Utilizing different power to transmit reference signals

Abstract

Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to utilizing different powers for transmitting reference signal(s). A method includes receiving, from a second apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters to be respectively applied to a plurality of resources for the reference signal, the plurality of resources comprising at least one of a plurality of time domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial domain resources of the reference signal; and transmitting, to the second apparatus, the reference signal on the plurality of resources based on the configuration.

Description

Cross-references to related applications

[0001] This application claims priority and benefit to EP application No. 25172149.4, filed on April 24, 2025, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0002] Various exemplary embodiments of this disclosure relate generally to the field of telecommunications, and more particularly to methods, apparatus, devices, and computer-readable storage media for transmitting reference signals(s) using different powers. Background Technology

[0003] Reference signals (RS) can be used to support channel estimation in communication systems. During RS transmission, the RS may experience distortion due to various factors, such as the nonlinear behavior of power amplifiers (PAs), which can reduce the accuracy of channel estimation and other related measurements. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In a first aspect of this disclosure, a first apparatus is provided. The first apparatus includes: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus to at least: receive a configuration of a reference signal from a second apparatus, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters, the plurality of different power control parameters being respectively applied to a plurality of resources for the reference signal, the plurality of resources including at least one of: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal; and, based on the configuration, transmit the reference signal to the second apparatus on the plurality of resources.

[0005] In a second aspect of this disclosure, a second apparatus is provided. The second apparatus includes: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus to at least: transmit a configuration for sending a reference signal to a first apparatus, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters to be applied to a plurality of resources of the reference signal and the plurality of resources include at least one of: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal; and receive the reference signal from the first apparatus.

[0006] In a third aspect of this disclosure, a method is provided. The method includes: receiving a configuration of a reference signal from a second device, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters, the plurality of different power control parameters being applied respectively to a plurality of resources for the reference signal, the plurality of resources including at least one of: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal; and transmitting the reference signal to the second device on the plurality of resources based on the configuration.

[0007] In a fourth aspect of this disclosure, a method is provided. The method includes: transmitting a configuration of a reference signal to a first device, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters, the plurality of different power control parameters being applied to a plurality of resources of the reference signal and the plurality of resources including at least one of: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal; and receiving the reference signal from the first device.

[0008] In a fifth aspect of this disclosure, a first apparatus is provided. The first apparatus includes: components for receiving a configuration of a reference signal from a second apparatus, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters, the plurality of different power control parameters being respectively applied to a plurality of resources for the reference signal, the plurality of resources including at least one of: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal; and components for transmitting the reference signal to the second apparatus on the plurality of resources based on the configuration.

[0009] In a sixth aspect of this disclosure, a second apparatus is provided. The second apparatus includes: a component for configuring a reference signal to a first apparatus, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters to be applied to a plurality of resources of the reference signal and the plurality of resources include at least one of: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal; and a component for receiving the reference signal from the first apparatus.

[0010] In a seventh aspect of this disclosure, a computer-readable medium is provided. The computer-readable medium includes instructions stored thereon for causing a device to perform at least the methods according to the third aspect and the fourth aspect.

[0011] It should be understood that the summary portion is not intended to identify key or essential features of the embodiments of this disclosure, nor is it intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Other features of this disclosure will become readily apparent from the following description. Attached Figure Description

[0012] Some exemplary embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 An example communication environment in which example embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented is shown; Figures 2A to 2B Example signaling flows are shown for a process of transmitting a reference signal using different powers, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure; Figures 3A to 3B Example signaling flows are shown for a process of transmitting a reference signal block using different power, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure; Figures 4A to 4B Example signaling flows are shown for a process of transmitting a reference signal block using different power, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure; Figures 5A to 5B Example signaling flows are shown for a process of transmitting a reference signal using different powers, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 6 A flowchart is shown illustrating a method implemented at a first device according to some other exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 7 A flowchart is shown illustrating a method implemented at a second device according to some other exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 8 A flowchart is shown illustrating a method implemented at a first device according to some other exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 9 A flowchart is shown illustrating a method implemented at a second device according to some other exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 10 A flowchart is shown illustrating a method implemented at a first device according to some other exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 11 A flowchart is shown illustrating a method implemented at a second device according to some other exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 12 A flowchart is shown illustrating a method implemented at a first device according to some other exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 13 A flowchart is shown illustrating a method implemented at a second device according to some other exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; Figure 14 A simplified block diagram of a device suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown; and Figure 15 A block diagram of an example computer-readable medium according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0013] In all the accompanying drawings, the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements. Detailed Implementation

[0014] The principles of this disclosure will now be described with reference to some exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that these embodiments are described for illustrative purposes only and to help those skilled in the art to understand and implement this disclosure, without implying any limitation on the scope of this disclosure. The embodiments described herein can be implemented in various ways other than those described below.

[0015] In the following description and claims, unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0016] References to "an embodiment," "embodiment," "example embodiment," etc., in this disclosure indicate that the described embodiment may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every embodiment includes that particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Furthermore, these phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. In addition, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in conjunction with an example embodiment, it is to be noted that those skilled in the art will recognize, whether explicitly described or not, that such features, structures, or characteristics apply in conjunction with other embodiments.

[0017] It should be understood that although terms such as "first," "second," etc., preceding (multiple) nouns may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another, and they do not restrict the order of (multiple) nouns. For example, a first element may be referred to as a second element, and similarly, a second element may be referred to as a first element, without departing from the scope of the exemplary embodiments. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.

[0018] As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of ” and similar wording, wherein a list of two or more elements combined with “and” or “or” means at least one of these elements, or any two or more of these elements, or at least all of these elements.

[0019] As used herein, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the execution step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is executed immediately after “A” occurs, and may include one or more intermediate steps.

[0020] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the exemplary embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are also intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should also be understood that the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” “possessing,” “containing,” and / or “covering,” as used herein, specify the presence of the stated features, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof.

[0021] The term "circuit system" as used in this application may refer to one or more of the following: (a) Hardware circuit implementation only (such as implementation in analog and / or digital circuits only) and (b) A combination of hardware circuitry and software, such as (if applicable): (i) A combination of (multiple) analog and / or digital hardware circuits and software / firmware, and (ii) Any part of the (multiple) hardware processors (including (multiple) digital signal processors), software, and (multiple) memories, which work together to enable a device (such as a mobile phone or server) to perform various functions and (c) (Multiple) hardware circuits and / or (multiple) processors, such as (multiple) microprocessors or a portion thereof, which require software (e.g. firmware) to operate, but may not exist when the software is not required to operate.

[0022] The definition of "circuit system" applies to all uses of the term in this application, including any claim. As yet another example, as used in this application, the term "circuit system" also covers implementations of hardware circuitry or processors (or processors) or a portion thereof, including but not limited to hardware circuitry or processors and their accompanying software and / or firmware. The term "circuit system" also covers, for example (and if applicable to a particular claim element), baseband integrated circuits or processor integrated circuits for mobile devices or similar integrated circuits in servers, cellular network devices, or other computing or networking devices.

[0023] As used herein, the term "communication network" refers to a network that conforms to any suitable communication standard, such as New Radio (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-A Advanced (LTE-A), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), etc. Furthermore, communication between terminal devices and network devices in the communication network can be performed according to any suitable generation of communication protocol, including but not limited to first-generation (1G), second-generation (2G), 2.5G, 2.75G, third-generation (3G), fourth-generation (4G), 4.5G, fifth-generation (5G), sixth-generation (6G) communication protocols and / or any other currently known or future-developed protocols. Embodiments of this disclosure can be applied to a variety of communication systems. Given the rapid development of communications, there will certainly be future types of communication technologies and systems that embody the future types of this disclosure. The scope of this disclosure should not be construed as limited to the aforementioned systems.

[0024] As used herein, the term "network device" refers to a node in a communications network through which terminal devices access the network and receive services. Depending on the terminology and technology applied, a network device can refer to a base station (BS) or access point (AP), such as a Node B (NodeB or NB), an evolved Node B (eNodeB or eNB), an NR NB (also known as a gNB), a Remote Radio Unit (RRU), a Radio Header (RH), a Remote Radio Header End (RRH), a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a low-power node (such as a femtosecond or picosecond), a Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) or Non-Terrestrial Network Equipment (such as satellite network equipment), Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) satellites, spacecraft network equipment, etc. In some example embodiments, the Radio Access Network (RAN) split architecture includes a centralized unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU) at the IAB donor node. An IAB node includes a mobile terminal (IAB-MT) portion that behaves like a UE toward the parent node, and a DU portion that behaves like a base station toward the next-hop IAB node.

[0025] The term "terminal device" refers to any end device with wireless communication capabilities. As an example and not a limitation, a terminal device can refer to communication equipment, user equipment (UE), subscriber station (SS), portable subscriber station, mobile station (MS), or access terminal (AT). Terminal devices can include, but are not limited to, mobile phones, cellular phones, smartphones, Voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, tablets, wearable terminal devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable computers, desktop computers, image acquisition terminal devices (such as digital cameras), gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback devices, in-vehicle wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop embedded devices (LEE), laptop mounted devices (LME), USB dongles, smart devices, wireless client devices (CPE), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in the context of industrial and / or automated processing chains), consumer electronic devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Terminal equipment can also correspond to the mobile terminal (MT) portion of an IAB node (also known as a relay node). In the following description, the terms "terminal equipment," "communication equipment," "terminal," "user equipment," and "UE" are used interchangeably.

[0026] As used herein, the terms “resource,” “transmission resource,” “resource block,” “physical resource block” (PRB), “uplink resource,” or “downlink resource” can refer to any resource used to perform communication, such as communication between a terminal device and a network device, including time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, spatial-domain resources, code-domain resources, or any other combination of time-domain, frequency-domain, spatial-domain, and / or code-domain resources capable of communication. In the following, unless explicitly stated otherwise, resources in both the frequency and time domains will be used as examples of transmission resources used to describe some exemplary embodiments of this disclosure. Note that the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.

[0027] As used herein, the terms “resource,” “transmission resource,” “resource block,” “physical resource block” (PRB), “uplink resource,” or “downlink resource” can refer to any resource used to perform communication, such as communication between a user equipment and a network device, including time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, spatial-domain resources, code-domain resources, or any other combination of time-domain, frequency-domain, spatial-domain, and / or code-domain resources capable of communication. In the following, unless explicitly stated otherwise, resources in both the frequency and time domains will be used as examples of transmission resources used to describe some exemplary embodiments of this disclosure. Note that the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.

[0028] The term "Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) Model" refers to a data-driven algorithm that applies AI / ML techniques to generate a set of outputs based on a set of inputs. The term "AI / ML Model Delivery" is a general term related to the delivery of an AI / ML model from one entity to another in any manner. Note that an entity can refer to a network node / function (e.g., gNB, Location Management Function (LMF), etc.), user equipment, proprietary servers, etc. The term "AI / ML Model Inference" refers to the process of using a trained AI / ML model to produce a set of outputs based on a given set of inputs.

[0029] The term "network-side AI / ML model" refers to an AI / ML model whose inference is executed entirely at the network device. The term "UE-side AI / ML model" refers to an AI / ML model whose inference is executed entirely at the user equipment. The term "dual-side AI / ML model" refers to a pair (or multiple) AI / ML models on which joint inference is performed, where joint inference includes AI / ML inference jointly executed across the user equipment and network device; that is, the first part of the inference is executed by the UE first, and then the remaining part is executed by the gNB, and vice versa.

[0030] Figure 1 An example communication environment 100 in which exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented is shown. For example... Figure 1 As shown, the communication environment 100 may include a terminal device 110 capable of operating as a UE. The communication environment 100 may also include a network device 120, which may operate as a BS or gNB serving the UE. The service area of ​​the second device 120 may be referred to as cell 102.

[0031] In some example embodiments, the communication direction from network device 120 to terminal device 110 may be referred to as the downlink (DL), and the communication direction from terminal device 110 to network device 120 may be referred to as the uplink (UL). In the DL, network device 120 may be a transmitting (TX) device (or transmitter), and terminal device 110 may be a receiving (RX) device (or receiver). In the UL, terminal device 110 may be a TX device (or transmitter), and network device 120 may be an RX device (or receiver).

[0032] It should be understood that Figure 1 The number or type of networks, user equipment, and network devices and their connections shown are for illustrative purposes only and do not imply any limitation. Communication environment 100 may include any suitable number or type of networks, user equipment, and network devices configured to implement some example embodiments.

[0033] In communication systems, channel sensing (i.e., obtaining information about the propagation channel) may be required to configure communication links, including providing support for beamforming (precoding) transmissions and interference estimation. The transmission of reference signals can support channel sensing; these reference signals include CSI-RS in the DL and SRS in the UL. Furthermore, DMRS probe symbols can be preloaded into the transmission to assist in channel estimation for user plane (UP) data. Note that DMRS symbols can be transmitted within the bandwidth allocated for any given transmission, which may make them less suitable for schedulers that need to operate within the full bandwidth available to the UE.

[0034] When using DL CSI-RS, the gNB can transmit signals from a set of available gNB antenna ports, and the UE can measure each signal and report channel information. This feedback can then be used by the gNB to, for example, determine the DL precoder for subsequent DL transmissions to the UE. Using CSI RS can be challenging because signaling overhead can increase with the number of gNB antenna ports, and the UE computational overhead for measuring all CSI RS can also increase with the number of CSI RS ports.

[0035] To overcome the aforementioned challenges, the gNB can rely on UL reference signal transmission for CSI acquisition. The gNB can configure the UE to transmit UL SRS, which can then be similarly used on the gNB side to calculate channel information. Note that the SRS coverage can be smaller than the CSI-RS coverage, and SRS allocation (i.e., time and frequency density) can be carefully managed across UEs to control signaling overhead, avoid interference between UEs, and ensure that the collected channel information maintains representation of real-time propagation conditions in both the time and frequency domains.

[0036] SRS resources can be provided by SRS-Resource IE or SRS-PosResource IE configuration, and may include: One antenna port The number of antenna ports can be determined by higher-level parameters. nrofSRS-Ports or nrofSRS-Ports-n8 Provide (if configured); otherwise, And when SRS resources are SRS-ResourceSet When using high-level parameters in the SRS resource set that is not set to 'nonCodebook', Or when SRS resources are SRS-ResourceSet When using an SRS resource set set to 'nonCodebook' for higher-level parameters, the number of antenna ports can be determined according to predefined rules.

[0037] (for the purpose of) SRS-PosResource The number of hops in the SRS transmission transition of the configured SRS resources can be determined by higher-layer parameters. numberOfHops (If configured) provide; otherwise, =1.

[0038] A series of OFDM symbols can be contained in high-level parameters. resourceMapping fields in nrofSymbols Give it. If ,but It can represent the number of consecutive OFDM symbols in each hop.

[0039] Start position in the time domain It can be by Given, where the offset Count the symbols from the end of the time slot forward. The value can be contained in the higher-level parameters resourceMapping fields in startPosition Given, and can satisfy .if ,but It can be the starting position of each hop in the time domain, determined by the field startPosition of each SRS transmission transition.

[0040] It can represent the starting position of the frequency domain of the probe reference signal.

[0041] SRS sequences for SRS resources or (if provided for SRS resources) SRS-PosResource of numberOfHops In the case of a given transition in an SRS resource, the SRS sequence can be generated according to the following formula:

[0042]

[0043]

[0044] here, The length parameter can be specified by configuration. (Sequence) It can be utilized by sequence generation functions Define the number of transmission comb teeth. It can be included in high-level parameters transmissionComb Medium. Quantity It can represent the number of OFDM symbols within an SRS resource.

[0045] When high-level parameters numberOfHops against SRS-PosResource When provided, the probe reference signal sequence definition can be applied to a given transition. When transmitting SRS on a given SRS resource, for each OFDM symbol... And the sequence of each antenna port in the antenna ports for the SRS resource. It can be used with the amplitude scaling factor. Multiply to meet the transmit power requirements, and for each antenna port according to the following formula... Resource elements that are first mapped sequentially to the time slots :

[0046] The length of the probe reference signal sequence can be given by the following formula:

[0047] in It can be a value selected from a predefined table, where , It can be determined by high-level parameters freqHopping Fields included b-SRS Provide (if configured); otherwise, The rows of the table can be determined by high-level parameters. freqHopping fields in c-SRS The provided index Choose. Quantity It can be determined by high-level parameters FreqScalingFactor Provide (if configured); otherwise, =1. When configured FreqScalingFactor At that time, the UE can expect the length of the SRS sequence to be a multiple of 6.

[0048] The power amplifier (PA) of a transmitter operating in the nonlinear region can distort the transmitted signal and introduce unwanted transmissions into adjacent bandwidths. To manage this distortion, limits can be imposed on the amount of in-band and out-of-band distortion that the transmitter is allowed to produce.

[0049] Out-of-band emissions refer to unwanted emissions that occur immediately outside the allocated channel bandwidth. These emissions may be caused by nonlinearities in the modulation process and transmitter, but spurious emissions can be excluded. This type of emission can be characterized by the spectral emission mask and the adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR).

[0050] To improve measurement accuracy, sensitivity, and efficiency, the resolution bandwidth used for measurement can be smaller than the measurement bandwidth. In this case, the result can be integrated over the measurement bandwidth to obtain the equivalent noise bandwidth of the measurement bandwidth.

[0051] New radio adjacent channel leakage power ratio (NR ACLR It can refer to the ratio of the average filtered power centered on the allocated NR channel frequency to the average filtered power centered on the neighboring NR channel frequencies at the nominal channel spacing.

[0052] The allocated NR channel power and adjacent NR channel power can be measured using a rectangular filter with a predefined measurement bandwidth. If the measured adjacent channel power is greater than -50 dBm, this NR... ACLR It exceeds the defined threshold.

[0053] Table 1: NR ACLR Measurement Bandwidth (3GPP TS 38101)

[0054] Table 2: NR ACLR Requirements (3GPP TS 38101)

[0055] Error vector magnitude (EVM) can be used as a measure of the difference between a reference waveform and a measured waveform. This difference can be referred to as the error vector. Before calculating the EVM, the measured waveform can be corrected for sample timing offset and RF frequency offset. Carrier leakage can then be removed from the measured waveform before calculating the EVM.

[0056] According to the equalizer spectral flatness requirements, the measured waveform can also be equalized using channel estimation. For Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveforms, the EVM result after the front-end Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) can be defined as the square root of the ratio of the average error vector power to the average reference power, expressed as a percentage. For Cyclic Prefix-OFDM (CP-OFDM) waveforms, the EVM result after the front-end FFT can be defined as the square root of the ratio of the average error vector power to the average reference power, expressed as a percentage.

[0057] The basic EVM measurement interval in the time domain can correspond to a preamble sequence for the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) and a time slot for the PUCCH and PUSCH. This measurement interval can be reduced to include any symbols that allow for power transients, as defined for the measurement interval.

[0058] For different modulation schemes, the RMS average of the basic EVM measurements over 10 subframes for the average EVM case and over 60 subframes for the reference signal EVM case can not exceed specific values. These values ​​can be defined for each parameter in the corresponding configuration table. For EVM evaluation purposes, all 13 PRACH preamble formats and all 5 PUCCH formats can be considered to have the same EVM requirements as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation.

[0059] Table 3: Requirements for Error Vector Magnitude (3GPP TS 38101)

[0060] Table 4: Parameters for error vector magnitude (3GPP TS 38101)

[0061] The use of AI / ML-based technologies (such as deep waveform learning and deep constellation learning) may be beneficial in communication systems used for physical layer feature design.

[0062] Applying AI / ML-based techniques to physical layer processing may be of research interest. One example is the so-called HybridDeepRx This receiver can be customized to receive nonlinearly distorted signals. For example, such a receiver can perform ML-based digital post-distortion (DPoD). Simulation results can indicate that this ML-based... HybridDeepRx The receiver can achieve meaningful coverage improvements compared to conventional receivers. Furthermore, HybridDeepRx It can also accurately detect very high modulation orders, such as 1024 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 4096-QAM.

[0063] The DPoD mechanism aims to compensate for PA nonlinearity during reception (i.e., during data signal decoding). To compensate for this effect, the receiver may need to equalize the signal by removing the channel contribution from the received signal. When the PA operates in the nonlinear region, the channel response observed by the receiver can consist of at least the following: Component A: Wireless propagation channel response; Component B: PA response; Component C: Potential nonlinear effects of RF components after PA (such as switches or antenna tuners).

[0064] Therefore, for successful DPoD operation, the receiver may need to accurately estimate the total channel response, which can consist of at least components A and B. Some approaches could be proposed that utilize new DMRS modes in the PUSCH, such as adding DMRS symbols or increasing DMRS power for each slot, to enable the receiver to estimate the combined effects of components A through C. However, introducing such modes into the uplink data channel can severely impact spectral efficiency. This trade-off can be mitigated by considering that the PA response may change less rapidly in both the time and frequency domains compared to the radio propagation channel response.

[0065] How the DPoD receiver can obtain accurate information about the wireless propagation channel response (i.e., component A) and the PA response (i.e., component B), and thus know that the wireless propagation channel response may change faster in time and frequency than the PA response, may be important for research.

[0066] This disclosure proposes a mechanism for sampling the PA response at different power levels (to introduce the PA nonlinear response), so that this information can be used in AI / ML algorithms for DPoD.

[0067] According to some example embodiments, solutions are provided for transmitting reference signals using different powers. In one solution, a second device sends a configuration for the reference signal to a first device. This configuration indicates multiple different power control parameters to be applied to multiple resources of the reference signal. The multiple resources include at least one of the following: multiple time-domain resources of the reference signal, multiple frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or multiple spatial-domain resources of the reference signal. Based on the received configuration, the first device transmits the reference signal to the second device on the multiple resources.

[0068] In this way, transmitting reference signals across multiple resources using different power control parameters provides additional flexibility in reference signal design and facilitates support for different receiver processing requirements, such as those related to signal characterization under varying transmission conditions (e.g., power). This design can further enable the study of PA nonlinear characteristics, which can be used for DPoD.

[0069] Now for reference Figure 2A This illustrates an example signaling stream 200A of a process for transmitting RS at different power according to some example embodiments. Signaling stream 200A relates to a first device 201 and a second device 202. The first device 201 can operate as a transmitter for transmitting RS or data, and the first device 201 can be a terminal device (e.g., terminal device 110) or can be included in a terminal device. The second device 202 can operate as a receiver for transmitting RS or data, and the second device 202 can be a network device (e.g., network device 120) or can be included in a network device.

[0070] like Figure 2A As shown, the second device 202 sends (210) a configuration for the RS to the first device 201. Correspondingly, the first device 201 receives (212) the configuration. In some example embodiments, before sending the configuration, the second device 202 may send (206) a request for digital post-distortion calibration to the first device 201. Correspondingly, the first device 201 may receive (208) a request for digital post-distortion calibration. The configuration indicates different power control parameters to be applied to resources for the RS. Resources include at least one of the following: time-domain resources for the RS, frequency-domain resources for the RS, or spatial-domain resources for the RS.

[0071] In some example embodiments, time-domain resources may include multiple RS symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) and / or multiple RS time slots. In some example embodiments, frequency-domain resources may include multiple resource blocks (RBs). For example, frequency-domain resources may have different bandwidths. In some example embodiments, spatial-domain resources may include multiple antenna ports.

[0072] In some example embodiments, the different power control parameters include at least one first power control parameter, which is configured to cause at least one power amplifier (PA) of the first device 201 to operate in the linear region. In some example embodiments, the different power control parameters include at least one second power control parameter, which is configured to cause at least one PA of the first device 201 to operate in the nonlinear region.

[0073] Power control parameters can be configured in different ways to enable flexible adjustment of transmit power across various resources. In some example embodiments, the configuration may include multiple different power offsets relative to a baseline power. This allows for flexible control of power across different reference signal resources without altering the underlying resource structure. In some example embodiments, the configuration may include multiple different power scaling factors to be applied to multiple resources. This allows for proportional adjustment of transmit power across resources, enabling dynamic control of signal strength based on symbol, port, or other resource-specific parameters.

[0074] The RS configured with power scaling can be any appropriate RS sent from the first device 201 to the second device 202. In some example embodiments, the RS can be an SRS. In some example embodiments, the configuration can include an RRC configuration for the resource set of the SRS. In some examples, a configuration including different power control parameters can be sent via RRC configuration, and the RRC configuration information element for the SRS (e.g., SRS-Resource , SRS-Config , SRS-ResourceSet This can be modified or expanded to include information about different power control parameters. Traditional SRS-Resource Information elements can include all time / frequency configurations for a given SRS resource, as well as hopping mode and bandwidth configurations. Although SRS-ResourceSet It can include power configurations, but power configurations can be applied to the entire resource set. For finer-grained power control, it can be modified... SRS-Resource The information element includes power control parameters. The first example shown allows tuning for the power of the SRS transmitted via different antenna ports. The example shown in Table 5 corresponds to one possible implementation of this feature, where the parameters... portPower This allows for configuring separate power levels for different antenna ports (i.e., space domain resources). This can provide examples of applying different power control parameters to space domain resources.

[0075] Table 5. Examples of SRS resource configuration

[0076] In some example embodiments, this configuration may include multiple different power offsets relative to the baseline power. Example implementations of this feature may rely on existing... SRS-ResourceSet The configuration allows you to define the baseline transmit power for the SRS resource set using parameter P0, and α to define the power offset scaling factor.

[0077] For example, in Table 6, regarding portPower Defined INTEGER Value representation AND SRS-ResourceSetThe offset of the P0 and / or α configuration defined in [the document]. Using this configuration, two SRS resources can be configured to achieve nonlinearity probing. For example, a resource set with two SRS resources (each SRS resource probing 50 RBs using a jump) can result in a total probe bandwidth of 100 RBs. By applying different power offsets to the two resources relative to a common P0 / α setting, different nonlinear effects can be observed.

[0078] The second example shown in Table 6 below allows for tuning of the SRS transmit power per time-domain resource (i.e., symbol), thereby enabling per-symbol power scanning for multi-symbol SRS resources. In this way, per-symbol power offsets can be defined to facilitate controlled variations in transmit power across time-domain resources (e.g., symbols within a single SRS resource).

[0079] Table 6. Examples of SRS resource configuration

[0080] The example shown in Table 6 illustrates a configuration where the SRS transmit power can be adjusted individually for each time-domain resource (i.e., each OFDM symbol). Fields nrofSymbols It can indicate the number of consecutive symbols used for SRS transmission, and symbolPower The field can specify a corresponding power offset value for each symbol. This structure can achieve per-symbol power scanning by allowing different power levels to be applied across the time domain location of the SRS.

[0081] It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and do not imply any limitations. Combinations of power control at the per-port and per-symbol levels can also be implemented for more flexible RS designs.

[0082] In some example embodiments, the configuration may include an indication for the use of a nonlinearity measurement and another indication for the use of a linearity measurement for multiple resources. In some examples, the configuration may include an indication for the use of a nonlinearity measurement for the multiple resources and another indication for the use of a linearity measurement. For example, the indication for use may be used to distinguish the different SRS resources based on their configured power characteristics. Some SRS resources may be configured with selected power control parameters to drive at least one power amplifier (PA) of the first device to operate in the nonlinear region, and such resources may be associated with an indication for the use of a nonlinearity measurement. Other SRS resources may be configured with selected power control parameters to maintain the PA in the linear region and may be associated with an indication for the use of a linearity measurement or another appropriate use category.

[0083] The following shows an example extension of the SRS-ResourceSet information element, where the new usage value nonLinearityMeasurement can be defined as: Table 7. Examples of SRS-ResourceSet Information Elements

[0084] In some example embodiments, the first device 201 may send a request to the second device 202 for a measurement of nonlinearity for digital post-distortion. In some examples, the detection of SRS may be triggered by the first device 201 in an event-driven manner based on some predefined conditions. For example, such triggering events may include internally monitored PA temperature or threshold-based feedback from a receiver. The first device 201 may also be able to initiate aperiodic SRS transmissions using UL signaling mechanisms such as Uplink Control Information (UCI), Media Access Control (MAC), or Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling. MAC and RRC signaling may be suitable due to the non-time-critical nature of the corresponding messages.

[0085] Return to reference Figure 2A The first device 201 sends (216) RS to the second device 202 on multiple resources based on the received configuration. Accordingly, the second device 202 receives (218) RS.

[0086] In some example embodiments, upon receiving the RS, the second device 202 may determine information regarding the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier (PA) of the first device 201. In some example embodiments, the second device 202 may also perform (220) digital post-distortion on the data signal received from the first device 201 based on the information regarding the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier of the first device 201. For example, the second device 202 may first derive a model of the PA's nonlinear behavior based on the received reference signal. Upon receiving the data signal from the first device 201, the second device 202 may then apply the previously derived model to perform digital post-distortion on the data signal to compensate for the identified nonlinear effects.

[0087] The following will refer to Figure 2B Example process 200B is described, transmitting RS at different power levels. Process 200B can be considered an example of process 200A. In this example, terminal device 110 can be an example of first device 201, and network device 120 can be an example of second device 202.

[0088] In the 200B example process, network device 120 may send (230) a configuration to terminal device 110, and this configuration may be an aperiodic SRS transmission configuration. The configuration may include power scaling across different transmission dimensions, such as OFDM symbols (in the time domain), antenna ports (in the spatial domain), and bandwidth (in the frequency domain).

[0089] Upon receiving the configuration, terminal device 110 may send an SRS (232) based on the received configuration. Upon receiving the SRS, network device 120 may extract information (234) related to the nonlinear behavior of the PA at terminal device 110. The extracted information may then be used in AI / ML algorithms, for example, to enable DPoD.

[0090] In another solution where a reference signal is transmitted at a different power, the second device transmits a configuration for the RSB to the first device. This configuration includes at least two symbol subsets. The configuration also includes a first set of power control parameters for a first symbol subset and a second set of power control parameters for a second symbol subset. The first set of power control parameters differs from the second set of power control parameters. The first device transmits the RSB to the second device based on this configuration.

[0091] In this way, even within a single transmission instance, the first device is able to generate a reference signal block (RSB) comprising a subset of symbols with different power levels. This signal structure (RSB) enables the measurement of PA behavior across closely spaced symbol intervals under different power conditions. This facilitates fine-grained analysis of PA nonlinearity.

[0092] Now for reference Figure 3A This illustrates an example signaling stream 300A of a process for transmitting RSBs at different power levels according to some example embodiments. Signaling stream 300A relates to a first device 201 and a second device 202. The first device 201 can operate as a transmitter for RS or data transmission, and the first device 201 can be a terminal device (e.g., terminal device 110) or can be included in a terminal device. The second device 202 can operate as a receiver for RS or data transmission, and the second device 202 can be a network device (e.g., network device 120) or can be included in a network device.

[0093] like Figure 3AAs shown, the second device 202 sends a (310) RSB configuration to the first device 201. Correspondingly, the first device 201 receives a (313) configuration from the second device 202. This configuration includes at least two symbol subsets. The configuration also includes a first set of power control parameters for a first symbol subset and a second set of power control parameters for a second symbol subset. The first set of power control parameters differs from the second set of power control parameters.

[0094] In some example embodiments, the RSB may be a probe RSB (SRSB), and the configuration may be an RRC configuration for a resource set used by the SRSB.

[0095] In some example embodiments, before sending the configuration, the second device 202 may send (306) a request for digital post-distortion calibration to the first device 201. Correspondingly, the first device 201 may receive (308) the request for digital post-distortion calibration. In some example embodiments, the first device 201 may send a request to the second device 202 for a measurement of the nonlinearity of digital post-distortion. To perform DPoD, the configuration may configure RS to facilitate the characterization of PA characteristics. In some example embodiments, a first set of power control parameters may be configured to cause at least one PA of the first device 201 to operate in the linear response region. In some example embodiments, a second set of power control parameters may be configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region.

[0096] In some example embodiments, the first symbol subset may include multiple repetitions of a first reference signal symbol transmitted using a first set of power control parameters. In some example embodiments, the second symbol subset includes multiple repetitions of a second reference signal symbol transmitted using a second set of power control parameters.

[0097] In some example embodiments, each set of power control parameters (i.e., the first set and the second set) may include frequency modes for a corresponding subset of symbols. In some example embodiments, the frequency modes included in the first set of power control parameters may be wider than the frequency modes included in the second set of power control parameters. In some example embodiments, each set of power control parameters may include a spatial pattern for a corresponding subset of symbols. The spatial pattern can define how the power control parameters are applied across different spatial domain resources, such as antenna ports.

[0098] In some example embodiments, each set of power control parameters may include a comb pattern for a corresponding subset of symbols. In some example embodiments, the comb pattern included in the first set of power control parameters may be denser than the comb pattern included in the second set of power control parameters. In some example embodiments, each set of power control parameters may include an amplitude scaling factor for the transmit power of the corresponding subset of symbols. In some example embodiments, the amplitude scaling factor included in the first set of power control parameters may be lower than the amplitude scaling factor included in the second set of power control parameters.

[0099] As an illustrative example consistent with the above embodiments, the RSB may be an SRSB, which may include a total of N SRS symbols within a slot, denoted as : The first <N symbols may include repetitions of SRS symbols transmitted with a bandwidth , a dense comb , and low power (a relatively low transmit power level adjusted via the amplitude scaling factor ), such that the PA may operate in a tuned linear region to keep the PA in the linear region. The remaining symbols may include repetitions of second SRS symbols transmitted with a narrower bandwidth , a different comb configuration / pattern , and a high power level tuned via the amplitude scaling factor , to cause PA operation in a non-linear region or a saturation region.

[0100] In the above notation: B (i.e., or ) may represent a transmission bandwidth, which may define the frequency span over which the SRS symbols extend; K (i.e., ) may represent a comb configuration, which may be associated with a subcarrier spacing pattern; and may represent the amplitude scaling factor.

[0101] It should be noted that the total N SRS symbols may be divided into more than two subsets. Therefore, one or more subsets may correspond to SRS symbols transmitted under linear PA conditions, while one or more other subsets may correspond to SRS symbols transmitted under non-linear conditions. This may flexibly configure the SRSB to probe different PA response regions within a single transmission instance.

[0102] Different settings for the bandwidth and comb pattern in the linear subset and the non-linear subset may enable selective excitation of the PA under different frequency conditions. A wider bandwidth and dense comb in the linear region may support lower power transmission suitable for linear PA response, while a narrow bandwidth with a sparser or modified comb structure in the non-linear region may facilitate focused power transfer that saturates the PA, thus allowing characterization of its non-linear behavior.

[0103] ​It should be understood that the examples provided above are for illustrative purposes only and do not imply any limitation on the scope of this disclosure.

[0104] Return to reference Figure 3A The first device 201 sends (316) RSB to the second device 202 based on the received configuration. Accordingly, the second device 202 receives (318) RSB.

[0105] In some example embodiments, upon receiving an RSB, the second device 202 may determine information regarding the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier (PA) of the first device 201. In some example embodiments, the second device 202 may also perform (320) digital post-distortion on the data signal received from the first device 201 based on the information regarding the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier of the first device 201. For example, the second device 202 may first derive a model of the PA's nonlinear behavior based on a received reference signal. Upon receiving a data signal from the first device 201, the second device 202 may then apply the previously derived model to perform digital post-distortion on the data signal to compensate for the identified nonlinear effects.

[0106] In some examples, the nonlinear response of at least one PA of the first device 201 can be determined by the second device 202 based on a comparison between the received RSB and an expected linear reference. For example, different subsets of RSB configured with variations in bandwidth, comb pattern, and transmit power can be used to drive the PA under different operating conditions. For instance, a first subset of symbols transmitted with low power, wide bandwidth, and dense comb can reflect linear behavior, while a second subset transmitted with higher power, narrower bandwidth, and a modified comb pattern can reveal signal distortion caused by PA saturation.

[0107] By analyzing the received signals corresponding to linear and nonlinear subsets, the second device 202 can estimate a set of parameters characterizing the nonlinear behavior of the PA. These parameters can then be used to construct an ML model (e.g., an AI / ML-based algorithm) of the PA's nonlinear response. Upon receiving a data signal from the first device 201, the second device 202 can apply the derived model to perform DPoD, thereby adjusting or correcting distortion.

[0108] It should be understood that, as mentioned above, Figure 2A The features and operations described in relation to the first device 201 and the second device 202 also apply to Figure 3A The process described above has a similar effect. For the sake of simplicity, its details will not be repeated.

[0109] The following will refer to Figure 3BExample process 300B is described, transmitting RS at different power levels. Process 300B can be considered an example of process 300A. In this example, terminal device 110 can be an example of first device 201, and network device 120 can be an example of second device 202.

[0110] In the example process of 300B, network device 120 may send (340) a request for DPoD calibration to terminal device 110 via, for example, RRC signaling.

[0111] Network device 120 may send (342) a configuration for SRSB to terminal device 110 via RRC signaling. The configuration may include at least two symbol sets, each of which may include parameters such as the number of symbols, bandwidth, comb configuration, and amplitude scaling factor.

[0112] Terminal device 110 can send (344) SRSB based on this configuration. Upon receiving the SRSB, network device 120 can determine (346) the response characteristics of the PA at terminal device 110, which can be used for subsequent DPoD.

[0113] In another solution that transmits a reference signal at different powers, the second device sends a configuration for the RSB to the first device. This configuration indicates multiple different amplitude scaling factors to be applied to multiple different antenna ports for RSB transmission. The first device then transmits the RSB to the second device based on this configuration.

[0114] In this way, the first device can generate RSBs where different antenna ports transmit signals at different power levels based on corresponding amplitude scaling factors. This allows for spatial domain power diversity within the same RSB transmission. This configuration facilitates the analysis of PA nonlinearity characteristics for each antenna port, enabling spatially resolved PA behavior modeling. This differs from previous solutions, which focused on power variation across time-domain symbols or subsets of symbols, rather than power variation between antenna ports.

[0115] Now for reference Figure 4A This illustrates an example signaling stream 400A of a process for transmitting RSBs at different power levels according to some example embodiments. Signaling stream 400A relates to a first device 201 and a second device 202. The first device 201 can operate as a transmitter for RS or data transmission, and the first device 201 can be a terminal device (e.g., terminal device 110) or can be included in a terminal device. The second device 202 can operate as a receiver for RS or data transmission, and the second device 202 can be a network device (e.g., network device 120) or can be included in a network device.

[0116] like Figure 4A As shown, the second device 202 sends (410) RSB configuration to the first device 201. Accordingly, the first device 201 receives (412) configuration from the second device 202. This configuration indicates multiple different amplitude scaling factors to be applied to multiple different antenna ports for RSB transmission.

[0117] In some examples, the first device 201 can transmit SRSB from one or more antennas simultaneously. In antenna switching scenarios, antennas or antenna groups can be used in a time-division multiplexing (TDM) manner. The traditional mapping of SRS to time-frequency-space resources (where space refers to antenna ports) can be defined as follows: When an SRS is transmitted on a given SRS resource, for each OFDM symbol and the sequence for each antenna port of the SRS resource Can be used with amplitude scaling factor Multiply to match the transmit power, which can be predefined and specific to each antenna port. According to the following formula, from Resource elements that begin to be mapped sequentially to the time slots :

[0118] As shown for traditional mechanisms, amplitude scaling factor This can be done independently of the antenna port. Different RF chains typically exhibit power imbalance. Assuming each RF chain can be associated with a different PA, and different antenna ports can correspond to different combinations of RF chains, each antenna port can experience a different total PA response. As a result, SRS transmitted from different antenna ports may suffer from different PA-induced distortions. Therefore, a mechanism is needed to characterize the total PA response associated with each antenna port. The proposed solution addresses this need by implementing port-specific amplitude scaling, thereby allowing the system to identify and compensate for PA nonlinearities or imbalances for each port.

[0119] In some example embodiments, the RSB may be a probe RSB (SRSB), and the configuration may be an RRC configuration for a set of resources for the SRSB.

[0120] In some example embodiments, before sending the configuration, the second device 202 may send (406) a request for digital post-distortion calibration to the first device 201. Accordingly, the first device 201 may receive (408) the request for digital post-distortion calibration. In some example embodiments, at least one first amplitude scaling factor may be configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the linear response region. In some example embodiments, at least one second amplitude scaling factor may be configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region. In some examples, the amplitude scaling factor may be via… To configure, different antenna port SRS utilize antenna port factors in amplitude. By scaling, the antenna port factor can compensate for RF power imbalance. In this way, port-specific PA characteristics can be derived based on SRS measurements performed by the second device 202.

[0121] The amplitude scaling factor can be configured in any suitable manner. For example, it can be configured via higher-level RRC configuration to define the power per symbol. In some scenarios, the port-specific β parameter (i.e., ...) is used. This can provide more flexibility or improved performance.

[0122] For example, consider a non-codebook-based MIMO scheme. In this case, the uplink precoder can be determined by the first device 201. Therefore, simple low-power or high-power detection methods may not be sufficient. This is because the combined output of two PAs transmitting simultaneously may be subject to crosstalk between their respective RF chains. Such crosstalk can cause the nonlinear response to vary with the power scaling currently applied between the RF branches.

[0123] Therefore, configuring a sufficient number of SRS resources to probe all possible combinations of PA output power can be challenging. The proposed method using port-specific amplitude scaling provides a more scalable and targeted way to characterize PA behavior under such conditions.

[0124] In some example embodiments, the RSB may be an SRSB, and the configuration may be an RRC configuration for a resource set of the SRSB. In some example embodiments, this configuration also indicates power hopping precoding information to be applied to the corresponding reference signal symbol included in the RSB. In some examples, this configuration may indicate the power hopping precoding information to be applied to the corresponding reference signal symbol included in the RSB. For example, consider a simple 2-transmit antenna (2TX) case. Conventional precoders may assume equal power division between the two RF branches. However, in non-codebook-based precoding, the first device 201 may be allowed to use any suitable precoder. For example, an SVD-based precoder derived from the inversion of the downlink CSI-RS channel.

[0125] In this configuration, with two antennas used for transmission, the power for each antenna can be more effectively controlled via the β scaling parameter. Furthermore, power levels can be hopped across assigned symbols to introduce variations in transmit power, enabling more flexible or more information detection.

[0126] Return to reference Figure 4A The first device 201 sends (416) RSB to the second device 202 based on the received configuration. Accordingly, the second device 202 receives (418) RSB.

[0127] In some example embodiments, upon receiving an RSB, the second device 202 may determine information regarding the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier (PA) of the first device 201. In some example embodiments, the second device 202 may also perform (420) digital post-distortion on the data signal received from the first device 201 based on the information regarding the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier of the first device 201. For example, the second device 202 may first derive a model of the PA's nonlinear behavior based on a received reference signal. Upon receiving a data signal from the first device 201, the second device 202 may then apply the previously derived model to perform digital post-distortion on the data signal to compensate for the identified nonlinear effects.

[0128] In some examples, to perform port-specific PA characterization for a given antenna, the second device 202 can receive a reference signal and, using a previously obtained estimate of the channel response (e.g., derived from a reference signal transmitted when the PA is operating in a linear region), remove the channel contribution from the received reference signal. The resulting signal may contain only the PA-induced effects on the transmitted reference signal. Since the transmitted reference signal is known, the second device 202 can use any appropriate estimation technique to approximate the PA response.

[0129] It should be understood that, as mentioned above, Figure 2A The features and operations described in relation to the first device 201 and the second device 202 also apply to Figure 4A The process described above has a similar effect. For the sake of simplicity, its details will not be repeated.

[0130] The following will refer to Figure 4B Example process 400B is described, transmitting RS at different power levels. Process 400B can be considered an example of process 400A. In this example, terminal device 110 can be an example of first device 201, and network device 120 can be an example of second device 202.

[0131] In the 400B example process, network device 120 can use RRC signaling to send (442) a configuration for SRSB to terminal device 110. This configuration may include at least a first symbol set and a second symbol set, each symbol set being defined by the number of OFDM symbols, bandwidth, comb configuration, and amplitude scaling factor.

[0132] Terminal device 110 can send (444) SRSB based on this configuration. Upon receiving the SRSB, network device 120 can determine (446) the response characteristics of the PA of terminal device 110, which can be used to support subsequent DPoD.

[0133] In another solution, RS is transmitted at a different power. The second device transmits a configuration for RS to the first device within the bandwidth. RS includes a first subset of resource elements (REs) with non-zero power (NZP) and a second subset of REs with zero power (ZP). The first device transmits RS to the second device based on this configuration.

[0134] In this way, the first device can generate a mixed reference signal containing both NZP and ZP resource elements within the configured bandwidth. This signal can be used to observe out-of-band emissions (OOBE) under controlled transmission conditions. The presence of adjacent ZP REs allows for clearer isolation and measurement of spectral leakage caused by PA nonlinearity. This supports PA compensation strategies specifically designed for OOBE behavior, unlike other solutions that focus on temporal or spatial power variations.

[0135] Now for reference Figure 5A This illustrates an example signaling stream 500A of a process for transmitting RS at different power according to some example embodiments. Signaling stream 500A relates to a first device 201 and a second device 202. The first device 201 can operate as a transmitter for RS or data transmission, and the first device 201 can be a terminal device (e.g., terminal device 110) or can be included in a terminal device. The second device 202 can operate as a receiver for RS or data transmission, and the second device 202 can be a network device (e.g., network device 120) or can be included in a network device.

[0136] like Figure 5A As shown, the second device 202 sends (510) the configuration of the RS to the first device 201. Accordingly, the first device 201 receives (512) the configuration from the second device 202. The RS includes a first subset of REs with NZP and a second subset of REs with ZP. The subset of REs with NZP may also be referred to as NZP REs, and the subset of REs with ZP may also be referred to as ZP REs. For example, in some example embodiments, the SRS configuration may include a certain number of empty PRBs located at each edge of the utilized spectrum band. This configuration may allow receiver inference: neighboring PRBs are expected to contain OOBEs generated by the transmitter. These transmissions can be received by the receiver and further utilized for PA model characterization. In another example, such information may be used for AI / ML-based training to optimize the OOBE characteristics on the first device 201 side.

[0137] An empty PRB can be interpreted as a ZP SRS. When defining the SRS configuration, specifying the number of NZP SRSs and ZP SRSs may be sufficient. In some cases, it can be assumed that the ZP SRS REs are symmetrically located on either side of the NZP SRS REs.

[0138] The NZP RE and ZP RE can be configured in any suitable manner. In some example embodiments, the ZP RE can be placed at both edges of the spectrum, since the shoulders of the transmitted signal typically appear on both sides. However, this configuration should not be limited to this default scenario. For example, if the transmitter operates near the edge of the allocated frequency band, configuring the ZP RE on only one side may be sufficient. For example, the side adjacent to the DL bandwidth can be treated as the opposite side by a filter.

[0139] In some examples, spatial filtering can allow the reuse of the RB at a second device 202 (e.g., gNB) for another first device (e.g., UE). In congested scenarios, assuming reciprocity, the system can be configured to probe a larger bandwidth with only one side blanked out. In this case, although partial RB probing can still provide useful information about PA nonlinearity, it may lead to reduced accuracy of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurements.

[0140] Furthermore, the discontinuous operation of the first device 201 has been specified, but it has not been widely deployed due to practical limitations of the PA. Such discontinuous allocation may become feasible if AI / ML-based techniques can help compensate for nonlinearities. In this context, the configuration could include multiple blank SRS RBs around various allocations. Therefore, the proposed configuration can support flexible SRS placement to improve the observation and learning of TX nonlinearities under various deployment scenarios and spectral constraints.

[0141] In some example embodiments, this configuration may also include multiple different power control parameters to be applied to the first subset of REs (i.e., NZP REs). This enables per-RE tuning of the transmit power within the NZP subset, allowing for finer control over the signal characteristics used for PA nonlinearity studies. This fine-grained control facilitates targeted excitation of specific nonlinear behaviors, thereby improving the accuracy and flexibility of PA response modeling and compensation. The configuration and application of different power control parameters can be based on a reference. Figures 2A to 2B , Figures 3A to 3B and Figures 4A to 4B Implemented by any of the described embodiments.

[0142] In some example embodiments, the RSB may be a probe RSB (SRSB), and the configuration may be an RRC configuration for a set of resources for the SRSB.

[0143] In some example embodiments, before sending the configuration, the second device 202 may send (506) a request for digital post-distortion calibration to the first device 201. Correspondingly, the first device 201 may receive (508) the request for digital post-distortion calibration. In some example embodiments, the first device 201 may send a request to the second device 202 for a measurement of the nonlinearity of digital post-distortion.

[0144] Return to reference Figure 5A The first device 201 sends (516) RS to the second device 202 based on the received configuration. Accordingly, the second device 202 receives (518) RS.

[0145] In some example embodiments, upon receiving an RS, the second device 202 may obtain information about out-of-band emissions generated by the first device 201 for the bandwidth based on a second subset of REs. In some example embodiments, the second device 202 may determine information about in-band emissions generated by the first device 201 for the bandwidth based on a first subset of REs.

[0146] In some example embodiments, the second device 202 may also perform (520) digital post-distortion on the data signal received from the first device 201 based on information about out-of-band and in-band emissions generated by the first device 201.

[0147] It should be understood that, as mentioned above, Figure 2A The features and operations described in relation to the first device 201 and the second device 202 also apply to Figure 5A The process described above has a similar effect. For the sake of simplicity, its details will not be repeated.

[0148] The following will refer to Figure 5B Example process 500B is described, transmitting RS at different power levels. Process 500B can be considered an example of process 500A. In this example, terminal device 110 can be used as an example of first device 201, and network device 120 can be used as an example of second device 202.

[0149] In the example process of 500 B, network device 120 may send (550) a request for DPoD calibration to terminal device 110 via, for example, RRC signaling.

[0150] Network device 120 may send (552) a configuration for the combined NZP SRS and ZP SRS to terminal device 110. The combined NZP SRS and ZP SRS may refer to an SRS in which a subset of REs is transmitted using NZP and another subset of REs is transmitted using ZP, as shown in reference [reference needed]. Figure 5A The configuration can specify certain REs within the SRS to be transmitted at zero power. The terminal device 110 can then transmit (554) a combination of NZP SRS and ZP SRS accordingly.

[0151] Upon receiving the SRS, network device 120 can estimate (556) OOBE based on the received signal.

[0152] Figure 6 A flowchart of an example method 600 implemented at a first device according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For the purposes of discussion, method 600 will be described from the perspective of the first device 201 in FIG2.

[0153] At block 610, a configuration of a reference signal is received from the second device, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters to be applied to a plurality of resources for the reference signal, the plurality of resources including at least one of the following: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal.

[0154] In box 620, reference signals are sent to the second device on multiple resources based on configuration.

[0155] In some example embodiments, the multiple time-domain resources for the reference signal include at least one of the following: multiple reference signal symbols, or multiple reference signal time slots; and / or wherein the multiple spatial-domain resources for the reference signal include multiple resource blocks (RBs); and / or wherein the multiple spatial-domain resources for the reference signal include multiple antenna ports.

[0156] In some example embodiments, the configuration includes at least one of the following: multiple different power offsets relative to the baseline power, or multiple different power scaling factors, or a first indication of the use of nonlinearity measurements and a second indication of the use of linearity measurements for multiple resources.

[0157] In some example embodiments, multiple different power control parameters include: at least one first power control parameter configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the linear response region.

[0158] In some example embodiments, multiple different power control parameters include: at least one second power control parameter configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region.

[0159] In some example embodiments, method 600 further includes sending a request to a second device for a measurement of nonlinearity for digital post-distortion. The configuration further indicates one of the following: a periodic mode for transmitting the reference signal, or a non-periodic mode for transmitting the reference signal.

[0160] In some example embodiments, the reference signal includes a probe reference signal (SRS), and the configuration includes an RRC configuration for a resource set of the SRS.

[0161] In some example embodiments, method 600 further includes receiving a request for digital post-distortion calibration from a second device.

[0162] In some example embodiments, the first device is a terminal device or is included in a terminal device, and the second device is a network device or is included in a network device.

[0163] In some example embodiments, a first device capable of performing any method 600 (e.g., the first device 201 in FIG. 2) may include components for performing the corresponding operations of method 600. These components may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the components may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module. The first device may be implemented as or included in the first device 201 in FIG. 2.

[0164] Figure 7A flowchart of an example method 700 implemented at a second device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For the purposes of discussion, method 700 will be described from the perspective of the second device 202 in FIG2.

[0165] At block 710, a configuration for sending a reference signal to the first device is provided, wherein the configuration indicates multiple different power control parameters to be applied to multiple resources of the reference signal and the multiple resources include at least one of the following: multiple time-domain resources of the reference signal, multiple frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or multiple spatial-domain resources of the reference signal.

[0166] At frame 720, a reference signal is received from the first device.

[0167] In some example embodiments, the multiple time-domain resources for the reference signal include at least one of the following: multiple reference signal symbols, or multiple reference signal time slots; and / or wherein the multiple spatial-domain resources for the reference signal include multiple resource blocks (RBs); and / or wherein the multiple spatial-domain resources for the reference signal include multiple antenna ports.

[0168] In some example embodiments, the configuration includes at least one of the following: multiple different power offsets relative to the baseline power, or multiple different power scaling factors, or a first indication of the use of nonlinearity measurements and a second indication of the use of linearity measurements for multiple resources.

[0169] In some example embodiments, multiple different power control parameters include: at least one first power control parameter configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the linear response region.

[0170] In some example embodiments, multiple different power control parameters include: at least one second power control parameter configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region.

[0171] In some example embodiments, method 700 further includes: determining information about the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier of the first device based on the received reference signal.

[0172] In some example embodiments, method 700 further includes performing digital post-distortion on the data signal received from the first device based on information about the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier of the first device.

[0173] In some example embodiments, the first device is also configured to send a request to the second device for a measurement of the nonlinearity of the digital post-distortion.

[0174] In some example embodiments, method 700 further includes sending a request to the first device for digital post-distortion calibration.

[0175] In some example embodiments, the reference signal includes a probe reference signal (SRS), and the configuration includes an RRC configuration for a resource set of the SRS.

[0176] In some example embodiments, a second means capable of performing any method 700 (e.g., the second means 202 in FIG. 2) may include components for performing the corresponding operations of method 700. These components may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the components may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module. The second means may be implemented as or included in the second means 202 in FIG. 2.

[0177] Figure 8 A flowchart of an example method 800 implemented at a first device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For the purposes of discussion, method 800 will be described from the perspective of the first device 201 in FIG2.

[0178] At block 810, a configuration of a reference signal block RSB is received from a second device. The configuration includes at least two symbol subsets, wherein the configuration indicates a first set of power control parameters for a first symbol subset and a second set of power control parameters for a second symbol subset, and wherein the first set of power control parameters is different from the second set of power control parameters.

[0179] At box 820, an RSB is sent to the second device based on the configuration.

[0180] In some example embodiments, a first set of power control parameters is configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the linear response region, and a second set of power control parameters is configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region.

[0181] In some example embodiments, each of the first set of power control parameters and the second set of power control parameters includes at least one of the following: a frequency mode for the corresponding symbol subset; a spatial mode for the corresponding symbol subset; a comb mode for the corresponding symbol subset; or an amplitude scaling factor for the transmit power of the corresponding symbol subset.

[0182] In some example embodiments, the amplitude scaling factor included in the first set of power control parameters is lower than the amplitude scaling factor included in the second set of power control parameters.

[0183] In some example embodiments, the bandwidth included in the first set of power control parameters is wider than the bandwidth included in the second set of power control parameters, and / or the comb pattern included in the first set of power control parameters is denser than the comb pattern included in the second set of power control parameters.

[0184] In some example embodiments, method 800 further includes receiving a request for digital post-distortion calibration from a second device.

[0185] In some example embodiments, the first symbol subset includes multiple repetitions of a first reference signal symbol transmitted using a first set of power control parameters, and the second symbol subset includes multiple repetitions of a second reference signal symbol transmitted using a second set of power control parameters.

[0186] In some example embodiments, method 800 further includes sending a request to a second device for a measurement of nonlinearity for digital post-distortion.

[0187] In some example embodiments, the RSB includes a probe reference signal block (SRSB), and the configuration includes an RRC configuration for a resource set for the SRSB.

[0188] In some example embodiments, the first device is a terminal device or is included in a terminal device, and the second device is a network device or is included in a network device.

[0189] In some example embodiments, a first device capable of performing any method 800 (e.g., the first device 201 in FIG2) may include components for performing the corresponding operations of method 800. These components may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the components may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module. The first device may be implemented as or included in the first device 201 in FIG2.

[0190] Figure 9 A flowchart of an example method 900 implemented at a second device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For the purposes of discussion, method 900 will be described from the perspective of the second device 202 in FIG2.

[0191] At block 910, a configuration of a reference signal block RSB is sent to the first device. The configuration includes at least two symbol subsets, wherein the configuration indicates a first set of power control parameters for a first symbol subset and a second set of power control parameters for a second symbol subset, and wherein the first set of power control parameters is different from the second set of power control parameters.

[0192] At box 920, RSB is received from the first device based on the configuration.

[0193] In some example embodiments, a first set of power control parameters is configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the linear response region, and a second set of power control parameters is configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region.

[0194] In some example embodiments, each of the first set of power control parameters and the second set of power control parameters includes at least one of the following: bandwidth for the corresponding symbol subset; comb pattern for the corresponding symbol subset; or amplitude scaling factor for the transmit power of the corresponding symbol subset.

[0195] In some example embodiments, method 900 further includes sending a request to the first device for digital post-distortion calibration.

[0196] In some example embodiments, method 900 further includes: determining information about the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier of the first device based on the received RSB.

[0197] In some example embodiments, method 900 further includes performing digital post-distortion on a data signal received from the first device based on information about the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier of the first device.

[0198] In some example embodiments, a second means capable of performing any method 900 (e.g., the second means 202 in FIG. 2) may include components for performing the corresponding operations of method 900. These components may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the components may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module. The second means may be implemented as or included in the second means 202 in FIG. 2.

[0199] Figure 10 A flowchart of an example method 1000 implemented at a first device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For the purposes of discussion, the method 1000 will be described from the perspective of the first device 201 in FIG2.

[0200] At block 1010, a configuration for the reference signal block RSB is received from the second device, wherein the configuration indicates multiple different amplitude scaling factors to be applied to multiple different antenna ports for RSB transmission.

[0201] At box 1020, an RSB is sent to the second device based on the configuration.

[0202] In some example embodiments, the plurality of different amplitude scaling factors include: at least one first amplitude scaling factor configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the linear response region.

[0203] In some example embodiments, multiple different amplitude scaling factors include: at least one second amplitude control parameter configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region.

[0204] In some example embodiments, method 1000 further includes sending a request to a second device for a measurement of nonlinearity for digital post-distortion.

[0205] In some example embodiments, the RSB includes a probe reference signal block (SRSB), and the configuration includes an RRC configuration for a resource set for the SRSB.

[0206] In some example embodiments, the configuration also indicates power transition precoding information to be applied to the corresponding reference signal symbol included in the RSB.

[0207] In some example embodiments, the first device configured to receive the configuration is also configured to receive a request for digital post-distortion calibration from the second device.

[0208] In some example embodiments, the first device is a terminal device or is included in a terminal device, and the second device is a network device or is included in a network device.

[0209] In some example embodiments, a first device capable of performing any method 1000 (e.g., the first device 201 in FIG. 2) may include components for performing the corresponding operations of method 1000. These components may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the components may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module. The first device may be implemented as or included in the first device 201 in FIG. 2.

[0210] Figure 11 A flowchart of an example method 1100 implemented at a second device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For the purposes of discussion, method 1100 will be described from the perspective of the second device 202 in FIG2.

[0211] At block 1110, a configuration for the reference signal block RSB is sent to the first device, wherein the configuration indicates multiple different amplitude scaling factors to be applied to multiple different antenna ports for RSB transmission.

[0212] At box 1120, RSB is received from the first device based on the configuration.

[0213] In some example embodiments, the plurality of different amplitude scaling factors include: at least one first amplitude scaling factor configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the linear response region.

[0214] In some example embodiments, multiple different amplitude scaling factors include: at least one second amplitude control parameter configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region.

[0215] In some example embodiments, method 1100 further includes: determining information about the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier of the first device based on the received RSB.

[0216] In some example embodiments, method 1100 further includes performing digital post-distortion on a data signal received from the first device based on information about the nonlinear response of at least one power amplifier of the first device.

[0217] In some example embodiments, the RSB includes a probe reference signal block (SRSB), and the configuration includes an RRC configuration for a resource set for the SRSB.

[0218] In some example embodiments, the configuration also indicates power transition precoding information to be applied to the corresponding reference signal symbol included in the RSB.

[0219] In some example embodiments, method 1100 further includes sending a request to the first device for digital post-distortion calibration.

[0220] In some example embodiments, a second means capable of performing any method 1100 (e.g., the second means 202 in FIG. 2) may include components for performing the corresponding operations of method 1100. These components may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the components may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module. The second means may be implemented as or included in the second means 202 in FIG. 2.

[0221] Figure 12 A flowchart of an example method 1200 implemented at a first device according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For the purposes of discussion, method 1200 will be described from the perspective of the first device 201 in FIG2.

[0222] At block 1210, a configuration for a reference signal RS in the bandwidth is received from the second device, wherein the RS includes: a first subset of resource elements RE with non-zero power NZP, and a second subset of RE with zero power ZP.

[0223] At box 1220, RS is sent to the second device based on the configuration.

[0224] In some example embodiments, method 1200 further includes sending a request to a second device for a measurement of nonlinearity for digital post-distortion.

[0225] In some example embodiments, the configuration also indicates multiple different power control parameters to be applied to the first subset of REs.

[0226] In some example embodiments, method 1200 further includes receiving a request for digital post-distortion calibration from a second device.

[0227] In some example embodiments, the RS includes a probe reference signal SRS, and the configuration includes an RRC configuration for a resource set for the SRS.

[0228] In some example embodiments, the first device is a terminal device or is included in a terminal device, and the second device is a network device or is included in a network device.

[0229] In some example embodiments, a first device capable of performing any method 1200 (e.g., the first device 201 in FIG. 2) may include components for performing the corresponding operations of method 1200. These components may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the components may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module. The first device may be implemented as or included in the first device 201 in FIG. 2.

[0230] Figure 13 A flowchart of an example method 1300 implemented at a second device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. For the purposes of discussion, method 1300 will be described from the perspective of the second device 202 in FIG2.

[0231] At block 1310, a configuration for a reference signal RS in the bandwidth is sent to the first device, wherein RS includes: a first subset of resource elements RE with non-zero power NZP, and a second subset of RE with zero power ZP.

[0232] At box 1320, RS is received from the first device based on the configuration.

[0233] In some example embodiments, the second device is also configured to receive from the first device a request for a measurement of nonlinearity for digital post-distortion.

[0234] In some example embodiments, method 1300 further includes: determining information about out-of-band emissions generated by the first device for bandwidth based on a second subset of REs; and determining information about in-band emissions generated by the first device for bandwidth based on the first subset of REs.

[0235] In some example embodiments, method 1300 further includes performing digital post-distortion on a data signal received from the first device based on information about out-of-band and in-band emissions generated by the first device.

[0236] In some example embodiments, method 1300 further includes sending a request to the first device for digital post-distortion calibration.

[0237] In some example embodiments, a second means capable of performing any method 1300 (e.g., the second means 202 in FIG. 2) may include components for performing the corresponding operations of method 1300. These components may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the components may be implemented in a circuit system or a software module. The second means may be implemented as or included in the second means 202 in FIG. 2.

[0238] Figure 14 This is a simplified block diagram of a device 1400 suitable for implementing exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. Device 1400 may be provided to implement a communication device, such as the first device 201 or the second device 202 shown in FIG2. As shown, device 1400 includes one or more processors 1410, one or more memories 1420 coupled to processor 1410, and one or more communication modules 1440 coupled to processor 1410.

[0239] Communication module 1440 is used for bidirectional communication. Communication module 1440 has one or more communication interfaces to facilitate communication with one or more other modules or devices. The communication interface can represent any interface necessary for communication with other network elements. In some example embodiments, communication module 1440 may include at least one antenna.

[0240] As a non-limiting example, processor 1410 can be any type suitable for a local technology network and can include one or more of the following as non-limiting examples: general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, microprocessor, digital signal processor (DSP), and processor based on a multi-core processor architecture. Device 1400 can have multiple processors, such as application-specific integrated circuit chips that are time-dependent on a clock synchronized with the main processor.

[0241] Memory 1420 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM) 1424, electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, hard disk, miniature optical disc (CD), digital video disc (DVD), optical disc, laser disc, and other magnetic and / or optical storage. Examples of volatile memories include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) 1422 and other volatile memories that will not be maintained during power outages.

[0242] Computer program 1430 includes computer-executable instructions that are executed by an associated processor 1410. The instructions of program 1430 may include instructions for performing operations / actions of some example embodiments of this disclosure. Program 1430 may be stored in memory, such as ROM 1424. Processor 1410 can perform any suitable actions and processes by loading program 1430 into RAM 1422.

[0243] Example embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented by means of program 1430, so that device 1400 can perform as shown in Figures 2 to 3. Figure 14 Any process discussed in this disclosure. Exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.

[0244] In some example embodiments, program 1430 may be tangibly included in a computer-readable medium, which may be included in device 1400 (such as in memory 1420) or other storage device accessible to device 1400. Device 1400 may load program 1430 from the computer-readable medium into RAM 1422 for execution. In some example embodiments, the computer-readable medium may include any type of non-transitory storage medium, such as ROM, EPROM, flash memory, hard disk, CD, DVD, etc. The term "non-transitory" as used herein is a limitation on the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not tactile) rather than on the persistence of data storage (e.g., RAM vs. ROM).

[0245] Figure 15 An example of a computer-readable medium 1500 is shown, which may be in the form of a CD, DVD, or other optical storage disc. The computer-readable medium 1500 stores a program 1430 thereon.

[0246] In general, the various embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented in hardware or dedicated circuitry, software, logic, or any combination thereof. Some aspects can be implemented in hardware, while others can be implemented in firmware or software executed by a controller, microprocessor, or other computing device. Although various aspects of the embodiments of this disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other graphical representation, it should be understood that the blocks, apparatuses, systems, techniques, or methods described herein can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, dedicated circuitry or logic, general-purpose hardware or controllers or other computing devices, or some combination thereof, as examples of non-limiting examples.

[0247] Some exemplary embodiments of this disclosure also provide at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a computer-readable medium (such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium). The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in a program module, which are executed in a device on a target physical or virtual processor to perform any of the methods described above. Typically, a program module includes routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, etc., that perform a particular task or implement a particular abstract data type. The functionality of the program module can be combined or split as needed among program modules in various embodiments. The machine-executable instructions for the program module can execute in a local device or a distributed device. In a distributed device, the program module can reside in both local storage media and remote storage media.

[0248] Program code for implementing the methods of this disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that, when executed by the processor or controller, the program code causes the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may be executed entirely on the machine, partially on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partially on the machine and partially on a remote machine, or entirely on a remote machine or server.

[0249] In the context of this disclosure, computer program code or related data may be carried on any suitable carrier to enable a device, apparatus, or processor to perform the various processes and operations described above. Examples of carriers include signals, computer-readable media, etc.

[0250] Computer-readable media can be computer-readable signal media or computer-readable storage media. Computer-readable media can include, but is not limited to, electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor systems, devices, or any suitable combination thereof. More specific examples of computer-readable storage media include electrical connections having one or more wires, portable computer disks, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), optical fibers, portable optical disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0251] Furthermore, although the operations are described in a specific order, this should not be construed as requiring that they be performed in the specific order shown or sequentially, or that all the operations shown be performed in order to achieve the desired result. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processes can be advantageous. Similarly, while several specific implementation details are included in the foregoing discussion, they should not be considered as limiting the scope of this disclosure, but rather as a description of features that may be specific to certain embodiments. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, certain features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, unless explicitly stated otherwise, the various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented individually or in any suitable sub-combination in multiple embodiments.

[0252] Although this disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological actions, it should be understood that the disclosure as defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or actions described above. Rather, the specific features and actions described above are disclosed as exemplary forms of implementing the claims.

[0253] Furthermore, various implementations of this disclosure can be described with reference to the following entries, and their features can be combined in any reasonable manner.

[0254] Item 1. A first means for communication, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first means to at least: receive a configuration of a reference signal from a second means, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters, the plurality of different power control parameters being respectively applied to a plurality of resources for the reference signal, the plurality of resources including at least one of: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal; and, based on the configuration, transmit the reference signal to the second means on the plurality of resources.

[0255] Item 2. The first apparatus according to Item 1, wherein the plurality of time-domain resources for the reference signal include at least one of the following: a plurality of reference signal symbols, or a plurality of reference signal time slots; and / or wherein the plurality of spatial-domain resources for the reference signal include a plurality of resource blocks (RBs); and / or wherein the plurality of spatial-domain resources for the reference signal include a plurality of antenna ports.

[0256] Item 3. The first apparatus according to Item 1, wherein the configuration includes at least one of the following: multiple different power offsets relative to a baseline power, or multiple different power scaling factors, or a first indication for the use of nonlinearity measurements and a second indication for the use of linearity measurements for multiple resources.

[0257] Item 4. The first device according to Item 1, wherein a plurality of different power control parameters include: at least one first power control parameter configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the linear response region.

[0258] Item 5. The first device according to Item 1, wherein a plurality of different power control parameters include: at least one second power control parameter configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region.

[0259] Item 6. A first device according to any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the first device is further configured to: send a request to a second device for a measurement of nonlinearity for digital post-distortion.

[0260] The configuration also indicates one of the following: a periodic mode for transmitting the reference signal, or an aperiodic mode for transmitting the reference signal.

[0261] Item 7. A first apparatus according to any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the reference signal includes a detection reference signal SRS, and wherein the configuration includes a radio resource control configuration for a resource set of the SRS.

[0262] Item 8. A first means according to any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the first means is further configured to: receive a request for digital post-distortion calibration from a second means.

[0263] Item 9. A first device according to any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the first device is a terminal device or is included in a terminal device, and the second device is a network device or is included in a network device.

[0264] Item 10. A second means for communication, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second means to at least: transmit a configuration for a reference signal to a first means, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters to be applied to a plurality of resources of the reference signal and the plurality of resources include at least one of: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal; and receive the reference signal from the first means.

[0265] Item 11. The second apparatus according to Item 10, wherein the plurality of time-domain resources for the reference signal include at least one of the following: a plurality of reference signal symbols, or a plurality of reference signal time slots; and / or wherein the plurality of spatial-domain resources for the reference signal include a plurality of resource blocks; and / or wherein the plurality of spatial-domain resources for the reference signal include a plurality of antenna ports.

[0266] Item 12. The second device according to Item 10 or 11, wherein the configuration includes at least one of the following: multiple different power offsets relative to the baseline power, or multiple different power scaling factors, or a first indication for the use of nonlinearity measurements and a second indication for the use of linearity measurements for multiple resources.

[0267] Item 13. The second device according to Item 10 or 11, wherein a plurality of different power control parameters include at least one of the following: at least one first power control parameter configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the linear response region; or at least one second power control parameter configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region.

[0268] Item 14. A method for communication, comprising: receiving a configuration of a reference signal from a second device, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters, the plurality of different power control parameters being respectively applied to a plurality of resources for the reference signal, the plurality of resources including at least one of: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal; and transmitting the reference signal to the second device on the plurality of resources based on the configuration.

[0269] Item 15. A method for communication, comprising: transmitting a configuration of a reference signal to a first device, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters, the plurality of different power control parameters being applied to a plurality of resources of the reference signal and the plurality of resources including at least one of: a plurality of time-domain resources of the reference signal, a plurality of frequency-domain resources of the reference signal, or a plurality of spatial-domain resources of the reference signal; and receiving the reference signal from the first device.

Claims

1. A first device for communication, comprising: At least one processor; as well as At least one memory stores instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first device to at least: A configuration for receiving a reference signal from a second device, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters, which are to be applied respectively to a plurality of resources for the reference signal, the plurality of resources including at least one of the following: Multiple time-domain resources of the reference signal, Multiple frequency domain resources of the reference signal, or Multiple spatial domain resources of the reference signal; and Based on the configuration, the reference signal is sent to the second device on the plurality of resources.

2. The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of time-domain resources for the reference signal include at least one of the following: a plurality of reference signal symbols, or a plurality of reference signal time slots; and / or The plurality of spatial domain resources for the reference signal include a plurality of resource blocks (RBs); and / or The plurality of spatial domain resources for the reference signal include a plurality of antenna ports.

3. The first apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the configuration includes at least one of the following: Multiple different power offsets relative to the baseline power, or Multiple different power scaling factors, or A first instruction for the use of nonlinearity measurement and a second instruction for the use of linearity measurement for the plurality of resources.

4. The first device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of different power control parameters include: At least one first power control parameter is configured to cause at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the linear response region.

5. The first device according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of different power control parameters include: At least one second power control parameter is configured to cause the at least one power amplifier of the first device to operate in the nonlinear response region.

6. The first device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first device is further configured to: Send a request to the second device for a measurement of the nonlinearity of the digital post-distortion. The configuration described therein also indicates one of the following: A periodic pattern used to transmit the reference signal, or A non-periodic mode used to transmit the reference signal.

7. The first apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the reference signal comprises a detection reference signal SRS, and The configuration mentioned therein includes a radio resource control configuration for the resource set of the SRS.

8. The first device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first device is further configured to: Receive a request for digital post-distortion calibration from the second device.

9. The first device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first device is a terminal device or is included in a terminal device, and the second device is a network device or is included in a network device.

10. A second means for communication, comprising: At least one processor; as well as At least one memory stores instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second device to at least: A configuration for transmitting a reference signal to a first device, wherein the configuration indicates a plurality of different power control parameters to be applied to a plurality of resources of the reference signal and the plurality of resources include at least one of the following: Multiple time-domain resources of the reference signal, Multiple frequency domain resources of the reference signal, or Multiple spatial domain resources of the reference signal; and The reference signal is received from the first device.

Images