Reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system and permeation measurement method thereof

Abstract

The present application relates to a kind of reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system and its permeation measurement method, reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system includes permeation device, gas inlet module, gas outlet module, oxygen control module, detection module;Permeation device includes permeation container, baffle;Permeation container includes the first part and the second part of detachable connection;Baffle is clamped between the first part and the second part, the internal space of permeation container is divided into lower chamber, for accommodating liquid metal upper chamber;Gas inlet module is connected with lower chamber;Gas outlet module includes at least one vacuum pumping mechanism, and is connected with the internal space of permeation container;Oxygen control module is connected with upper chamber;Detection module includes mass spectrometer, and mass spectrometer is connected with upper chamber.The present application can be suitable for multiple types of hydrogen isotope permeation experiment, can provide data support for the study of hydrogen isotope permeation behavior related to liquid metal, tritium chemical form in blanket gas.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of nuclear power technology, and more specifically, to a reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system and its permeation measurement method. Background Technology

[0002] In reactors using liquid metal as the primary coolant, oxygen from the liquid metal and loop equipment combines with hydrogen isotopes such as tritium to form compounds like tritium water. These compounds readily migrate into the cover gas, increasing the risk of tritium radiation. Therefore, studying the hydrogen isotope permeation behavior related to liquid metal and the chemical forms of tritium in the cover gas is of great significance for assessing tritium metering in reactors and designing tritium purification systems.

[0003] Current liquid metal permeation measurement systems struggle to simulate the complex gas-liquid-solid environments under reactor operating conditions, including structural materials, liquid metal, oxygen-controlled environments, and cover gas environments. Therefore, it's difficult to conduct multiple measurement experiments, such as liquid metal permeation measurement and gas-phase seed state measurement, using a single system. Furthermore, existing technologies cannot simulate complex operating conditions such as different solid-liquid interfaces and different oxygen-controlled environments in a single device. This prevents systematic research on the permeation behavior of hydrogen isotopes at different structural material interfaces and gas-phase seed state transformations, affecting the comparability of test data between materials and the accuracy of evaluations, resulting in poor data comparability. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system for reactor liquid metal coolant and a permeation measurement method, in view of the above-mentioned defects of the prior art.

[0005] The technical solution adopted by this invention to solve its technical problem is: constructing a reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system, comprising: A permeation apparatus includes a permeation container and a partition; the partition is detachably disposed on the permeation container and divides the internal space of the permeation container into a lower chamber and an upper chamber for containing liquid metal; An air intake module, connected to the lower chamber, is used to input measuring gas into the permeation container; The venting module includes at least one vacuuming mechanism and is connected to the internal space of the permeation container; An oxygen control module, connected to the upper chamber, is used to regulate the oxygen content in the liquid metal (2); and The detection module includes a mass spectrometer connected to the upper chamber for detecting the gas components discharged from the upper chamber (1101).

[0006] Furthermore, the permeation device also includes an upper chamber pressure detection element and a lower chamber pressure detection element, which are used to detect the pressure of the upper chamber and the lower chamber, respectively.

[0007] Furthermore, the permeation apparatus also includes a heater, which is disposed outside the permeation vessel.

[0008] Furthermore, the permeation apparatus also includes a temperature detection element disposed in the permeation container, the temperature detection element being used to detect the temperature of the liquid metal.

[0009] Furthermore, the air intake module includes a measuring gas cylinder containing the measuring gas and a flow meter, the flow meter being disposed in the pipe connecting the measuring gas cylinder and the permeation device.

[0010] Furthermore, the oxygen control module includes: An atmosphere conditioning unit for providing at least one oxygen control gas; A bubbling unit, connected to the atmosphere conditioning unit, the bubbling unit including at least one nozzle extending into the upper chamber for injecting the at least one oxygen-controlled gas into the liquid metal; and An oxygen content detection device is used to collect the dissolved oxygen content signal in the liquid metal.

[0011] Furthermore, the oxygen control module also includes at least one flow meter; the at least one flow meter is disposed between the atmosphere conditioning unit and the bubbling unit; The reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system also includes a control module, which is configured to use closed-loop feedback control to adjust the output of at least one oxygen control gas of the atmosphere conditioning unit based on the dissolved oxygen content signal collected by the oxygen content detector, so as to maintain the dissolved oxygen content in the liquid metal at a target value.

[0012] Furthermore, the atmosphere conditioning unit includes a hydrogen cylinder, an oxygen cylinder, and an inert gas cylinder, which are respectively connected to the upper chamber.

[0013] Furthermore, the permeation vessel includes a detachably connected first part and a second part, with a partition sandwiched between the first part and the second part, both of which are flange-shaped.

[0014] A method for measuring the hydrogen isotope permeation of reactor liquid metal coolant is constructed and applied to the hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system of reactor liquid metal coolant described in any of the preceding claims. The method for measuring the hydrogen isotope permeation of reactor liquid metal coolant includes: Step S1: Install the partition and place the target amount of liquid metal in the upper chamber; Step S2: Pre-treat the internal environment of the permeation container to remove impurities from the environment; Step S3: Inject gas into the permeation container to establish the experimental conditions for the required measurement experiment. Step S4: Monitor the mass spectrometer signal to obtain measurement data; The measurement experiments include permeation parameter measurement experiments and gas phase space seed state measurement experiments; When the required measurement experiment is a permeation parameter measurement experiment, step S3 includes injecting measurement gas into the lower chamber through the air intake module; When the required measurement experiment is a gas phase space seed state measurement experiment, step S3 includes injecting the measurement gas into the lower chamber through the air intake module and injecting the oxygen control gas into the liquid metal through the oxygen control module.

[0015] Further, step S1 includes: Step S11, install the partition; Step S12: Place the target amount of the liquid metal in the upper chamber; Step S13: Heat the liquid metal to melt it into a liquid state.

[0016] Furthermore, before installing the partition, step S1 also includes polishing the partition.

[0017] Further, step S2 includes: evacuating the permeation vessel and heating the permeation vessel.

[0018] Further, step S2 includes: Step S21: Evacuate the upper chamber and the lower chamber; Step S22: Heat the permeation container according to a preset heating rate, so that the liquid metal is heated to the target temperature; Step S23: Maintain constant temperature for a preset time.

[0019] Furthermore, placing the target amount of liquid metal in the upper chamber includes: placing the target amount of liquid metal in the upper chamber and heating the liquid metal to melt it into a liquid state; Before step S21, step S2 further includes: Step S20: Cool the liquid metal to a solid state.

[0020] Further, the injection of oxygen-controlled gas into the liquid metal via the oxygen control module includes: A mixture of hydrogen and inert gas is injected into the liquid metal through the oxygen control module; A mixture of hydrogen, inert gas, and oxygen is injected into the liquid metal through the oxygen control module.

[0021] Furthermore, prior to step S1, the reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation measurement method further includes: Step S0: Select the partition of the corresponding material according to the measurement experiment required.

[0022] Furthermore, it also includes step S5, replacing the partition, and repeating steps S1 to S4.

[0023] Furthermore, the oxygen control module includes at least one nozzle extending into the upper chamber; when the required measurement experiment requires the use of the oxygen control module, the target amount of liquid metal is such that the outlet of the nozzle is located below the liquid surface of the liquid metal.

[0024] The technical solution constructed by implementing the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects: The reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system of this invention, through the cooperation of its various modules, can accurately simulate the comprehensive gas, liquid, and solid environment under reactor operating conditions. This allows the system to perform various measurement experiments related to liquid metal coolants, including permeation measurements and gas phase seed state measurements. These different measurements provide more comprehensive and reliable data support for studying the hydrogen isotope permeation behavior related to liquid metals and the chemical forms of tritium in the covered gas. This data supports the evaluation of tritium measurement in reactors, the design of tritium purification systems, and even the design and improvement of reactors. Furthermore, by using a baffle clamped between the first and second parts, the material of the baffle can be flexibly selected. This allows the system to simulate complex operating conditions such as different solid-liquid interfaces and different oxygen control environments, systematically studying the permeation behavior of hydrogen isotopes at different structural material interfaces and gas phase seed state transformations, improving the comparability of test data obtained from different materials and the accuracy of data evaluation. Attached Figure Description

[0025] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. In the accompanying drawings: Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system in one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the main structure of the permeation vessel; Figure 3 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the cover of the permeation container and the components mounted on the cover; Figure 4 yes Figure 1 The diagram shows the electrical connections of the modules in the experimental system for hydrogen isotope permeation of liquid metal coolant in a reactor. Figure 5 This is a flowchart of a method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in a reactor liquid metal coolant according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a flowchart of a method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation of reactor liquid metal coolant in another embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0026] To provide a clearer understanding of the technical features, objectives, and effects of the present invention, specific embodiments are now described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Many specific details are set forth in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention can be practiced in many ways different from those described herein, and those skilled in the art can make similar modifications without departing from the spirit of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0027] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "longitudinal", "lateral", "up", "down", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings or the orientation or positional relationship commonly used when the product of this invention is in use. They are only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this invention.

[0028] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of that feature. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0029] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," "linking," and "fixing," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components, unless otherwise explicitly limited. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0030] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, "above" or "below" the second feature can mean that the first feature is in direct contact with the second feature, or that the first feature is in indirect contact with the second feature through an intermediate medium. Furthermore, "above" the second feature can mean that the first feature is directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply that the first feature is at a higher horizontal level than the second feature. "Below" the second feature can mean that the first feature is directly below or diagonally below the second feature, or simply that the first feature is at a lower horizontal level than the second feature.

[0031] like Figures 1 to 4 As shown, the present invention constructs a reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system 1, which can be used to conduct permeation measurement experiments of reactor liquid metal coolant, gas phase space seed state measurement experiments, and other measurement experiments involving liquid metals.

[0032] The reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system 1 includes a permeation device 10, an intake module 20, an exhaust module 30, an oxygen control module 40, a detection module 50, and a control module 60. The control module 60 controls the operation of the reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system 1. The electrical equipment in the permeation device 10, intake module 20, exhaust module 30, oxygen control module 40, and detection module 50 are communicatively connected to the control module 60 to output detection data or to perform operations under the control of the control module 60.

[0033] The permeation device 10 provides experimental space. A partition 15 can be installed within the permeation device 10, dividing the space into an upper chamber 1101 and a lower chamber 1102. The upper chamber 1101 can be used to contain liquid metal 2. The gas inlet module 20 can be connected to the lower chamber 1102 for introducing measuring gas into the lower chamber 1102. The gas outlet module 30 is connected to both the upper chamber 1101 and the lower chamber 1102 for discharging gas from these chambers or for evacuating them. The oxygen control module 40 is connected to the upper chamber 1101 for injecting oxygen control gas into the upper chamber 1101 and the liquid metal 2 inside it. The detection module 50 is connected to the upper chamber 1101 for collecting measurement data.

[0034] Thus, during the experiment, the partition 15 can be installed in the permeation device 10 first, and then the liquid metal 2 can be placed in the upper chamber 1101. Then, the required measurement conditions for the experiment can be constructed through the air inlet module 20, the air outlet module 30, and the oxygen control module 40, and the measurement data can be obtained through the detection module 50.

[0035] The present invention provides an oxygen control module 40, which can be used to inject inert gases such as argon into the upper chamber 1101 to simulate the covering gas environment on the surface of liquid metal 2 in a reactor. The oxygen control module 40 can also be used to inject mixed oxygen control gas into liquid metal 2 to simulate the oxygen control environment in a reactor.

[0036] The present invention provides an air intake module 20, which can be used to inject hydrogen or deuterium and other hydrogen isotope gases into the lower chamber 1102 to simulate tritium in a reactor.

[0037] By setting up an exhaust module 30, the present invention can use the vacuuming function of the exhaust module 30 to remove air, moisture and other impurities from the permeation device 10, ensuring the purity of the experimental environment, avoiding interference with measurement, corrosion of equipment, contamination of the partition 15 and liquid metal 2, reducing experimental errors and improving the accuracy of measurement data.

[0038] This invention, through the cooperation of multiple modules such as the air intake module 20, the air outlet module 30, and the oxygen control module 40, can achieve accurate simulation of the gas, liquid, and solid integrated environment under reactor operating conditions. This enables the reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system 1 to perform permeation measurement experiments, gas phase space seed state measurement experiments, and other measurement experiments related to liquid metal coolants.

[0039] Meanwhile, using the same system for multiple different measurement experiments can avoid different systematic errors caused by different experiments conducted in different systems, and ensure that all experiments related to liquid metal coolants are carried out under the same system background conditions (such as the same vacuum system, the same mass spectrometer calibration status, the same pipeline adsorption characteristics, etc.), which significantly improves the intrinsic comparability and reliability of data obtained from different experiments.

[0040] Thus, different measurement experiments can provide more comprehensive and reliable data support for studying the hydrogen isotope permeation behavior related to liquid metal coolants and the chemical forms of tritium in the cover gas, thereby providing data support for evaluating tritium measurement in reactors, designing tritium purification systems, and even designing and improving reactors.

[0041] It should be noted that, because tritium gas and tritides are radioactive, the measuring gas used in the intake module 20 is usually an isotope of tritium. The experimental error caused by the difference in atomic mass between hydrogen or deuterium and tritium is within an acceptable range in engineering. Of course, if tritium radiation is not considered, the measuring gas used in the intake module 20 can also be set to tritium gas.

[0042] like Figures 1 to 3 As shown, in some embodiments, the permeation apparatus 10 may include a permeation container 11, a temperature sensing element 12, an upper chamber pressure sensing element 13, a lower chamber pressure sensing element 14, and a heating device (not shown). The permeation container 11 is generally hollow and cylindrical. A partition 15 may be disposed within the permeation container 11 to divide the space within the permeation container 11 into an upper chamber 1101 and a lower chamber 1102. The temperature sensing element 12 extends at least partially into the permeation container 11 to detect the temperature within the permeation container 11. The upper chamber pressure sensing element 13 is used to detect the pressure in the upper chamber 1101, and the lower chamber pressure sensing element 14 is used to detect the pressure in the lower chamber 1102. The heating device is used to heat the permeation container 11, the internal partition 15, and the liquid metal 2.

[0043] Specifically, the permeation container 11 is a hollow cylinder. A partition 15 is horizontally positioned within the permeation container 11 in a direction perpendicular to its axial direction, allowing the upper chamber 1101 and lower chamber 1102 to be spaced apart axially. The upper chamber pressure sensor 13 is located on the pipe connecting the oxygen control module 40 and the upper chamber 1101, while the lower chamber pressure sensor 14 is located on the pipe connecting the air inlet module 20 and the lower chamber 1102. The temperature sensor 12 is longitudinally positioned, at least partially located at the location of the liquid metal 2, to accurately detect the temperature of the liquid metal 2 and ensure precise temperature control in the experiment. The heating device is located on the outer periphery of the permeation container 11 to provide uniform heating.

[0044] This invention, by setting the upper chamber pressure detection element 13 and the lower chamber pressure detection element 14 outside the permeation container 11, can achieve chamber pressure detection while avoiding occupying space within the chamber. This facilitates the miniaturization of the permeation container 11, making it easier to limit its size and thus reducing costs. Simultaneously, it reduces the impact of the weight of the liquid metal 2 on the supporting strength of the partition 15, ensuring the reliability of the structural strength during experiments.

[0045] It should be noted that the temperature sensing element 12 can be implemented using existing technologies such as thermocouples and temperature sensors. The upper chamber pressure sensing element 13 and the lower chamber pressure sensing element 14 can be implemented using existing technologies such as pressure sensors. The heater can be implemented using existing technologies such as heating furnaces. No specific limitations are made here.

[0046] In some other embodiments, the upper chamber pressure detection element 13 may also be at least partially disposed in the upper chamber 1101, and the lower chamber pressure detection element 14 may also be at least partially disposed in the lower chamber 1102.

[0047] In other embodiments, the permeation container 11 may also be configured as a hollow polygonal column, an elliptical column, an irregular column, a polygonal body, a sphere, an irregular body, or other shapes.

[0048] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, the permeation container 11 may include a detachably connected first portion and a second portion. The partition 15 may be clamped between the first portion and the second portion to allow the partition 15 to be detachably assembled within the permeation container 11.

[0049] Specifically, the permeation container 11 can be divided into a main body 111 and a cover 112. The main body 111 may include a first part and a second part. The first part is a hollow tube with both ends open, and the second part is a hollow cylinder with one end open and the other end closed. The first part and the second part may both be flange-shaped and detachably sealed together to form a hollow cylindrical main body 111 that is generally closed at one end and open at the other. When the partition 15 is detachably clamped between the first part and the second part, the partition 15 divides the hollow chamber with one end open and the other closed into two parts, namely, a relatively sealed lower chamber 1102 and an upper chamber 1101 with one end open. The cover 112 is placed on the through end of the main body 111, that is, the end of the first part away from the second part, to close the through end of the upper chamber 1101.

[0050] Specifically, the main body 111 and the cover 112 are sealed together via a flange structure. The temperature sensor 12 passes through the cover 112 and extends into the upper chamber 1101. The second air intake pipe 400 and the oxygen content sensor 45 of the oxygen control module 40 extend into the upper chamber 1101 via the cover 112. The detection pipe 500 of the detection module 50 extends into the upper chamber 1101 via the cover 112. The first air intake pipe 200 of the air intake module 20 and the air outlet pipe 300 of the air outlet module 30 extend into the lower chamber 1102 through the closed end of the main body 111.

[0051] This invention employs a permeation container 11 with a detachably connected first and second part, and a detachably clamped partition 15 between them. This allows for easy replacement of the partition 15 by separating the first and second parts when studying the permeation behavior of different structural materials, eliminating the need to replace the entire permeation apparatus 10. This significantly reduces the cost and time of multi-material testing, while ensuring that all tests share the same liquid metal environment, temperature control system, gas path, and detection system. This eliminates systematic errors introduced by replacing the entire apparatus, greatly improving the intrinsic comparability and reliability of test data between different materials.

[0052] This invention, by setting a partition 15 between the first part and the second part, allows for flexible selection and replacement of partitions 15 made of different materials. This system can then be used to simulate complex working conditions such as different solid-liquid interfaces and different oxygen control environments, in order to systematically study the permeation behavior of hydrogen isotopes at the interfaces of different structural materials and the transformation of gaseous seed states, thereby improving the comparability of test data obtained from different materials and the accuracy of data evaluation.

[0053] In some other embodiments, the first and second parts of the permeation container 11 may both be hollow cylindrical structures with one end open and the other end closed. Flange structures are provided at the through ends of the two structures, and the permeation container 11 is sealed by connecting the flanges at the through ends of the two structures.

[0054] In some other embodiments, the partition 15 may also be clamped between the first part and the second part by means of VCR (vacuum coupling radial seal).

[0055] In some other embodiments, the body 111 and the cover 112 of the permeation container 11 can also be integrally formed. In this case, the partition 15 can also be disposed inside the body 111 by means of welding or other methods.

[0056] In some embodiments, the radial dimension of the permeation container 11 can be greater than or equal to 25 mm and less than or equal to 100 mm. For example, its radial dimension can specifically be 30 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm, 45 mm, 50 mm, 55 mm, 60 mm, 65 mm, 70 mm, 75 mm, 80 mm, 85 mm, 90 mm, 95 mm, or any other value within this region. The size of the partition 15 can be set accordingly.

[0057] It should be noted that, in this invention, the radial dimension of the permeation container 11 can be flexibly adjusted based on factors such as the measurement scheme, system structure, size of the partition 15, and the target thickness of the liquid metal 2, so as to control the total weight of the liquid metal 2 within the structural weighing threshold of the partition 15, the permeation container 11, and the sealing structure between them, so as to ensure the sealing performance of the upper chamber 1101 and the lower chamber 1102 defined by the partition 15 and the permeation container 11, the structural stability of the partition 15, and avoid measurement errors during long-term high-temperature measurement.

[0058] This invention, by limiting the radial dimension of the permeation container 11, also limits the total amount of liquid metal 2. Furthermore, given the target thickness of the liquid metal 2, it limits the total load exerted by the liquid metal 2 on the separator 15. This allows for the flexible selection of a thinner separator 15, shortening the permeation path of the hydrogen isotope and thus reducing the time required for the permeation experiment to reach a stable signal by a quadratic order. This ensures that the measurement process can be completed within a realistically feasible timeframe, and that the permeation signal is effectively received by the detection module 50 before the signal-to-noise ratio deteriorates or equipment drift becomes unacceptable, guaranteeing the validity of the measurement data and the lower limit of the experimental permeation flux.

[0059] Meanwhile, by setting the partition 15 to be detachably clamped inside the permeation container 11 and limiting the size of the permeation container 11, the present invention can reduce the cost of experimental consumables, improve experimental efficiency, and has good economic benefits.

[0060] like Figure 1 As shown, in some embodiments, the air intake module 20 may include a first air intake pipe 200, a measuring gas cylinder 21 disposed on the first air intake pipe 200, a valve 70, and a flow meter 80. The measuring gas cylinder 21 is disposed at the inlet end of the first air intake pipe 200, and the outlet end of the first air intake pipe 200 is connected to the lower chamber 1102. The valve 70 and the flow meter 80 are both disposed on the first air intake pipe 200.

[0061] Specifically, the valve 70 can be installed between the flow meter 80 and the measuring gas cylinder 21. The lower chamber pressure detection element 14 is installed on the first air inlet pipe 200 and is located downstream of the valve 70 to detect the pressure in the lower chamber 1102.

[0062] It should be noted that the measuring gas contained in the measuring gas cylinder 21 can be flexibly selected based on experimental requirements, such as hydrogen or deuterium. The selection should be distinguished from the signal of the oxygen control gas, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0063] In some other embodiments, the position of the flow meter 80 on the first air inlet pipe 200 can be flexibly adjusted.

[0064] In some embodiments, the gas outlet module 30 may include a gas outlet pipe 300, a valve 70, and at least one first vacuum pumping mechanism. The first vacuum pumping mechanism is connected to the upper chamber 1101 and / or the lower chamber 1102 via the gas outlet pipe 300, and is used to discharge gas from the chamber and to evacuate it.

[0065] Specifically, the first vacuuming mechanism may include a first mechanical pump 31 and a first molecular pump 32. The first mechanical pump 31 is located at the outlet end of the gas outlet pipe 300. The first molecular pump 32 is located between the first mechanical pump 31 and the permeation container 11. Valves 70 are provided between the first mechanical pump 31 and the first molecular pump 32, and between the first molecular pump 32 and the permeation container 11.

[0066] The present invention, by setting the first vacuum pumping mechanism, may include a first mechanical pump 31 and a first molecular pump 32, which can ensure that the system pressure can be reduced to 10. -6 Below Pa, it meets the ultimate vacuum requirements of various measurement experiments.

[0067] exist Figure 1 In the illustrated embodiment, there is only one first vacuum pumping mechanism, which is connected only to the lower chamber 1102 and is used to evacuate the lower chamber 1102. The evacuation of the upper chamber 1101 is achieved by a second vacuum pumping mechanism in the detection module 50, which is connected to the upper chamber 1101.

[0068] Furthermore, the exhaust module 30 may also include an exhaust gas treatment device (not shown in the figure), which is located at the end of the exhaust pipe 300 to treat the exhaust gas output by the first vacuum mechanism.

[0069] In some other embodiments, the first vacuum pumping mechanism may also be connected to the upper chamber 1101 and the lower chamber 1102 respectively, so as to evacuate the two chambers simultaneously. Alternatively, the number of the first vacuum pumping mechanisms may be set to two, which are respectively connected to the upper chamber 1101 and the lower chamber 1102 in a one-to-one correspondence, so as to evacuate the two chambers independently.

[0070] In other embodiments, the first vacuum pumping mechanism may also be implemented using other existing pumps such as ion pumps, diffusion pumps, and cryogenic pumps to meet the extreme vacuum (e.g., 10) required during formal testing.-5 Experimental requirements (below Pa).

[0071] In some embodiments, the oxygen control module 40 may include a second air intake pipe 400, a bubbling unit, an oxygen content detection element 45, an atmosphere conditioning unit, at least one flow meter 80, and at least one valve 70.

[0072] The atmosphere conditioning unit is located at the inlet end of the second air inlet pipe 400 and is used to provide at least one oxygen control gas. The bubbling unit is located at the outlet end of the second air inlet pipe 400 and includes at least one nozzle 41. The nozzle 41 extends at least partially into the upper chamber 1101 and is at least partially located within the liquid metal 2 during the experiment, for injecting oxygen control gas into the liquid metal 2. The oxygen content detection element 45 is located on the permeation container 11, extends at least partially into the upper chamber 1101, and is located within the liquid metal 2 during the experiment, for collecting the dissolved oxygen content signal within the liquid metal 2. The flow meter 80 and the valve 70 are located between the atmosphere conditioning unit and the bubbling unit.

[0073] Specifically, the atmosphere conditioning unit may include at least two oxygen control gas cylinders, which are connected in parallel at the inlet end of the second air inlet pipe 400. The nozzle 41 has a plurality of outlet holes 411 spaced apart for outputting oxygen control gas into the liquid metal 2. By providing a nozzle 41 with multiple outlet holes 411, the diameter of the output bubbles can be reduced, and the number of bubbles can be increased. This increases the mass transfer rate of oxygen and hydrogen at the gas-liquid interface.

[0074] The oxygen content detection element 45 can be disposed on the cover 112 and extends at least partially into the upper chamber 1101, with its detection end used to probe into the liquid metal 2.

[0075] Furthermore, the number of oxygen control cylinders can be at least three, which are now defined as hydrogen cylinder 42, oxygen cylinder 43, and inert gas cylinder 44 based on the gases contained within them. Hydrogen cylinder 42 contains hydrogen gas to remove saturated dissolved oxygen from the environment. Oxygen cylinder 43 contains oxygen gas to provide oxygen content. Inert gas cylinder 44 contains inert gas, which acts as a bubbling medium to form a large number of dispersed bubbles, significantly increasing the gas-liquid mass transfer interface area and promoting the full interaction of hydrogen, oxygen, and liquid metal 2. Simultaneously, the inert gas escaping from the liquid surface can accumulate in the space above the liquid surface in the upper chamber 1101, forming a protective gas atmosphere covering the liquid metal 2, simulating the covering gas environment in the space above the liquid metal coolant in a reactor.

[0076] It should be noted that the specific inert gas can be flexibly selected from argon, helium, etc., depending on the reactor cover atmosphere, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0077] The inlet end of the second air inlet pipe 400 can be equipped with three parallel branches to connect to three oxygen control cylinders respectively. The number of flow meters 80 can also be set to three, located on the three branches respectively, to detect the gas output of each of the hydrogen cylinder 42, oxygen cylinder 43 and inert gas cylinder 44.

[0078] The valve 70 is located downstream of each flow meter 80, and there is only one valve. It is located on the main line of the second air inlet pipe 400 to simultaneously control the connection and disconnection between the three oxygen control cylinders and the upper chamber 1101. The upper chamber pressure detection element 13 is located on the second air inlet pipe 400 and downstream of the valve 70 to monitor the pressure in the upper chamber 1101.

[0079] By setting up an oxygen content detection element 45, the present invention allows the control module 60 to flexibly adjust the opening degree of each valve 70 in the oxygen control module 40 based on the dissolved oxygen in the liquid metal 2 detected by the oxygen content detection element 45, forming a closed-loop control and ensuring the accuracy of oxygen control.

[0080] Correspondingly, the control module 60 can be configured to use closed-loop feedback control to adjust the output of at least one oxygen control gas of the atmosphere conditioning unit based on the dissolved oxygen content signal collected by the oxygen content detector 45, so as to maintain the dissolved oxygen content in the liquid metal 2 at the target value.

[0081] In this way, the oxygen control module 40 can work with the control module 60 to simulate the real in-reactor environment, improving the accuracy of measurement data and its engineering applicability.

[0082] It should be noted that the arrangement of the multiple air outlets 411 on the nozzle 41 can be in the form of a matrix arrangement, a circumferential uniform arrangement, an axial uniform arrangement, a spiral arrangement, or an interlaced arrangement, etc., and no specific limitation is made here.

[0083] It should be noted that the oxygen content detection element 45 can be implemented using existing technologies such as dissolved oxygen sensors and detection probes, and no specific limitations are made here.

[0084] In some other embodiments, the detection end portion of the oxygen content detector 45 may also extend into the interior of the chamber through a sealed sidewall or bottom of the upper chamber 1101, ensuring that after the liquid metal 2 is added, its detection end is immersed in the central region of the liquid metal 2 to collect a representative dissolved oxygen content signal.

[0085] In some other embodiments, the hydrogen and inert gas may be mixed in the same gas cylinder, or the oxygen and inert gas may be mixed in the same gas cylinder.

[0086] In some other embodiments, the number of valves 70 may be equal to or greater than the number of oxygen control cylinders. That is, valves 70 may also be installed on each branch connected in parallel at the inlet end of the second air inlet pipe 400 to control the connection and disconnection between each oxygen control cylinder and the upper chamber 1101. In this way, the content of the mixed oxygen control gas can be flexibly adjusted, and different mixed gases can be flexibly selected for injection into the upper chamber 1101 for different experimental steps.

[0087] In some embodiments, the detection module 50 may include a mass spectrometer 51, a second vacuum mechanism, a detection pipeline 500, and a valve 70. The detection pipeline 500 is connected to the upper chamber 1101. The mass spectrometer 51, the second vacuum mechanism, and the valve 70 are all mounted on the detection pipeline 500. The mass spectrometer 51 is used for data detection.

[0088] Specifically, the end of the detection pipeline 500 away from the upper chamber 1101 has two parallel branches, with the mass spectrometer 51 located on one branch and the second vacuum pumping mechanism located on the other branch.

[0089] The second vacuum pumping mechanism may include a second mechanical pump 52 and a second molecular pump 53. The second mechanical pump 52 is located at the outlet end of the branch, and the second molecular pump 53 is located between the second mechanical pump 52 and the upper chamber 1101. Valves 70 are provided between the second mechanical pump 52 and the second molecular pump 53, and between the second molecular pump 53 and the upper chamber 1101.

[0090] The present invention sets the mass spectrometer 51 and the second vacuum pumping mechanism in parallel, so that the second vacuum pumping mechanism can be used to create an operating environment for the mass spectrometer 51 and to pump a vacuum into the upper chamber 1101.

[0091] It should be noted that the mass spectrometer 51 can be implemented using existing technologies such as a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS, measurement range 1-200 amu, accuracy 0.1 amu), an online gas analysis mass spectrometer (HPR-20 QIC EGA), and a gas chromatograph (GC), so as to flexibly perform gas composition and partial pressure analysis for different measurement experiments.

[0092] It is important to understand that this quadrupole mass spectrometer requires an ambient pressure of 10... -3 The detection operation can only be started at atmospheric pressure (A), therefore a second vacuum mechanism is required at its end. Therefore, in some other embodiments, the mass spectrometer 51 can also be other mass spectrometer devices that operate at atmospheric pressure. In this case, the detection module 50 may not require a second vacuum mechanism.

[0093] In other embodiments, the second vacuuming mechanism may also employ other methods capable of achieving 10 -3 Pump body for Pa vacuum environment.

[0094] In some other embodiments, when the gas outlet module 30 can evacuate the upper chamber 1101, the mass spectrometer 51 can also be disposed on the same pipe as the second vacuuming mechanism, with the mass spectrometer 51 disposed between the second vacuuming mechanism and the upper chamber 1101.

[0095] In some embodiments, the control module 60 may include a PLC controller or similar structure, and be electrically or communicatively connected to electrical control equipment such as temperature detection device 12, upper chamber pressure detection device 13, lower chamber pressure detection device 14, heating equipment, first vacuum pumping mechanism, second vacuum pumping mechanism, oxygen content detection device 45, mass spectrometer 51, various valves 70, and various flow meters 80, so as to realize the automated or semi-automated operation of various measurement experiments, as well as the centralized acquisition and storage of data.

[0096] It should be noted that the control module 60 can be implemented using existing technologies, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0097] like Figure 5 As shown, the present invention also constructs a method for measuring the hydrogen isotope permeation of reactor liquid metal coolant, which can be applied to the reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system 1 in any of the foregoing embodiments. The method for measuring the hydrogen isotope permeation of reactor liquid metal coolant specifically includes the following steps.

[0098] Step S1: Install the partition 15 and place the target amount of solid liquid metal 2 in the upper chamber 1101.

[0099] Specifically, the installation of the partition 15 can be flexibly achieved by welding, clamping, or other methods based on the specific structure of the permeation container 11, and no specific limitations are made here.

[0100] based on Figure 2 and Figure 3 The permeation container 11 shown can be used to place a target amount of liquid metal 2 into the upper chamber 1101 through an opening before assembling the cover 112 and the main body 111, and then assemble the cover 112 and the main body 111 and close the upper chamber 1101.

[0101] It should be noted that the target amount of liquid metal 2 specifically requires that its thickness after liquefaction within the upper chamber 1101 meets the target thickness. This target thickness can be flexibly set based on experimental requirements. The target amount can be calculated based on the target thickness, the chamber structure of the upper chamber 1101, and the density of liquid metal 2 in its solid and liquid states.

[0102] When the required measurement experiment necessitates the use of the oxygen control module 40 (e.g., a gas phase space seed state measurement experiment), the target thickness of the liquid metal 2 must be sufficient to submerge the nozzle 41 of the oxygen control module 40, ensuring that all outlet holes 411 of the nozzle 41 are below the liquid surface. This allows the gas output from the nozzle 41 to undergo a complete upward path within the liquid metal 2, guaranteeing sufficient contact time and contact area between the gas and the liquid metal 2. Simultaneously, the target thickness of the liquid metal 2 must also ensure that the gas ejected from the nozzle 41 does not cause droplet splashing during the bubbling process, ensuring the effective liquid level and volume of the liquid metal 2 during the permeation process and guaranteeing the accuracy of the measurement data.

[0103] For example in Figure 1 In the embodiment shown, when the required measurement experiment requires the use of the oxygen control module 40, the target amount of the liquid metal 2 must be such that its target thickness is greater than 10 mm.

[0104] Step S2 involves pretreating the permeation container 11 and the liquid metal 2 to remove impurities from the environment.

[0105] Specifically, the impurities in the environment may include air and moisture retained in the permeation container 11, as well as gases and moisture adsorbed inside the permeation container 11, liquid metal 2, and partition 15.

[0106] By setting step S2, uncontrollable side reactions such as oxidation and hydrogenation of residual air, moisture, and hydrogen in the permeation container 11 and liquid metal 2 at high temperatures can be effectively avoided, thus preventing changes in the composition of liquid metal 2 or the formation of an oxide film that hinders permeation. Simultaneously, step S2 also removes adsorbed gases from the permeation container 11 and the partition 15 structure, preventing their slow release during the experiment from interfering with the detection of trace permeation signals. This ensures the cleanliness of the experimental environment and the stability of the background signal, reduces measurement errors, and improves the accuracy of experimental data.

[0107] Step S3: As required for the measurement experiment, inject gas into the permeation container 11 to construct the experimental conditions.

[0108] Specifically, the measurement experiment may include a permeation parameter measurement experiment and a gas phase space seed state measurement experiment.

[0109] When the required measurement experiment is a permeation parameter measurement experiment, step S3 includes injecting measurement gas into the lower chamber 1102 through the air intake module 20.

[0110] When the required measurement experiment is a gas phase space seed state measurement experiment, step S3 includes injecting the measurement gas into the lower chamber 1102 through the air intake module 20 and injecting the oxygen control gas into the liquid metal 2 through the oxygen control module 40.

[0111] Step S4: Monitor the signal of mass spectrometer 51 to obtain measurement data.

[0112] Specifically, once the signal detected by the mass spectrometer 51 gradually stabilizes, data recording can be stopped and the saved data can be output.

[0113] It should be noted that in reactor configurations using liquid metal as a coolant, the primary loop structural materials and the liquid metal coolant typically contain dissolved oxygen. Dissolved oxygen not only reacts with the structural materials to form an oxide film, but also reacts chemically with tritium carried by the liquid metal, generating tritium-containing water, tritium oxides, and other tritium compounds. Tritium, as a hydrogen isotope, has a small atomic radius and strong permeability, allowing it to penetrate the liquid metal bulk and primary loop structural materials through diffusion and permeation mechanisms. Simultaneously, various tritium chemical forms, such as tritium gas and tritium-containing water, migrate into the cover gas, increasing the tritium concentration in the cover gas and thus increasing radiation risks and the difficulty of system decontamination.

[0114] This invention can measure the permeation of tritium gas in liquid metal (liquid metal and primary loop equipment), and study the permeation rate and mechanism of tritium gas in liquid metal coolant and primary loop structural materials. This provides data support for the selection and improvement of structural materials for reactor equipment, based on the permeation of tritium at the solid-liquid interface formed by the combination of different structural materials and liquid metal.

[0115] Meanwhile, this invention can also simulate the migration of tritium substances such as tritium gas and tritized water in a reactor to the cover gas, perform gas phase spatial seed state measurements, study the chemical forms and contents of tritium in the cover gas, provide a basis for the study of tritium migration mechanism, and provide data support for the design and operation of tritium purification systems.

[0116] Thus, the reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation measurement method constructed in this invention can be used to evaluate the tritium quantity in the reactor based on the measurement results of various measurement experiments using the reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system 1, providing reliable data support for reactor research and improvement, and has high reliability and engineering applicability.

[0117] In some embodiments, prior to step S1, the reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation measurement method may further include step S0, selecting a partition 15 of a corresponding material as required by the measurement experiment.

[0118] Specifically, when the required measurement experiments are permeation parameter measurement experiments of liquid metal or gas phase spatial seed state measurement experiments of liquid metal, the partition 15 should be selected from chemically stable materials such as α-Fe that will not introduce permeation signal loss, so as to avoid the influence of the partition 15 on the measurement data. When the required measurement experiments are permeation parameter measurement experiments of liquid metal and structural materials or gas phase spatial seed state measurement experiments of liquid metal and structural materials, the partition 15 can be selected from various materials in contact with liquid metal in the reactor, or materials that are desired to be applied to liquid metal in contact with the reactor.

[0119] By constructing step S0, the present invention can achieve a variety of experimental objectives according to the material properties of the selected partition 15.

[0120] For example, when a standard material (such as α-Fe) that does not impede the permeation of hydrogen isotopes is selected as the separator 15, the permeation parameter measurement experiment or the gas phase space seed state measurement experiment performed will essentially obtain the permeation parameters of the liquid metal 2 bulk or the measurement results of its influence on the intrinsic seed state transformation.

[0121] When the structural material of the target reactor (such as stainless steel, nickel-based alloy, etc.) is selected as the partition 15, the permeation parameter measurement experiment or the gas phase space seed state measurement experiment performed will obtain the permeation parameter or seed state distribution data under the combined action of the partition 15, the liquid metal 2 and the solid-liquid two-phase interface formed.

[0122] In summary, the experimental system and method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation of liquid metal coolant in reactors constructed in this invention can achieve different measurement experiments and obtain experimental data from different aspects through a single system based on different purposes and using different baffle materials. This allows for the decoupling study of the intrinsic behavior of liquid metal and the integrated behavior of the solid-liquid interface, providing comprehensive data support for the research and improvement of reactors.

[0123] like Figure 6 As shown, in some embodiments, step S1 may include: Step S10: Grind and polish partition 15.

[0124] By polishing the partition 15, the oxide film formed on the partition 15 in the air can be effectively removed, avoiding the influence of the oxide film on the measurement data and ensuring the accuracy of the measurement experiment.

[0125] Of course, structural materials in the reactor that come into contact with liquid metal may have an oxide film. Therefore, if a measurement experiment is to be conducted on the separator 15 with an oxide film on its surface and the liquid metal, step S10 can be omitted.

[0126] Further, step S10 may include: Use sandpaper to sand the partition 15.

[0127] Use diamond polishing compound to polish partition 15 to a mirror finish.

[0128] Specifically, the partition 15 can be polished first with sandpaper of different roughness from coarse to fine, and then polished to a mirror finish with diamond polishing compound of different diameters from large to small, so as to ensure the polishing effect.

[0129] For example, you can first use 600 grit, 1200 grit, and 2400 grit sandpaper to polish the partition 15 in sequence, and then use 6μm, 3μm, and 1μm diamond polishing agent to polish the partition 15 in sequence.

[0130] Step S11, install partition 15.

[0131] Step S12: Place the target amount of liquid metal 2 in the upper chamber 1101.

[0132] Step S13: Heat the liquid metal 2 to melt it into a liquid state.

[0133] Once the solid liquid metal 2 melts into a liquid state, it will form a liquid metal layer of the target height on the partition 15.

[0134] It should be noted that the liquid metal 2 can specifically be a lead-bismuth alloy, lead metal, sodium metal, molten salt system, etc., which is solid at room temperature and melts into a liquid state upon heating. The specific liquid metal 2 can be flexibly selected based on the type of reactor simulated in the experiment, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0135] It should be noted that when selecting and polishing the partition 15, its thickness when installed in the permeation container 11 can be greater than or equal to 0.3 mm and less than or equal to 10 mm. Specifically, its thickness can be 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm, 5 mm, 5.5 mm, 6 mm, 6.5 mm, 7 mm, 7.5 mm, 8 mm, 8.5 mm, 9 mm, 9.5 mm, or any other value within this range.

[0136] By controlling the thickness of the partition 15, its stability in supporting liquid metal can be ensured, while also avoiding excessively long or short experimental durations, ensuring that the mass spectrometer 51 can monitor effective data.

[0137] It should be noted that the specific thickness of the partition 15 can be flexibly set based on factors such as the target thickness of the liquid metal, the partial pressure in the lower chamber 1102, and the material of the partition 15, and is not specifically limited here.

[0138] In some embodiments, step S2 may include evacuating the permeation vessel 11 and heating the permeation vessel 11.

[0139] Specifically, step S2 may include: Step S21: Evacuate the upper chamber 1101 and the lower chamber 1102.

[0140] For example in Figure 1 In the illustrated embodiment, the lower chamber 1102 can be evacuated using the first vacuuming mechanism of the exhaust module 30, and the upper chamber 1101 can be evacuated using the second vacuuming mechanism of the detection module 50. Simultaneously, the vacuum level within the chambers can be detected using the upper chamber pressure detector 13 and the lower chamber pressure detector 14. When the vacuum level detected by the two pressure detectors stabilizes at 10... -4 If the pressure is within Pa, it indicates that the vacuum level inside the permeation vessel 11 is good. Otherwise, it indicates that there is a leak in the permeation vessel 11, which needs to be checked and eliminated.

[0141] Of course, when the exhaust module 30 is connected to both the upper chamber 1101 and the lower chamber 1102, the first vacuum pumping mechanism can be used to simultaneously evacuate both the upper chamber 1101 and the lower chamber 1102.

[0142] By evacuating the upper chamber 1101 and the lower chamber 1102, residual air and moisture in the chambers can be effectively removed, preventing residual air and moisture from reacting with the measuring gas to form compounds. It also prevents liquid metal 2 from reacting with residual oxygen and water to form an oxide layer, ensuring the accuracy of the permeation parameter measurement experiment.

[0143] Step S22: Heat the permeation container 11 according to the preset heating rate so that the liquid metal 2 is heated to the target temperature.

[0144] Specifically, heating equipment can be used to heat the permeation container 11, as well as the internal partition 15 and liquid metal 2, to raise the overall temperature of the container.

[0145] By heating the permeation container 11 and its internal partition 15 and liquid metal 2, the adsorbed gases and water within the liquid metal 2, partition 15, and permeation container 11 can be released at high temperatures. This prevents the adsorbed and dissolved gases and water from affecting the hydrogen isotope permeation process, further ensuring the accuracy of the permeation parameter measurement experiment. Simultaneously, heating the liquid metal 2 ensures that its internal crystal lattice is in a stable state, thereby ensuring that the subsequent permeation process occurs under stable physical conditions.

[0146] It should be noted that the preset rate and target temperature can be flexibly selected based on experimental requirements. Furthermore, the heating rate or target temperature can be used as experimental variables to conduct a more comprehensive study and analysis of the permeation behavior of hydrogen isotopes within liquid metal 2 through multiple measurement experiments.

[0147] Step S23: Maintain constant temperature for a preset time.

[0148] By pre-setting the insulation time, the internal temperature of the permeation container 11 can be kept stable, achieving both physical and chemical steady state, thus providing a stable and controllable benchmark environment for subsequent permeation behavior research.

[0149] It should be noted that the preset duration can be 0.5h, 1.0h, 1.5h, etc., and no specific limitation is made here.

[0150] It should be noted that during the heating and constant temperature maintenance of the permeation container 11, step S21 can be implemented continuously or in stages to ensure that environmental impurities such as gases and water released during heating are discharged, thus ensuring the purity of the experimental environment.

[0151] Furthermore, before step S21, step S2 may also include step S20, cooling the liquid metal 2 to a solid state.

[0152] In step S20, before evacuating the permeation container 11, the liquid metal 2 is cooled to a solid state. Utilizing the segregation effect during metal solidification, impurity atoms such as hydrogen and oxygen, originally dissolved in the liquid metal 2 lattice, are forced to precipitate due to their significantly lower solubility in the solid phase compared to the liquid phase. These impurities accumulate at the solidification front and grain boundaries, eventually migrating to the surface of the liquid metal 2. Subsequently, during the evacuation operation in step S21, these accumulated impurities, squeezed to the surface, can be removed with extremely high efficiency. This achieves the purification of trace gases within the liquid metal, ensuring a clean environment for subsequent permeation measurements.

[0153] like Figure 6 As shown, in some embodiments, when the required measurement experiment is a gas-phase space seed state measurement experiment, step S3 may include: Step S31: A mixture of hydrogen and inert gas is injected into the liquid metal 2 through the oxygen control module 40.

[0154] By first injecting hydrogen into liquid metal 2, the saturated dissolved oxygen in liquid metal 2 can be further removed, reducing the oxygen activity in the liquid metal and preventing tritium from being oxidized into tritium water in subsequent experiments, which would affect the seed state measurement.

[0155] In step S32, a mixture of hydrogen, oxygen, and inert gas is injected into the liquid metal 2 through the oxygen control module 40.

[0156] It should be noted that the injection volume of the mixed gas can be monitored by the oxygen content detector 45. Based on the oxygen content signal in the liquid metal 2 fed back by the oxygen content detector 45, the control module 60 can use an automatic closed-loop control strategy to dynamically adjust the injection of the mixed gas, so as to maintain the oxygen content in the liquid metal 2 at the target value.

[0157] Specifically, this target value can be set based on the oxygen content in the liquid metal 2 controlled by the oxygen control system under the actual operating conditions of the reactor, and no specific limitation is made here.

[0158] It should be noted that during the bubbling process, the gas injected in steps S31 and S32, the gas that did not participate in the reaction and the gaseous products generated by the reaction rise with the bubbles and migrate from the liquid metal 2 to the upper chamber 1101, where they accumulate to form a covering gas environment that simulates the working conditions of a reactor.

[0159] Step S33: Inject measuring gas into the lower chamber 1102 through the air intake module 20.

[0160] It should be noted that the injection volume of the measuring gas can be determined based on the pressure required for the measurement in the lower chamber 1102. The injection volume of the measuring gas is determined by the pressure value monitored by the lower chamber pressure detection device 14.

[0161] In this way, the measuring gas permeates through the partition 15 and the liquid metal 2, and reacts with gases such as hydrogen and oxygen in the liquid metal 2 to form compounds such as deuterium molecules (HD) and monodeuterium water (HDO).

[0162] At this point, the output signals of HD, D2 (deuterium), and HDO in the upper chamber 1101 can be monitored by the mass spectrometer 51, which is to execute step S4. When the signal monitored by the mass spectrometer 51 reaches stability, it indicates that a gas phase space seed state measurement experiment has been completed.

[0163] In some embodiments, when the required measurement experiment is a permeation parameter measurement experiment, step S3 can be similar to step S33, injecting measurement gas into the lower chamber 1102 through the air intake module 20. The amount of measurement gas injected can also be determined based on the required pressure in the lower chamber 1102, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0164] During the permeation parameter measurement experiment (without oxygen control), the measuring gas does not participate in the chemical reaction. Driven by the concentration gradient, it diffuses sequentially in atomic form within the material lattice of the partition 15, dissolves and diffuses in the liquid metal 2, and finally physically permeates into the gas phase space of the upper chamber 1101. Both of these distinct permeation behaviors can be achieved and monitored by adjusting the experimental conditions using the same measurement system of this invention.

[0165] At this point, the output signal of the measuring gas (hydrogen or deuterium) in the upper chamber 1101 can be monitored by the mass spectrometer 51, which is step S4. When the signal monitored by the mass spectrometer 51 reaches stability, it indicates that the measuring gas has completed the permeation process, and a permeation parameter measurement experiment is completed.

[0166] In some embodiments, after step S4, the reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation measurement method may further include step S5, replacing the partition 15, and repeating steps S1 to S4.

[0167] Specifically, the baffle 15 can be replaced with different materials depending on the measurement requirements. For example, it can be replaced with various materials that come into contact with the liquid metal 2 in the reactor, or with various materials that are desired to be used in the reactor for contact with the liquid metal.

[0168] In this way, the tritium permeation at different locations of liquid metal 2 in the reactor, the tritium species in the cover gas, or the operation of the reactor after the application of new materials can be simulated. This allows for the analysis and evaluation of the operation of existing reactors, and the analysis and improvement of related systems such as the tritium purification system in the reactor. Alternatively, it can provide experimental data support for the application of new materials in reactors.

[0169] Understandably, the above-mentioned technical features can be used in any combination without restriction.

[0170] The above embodiments merely illustrate specific implementations of the present invention, and their descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can freely combine the above technical features without departing from the concept of the present invention, and can also make several modifications and improvements, all of which fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, all equivalent transformations and modifications made with respect to the scope of the claims of the present invention should fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system for a reactor liquid metal coolant, characterized in that, include The permeation device (10) includes a permeation container (11) and a partition (15); the partition (15) is detachably disposed on the permeation container (11) and divides the internal space of the permeation container (11) into a lower chamber (1102) and an upper chamber (1101) for containing liquid metal (2). An air intake module (20) is connected to the lower chamber (1102) and is used to input measuring gas into the permeation container (11); The venting module (30) includes at least one vacuuming mechanism and is connected to the internal space of the permeation container (11); The oxygen control module (40), connected to the upper chamber (1101), is used to regulate the oxygen content in the liquid metal (2); and The detection module (50) includes a mass spectrometer (51) connected to the upper chamber (1101) for detecting the gas components discharged from the upper chamber (1101).

2. The reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The permeation device (10) also includes an upper chamber pressure detection element (13) and a lower chamber pressure detection element (14), which are used to detect the pressure of the upper chamber (1101) and the lower chamber (1102), respectively.

3. The reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The permeation device (10) also includes a heater disposed outside the permeation container (11).

4. The reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system according to claim 3, characterized in that, The permeation device (10) further includes a temperature detection element (12) disposed in the permeation container (11), the temperature detection element (12) being used to detect the temperature of the liquid metal (2).

5. The reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The air intake module (20) includes a measuring gas cylinder (21) containing the measuring gas and a flow meter (80), the flow meter (80) being disposed in the pipe connecting the measuring gas cylinder (21) and the permeation device (10).

6. The reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The oxygen control module (40) includes: An atmosphere conditioning unit for providing at least one oxygen control gas; A bubbling unit, connected to the atmosphere conditioning unit, the bubbling unit including at least one nozzle (41) extending into the upper chamber (1101) for injecting the at least one oxygen-controlled gas into the liquid metal (2); and Oxygen content detection device (45) is used to collect the dissolved oxygen content signal in the liquid metal (2).

7. The reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The oxygen control module (40) further includes at least one flow meter (80); the at least one flow meter (80) is disposed between the atmosphere conditioning unit and the bubbling unit; The reactor liquid metal coolant hydrogen isotope permeation experimental system also includes a control module (60), which is configured to control at least one flow meter (80) to adjust the output of at least one oxygen control gas of the atmosphere conditioning unit based on the dissolved oxygen content signal collected by the oxygen content detector (45) in a closed loop feedback manner, so as to maintain the dissolved oxygen content in the liquid metal (2) at a target value.

8. The experimental system for hydrogen isotope permeation of reactor liquid metal coolant according to claim 6, characterized in that, The atmosphere conditioning unit includes a hydrogen cylinder (42), an oxygen cylinder (43), and an inert gas cylinder (44), which are respectively connected to the upper chamber (1101).

9. The experimental system for hydrogen isotope permeation of reactor liquid metal coolant according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, The permeation container (11) includes a first part and a second part that are detachably connected, and a partition (15) is sandwiched between the first part and the second part, both of which are flange-shaped.

10. A method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in a reactor liquid metal coolant, applied to the experimental system for hydrogen isotope permeation in a reactor liquid metal coolant as described in any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, The method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in the reactor liquid metal coolant includes: Step S1: Install the partition (15) and place the target amount of liquid metal (2) in the upper chamber (1101). Step S2: Pre-treat the internal environment of the permeation container (11) to eliminate impurities in the environment; Step S3: As required for the measurement experiment, gas is injected into the permeation container (11) to construct the experimental conditions; Step S4: Monitor the signal of the mass spectrometer (51) to obtain measurement data; The measurement experiments include permeation parameter measurement experiments and gas phase space seed state measurement experiments; When the required measurement experiment is a permeation parameter measurement experiment, step S3 includes injecting measurement gas into the lower chamber (1102) through the air intake module (20); When the required measurement experiment is a gas phase space seed state measurement experiment, step S3 includes injecting measurement gas into the lower chamber (1102) through the air intake module (20) and injecting oxygen control gas into the liquid metal (2) through the oxygen control module (40).

11. The method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in reactor liquid metal coolant according to claim 10, characterized in that, Step S1 includes: Step S11, install the partition (15); Step S12: Place the target amount of the liquid metal (2) in the upper chamber (1101). Step S13: Heat the liquid metal (2) to melt it into a liquid state.

12. The method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in reactor liquid metal coolant according to claim 10, characterized in that, Before installing the partition (15), step S1 further includes polishing the partition (15).

13. The method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in reactor liquid metal coolant according to claim 10, characterized in that, Step S2 includes: evacuating the permeation container (11) and heating the permeation container (11).

14. The method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in reactor liquid metal coolant according to claim 10, characterized in that, Step S2 includes: Step S21: Evacuate the upper chamber (1101) and the lower chamber (1102); Step S22: Heat the permeation container (11) at a preset heating rate so that the liquid metal (2) is heated to the target temperature; Step S23: Maintain constant temperature for a preset time.

15. The method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in reactor liquid metal coolant according to claim 14, characterized in that, The step of placing a target amount of the liquid metal (2) in the upper chamber (1101) includes: placing a target amount of the liquid metal (2) in the upper chamber (1101) and heating the liquid metal (2) to melt it into a liquid state; Before step S21, step S2 further includes: Step S20: Cool the liquid metal (2) to a solid state.

16. The method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in reactor liquid metal coolant according to claim 10, characterized in that, The injection of oxygen-controlled gas into the liquid metal (2) via the oxygen control module (40) includes: A mixture of hydrogen and inert gas is injected into the liquid metal (2) through the oxygen control module (40); A mixture of hydrogen, inert gas, and oxygen is injected into the liquid metal (2) through the oxygen control module (40).

17. The method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in reactor liquid metal coolant according to claim 10, characterized in that, Prior to step S1, the method for measuring the hydrogen isotope permeation of the reactor liquid metal coolant further includes: Step S0: Select the partition (15) of the corresponding material according to the measurement experiment required.

18. The method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in reactor liquid metal coolant according to claim 10, characterized in that, It also includes step S5, replacing the partition (15), and repeating steps S1 to S4.

19. The method for measuring hydrogen isotope permeation in reactor liquid metal coolant according to claim 10, characterized in that, The oxygen control module (40) includes at least one nozzle (41) extending into the upper chamber (1101); when the oxygen control module (40) is required for a measurement experiment, the target amount of the liquid metal (2) is such that the outlet (411) of the nozzle (41) is below the liquid surface of the liquid metal (2).

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