottommost main layer is the first main layer. The layer geometric design quantity is obtained according to the final state geometric set of the empty area. The maximum value of the strength demand function in the layer is taken as the strength control value. The intersection of the yield stress intervals in the layer is taken as the yield stress interval of the corresponding stope filling layer. When the intersection is empty, the stope filling layer is split and the boundary height program sequence and the layer geometric design quantity are updated.

[0011] Furthermore, the excess mass fraction is obtained based on the maximum allowable aggregate particle size and residual particle size distribution of the first main layer. When the excess mass fraction is not less than the compensation trigger threshold, the interface compensation layer is set; otherwise, the interface compensation layer is not set. When setting the interface compensation layer, the thickness, volume, and top surface of the compensation layer are determined based on the residual layer thickness, cavity feature depth, thickness of the first main layer, and upper limit of the thickness ratio. The volume of the compensation layer is deducted from the volume of the first main layer's layer geometry design. The top surface of the compensation layer is added as a local layer boundary, and the layer boundary height sequence and layer geometry design volume are updated so that the interface compensation layer is embedded inside the first main layer.

[0012] Preferably, candidate combinations that meet the strength control value, yield stress range, maximum allowable aggregate particle size, and pipeline transportation criteria are screened from the mix proportion database to obtain a feasible mix proportion set; the initial mix proportion is determined by combining the mix proportion optimization formula, the pouring time is determined according to the layer geometry design volume and the set pumping flow rate, and the effective slurry head, yield stress requirement value, and strength requirement function are updated according to the density verification rules; if the initial setting time of the initial mix proportion is less than the sum of the pouring time and the overlap time margin, the initial mix proportion is adjusted and re-determined according to the constraint relaxation order, wherein the increased set pumping flow rate is not greater than the rated pumping flow rate.

[0013] Furthermore, the adjacent layer compatibility test is adopted to check the filling layers of adjacent stopes. When the difference in slurry concentration, the difference in cementitious material dosage, and the overlap time all meet the corresponding constraints, the initial mix ratio is determined as the actual mix ratio. Otherwise, the adjacent layers are solved jointly. If there is no combination that meets the conditions, the solution is repeated according to the constraint relaxation order. The actual mix proportions of the filling layers in each stope are summarized to form a mix proportion instruction, and a layer boundary switching table is generated based on the layer boundary height program and the actual mix proportion; the volume of the pipe, the replacement time, and the volume of the transition section are calculated based on the pipe diameter, pipe length, and the set pumping flow rate of the next stope filling layer; when the intersection of the two yield stress intervals is empty, the adjacent layers are solved jointly; when it is still empty, the stope filling layers are split and solved again. Continuously pour according to the mix ratio instructions and layer boundary switching table to form filled layers and filled heights and accumulate the actual poured volume; when the pouring surface elevation reaches the layer boundary elevation and the slurry enters the next actual mix ratio, complete the inter-layer actual mix ratio switching and write it into the pouring record.

[0014] Furthermore, the joint section is defined based on the joint elevation and the already filled height, the remaining closed volume is obtained based on the difference between the designed closed volume and the actual poured volume within the same space, and the narrow section of the joint is identified. Based on the narrow cross section of the top, the yield range and the upper limit of the top particle size are formed. The strength control value of the top section and the pipeline transportation criterion are used to form the top constraint set, and the top matching vector is selected. When the penetration resistance is less than the penetration resistance threshold, the larger value between the difference between the disturbance window calibration value and the already static time and 0 is taken as the disturbance time limit. Otherwise, the disturbance time limit is equal to 0. When the disturbance time limit is greater than 0, the top-locking test is adopted. If it is not valid, the pumping flow rate of the top connection is increased but not greater than the rated pumping flow rate. If it is still not valid, the pre-connected top layer and the final connected top layer are separated and retested. When the perturbation time limit is equal to 0, non-perturbation interface treatment is performed, and the initial setting time of the top-joint mix ratio is used to control the pouring time of the top-joint pouring. When the jointing judgment result is passed, the jointing section is poured according to the jointing mix ratio vector to form a cementitious filling body. The filled layer is then inspected at the design age to obtain the filling test record. When the top connection completion status is "completed", the corresponding set of the unpoured section is empty, and the measured compressive strength of the filled layer is not less than the strength control value of the corresponding stope filling layer, a description of the cementitious filling body is prepared based on the execution scope, layer boundary height program, actual mix ratio, filled height, actual pouring volume and top connection completion status. The description of the cementitious filling body, mix ratio instructions, layer boundary switching table, pouring record and filled test record are summarized and archived to obtain the subsequent filling record.

[0015] This invention provides an intelligent and optimized method for segmented void filling followed by backfilling in medium-deep hole mining. It offers the following advantages: 1. This invention calculates the strength demand function and yield stress demand value using the final state geometric set of the void area, and determines the layer geometric design quantity, strength control value and yield stress range accordingly. It also selects feasible mix proportions in the mix proportion database and determines the initial mix proportion by combining the mix proportion optimization formula, so that the layer mix proportion, void area morphology and casting time constraints are all met.

[0016] 2. This invention adopts a layer boundary joint merging and splicing seam set, extrapolation boundary set, rheological crossing set and strength crossing set, and generates a layer boundary height program sequence according to a fixed priority; when the excess quality score is not less than the compensation trigger threshold, the interface compensation layer is embedded inside the first main layer and the layer geometry design quantity is updated.

[0017] 3. This invention uses the adjacent layer compatibility method to test the filling layer of the adjacent stope, and combines the joint solution of adjacent layers with the volume constraint of the transition section to determine the actual mix ratio; in the top-joining stage, the top-joining locking method is used to determine the top-joining by establishing the remaining closed volume, the pumping flow rate of the top-joining, the initial setting time of the top-joining mix ratio and the disturbance limit. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a system architecture diagram of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a flowchart of the method of the present invention; Figure 3 Flowchart for the establishment of the proportioning database, offline calibration, and preparation of the mining site design in this invention; Figure 4 This is a flowchart of the segmented data retrieval, connectivity determination, and empty zone final state geometric set formation process of the present invention. Figure 5 This is a flowchart of the requirements calculation, layer boundary division, and compensation judgment process of the present invention. Figure 6 This is a flowchart illustrating the initial mix design, time-based iteration, adjacent layer joint solution, and continuous casting process of the present invention. Figure 7 This is a flowchart illustrating the top-locking, early feedback, and design-age acceptance archiving process of the present invention. Figure 8 This is a comparison chart of the strength control values ​​of the filling layer in each mining area and the measured compressive strength of the filled layer in an application embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0020] Please see the appendix Figure 1 This invention provides an intelligent and optimized segmented open-hole subsequent backfilling mining system for medium-deep holes, comprising: The calibration preparation module is used to prepare and test slurries with different ratios, establish a ratio database, confirm the delivery parameters, calibrate the interlocking correction coefficient, interlocking depth coefficient, compensation trigger threshold and disturbance window calibration value, and form stope design data and design filling range.

[0021] The mining measurement module is used to implement segmented rock drilling and blasting and ore extraction, record connectivity status markers, complete point cloud stitching and downgrade extrapolation of unmeasured areas, determine the relative bandwidth and extrapolated yield stress requirements using chimeric rheology, and form the execution range, empty zone final state geometry set and residual particle size distribution.

[0022] The demand layering module is used to calculate the strength demand function, yield stress demand value, maximum allowable aggregate particle size and wall fitting requirements based on the final state geometry set of the empty area and the preset strength calculation parameters. It uses the layer boundary simultaneous formula to form the layer boundary height program sequence and layer geometry design volume to determine the strength control value and compensation setting results. The strength calculation parameters include the preset design target density, equivalent stress, lateral confinement conditions and safety factor.

[0023] The mix proportioning and casting module is used to determine the initial mix proportion based on the mix proportion database and the layer boundary height program sequence, and then determine the actual mix proportion through density and strength verification, planned time recursion, adjacent layer compatibility test and adjacent layer joint solution, thus completing the transition section constraint and continuous casting.

[0024] The top-joining acceptance module is used to calculate the remaining closed volume based on the filled height, actual poured volume, and final geometric set of the void area. It uses the top-joining locking method to determine the top-joining judgment result and completes the top-joining modification, top-joining section pouring, early feedback, design age acceptance, and subsequent filling record archiving.

[0025] See appendix Figure 2 This invention provides an intelligent and optimized method for subsequent backfilling of open spaces in medium-deep boreholes, comprising the following steps: S1, the calibration preparation module prepares and tests slurries with different ratios, establishes a ratio database, confirms the conveying parameters, calibrates the interlocking correction coefficient, interlocking depth coefficient, compensation trigger threshold and disturbance window calibration value, and forms stope design data and design filling range.

[0026] S2, the mining measurement module implements segmented rock drilling and blasting and ore extraction within the designed filling range, records the connectivity status markers, completes point cloud splicing and downgrade extrapolation of unmeasured areas, uses chimeric rheology to determine the relative bandwidth and extrapolated yield stress requirement value, and forms the execution range, empty zone final state geometry set and residual particle size distribution.

[0027] S3, the demand layering module calculates the strength demand function, yield stress demand value, maximum allowable aggregate particle size and wall fitting requirements based on the final state geometry set of the empty area and the preset strength calculation parameters. It uses the layer boundary joint formula to form the layer boundary height program sequence and layer geometry design volume, and determines the strength control value and compensation setting results. The strength calculation parameters include the preset design target density, equivalent stress, lateral confinement conditions and safety factor.

[0028] S4, the mix proportioning and casting module determines the initial mix proportion using the mix proportioning database, layer boundary height program sequence and layer geometric design volume, and completes density and strength verification and planned time recursion; the mix proportioning and casting module determines the actual mix proportion using the adjacent layer compatibility formula and adjacent layer joint solution, and implements transition section constraints, continuous casting and online verification.

[0029] S5, the top-joining acceptance module calculates the remaining closed volume based on the filled height, actual poured volume and final geometric set of the void area, uses the top-joining locking method to determine the top-joining judgment result, completes the top-joining modification and top-joining section pouring, and forms filled inspection records and subsequent filling records based on early feedback and design age acceptance results.

[0030] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be further explained below in conjunction with the specific processing procedures.

[0031] See appendix Figure 3 In this embodiment, step S1 completes the preparation of the proportioning database, offline calibration, and mining site design.

[0032] S101, the calibration preparation module uses the same cementitious materials, tailings, aggregates, water, and admixtures as industrial filling to prepare slurries with different concentrations, cementitious material dosages, and admixture dosages. After testing, a mix design database is formed. The mix design records include slurry concentration, cementitious material dosage, admixture dosage, slurry density, yield stress, slump, spread, initial setting time, multi-age strength records, compressive strength, pumpability, and cementitious material consumption per unit volume. Cementitious material consumption per unit volume is the mass of cementitious material per unit volume of slurry, and the compressive strength corresponds to the preset design age.

[0033] The properties of the slurry and the strength of the test blocks can be tested using conventional testing methods for cementitious filling slurries in mines. The preparation of the test samples and the operation of the instruments are well-known techniques in this field and will not be described in detail here.

[0034] The distinguishable intervals between cementitious material dosage and slurry concentration are determined based on the control precision of the pulping device and the parallel test error, and a mix design is established accordingly. The maximum cementitious material dosage in the mix design record is read to obtain the upper limit of the dosage search. The compressive strength of each mix design at the same design age is sorted, and differences not greater than the parallel test error are excluded. The smallest positive difference among the remaining adjacent grades is taken as the strength grade interval. The ratio of the compressive strength at each age to the compressive strength at the design age is calculated from the multi-age strength records of the same mix design to obtain the age strength ratio, and a strength growth relationship is established according to the mix design. When the target age is between adjacent measured ages, linear interpolation is used; when it exceeds the measured age range, supplementary test blocks are used.

[0035] Based on the equipment parameters of the slurry preparation unit and filling pipeline, read the rated pumping flow rate, concentration adjustment step size, and dosage adjustment step size, and determine the pipe diameter and length. The pipe length is the centerline length of the pipeline from the outlet of the slurry preparation unit to the pouring position in the mining area, including straight pipes, bends, and vertical pipe sections. The preset pumping flow rate is determined based on the continuous feeding capacity, pipeline allowable pressure, and pumpability, and should not exceed the rated pumping flow rate, for example, 60% to 90% of the rated pumping flow rate.

[0036] The preset design target density is determined based on the slurry density range and strength requirements that meet pumpability requirements, for example, 1.80~2.20t / m³. 3 The preset sampling grid is determined based on the area of ​​the base plate and sidewalls and the distribution of residual ore and rock, for example, the grid spacing is 0.5 to 2.0 m; the preset rheological grading interval is determined based on the yield stress detection error and the proportioning adjustment accuracy, for example, 5 to 20 Pa; the preset flow deviation limit is determined based on the flow meter accuracy and pumping fluctuation, for example, 5% to 10% of the set pumping flow rate; the preset top connection clearance is determined based on the measurement error of the casting surface, the undulation of the roof plate and the size of the top connection channel, for example, 0.3 to 1.0 m.

[0037] The preset early strength index is determined based on the strength required for the interface compensation layer to withstand the disturbance of the first main layer pouring and the load of the overlying slurry, for example, 0.2 to 1.0 MPa; the preset lateral confinement condition is determined based on the stope span, surrounding rock stability data, and sidewall lateral constraints; the preset safety factor is determined based on the stope stability requirements and the degree of dispersion of strength testing, for example, 1.2 to 1.8; the preset additional load is determined based on the equipment load, blasting action, and overlying operation load, for example, 50 to 300 kPa, and converted into the preset equivalent stress according to the lateral confinement condition; the preset upper limit of the thickness ratio is determined based on the thickness that the first main layer needs to retain, for example, 0.10 to 0.30.

[0038] The preset overlap time margin is determined based on the time required for slurry switching, in-pipe transportation, and on-site operation, for example, 0.5–2 hours. The preset lower and upper limits of the overlap time are determined based on the time range during which the filling layers in adjacent stopes maintain continuous bonding, for example, 0.5–1 hour and 2–4 hours respectively, forming a closed-interval overlap time interval. The preset upper limit of the relative bandwidth is determined based on the qualified range of the trial mold grouting and the yield stress detection error, for example, 15%–30%. The preset penetration resistance threshold is determined based on the penetration resistance when the slurry transitions from an allowable disturbance state to an unallowable disturbance state, for example, 0.5–3.5 MPa.

[0039] The preset density verification rule is to complete the initial calculation using the design target density. After the initial mix design is determined, the effective slurry head, yield stress requirement, and strength requirement function are updated using the corresponding slurry density, with only one update allowed. The preset constraint relaxation sequence is as follows: increase relative bandwidth, increase the set pump flow rate, split the stope filling layer, adjust the search range for cementitious material admixture, split the pre-connected top layer and the final connected top layer, and pause the operation and retest or verify the calibration parameters. If no solution is found after the previous adjustment, proceed to the next stage. The upper limit of the usable particle size is read from the aggregate screening records that record the sieve size, mass fraction of each particle size, and material batch.

[0040] In S102, the calibration preparation module uses the same cementitious material, tailings, aggregate, water and admixtures as industrial filling to fabricate crack test molds with known crack width and known undulation, and records the crack width of the test molds. Slurries with different yield stresses are poured into the crack test molds, and the slurry density, test mold pouring head, and root mean square of test mold undulation are recorded, followed by curing to form poured bodies. The poured body is cut along the concave cavity or cored, and it is judged as qualified when the concave cavity is densely filled and no through cavity exists; the same group of tests are arranged according to the yield stress, and the intermediate value of the yield stresses corresponding to adjacent qualified and unqualified results is taken as the yield stress threshold value. When all results are the same, the yield stress test range is expanded, and the yield stress threshold value is output after obtaining qualified and unqualified results.

[0041] The maximum particle size of the aggregate entering the concave cavity and the effective depth of the slurry entering the concave cavity are measured, and the ratio of the maximum aggregate particle size to the test mold crack width and the ratio of the effective depth to the concave cavity depth are calculated respectively to obtain the particle size ratio and the measured embedding depth ratio. The yield stress threshold value, test mold pouring head, slurry density, root mean square of test mold undulation, test mold crack width and measured embedding depth ratio are aggregated to form multiple sets of test mold data; data corresponding to test mold leakage, pouring interruption or slurry segregation are not adopted.

[0042] Multiple sets of test mold data are used to jointly calibrate the embedding correction coefficient and the embedding depth coefficient. The embedding depth coefficient is greater than 0 and not greater than 1, and its candidate range is determined according to the measured embedding depth ratio and parallel test deviation; the embedding correction coefficient is greater than 0. Each candidate combination is substituted into the embedding flow variation formula presented subsequently to calculate the sum of squares of the relative errors between the predicted yield stress value and the yield stress threshold value, and the combination with the minimum error is selected. When the difference between the sum of squares of the relative errors of multiple combinations and the minimum sum of squares of relative errors is not greater than the calibration discrimination limit converted from the yield stress detection error, the combination whose embedding depth coefficient is closest to the median of the measured embedding depth ratio is selected; if still indistinguishable, test mold data is supplemented and the calibration is reperformed.

[0043] The maximum allowable aggregate particle size for calibration is taken as the smaller value of the product of the test mold crack width and the particle size ratio, and the available upper limit of particle size. A pre-prepared calibration residual sample with a known mass fraction of over-limit particle size is used for interfacial pouring comparison, wherein the maximum particle size of non-over-limit particles in the calibration residual sample is not greater than the maximum allowable aggregate particle size for calibration; it is judged as qualified when the interface is continuous and dense and no through cavity exists, and the intermediate value of the mass fractions of over-limit particle size corresponding to the adjacent maximum qualified result and the minimum unqualified result is taken as the compensation trigger threshold; if no demarcation is formed, the mass fraction of over-limit particle size is adjusted and tests are supplemented.

[0044] Select the intended mix proportions covering the planned application range from the mix proportion database and prepare test blocks under the same conditions. Record the completion time of the test block molding and measure the penetration resistance at the preset penetration resistance measurement time interval. The penetration resistance measurement time interval is determined based on the initial setting time and the rate of change of penetration resistance, for example, 10-30 minutes. Mix proportions that may be determined as actual mix proportions or top mix proportion vectors should have corresponding disturbance window calibration values. If corresponding records are missing, supplementary test blocks under the same conditions should be prepared and calibrated.

[0045] The difference between the earliest moment when the penetration resistance is not less than the preset penetration resistance threshold and the moment when the test block under the same conditions is completed is the disturbance window calibration value. If the penetration resistance threshold is not reached within the initial setting time, the penetration resistance continues to be measured. If the test block production, curing, or testing process is confirmed to be abnormal, the test block under the same conditions is remade. If the test block production, curing, and testing processes are normal, but the penetration resistance remains stable and is still less than the penetration resistance threshold, the corresponding intended mix ratio is excluded from the selection range for the jointing treatment. Before obtaining a valid disturbance window calibration value, the corresponding intended mix ratio is not used for the jointing treatment. The disturbance window calibration values ​​corresponding to different intended mix ratios are written into the mix ratio database respectively.

[0046] S103, the calibration preparation module collects geological data and blasting design data, including ore body strike, dip angle, thickness, grade, and surrounding rock stability data, and forms stope design data after unifying the measurement coordinate benchmark. The design filling range is delineated based on the ore body boundary, stope boundary, top and bottom pillar locations, isolation facility locations, and the expected breakthrough area. The design filling range includes the design filling boundary and the design void area. Based on the design filling range, stope filling layers are divided within the corresponding stope. The stope filling layer includes an interface compensation layer and a main layer; if no interface compensation layer is set, it consists of the main layer.

[0047] The main layers are divided by the layer boundary elevation sequence, with the bottommost main layer being the first main layer; the top connection section is defined separately and is not included in the main layer number. The preset top connection elevation is determined based on the top slab elevation in the design filling boundary and the location of the top connection channel.

[0048] Blasting design parameters are derived from stope design data. These parameters include borehole diameter, borehole depth, borehole network parameters, charge parameters, charge structure, and detonation sequence. Rock and ore conditions, minimum resistance line, stope stability requirements, and blasting vibration limits are read, and the segment height is selected based on the ore body thickness, borehole depth, and stope stability requirements. For the determination of blasting parameters for medium-deep hole drilling, those skilled in the art can do so based on the blastability of the rock and ore, minimum resistance line, and blasting vibration limits. The selection of blasting materials and the connection of the detonation network are well-known techniques in this field and will not be elaborated upon here.

[0049] The preset ore extraction termination grade is determined based on the ore body boundary grade, dilution control requirements, and ore extraction economic indicators. The measurement coordinate datum is read from the stope design data. The measurement coordinate datum includes the plane coordinate datum, elevation datum, and coordinate transformation parameters. Subsequent segmented point clouds, measured point clouds, splicing results, floor elevation, roof elevation, and stratum boundary elevation sequences all use this measurement coordinate datum.

[0050] See appendix Figure 4 In this embodiment, step S2 completes segmented retrieval, connectivity determination, and final state geometry set of empty areas.

[0051] S201, within the designed filling range, the mining measurement module, based on ore and rock conditions, minimum resistance line, stope stability requirements, blasting vibration limits, segment height, and blasting design parameters, implements medium-deep hole drilling and blasting according to the blasting design method to form caving ore. Holes are drilled according to the hole diameter, depth, and hole pattern parameters; explosives are charged according to the charging parameters and structure; and blasting is carried out according to the detonation sequence. For medium-deep hole drilling, charging, and detonation operations, those skilled in the art can complete them based on the blasting design parameters; the equipment operation and safety control are well-known technologies in the field and will not be elaborated further here.

[0052] Mining is carried out on the collapsed ore. Samples are taken from different locations on the cross-section of the material flow at the ore outlet according to the mined batch, mixed, reduced, and analyzed to obtain the ore grade. Mining continues when the ore grade is greater than the preset ore discharge termination grade; when the ore grade is not greater than the ore discharge termination grade, the corresponding segment of ore discharge is stopped, forming an ore discharge termination state. The segment empty zone is delineated according to the segment design boundary and the exposed boundary after ore discharge.

[0053] S202, the mining and measurement module records the connectivity status of segmented empty areas and uses a 3D laser scanning device to measure the segmented point cloud. When there is a connecting channel between adjacent segmented empty areas but the designed filling range has not yet been connected, the connectivity status is marked as partially connected; when all segmented empty areas within the designed filling range form a continuous space, the connectivity status is marked as fully connected; when there is no connecting channel between a segmented empty area and other empty areas, the connectivity status is marked as isolated. When the connectivity status is marked as partially connected, the mining and measurement of the remaining segments continue until the full connection is confirmed, or each isolated empty area is confirmed.

[0054] When the connectivity status is marked as partially connected or fully connected, the point clouds of each segment are transformed according to the measurement coordinate reference. Registration is performed using the overlapping areas of adjacent segment point clouds to obtain the stitched result. Registration is achieved by adjusting the translation and rotation amounts to minimize the average distance between corresponding points in the overlapping area. The stitching seam elevation is extracted from the stitched result and compiled into a stitching seam set. The preset registration allowable error is determined based on the scanning equipment accuracy, control point error, and empty area scale, for example, 20–100 mm. If the overlapping area is insufficient or the registration error exceeds the registration allowable error, the corresponding position is marked as an unmeasured area.

[0055] When the connectivity status is marked as "full continuity," the design filling range is confirmed as the execution range; when the connectivity status is marked as "isolation," isolation execution ranges are defined for each isolated empty zone, and each is used as an execution range. Different execution ranges form empty zone final state geometry sets, and the high-level program sequences at the layer boundaries do not merge across execution ranges.

[0056] Within the execution scope, the areas covered by the segmented point cloud and the stitched results are marked as measured areas and form measured point clouds. The remaining areas are marked as unmeasured areas. Based on the location, boundaries, and missing height range of the unmeasured areas, supplementary measurement items are generated. When measured point clouds exist on both sides of an unmeasured area, the boundary of the two side walls is extended to form an extrapolated segment. When measured point clouds exist only on one side, extrapolation is performed along the direction of change of that side wall, with the extrapolation distance not exceeding the length of the adjacent continuous measured segment. When there are no adjacent measured point clouds, the extrapolated segment is formed after supplementary measurement is completed.

[0057] The yield stress requirement for calibration is calculated using the injection head, slurry density, root mean square of mold undulation, and mold joint width from multiple sets of mold data. The interlocking rheological formula is as follows: ; In the formula: For pouring height The required yield stress at the point; The pouring height is based on the elevation of the base slab. For chimerism correction coefficients; The density of the slurry; The acceleration due to gravity is preferably taken as 9.81 m / s² in this embodiment. 2 ; For pouring height Effective slurry head at the location; For pouring height The root mean square root of the wall surface undulations at that location; For pouring height The width of the cavity feature at that location; This is the interlocking depth coefficient.

[0058] The fitting correction coefficient and fitting depth coefficient are calibrated by step S102. The effective slurry head is the sum of the vertical height from the pouring liquid surface to the calculated section and the equivalent head of the pipe outlet pressure. The equivalent head of the pipe outlet pressure is determined by dividing the pipe outlet pressure by the product of the slurry density and the acceleration due to gravity. The test mold pouring head is used during calibration. The initial on-site calculation uses the pipe outlet pressure corresponding to the set pump flow rate, the planned pouring liquid surface, and the design target density. After the initial mix ratio is determined, it is updated according to the density verification rules.

[0059] For multiple sets of trial mold data, the difference between the yield stress boundary value and the corresponding calibration yield stress requirement value is divided by the calibration yield stress requirement value to obtain the relative offset. The larger absolute value of the relative offset between the qualified side and the unqualified side among all trial mold data is taken as the relative bandwidth. When the relative bandwidth is greater than the upper limit of the relative bandwidth, multiple sets of trial mold data, the fitting correction coefficient, and the fitting depth coefficient are checked. If the conditions are still not met after the check, the process returns to step S102 to supplement the trial mold data, and no yield stress range is formed for subsequent use.

[0060] For the extrapolated section, the larger root mean square of wall undulation, the smaller characteristic width of the cavity, and the larger effective slurry head are selected from adjacent measured point clouds. The design target density is substituted into the interlocking rheological formula to obtain the extrapolated yield stress requirement value. Centered on the extrapolated yield stress requirement value, the range is expanded downwards and upwards according to the relative bandwidth to form a closed interval yield stress interval, which serves as the input for subsequent wall interlocking requirements. The boundary elevation of the extrapolated section is recorded as the extrapolated boundary elevation and written into the extrapolated boundary set.

[0061] When the set corresponding to the supplementary measurement item is not empty and all unmeasured areas have formed extrapolated sections, continue with subsequent layer division and pouring; after the supplementary measurement is completed, merge the supplementary measurement point cloud into the measured point cloud, update the root mean square of wall undulation, cavity characteristic width, extrapolated boundary set and yield stress requirement value, only correct the sections that have not yet been poured at that time, and keep the filled and poured records unchanged.

[0062] S203, the back sampling measurement module summarizes the measured point cloud, splicing results and extrapolated sections within the execution range, connects the bottom plate, top plate and wall boundary according to the measurement coordinate benchmark, constructs the closed void surface, and forms the void final state geometric set.

[0063] Horizontal sections are extracted along the pouring height. The average cross-sectional area of ​​every two adjacent horizontal sections is calculated. The average cross-sectional area is multiplied by the corresponding height interval to obtain the segmented volume. The volumes of each segment are then accumulated to obtain the void volume. The boundary spacing of each section is measured to obtain the void span that varies along the pouring height. The difference between the top slab elevation and the bottom slab elevation is calculated at the same horizontal position to obtain the void height at that position. The maximum value of the void height at each horizontal position is taken as the total void height, and the pouring height is updated accordingly. The final state geometry set of the void includes the void volume, void span, total void height, wall point cloud, bottom slab elevation, and top slab elevation.

[0064] The wall point cloud is divided into regions based on height and continuity. A local reference plane is fitted within each region. The average square root of the squared normal distance from the wall points to the local reference plane is calculated to obtain the root mean square of the wall undulation. Continuous concave regions below the local reference plane are identified, and their maximum continuous projected width along the wall direction is measured to obtain the characteristic width of the cavity. When the variation in wall parameters exceeds the measurement repeatability error or when the wall is discontinuous, rheological statistical sections are divided with the corresponding elevation as the boundary.

[0065] The thickness of the residual layer is obtained by measuring the vertical distance between the residual ore surface and the designed base plate using the final state geometric set of the void area; the characteristic depth of the cavity is obtained by measuring the normal distance from the lowest point of the cavity to the local reference plane. Residual samples are collected from the base plate and sidewalls according to the preset sampling grid, numbered, weighed, and sieved. The proportion of each particle size to the total sample mass is calculated to obtain the residual particle size distribution.

[0066] For ore sampling, reduction and screening operations, those skilled in the art can use conventional mineral particle size detection methods to complete the operation, and the operation process is well known in the field, so it will not be described in detail here.

[0067] See appendix Figure 5 In this embodiment, step S3 calculates the demand, divides the data into layers, and completes the compensation judgment.

[0068] S301, the demand layering module sets the calculation elevation starting from the bottom slab elevation of the final geometric set of the empty area, forming volume segments between adjacent calculation elevations. The corresponding weight is calculated based on the empty area volume of each volume segment, the preset design target density, and the gravitational acceleration, and accumulated segment by segment from the top slab elevation to the bottom slab elevation. When the accumulated weight reaches any calculation elevation, the accumulated weight above that calculation elevation is divided by the corresponding horizontal cross-sectional area to obtain the vertical compressive stress of the simulated filling body. Positions with a horizontal cross-sectional area of ​​0 are not included in the calculation; the calculation range is limited by adjacent effective cross-sections.

[0069] Based on the data on the span of the stope and the stability of the surrounding rock, the preset lateral confinement conditions are verified. The vertical compressive stress of the proposed filling body is added to the preset equivalent stress, and then processed according to the verified lateral confinement conditions. When the lateral confinement conditions do not provide lateral bearing capacity, all vertical stresses are used; when the lateral confinement conditions provide lateral bearing capacity, the stress portion borne by the sidewalls is deducted according to the corresponding vertical stress sharing ratio in the stope design data. The processed stress is multiplied by the preset safety factor to obtain the strength demand function corresponding to the design age. The vertical stress sharing ratio is determined based on the stope boundary, the stability data of the surrounding rock, and the lateral confinement strength design of the filling body, and its value is not less than 0 and not greater than 1.

[0070] Strength levels are continuously divided starting from 0 according to the strength grading interval. The strength requirement function for each calculated elevation is assigned to the corresponding strength level. When adjacent calculated elevations belong to different strength levels, piecewise linear interpolation is used to determine the elevation of the crossing level, and this is written into the strength crossing set. The strength requirement function is used to determine the strength control value, and the strength crossing set is used to generate the layer boundary elevation sequence. Layered control ensures that the filling layer in the same stope uses an actual mix ratio that covers the strength conditions of that layer and the wall fitting requirements.

[0071] In step S302, the demand layering module substitutes the root mean square of wall undulations, cavity feature width, effective slurry head, interlocking correction coefficient, and interlocking depth coefficient into the interlocking rheological formula shown in step S202 to obtain the yield stress requirement value varying along the pouring height; the extrapolated section directly uses the extrapolated yield stress requirement value. The initial calculation uses the design target density, and after the initial mix design is determined, it is updated according to the density verification rules. The cavity feature width should be greater than 0 and not less than the point cloud spatial resolution; if this is not met, return to step S203 to verify the wall point cloud and cavity feature width.

[0072] Centered on the yield stress requirement value, the yield stress range is obtained by extending downwards and upwards according to the relative bandwidth. The lower bound is the yield stress requirement value minus the product of the yield stress requirement value and the relative bandwidth, and the upper bound is the yield stress requirement value plus this product. The maximum allowable aggregate particle size is the smaller of the product of the cavity characteristic width and the particle size ratio, and the upper limit of the usable particle size. The wall fitting requirements are formed by the yield stress range and the maximum allowable aggregate particle size.

[0073] Based on the rheological statistical sections, the yield stress requirement value is continuously discretely calculated starting from 0 according to the preset rheological grading interval to obtain the rheological zoning. When adjacent rheological statistical sections cross rheological grading intervals, piecewise linear interpolation is used to determine the elevation of the crossed grading interval and it is written into the rheological crossing set. When the yield stress requirement value is equal to the grading boundary, it is assigned to the rheological zoning with that boundary as the lower bound.

[0074] S303, the requirement layering module adopts a combined set of layer boundaries, splicing seams, extrapolated boundary sets, rheological crossing sets, and strength crossing sets: ; In the formula: The merged set of elevations; For splicing seams; For the extrapolated boundary set; For rheological spanning sets; For intensity spanning the set; This is the union operation for sets.

[0075] The merged elevation sets are sorted in ascending order of numerical value along with the base and top elevations. The splice seam set and the extrapolated boundary set have higher priority than the rheological crossing set, which in turn has higher priority than the strength crossing set. When the same elevation is matched by multiple sets, only one boundary is retained, and the highest priority attribute is recorded. Candidate boundaries with elevation differences not exceeding the point cloud elevation measurement error are treated as the same elevation, with the higher-priority candidate boundary elevation being selected. When priorities are equal, the smaller value among the candidate boundary elevations is selected, and the corresponding set attribute is retained. When the elevation difference exceeds the point cloud elevation measurement error, each boundary is retained separately, resulting in a boundary elevation sequence.

[0076] The layer height range of each mined area filling layer is determined by the sequence of adjacent layer boundary elevations. The horizontal cross-sectional area is extracted from the final geometric set of the empty area according to the layer height range and integrated along the height to obtain the layer geometric design volume. When adjacent layer boundary elevations are equal or the corresponding layer geometric design volume is equal to 0, duplicate layer boundaries are deleted, and the layer height range and layer geometric design volume are redefined. The maximum value of the strength demand function within that layer height range is taken to obtain the strength control value.

[0077] For each stope backfill layer, the intersection of the yield stress intervals at various elevations within the layer is taken as the yield stress interval of that layer, and the minimum value among the maximum allowable aggregate particle sizes at various elevations within the layer is taken as the maximum allowable aggregate particle size of that layer. When the intersection of yield stress intervals is empty, the stope backfill layer is split at the elevation where the intervals do not intersect, and the layer boundary elevation sequence, layer height interval, and layer geometric design volume are updated. The stope backfill layer formed at this time is the main layer. The layer geometric design volume is divided by the preset pumping flow rate to obtain the pouring time, which is used for subsequent steps to check the initial setting time constraint.

[0078] S304, the demand stratification module uses the maximum allowable aggregate particle size of the first main layer as the screening boundary, and summarizes the on-site residual samples of the corresponding bottom plate and sidewall of the first main layer; the mass of particles with a particle size larger than the screening boundary is added together, and then divided by the total mass of the on-site residual samples to obtain the excess mass fraction. When the excess mass fraction is not less than the compensation trigger threshold, the compensation setting result is to set the interface compensation layer; when the excess mass fraction is less than the compensation trigger threshold, the compensation setting result is not to set the interface compensation layer.

[0079] When setting the interface compensation layer, take the larger value between the residual layer thickness within the range of the first main layer and the cavity feature depth, and then take the smaller value between the product of the larger value and the thickness of the first main layer and the upper limit of the thickness ratio to obtain the compensation layer thickness.

[0080] The volume of the compensation layer is obtained by integrating the corresponding height range of the final state geometric set of the void area with respect to the thickness of the compensation layer; the top surface of the compensation layer is obtained by adding the bottom elevation of the first main layer to the thickness of the compensation layer. The volume of the compensation layer is deducted from the geometric design volume of the first main layer, and the top surface of the compensation layer is added as a local layer boundary and the layer boundary elevation sequence is updated so that the interface compensation layer is embedded inside the first main layer; the layer height range, geometric design volume, and strength control value of the interface compensation layer and the remaining first main layers are redefined, while the geometric design volume of the remaining main layers remains unchanged.

[0081] The early strength testing age is determined based on the test block testing plan under the same conditions, the early strength index, and the expected curing time of the interface compensation layer; the age-strength ratio corresponding to this early strength testing age is determined based on the strength growth relationship.

[0082] The strength control value within the height range corresponding to the interface compensation layer is used as the design age strength requirement. Multiplying this value by the age strength ratio yields the corresponding converted value. The larger of the preset early strength index and the corresponding converted value is taken as the early strength control value. When an interface compensation layer is set, the interface compensation layer number is 0, and the main body layers are numbered sequentially from bottom to top. When no interface compensation layer is set, the main body layers are numbered sequentially from bottom to top, resulting in the main body layer numbering result.

[0083] See appendix Figure 6 In this embodiment, step S4 completes the initial selection of mix proportions, time recursion, joint solution of adjacent layers, and continuous pouring.

[0084] S401, the proportioning and pouring module determines the pouring sequence according to the main layer number and the interface compensation layer number; when the compensation setting result is to set the interface compensation layer, the interface compensation layer is processed first. The first main layer adopts the layer geometric design volume after deducting the compensation layer volume, and the remaining stope filling layers adopt the layer geometric design volume determined in step S303.

[0085] According to the mix proportions, candidate combinations of slurry concentration, cementitious material dosage and admixture dosage are generated from the mix proportion database. Using differential search or grid search, candidate combinations with compressive strength at design age not less than the strength control value, yield stress within the yield stress range, maximum aggregate particle size not greater than the maximum allowable aggregate particle size, and slurry concentration, pipe diameter and set pump flow rate satisfying preset pipeline transportation criteria are retained to obtain a feasible mix proportion set.

[0086] The proportioning and pouring module calculates the cross-sectional area inside the filling pipe based on the pipe diameter, and divides the set pumping flow rate by the cross-sectional area inside the filling pipe to obtain the slurry flow rate.

[0087] The pumpability records corresponding to the candidate combinations are read from the ratio database. The pumpability records include the test flow rate, test pipe diameter, pressure loss per unit length, and whether slurry segregation or pipe blockage occurred during the test. Based on the slurry density, yield stress, slurry concentration, slurry flow rate, and pipe diameter of the candidate combinations, interpolation is performed within the test range covered by the pumpability records to obtain the pressure loss per unit length. The pressure loss per unit length is then multiplied by the pipe length to obtain the pipe pressure loss. The number of bends and valves and the local resistance coefficient are read according to the equipment parameters of the filling pipeline. The local pressure loss is determined by combining the slurry density and slurry flow rate. The static pressure difference is determined according to the elevation difference between the outlet of the slurry preparation device and the pouring position, the slurry density and the gravitational acceleration, and the static pressure difference is included according to the slurry conveying direction. The required pumping pressure is obtained by adding the pressure loss along the pipeline, the local pressure loss, and the static pressure difference. The required pumping pressure is the output calculated by transporting the slurry through the pipeline based on the slurry density, yield stress, slurry concentration, pipe diameter, pipe length, and set pumping flow rate. This output is then compared with the allowable working pressure of the slurry preparation device and filling pipeline.

[0088] When the required pumping pressure is not greater than the smaller of the allowable working pressure of the slurry preparation unit and the allowable working pressure of the filling pipeline, the slurry flow rate is within the test flow rate range covered by the pumpability record, and no slurry segregation or pipeline blockage occurs in the corresponding test, the judgment result is that the pipeline transportation criterion is met, and the candidate combination is retained in the feasible mix set; if any condition is not met, the pipeline transportation judgment result is that the pipeline transportation criterion is not met, and the corresponding candidate combination is not retained.

[0089] If the slurry flow rate exceeds the test flow rate range covered by the pumpability record, supplement the pipeline transport test for the corresponding flow rate range, update the pumpability record, and then re-evaluate.

[0090] The interface compensation layer should also satisfy the requirement that the yield stress belongs to the yield stress range of the base plate. If the feasible mix design set is empty, it should be rebuilt after adjusting according to the constraint relaxation sequence; if it is still empty, the operation should be paused and re-entered from the corresponding step. An initial mix design should be determined using a mix design optimization formula on the feasible mix design set. ; In the formula: For the first Preliminary mix design of the filling layer in each mining area; For the first The ratio vector of each mined filling layer; For the first Feasible mix design for each mined area filling layer; As a ratio vector The corresponding unit consumption of cementitious materials; For the first The actual geometric design volume of the filling layer used in each mining area; Indicates belonging to; This indicates that the amount of cementitious material used should be minimized. When the values ​​are the same, the initial mix design should be determined according to the mix design record number.

[0091] According to the density verification rules, the effective slurry head and yield stress requirements are updated using the slurry density of the initially selected mix ratio, and the strength requirement function is verified. If a strength grade crossover occurs, the process returns to step S303 to re-divide the layers and re-solve the problem. If the yield stress does not belong to the updated yield stress range, the initially selected mix ratio is re-determined.

[0092] The actual geometric design volume of the filling layer used in each stope is taken as the effective main grout volume. During the initial iteration, the transition section volume is equal to 0, and the planned pumping volume equals the effective main grout volume. The planned pumping volume is divided by the set pumping flow rate to obtain the pouring time. If the initial setting time is less than the sum of the pouring time and the preset overlap time margin, the pouring time is checked, and the relative bandwidth is increased sequentially according to the constraint relaxation order: relative bandwidth, set pumping flow rate, splitting the current stope filling layer, adjusting the cementitious material dosage search range, and splitting the pre-connected top layer and the final connected top layer. If the conditions are still not met, the operation is paused and restarted from the corresponding step. The relative bandwidth must not exceed the upper limit of the relative bandwidth, the set pumping flow rate must not exceed the rated pumping flow rate, and the cementitious material dosage must not exceed the upper limit of the dosage search.

[0093] When setting an interface compensation layer, the planned start time of the interface compensation layer is recorded as the zero point of the pouring time; when not setting an interface compensation layer, the planned start time of the first main layer is recorded as the zero point of the pouring time.

[0094] The completion time of pouring is the planned start time plus the pouring duration, and the effective initial setting time is the completion time of pouring plus the initial setting time; between the interface compensation layer and the first main layer, the time when the interface compensation layer is expected to reach the early strength control value is determined according to the strength growth relationship, and this time is included in the planned start time of the first main layer for recursion; the planned start time of the first main layer should simultaneously meet the early strength control requirements and the compatibility of adjacent layers.

[0095] If both conditions cannot be met simultaneously, the adjacent layer compatibility result is rejected, and the adjacent layers are solved jointly or re-solved according to the constraint relaxation order. The planned start time for the backfill layers in other adjacent stopes is connected to the completion time of the backfill layer in the previous stope. Adjacent layer compatibility is used to verify the backfill layers in adjacent stopes: ; In the formula: , The slurry concentration of the filling layer in the adjacent stope; , The amount of cementitious material added to the filling layer of the adjacent stope; The concentration adjustment step size; Adjusting the dosage step size; For the first The effective initial setting time of the filling layer in the mining area; For the first The planned start time for pouring concrete into the filling layer of each mining area; This is the minimum time limit for overlapping; This is the maximum time limit for overlapping; The time interval for the overlap.

[0096] When all three constraints are met, the compatibility result of adjacent layers is passed, and the initial selection ratio is determined as the actual ratio; when any constraint is not met, the compatibility result of adjacent layers is failed.

[0097] The joint solution for adjacent layers combines the ratio vectors in the feasible ratio sets of two adjacent layers one by one, deletes the combinations that do not satisfy the compatibility formula of adjacent layers, and takes the combination with the smallest sum of cementitious material usage of the two layers as the joint ratio. After the joint ratio is re-verified, if the compatibility result of adjacent layers is passed, the joint ratio is determined as the actual ratio of the two adjacent layers respectively. If there is no combination that satisfies the conditions, the solution is re-solved after adjusting according to the constraint relaxation order.

[0098] When setting up the interface compensation layer, test blocks under the same conditions are made according to the actual mix ratio of the interface compensation layer. The actual mix ratio of the filling layer of each stope constitutes the stratified mix ratio. The stratified mix ratios are summarized to form the mix ratio instruction, and a stratified boundary switching table is generated based on the stratified boundary height program and the actual mix ratio.

[0099] S402, the proportioning and pouring module calculates the cross-sectional area of ​​the filling pipe based on the pipe diameter, then multiplies it by the pipe length to obtain the volume of the component remaining in the pipe before the switch, and includes this volume in the calculation of the planned pumping volume of the filling layer in the previous stope. The volume of the remaining volume in the pipe is divided by the set pumping flow rate of the filling layer in the next stope to obtain the replacement time. The volume of slurry output from the pouring surface during this time is the transition section volume, and the output slurry is called transition slurry. The height range it occupies is called the transition pouring zone, and the planned transition section volume and transition pouring zone are written into the layer boundary switching table; the actual transition section volume and transition pouring zone are written into the pouring record during continuous pouring.

[0100] The transition grout should meet the requirements of the larger strength control value between the two adjacent stopes' backfill layers, the intersection of the two yield stress intervals, and the smaller allowable maximum aggregate size. If the intersection of the two yield stress intervals is empty, a joint solution for adjacent layers is used. After obtaining the updated actual mix proportions through the joint solution, a new mix proportion instruction and layer boundary switching table are generated, and the transition section volume and the planned start time, completion time, and effective initial setting time of the affected stope's backfill layer are recalculated. If the intersection is still empty after the joint solution for adjacent layers, the stope backfill layer is split, and the process returns to step S401 to re-determine the actual mix proportions. If the pouring duration or initial setting time constraint of the transition section is not met, the set pumping flow rate is increased, but the set pumping flow rate should not exceed the rated pumping flow rate.

[0101] The volume of the transition section is subtracted from the effective main slurry volume of the next stope filling layer to obtain the volume of the stabilized slurry. The sum of the transition section volume and the stabilized slurry volume is the planned pumping volume. When the transition section volume is greater than the effective main slurry volume, the stope filling layer is split. After updating the planned pumping volume, the planned start time, completion time, and initial setting time of the affected stope filling layer and subsequent layers are recalculated, and the compatibility results of adjacent layers are checked. When the remaining planned pumping volume of the current stope filling layer reaches the boundary elevation equals the volume retained in the pipe, a switching command for the next actual mix ratio is issued at the outlet of the slurry preparation unit, so that the transition slurry reaches the corresponding boundary elevation when it reaches the pouring surface.

[0102] S403, the proportioning and pouring module prepares slurry according to the proportioning instructions and the layer boundary switching table, and delivers it to the corresponding stope within the execution range through the filling pipeline. During normal inter-layer switching, continuous pumping is maintained; between the interface compensation layer and the first main layer, waiting is performed according to the early strength control value. The filling pipeline is cleaned after pumping is stopped, pipe is blocked, batch is terminated, or all pouring is completed.

[0103] When setting the interface compensation layer, pour the interface compensation layer and test the test block under the same conditions to obtain the early compressive strength; when the early compressive strength is not less than the early strength control value, pour the main layer to form a filled layer and update the filled height and the actual pouring volume; when the corresponding early strength test age is still less than the early strength control value, stop the pouring of the main layer and trigger the early feedback processing in the subsequent steps; after the load-bearing verification and the implementation of reinforcement treatment are passed, return to step S403 to continue pouring, and keep in the paused state if they are not passed.

[0104] The actual pumping flow rate is collected by a flow meter, and the elevation of the pouring surface is measured from the pouring surface. The slurry concentration is set at the slurry outlet and verified by random sampling. If the difference between the sampled concentration and the slurry concentration corresponding to the actual mix ratio is greater than the concentration adjustment step, slurry preparation is paused and the feed rate is adjusted. If the absolute value of the difference between the actual pumping flow rate and the set pumping flow rate is greater than the preset flow deviation limit, the planned start time for pouring the remaining mining area filling layer is recalculated based on the actual pumping flow rate, and the initial setting time is verified. If the condition is not met, the set pumping flow rate is increased, but not greater than the rated pumping flow rate. If the condition is still not met, the constraint relaxation sequence is followed, adjusting only the unpoured sections and not the already solidified layers.

[0105] When the slurry reaches the layer boundary elevation and enters the next actual mix proportion, the interlayer actual mix proportion switch is completed, and the slurry concentration, cementitious material dosage, admixture dosage, and layer boundary elevation after the switch are written into the pouring record. The unpoured section is defined by the layer boundary elevation sequence and the filled height; after the main layer is poured, the filled layer, filled height, and actual pouring volume are updated; after the top section is completed, the cementitious filling body is formed by subsequent steps.

[0106] See appendix Figure 7In this embodiment, step S5 completes the top-mounted locking, early feedback, and design age acceptance archiving.

[0107] S501, the top-joining acceptance module enters the top-joining process when the filled height is not less than the difference between the preset top-joining elevation and the preset remaining top-joining height. Based on the final state geometry set of the void area, the space below the top-joining elevation within the design filling range is integrated to obtain the design closed volume; the actual poured volume within the same spatial range is subtracted to obtain the remaining closed volume, which is then verified using the void volume between the filled height and the top-joining elevation. The preset volume measurement error is determined based on the point cloud volume calculation error and the flow meter cumulative error, for example, 1% to 3% of the design closed volume; if the difference between the two results is greater than the volume measurement error, the filled height, actual poured volume, and final state geometry set of the void area are verified before recalculation.

[0108] The joint section is defined by the space between the joint elevation and the filled height. The transportable space connecting the joint section and the outlet of the filling pipe is defined as the joint channel. A cross-section is extracted along the joint channel, and the position with the smallest cross-sectional area is the joint narrow section. The root mean square of the wall undulation of the joint narrow section, the characteristic width of the cavity, and the effective slurry head are substituted into the interlocking rheological equation to obtain the yield stress requirement value. The yield stress range corresponding to the joint narrow section requirement is formed according to the relative bandwidth. The maximum allowable aggregate particle size is the smaller of the product of the characteristic width of the cavity and the particle size ratio, and the upper limit of the usable particle size.

[0109] The yield stress range corresponding to the narrow cross-section requirement at the top is intersected with the yield stress range in the wall fitting requirement to obtain the yield range at the top; the smaller of the two maximum allowable aggregate particle sizes is taken to obtain the upper limit of the aggregate size at the top. When the intersection is empty, no mix proportion vector is generated at the top, and the top joint determination result is "failed".

[0110] The penetration resistance was measured at the filled surface, and the settling time was recorded. When the penetration resistance was less than the penetration resistance threshold, the previous filling layer in the previous stope was taken as the previous unconsolidated layer. The settling time was subtracted from the disturbance window calibration value corresponding to its actual mix ratio, and then compared with 0 to obtain the larger value, which is the disturbance time limit. When the penetration resistance was not less than the penetration resistance threshold, there was no previous unconsolidated layer, and the disturbance time limit was equal to 0.

[0111] The strength control value corresponding to the joint section forms the joint strength constraint, and the delivery constraint is formed according to the pipe diameter, the set pump flow rate, and the pipeline delivery criteria. These two constitute the joint constraint set. The joint mix proportion vector is selected from the mix proportion database according to the joint constraint set, the joint yield range, and the upper limit of the joint particle size. If multiple joint mix proportion vectors exist, the one with the smallest cementitious material content is selected. The initial setting time of the joint mix proportion is read, and the set pump flow rate is used as the pump flow rate for the joint. If no joint mix proportion vector exists, the joint determination result is "failed".

[0112] When the permissible time limit is 0, stop vibrating or stirring the already filled surface, remove free water and loose matter from the surface without damaging the solidified layer, and complete the undisturbed interface treatment; re-establish the joint strength constraint, conveying constraint, joint yield range, and joint particle size upper limit, and control the joint pouring time with the initial setting time of the joint mix ratio. When the permissible time limit is greater than 0, substitute the remaining closed volume, the joint pumping flow rate, the initial setting time of the joint mix ratio, and the permissible time limit into the joint locking test.

[0113] Substitute the remaining closed volume, the pump flow rate at the top, the initial setting time of the top mix ratio, and the permissible time limit into the top locking system: ; In the formula: The remaining closed volume; The pumping flow rate is the one connected to the top. To determine the initial setting time of the top mix proportion; The perturbable time limit; the fraction bar indicates division; This indicates taking the smaller value among the quantities within the parentheses.

[0114] The jointing determination result is passed when the top-joint mix proportion vector belongs to the top-joint constraint set, the yield stress belongs to the top-joint yield range, the maximum aggregate particle size in the mix proportion is not greater than the upper limit of the top-joint particle size, and the top-joint locking condition is met; otherwise, it fails. Top-joint locking constrains the top-joint pouring time by the initial setting time of the top-joint mix proportion and the disturbable time of the already filled top surface, and ensures that the top-joint mix proportion vector meets the requirements for strength, rheology, particle size, and conveying.

[0115] If the connection failure result is "not passed", and the reason for failure is that the ratio of the remaining closed volume and the pumping flow rate of the connection is greater than the upper limit of the connection locking time, then the pumping flow rate of the connection should be increased and the test should be repeated, and the pumping flow rate of the connection should not be greater than the rated pumping flow rate.

[0116] If the failure is due to an empty top-joint yield range, then split the pre-joint top layer and the final top-joint layer, and recalculate the top-joint yield range and the upper limit of the top-joint particle size for each layer. If the failure is due to the absence of the top-joint mix proportion vector or the maximum aggregate particle size in the mix proportion does not meet the upper limit of the top-joint particle size, then adjust the mix proportion search range according to the constraint relaxation order and re-filter the top-joint mix proportion vector. If there is still no solution after re-filtering, split the pre-joint top layer and the final top-joint layer.

[0117] If the top-joining locking condition is still not met after reaching the rated pumping flow rate, or if no top-joining ratio vector is found after re-screening, the remaining closed volume is split into a pre-joining top layer and a final joining top layer, ensuring that the volume of each layer satisfies the top-joining locking condition. Then, a new top-joining constraint set and top-joining ratio vector are formed, and the compatibility results of adjacent layers and transition section constraints are checked. After the pre-joining top layer is poured, the penetration resistance of the filled surface is re-measured and the settling time is recorded. The perturbation time limit corresponding to the final joining top layer is recalculated, and the top-joining locking condition is checked again for the final joining top layer. If the top-joining judgment result is passed, the top-joining section is poured according to the top-joining ratio vector. When the pouring surface elevation reaches the top-joining elevation and the actual pouring volume reaches the allowable error range of the designed closed volume, the top-joining completion status is considered complete. The actual pouring volume is updated to form a cementitious filling body, and the adjustment of the pumping flow rate for the top-joining and the splitting of the pre-joining top layer and the final joining top layer are recorded in the pouring record.

[0118] S502, early feedback processing can be triggered by insufficient early compressive strength during continuous pouring; design age acceptance archiving is executed after the filled layer reaches the design age. The top-joint acceptance module tests the early compressive strength of test blocks under the same conditions during construction. The age-strength ratio is the ratio of the early-strength test-age compressive strength to the design-age compressive strength. Dividing the early compressive strength by the corresponding age-strength ratio yields the predicted strength at the design age. If the age-strength ratio is equal to 0 or there is no corresponding record, subsequent pouring of the corresponding stope filling layer is suspended, and test blocks with the same mix ratio are added. After obtaining an age-strength ratio greater than 0, the predicted strength at the design age is recalculated, and then the strength comparison is resumed.

[0119] When the predicted strength at the design age is less than the strength control value of the filling layer in the corresponding stope of the test block under the same conditions, subsequent pouring is suspended. The remaining height is obtained by subtracting the filled height from the total height of the void. Then, the bearing capacity is checked based on the filled layer, the remaining height, the overlying load, and the stope stability requirements. The current bearing capacity is calculated based on the predicted strength at the design age of the filled layer or the measured compressive strength of the filled layer. The subsequent design load is calculated based on the remaining height, slurry density, additional load, and safety factor. If the current bearing capacity is not less than the subsequent design load, the bearing capacity check result is passed; otherwise, it is failed.

[0120] When reinforcement is required, a cementitious grout compatible with the cementitious material is injected into the insufficiently strengthened filled layer through the inspection holes or grouting holes. The designed grouting volume is determined based on the difference between the predicted strength at the design age obtained at the current feedback stage or the measured compressive strength of the filled layer and the strength control value, the reinforcement range, and the performance of the cementitious grout. The preset allowable pressure is determined based on the rated pressure of the grouting equipment, the stability data of the surrounding rock, and the integrity of the filled layer. Grouting is stopped when the cumulative grouting volume reaches the designed grouting volume or the grouting pressure stably reaches the preset allowable pressure, and a re-inspection is conducted after curing.

[0121] After the load-bearing verification and reinforcement re-inspection are passed, only the layer boundary height program, actual mix ratio and top-joint mix ratio vector of the unpoured main layer and the top section are adjusted, while the volume of the already poured interface compensation layer remains unchanged; if it fails, pouring will continue to be suspended.

[0122] After the filled layers reach their design age, sampling locations are selected within the corresponding layer height range for each filled layer. The sampling location, the corresponding stope backfill layer, and the testing age are recorded. The obtained samples are processed to meet the compressive strength testing requirements and then tested. The measured compressive strength of the filled layer is determined based on the test results of parallel samples. The sampling information, the test results of parallel samples, and the measured compressive strength of the filled layer are written into the filled layer testing record. If the measured compressive strength of the filled layer is less than the strength control value of the corresponding stope backfill layer, acceptance and archiving are suspended. The filled layer testing record is updated after load-bearing verification, reinforcement, and re-inspection to reach the corresponding strength control value.

[0123] For sampling, sample processing, and compressive strength testing of filled layers, those skilled in the art can use conventional testing methods for mine backfill bodies. The equipment operation and sample loading process are well-known technologies in the field and will not be described in detail here.

[0124] When the set corresponding to the untested area is not empty and supplementary testing is completed, the supplementary test point cloud is merged into the measured point cloud, the extrapolated boundary set and yield stress requirement value are updated, only the uncast section is corrected, and the filled layer is not adjusted. When the roof connection completion status is completed, the set corresponding to the uncast section is empty, and the measured compressive strength of each filled layer is not less than the strength control value of the corresponding stope filling layer, a description of the cementitious filling body is prepared based on the execution range, the final state geometry set of the empty area, the layer boundary height program sequence, the actual mix ratio of each stope filling layer, the filled height, the actual cast volume, and the roof connection completion status.

[0125] The description of the cementitious backfill includes the applicable scope, boundary elevation, actual mix proportions of the backfill layers in each stope, filled height, actual pouring volume, and roof connection completion status.

[0126] The descriptions, mix proportions, layer boundary switching tables, pouring records, and filling test records of the cementitious filling body are compiled and archived to obtain subsequent filling records.

[0127] To further aid in understanding the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, a specific application example is given below.

[0128] This application example selects a medium-deep hole segmented stope where a through-hole area was formed after the completion of mining. The stope floor elevation is 520.00m, the preset roof elevation is 556.00m, and the total height of the stope is 36.00m. Based on the measured point cloud, splicing results, and extrapolated sections to form the final geometric set of the stope, the stope volume is obtained as 15520m³. 3 The span of the empty area is 9.6–11.8 m; the rated pumping flow rate of the pulping unit is 180 m³ / h.3 / h, the preset pumping flow rate is 150m³ / h. 3 The filling pipe has a diameter of 150mm and a length of 950m, with a pre-set design target density of 1.95t / m³. 3 .

[0129] Using the same cementitious materials, tailings, aggregates, water, and admixtures as industrial backfilling, mix proportioning tests were conducted, resulting in 36 mix proportion records. The slurry concentration was 69%–72%, the cementitious material content was 9%–12%, and the slurry density was 1.90–1.96 t / m³. 3 The concentration adjustment step is 2 percentage points, the dosage adjustment step is 1 percentage point, the preset flow deviation limit is 8% of the set pump flow rate, the preset overlap time range is [20h, 38h], and the preset overlap time margin is 2h.

[0130] The gap mold test used different mold gap widths, root mean square of mold undulations, and mold injection heads to form multiple sets of mold data. Twenty-four sets were used to jointly calibrate the interlocking correction coefficient and interlocking depth coefficient, and the remaining 12 sets were used for verification. The results showed that the interlocking correction coefficient was 0.31, the interlocking depth coefficient was 0.58, the particle size ratio was 0.35, the relative bandwidth was 18%, and the compensation trigger threshold was 12%.

[0131] Taking a rheological statistical section as an example, the slurry density is 1950 kg / m³. 3 The effective slurry head is 1.20m, the root mean square of the wall undulation is 3mm, and the characteristic width of the cavity is 250mm. Substituting these values ​​into the interlocking rheological equation, we obtain: ; The required yield stress for this rheological statistical section is 49.5 Pa, forming a closed-loop yield stress interval [40.6 Pa, 58.4 Pa] with a relative bandwidth of 18%. The maximum allowable aggregate size is the smaller of the product of the cavity characteristic width and the aggregate size ratio, and the upper limit of the usable aggregate size.

[0132] The splice joint set includes 529.00m and 548.00m, the extrapolated boundary set includes 539.00m, the rheological crossing set includes 529.00m, 539.00m, 548.00m and 555.20m, and the strength crossing set includes 529.00m, 539.00m and 548.00m. A layer boundary merging method is adopted and processed according to a fixed priority. Combining the bottom plate elevation and the top plate elevation, a layer boundary elevation sequence of 520.00m, 529.00m, 539.00m, 548.00m, 555.20m and 556.00m is obtained.

[0133] By integrating the final state geometric set of the empty area according to the layer boundary height procedure, the layer geometric design volume corresponding to the first main layer below 529.00m is 3790m. 3 The geometric design volumes for the floors 529.00–539.00m, 539.00–548.00m, and 548.00–555.20m are 4500 m³. 3 3960m 3 and 2950m 3 The volume of the jacking section corresponding to 555.20~556.00m is 320m. 3 .

[0134] The mass of particles larger than the maximum allowable aggregate size of the first main layer in the residual sample accounts for 16.8% of the total mass of the residual sample, which is not less than the compensation trigger threshold of 12%. The compensation setting result is to set the interface compensation layer. The thickness of the residual layer within the range of the first main layer is 0.45m, the cavity feature depth is 0.62m, the thickness of the first main layer is 9.00m, and the upper limit of the thickness ratio is 0.10. The larger value between the residual layer thickness and the cavity feature depth is 0.62m, which is less than the product of the thickness of the first main layer and the upper limit of the thickness ratio, 0.90m. Therefore, the thickness of the compensation layer is 0.62m.

[0135] Integrating the final state geometric set of the empty region corresponding to 520.00–520.62 m, the compensation layer volume is obtained as 270 m. 3 The top surface of the compensation layer is 520.62m. After deducting the volume of the compensation layer from the geometric design volume of the first main layer, the actual geometric design volume of the first main layer is 3520m. 3 The pouring sequence is as follows: interface compensation layer, first main layer, second main layer, third main layer, fourth main layer, and top connection section, with corresponding volumes of 270m³ each. 3 3520m 3 4500m 3 3960m 3 2950m 3 and 320m 3 .

[0136] Based on the calculations of the vertical compressive stress, equivalent stress, lateral confinement conditions, and safety factor of the simulated filling body, the strength control values ​​for the interface compensation layer, the first main layer, the second main layer, the third main layer, the fourth main layer, and the top section are 1.20 MPa, 1.20 MPa, 0.95 MPa, 0.70 MPa, 0.50 MPa, and 0.40 MPa, respectively. The corresponding yield stress requirements are 45 Pa, 50 Pa, 62 Pa, 54 Pa, 38 Pa, and 28 Pa, respectively, forming yield stress ranges of [36.9 Pa, 53.1 Pa], [41.0 Pa, 59.0 Pa], [50.8 Pa, 73.2 Pa], [44.3 Pa, 63.7 Pa], [31.2 Pa, 44.8 Pa], and [23.0 Pa, 33.0 Pa].

[0137] After screening of feasible mix proportions, calculation of mix proportion optimization, verification of density verification rules, and compatibility testing of adjacent layers, the actual mix proportions for the filling layers and roof sections of each stope correspond to slurry concentrations of 70%, 71%, 72%, 71%, 70%, and 69%, respectively; cementitious material content of 12%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, and 9%, respectively; and yield stresses of 47 Pa, 52 Pa, 64 Pa, 56 Pa, 42 Pa, and 31 Pa, respectively. The yield stresses of each actual mix proportion fall within the corresponding yield stress range, and the differences in slurry concentration and cementitious material content between adjacent stope filling layers are not greater than the corresponding adjustment step size.

[0138] The specific cementitious material consumption for each actual mix proportion is 140 kg / m³. 3 138kg / m 3 122kg / m 3 108kg / m 3 96kg / m 3 and 92kg / m 3 Based on the actual volume of the filling layers and roof sections in each stope, the total amount of cementitious material used is 1812.88 tons. Under the same calculation conditions where the mix ratio of the interface compensation layer remains unchanged and the cementitious material consumption of the first main layer is used in the remaining spaces, the amount of cementitious material used is 2142.30 tons. The layered mix ratio reduces the amount of cementitious material used by 329.42 tons, a reduction of 15.38%.

[0139] Based on the pipe diameter and length, the internal volume of the filled pipe is approximately 16.8 m³. 3 The pumping flow rate is set to 150 m³ / h. 3 When the displacement rate is 0.112 h, the transition section volume is 16.8 m³. 3 The transition slurry satisfies the larger strength control value in the adjacent stope filling layer, the intersection of the two yield stress ranges, and the smaller allowable maximum aggregate size.

[0140] The planned pouring time for the interface compensation layer was 1.80 hours, while the actual initial setting time was 32 hours. The early strength testing age was 12 hours, corresponding to an age-strength ratio of 0.10. The design age-strength requirement for the interface compensation layer was calculated to be 0.12 MPa, and the preset early strength index was also 0.12 MPa; therefore, the early strength control value was 0.12 MPa. At 12 hours, the early compressive strength of the test block under the same conditions was measured to be 0.14 MPa, which is not less than the early strength control value, after which the first main layer was poured.

[0141] The planned pouring times for the first to fourth main layers were 23.47h, 30.00h, 26.40h, and 19.67h, respectively, with the actual initial setting times for each mix proportion being 34h, 36h, 35h, and 33h, respectively, all not less than the sum of the corresponding pouring time and overlap time allowance. During continuous pouring, the actual pumping flow rate decreased to 134m³ / h within a monitoring period. 3 / h, the difference from the set pumping flow rate is 16m 3 / h, greater than 12m 3 The flow rate deviation limit is set at / h. Based on the actual pumping flow rate, the planned start-up time for the remaining stope filling layer is recalculated, and the set pumping flow rate is increased to 165m³ / h. 3 / h, this value is not greater than the rated pumping flow rate.

[0142] After the main structure was poured, the total height reached 555.20m. Based on the design closed volume and the actual poured volume, the remaining closed volume is 324m³. 3 The pumping flow rate at the jacking point is 165 m³ / h. 3 The joint pouring time is 1.96 hours, the initial setting time of the joint mix proportion is 30 hours, and the perturbation time limit is 4.80 hours. The joint pouring time is not greater than the smaller value between the initial setting time and the perturbation time limit, and the joint mix proportion vector satisfies the joint constraint set, the joint yield range, and the upper limit of the joint particle size. The joint determination result is passed.

[0143] When the top connection was completed, the total actual poured volume was 15508m³. 3 , with 15520m 3 The design closed volume difference is 12m 3 The relative deviation was 0.08%; the elevation of the pouring surface reached 556.00m, and the top connection was completed.

[0144] To verify the strength applicability of the actual mix proportions, three sets of test blocks were fabricated under the same conditions according to the actual mix proportions of the interface compensation layer, the first main layer, the second main layer, the third main layer, the fourth main layer, and the top section, with a design age of 28 days. The measured compressive strengths of the filled layers were 1.42 MPa, 1.38 MPa, 1.10 MPa, 0.84 MPa, 0.63 MPa, and 0.52 MPa, respectively, with standard deviations of 0.05 MPa, 0.04 MPa, 0.04 MPa, 0.03 MPa, 0.03 MPa, and 0.02 MPa, respectively. The measured compressive strengths of each filled layer were not less than the corresponding strength control values.

[0145] See appendix Figure 8 The unfilled bars represent the strength control values, the slanted filled bars represent the measured compressive strength of the filled layer, and the error bars represent the standard deviation of the test results of the three groups of test blocks under the same conditions. The strength control values ​​of the interface compensation layer, the first main layer, the second main layer, the third main layer, the fourth main layer, and the top section are 1.20MPa, 1.20MPa, 0.95MPa, 0.70MPa, 0.50MPa, and 0.40MPa, respectively, and the measured compressive strengths of the filled layers are 1.42MPa, 1.38MPa, 1.10MPa, 0.84MPa, 0.63MPa, and 0.52MPa, respectively.

[0146] The above results show that the measured compressive strength of the filled layers and the top section of each stope has reached the corresponding strength control value, and the layer ratio and the layer boundary switching results meet the strength requirements of this application embodiment.

[0147] While specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above, those skilled in the art should understand that these specific embodiments are merely illustrative. Those skilled in the art can omit, substitute, and modify the details of the above methods and systems in various ways without departing from the principles and essence of the present invention. For example, combining the above method steps to perform substantially the same function and achieve substantially the same result using substantially the same method falls within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A smart and optimized method for segmented open-hole mining in medium-deep holes, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: Prepare slurries with different ratios and test them, establish a ratio database, and define the design filling range; Blasting and ore extraction are carried out in segments within the designed filling area to delineate segmented empty areas. The final geometric set of the empty areas is formed by point cloud splicing and downgrading and extrapolating the unmeasured areas. Based on the final geometric set of the empty area, calculate the strength demand function and yield stress demand value, divide the mining area filling layer, and obtain the layer boundary height sequence and the layer geometric design quantity, strength control value and yield stress range of each mining area filling layer; The feasible mix proportions are screened from the mix proportion database, and the initial mix proportions are determined by combining the mix proportion optimization formula. The pouring time is determined according to the layer geometric design volume and the preset set pump flow rate. The initial setting time of the initial mix proportion is checked to be no less than the sum of the pouring time and the preset overlap time margin, and the set pump flow rate is no greater than the preset rated pump flow rate. The initial mix proportions are checked by the adjacent layer compatibility formula to determine the actual mix proportions and generate mix proportion instructions and layer boundary switching tables. The concrete is continuously poured according to the mixing ratio instruction and the layer boundary switching table to form a filled layer and a filled height. The top section is determined by the filled height and the top section judgment is completed. When the judgment is passed, the top section is poured to form a cementitious filling body. The filled layer is inspected to obtain a filling test record. The description of the cementitious filling body, the mixing ratio instruction, the layer boundary switching table and the filling test record are archived to obtain the subsequent filling record.

2. The intelligent optimized segmented open-field subsequent backfilling mining method for medium-deep holes according to claim 1, characterized in that, The steps for establishing a mix design database and defining the design filling range include: Prepare slurries with different slurry concentrations and cementitious material dosages and test them. Record the proportions and write them into the proportion database to form proportion files. The design filling range is delineated based on the ore body boundary, the mining area boundary, and the expected breakthrough area, and the rated pumping flow rate, concentration adjustment step size, dosage adjustment step size, pipe diameter, and pipe length are read.

3. The intelligent optimized segmented open-field subsequent backfilling mining method for medium-deep holes according to claim 2, characterized in that, Also includes: Using multiple sets of trial mold data and the interlocking rheometry calibration, the interlocking correction coefficient, the interlocking depth coefficient, and the relative bandwidth are determined, the particle size ratio is calculated, and the upper limit of the usable particle size is read. The compensation trigger threshold is determined by calibrating the residual sample. The difference between the earliest time when the penetration resistance is not less than the preset penetration resistance threshold and the time when the test block under the same conditions is completed is determined as the disturbance window calibration value.

4. The intelligent optimized segmented open-hole subsequent backfilling mining method for medium-deep holes according to claim 3, characterized in that, The steps to form the final state geometric set of the empty region include: Within the designed filling range, medium-deep hole drilling and blasting and ore extraction are carried out in sections. When the ore grade is not greater than the ore extraction termination grade, the section void is delineated. The segmented empty area is measured to obtain a segmented point cloud and the connectivity status marker is recorded. The segmented point cloud is then stitched together to obtain a set of stitching seams. The execution range is determined based on the connectivity status marker. Based on the unmeasured area, an extrapolated section is formed, the extrapolated boundary elevation is written into the extrapolated boundary set, and the extrapolated yield stress requirement value is determined. The measured point cloud, splicing results, and extrapolated segments are combined to form the final state geometric set of the void region, and the root mean square of the wall undulation, the characteristic width of the cavity, the thickness of the residual layer, the characteristic depth of the cavity, and the residual particle size distribution are obtained.

5. The intelligent optimized segmented open-field subsequent backfilling mining method for medium-deep holes according to claim 4, characterized in that, The steps to obtain the boundary height sequence and the geometric design quantities, strength control values ​​and yield stress ranges of each mining area filling layer include: The intensity demand function is calculated based on the final state geometry set of the empty area, and the intensity span set is obtained according to the intensity grading interval. Substituting the root mean square of the wall undulation, the characteristic width of the cavity, the effective slurry head, the interlocking correction coefficient, and the interlocking depth coefficient into the interlocking rheological formula, the yield stress requirement value is obtained. The extrapolated segment adopts the extrapolated yield stress requirement value, the yield stress interval is formed according to the relative bandwidth, and the rheological span set is obtained according to the rheological grading interval. The maximum allowable aggregate particle size is obtained based on the cavity feature width, the particle size ratio, and the upper limit of the available particle size, thus forming the wall fitting requirements.

6. The intelligent optimized segmented open-field subsequent backfilling mining method for medium-deep holes according to claim 5, characterized in that, The steps for obtaining the boundary height sequence and the geometric design quantities, strength control values ​​and yield stress ranges of each mining area filling layer also include: The splicing seam set, the extrapolated boundary set, the rheological crossing set, and the intensity crossing set are merged using a layer boundary joint method. The layer boundary high program sequence is generated according to the priority that the splicing seam set and the extrapolated boundary set are higher than the rheological crossing set, and the rheological crossing set is higher than the intensity crossing set. The stope filling layer is divided by the boundary height program sequence, with the bottommost main layer being the first main layer. The geometric design quantity of the layer is obtained according to the final state geometric set of the empty area. The maximum value of the strength demand function within the layer is taken as the strength control value. The intersection of the yield stress intervals within the layer is taken as the yield stress interval of the corresponding stope filling layer. When the intersection is empty, the stope filling layer is split and the boundary height program sequence and the geometric design quantity of the layer are updated.

7. The intelligent optimized segmented open-field subsequent backfilling mining method for medium-deep holes according to claim 6, characterized in that, Also includes: The excess mass fraction is obtained based on the maximum allowable aggregate particle size of the first main layer and the residual particle size distribution. When the excess mass fraction is not less than the compensation trigger threshold, the interface compensation layer is set; otherwise, the interface compensation layer is not set. When setting the interface compensation layer, the thickness, volume, and top surface of the compensation layer are determined based on the residual layer thickness, the cavity feature depth, the thickness of the first main layer, and the upper limit of the thickness ratio. The volume of the compensation layer is deducted from the volume of the layer geometry design of the first main layer, the top surface of the compensation layer is added as a local layer boundary, and the layer boundary height sequence and the layer geometry design volume are updated so that the interface compensation layer is embedded inside the first main layer.

8. The intelligent optimized segmented open-field subsequent backfilling mining method for medium-deep holes according to claim 7, characterized in that, The steps of screening feasible mix proportions, determining the initial mix proportions using a mix proportion optimization formula, and determining the pouring time based on the layer geometry design volume and the preset pumping flow rate include: The feasible mix design set is obtained by screening candidate combinations that satisfy the strength control value, the yield stress range, the maximum allowable aggregate particle size and the pipeline transportation criterion from the mix design database. The initial mix ratio is determined by combining the mix ratio optimization formula, the pouring time is determined according to the layer geometry design volume and the set pumping flow rate, and the effective slurry head, yield stress requirement value and strength requirement function are updated according to the density verification rule. When the initial setting time of the initial mix ratio is less than the sum of the pouring time and the overlap time margin, the initial mix ratio is adjusted and re-determined according to the constraint relaxation order, wherein the increased set pumping flow rate is not greater than the rated pumping flow rate.

9. The intelligent optimized segmented open-field subsequent backfilling mining method for medium-deep holes according to claim 8, characterized in that, The steps for determining the actual proportions and generating proportioning instructions and layer boundary switching tables include: When the adjacent layer compatibility test of the filling layers of adjacent stopes is adopted, if the difference in slurry concentration, the difference in cementitious material dosage, and the overlap time all meet the corresponding constraints, the initial mix ratio is determined as the actual mix ratio; otherwise, the adjacent layer joint solution is performed. If there is no combination that meets the conditions, the solution is repeated according to the constraint relaxation order. The actual proportions of the filling layers in each stope are summarized to form the proportioning instruction, and the boundary switching table is generated based on the boundary height program and the actual proportions. Calculate the volume of sediment in the pipe, replacement time, and transition section volume based on the pipe diameter, pipe length, and the set pumping flow rate of the next stope filling layer. When the intersection of the two yield stress intervals is empty, perform joint solution of adjacent layers. When it is still empty, split the stope filling layer and solve it again. Continuous pouring is carried out according to the mixing ratio instruction and the layer boundary switching table to form the filled layer and the filled height, and the actual pouring volume is accumulated. When the elevation of the pouring surface reaches the layer boundary elevation and the slurry enters the next actual mix ratio, the actual mix ratio switch between layers is completed and written into the pouring record.

10. The intelligent optimized segmented open-field subsequent backfilling mining method for medium-deep holes according to claim 9, characterized in that, The steps to obtain the subsequent filling record include: The joint section is defined based on the joint elevation and the already filled height. The remaining closed volume is obtained based on the difference between the designed closed volume and the actual poured volume within the same spatial range. The narrow section of the joint is also identified. Based on the narrow cross section of the top, the yield range and the upper limit of the top particle size are formed. The strength control value of the top section and the pipeline transportation criterion are used to form the top constraint set, and the top ratio vector is selected. When the penetration resistance is less than the penetration resistance threshold, the larger of the perturbation window calibration value and the difference between the resting time and 0 is taken as the perturbation time limit; otherwise, the perturbation time limit is equal to 0. When the perturbation time limit is greater than 0, a top-locking test is adopted. If it is not valid, the pumping flow rate of the top connection is increased but not greater than the rated pumping flow rate. If it is still not valid, the pre-connected top layer and the final connected top layer are split and retested. When the perturbable time limit is equal to 0, non-perturbable interface processing is performed, and the initial setting time of the top-joint mix ratio is used to control the pouring time of the top-joint pouring. When the jointing determination result is passed, the jointing section is poured according to the jointing ratio vector to form the cementitious filling body. The filled layer is then inspected at the design age to obtain the filled test record. When the top connection completion status is "completed", the corresponding set of the unpoured section is empty, and the measured compressive strength of the filled layer is not less than the strength control value of the corresponding mined area filling layer, the description of the cementitious filling body is compiled according to the execution range, the layer boundary height program sequence, the actual mix ratio, the filled height, the actual pouring volume, and the top connection completion status. The description of the cementitious filling body, the mix ratio instruction, the layer boundary switching table, the pouring record, and the filled detection record are summarized and archived to obtain the subsequent filling record.

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