Gaseous permeate conduit reinforcement

Abstract

A pressure vessel includes a polymer liner and a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate surrounding a circumference of the polymer liner. The CFRP laminate includes an uncoated fiber tow wrapped or woven around the polymer liner and coated with a resin and a permeate conduit. The uncoated fiber tow is impregnated with cured resin. The permeate conduit includes a polymer coated fiber tow that has been coated with a polymer that is impervious to liquid resin such that the polymer coated fiber tow has no cured resin between the polymer coating and the interior of the polymer coated fiber tow.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 63 / 650,293, filed May 21, 2024, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] This invention relates to Type IV pressure vessels for storing fluids and / or gases under pressure. More specifically, this invention relates to Type IV pressure vessels comprising carbon fibers or composite materials wound and / or woven over a polymer liner to form a composite shell structure with gaseous permeate conduit reinforcements. Background Technology

[0004] Type IV pressure vessels for storing compressed gases, comprising polymer-lined linings and fiber-reinforced composite shell structures, have been used as reliable and efficient containers. Polymer linings are more prone to gas permeation than metal canisters and metal-lined linings. Due to permeation, gas migrates from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas through the polymer lining. This migration can lead to the accumulation of gaseous permeate in the gap between the polymer lining and the composite shell structure. Furthermore, gaseous permeate reduces the amount of fluid and / or gas stored under pressure within the pressure vessel.

[0005] However, when a pressure vessel is depressurized, if the pressure between the polymer liner and the composite shell exceeds the internal pressure of the pressure vessel, the accumulation of gas between the polymer liner and the composite shell structure can cause the polymer liner to bend inward. In the event of rapid venting of the pressure vessel, gaseous permeate that has permeated the entire polymer liner can cause it to collapse. Furthermore, when the pressure vessel is repressurized, the gaseous permeate trapped between the polymer liner and the composite shell can prevent normal filling or be expelled from the pressure vessel structure, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as "dynamic gas release."

[0006] Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the accumulation of gaseous permeate between the polymer liner and the composite shell structure. Furthermore, it is desirable to minimize the accumulation of gaseous permeate in both the polymer liner and the composite shell to reduce the likelihood of collapse of the polymer liner during rapid defueling events and to prevent the formation of bubbles within the polymer liner. It is also desirable to recover the gaseous permeate and resupply it to the pressure vessel for reuse. Additionally, it is desirable to increase the storage capacity of the pressure vessel by minimizing the loss of storage capacity due to the migration of gaseous permeate out of the pressure vessel. Summary of the Invention

[0007] According to one embodiment, a pressure vessel including a permeate conduit is provided. The pressure vessel has a polymer liner and a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate. The polymer liner has a liner wall, an internal chamber, and a first external opening. The liner wall has a tubular shape and extends circumferentially around the internal chamber, and the first external opening extends through the liner wall to the internal chamber. The CFRP laminate surrounds the circumference of the polymer liner. Furthermore, the CFRP laminate includes uncoated fiber bundles wound or braided around the polymer liner and coated with resin, and a permeate conduit. The uncoated fiber bundles are impregnated with a curing resin. The permeate conduit includes polymer-coated fiber bundles coated with a polymer impermeable to liquid resin. No curing resin exists between the polymer coating and the interior of the polymer-coated fiber bundles.

[0008] According to another embodiment, a pressure vessel is provided comprising a plurality of permeate conduits. The pressure vessel further includes a polymer liner comprising a liner wall, an internal chamber, and a first external opening. The liner wall has a generally tubular shape and extends circumferentially around the internal chamber, and the first external opening extends through the liner wall into the internal chamber. The pressure vessel also includes a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate surrounding the circumference of the polymer liner. The CFRP laminate comprises a plurality of permeate conduits wound or braided around the polymer liner and coated with resin. Each of the plurality of permeate conduits comprises a polymer-coated fiber bundle coated with a polymer impermeable to liquid resin. Furthermore, no cured resin exists between the polymer-coated fiber bundle and the interior of the polymer-coated fiber bundle. Attached Figure Description

[0009] The advantages of the present invention will be readily understood, and will become even better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, by referring to the following specific embodiments, in which:

[0010] Figure 1 This is a perspective view of a pressure vessel with a permeate conduit according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0011] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 A partial cross-sectional side view of a portion of a pressure vessel;

[0012] Figure 3 This is a side view of a lining assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0013] Figure 4 yes Figure 3 Enlarged side view of part 4 of the lining component;

[0014] Figure 5 yes Figure 1 A cross-sectional side view of another part of the pressure vessel;

[0015] Figure 6 It shows Figure 4 Enlarged perspective view of part 6 of the lining component;

[0016] Figure 7 This is a cross-sectional view of an uncoated fiber bundle according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0017] Figure 8 This is a cross-sectional view of a polymer-coated fiber bundle according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 9 yes Figure 2 An enlarged cross-sectional view of part 9 of the pressure vessel;

[0019] Figure 10 It shows the weaving process. Figure 3 Side view of the lining component;

[0020] Figure 11 This is a perspective view of a lining assembly according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 12 This is a perspective view of a lining assembly according to a third embodiment of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 13 This is a perspective view of a lining assembly according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 14 yes Figure 13 An enlarged view of part 14 of the lining component; and

[0024] Figure 15 yes Figure 14 A magnified view of part 15 of the lining component. Detailed Implementation

[0025] Figure 1-15 A pressure vessel 10 having a permeate conduit 12 according to an embodiment described herein is shown. Directional references used or shown in the specification, drawings, or claims, such as top, bottom, upper, lower, upward, downward, longitudinal, transverse, left, right, etc., are relative terms used for ease of description and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any aspect. Referring to the drawings, in various views, the same numerals denote the same or corresponding parts.

[0026] refer to Figure 1-5The exemplary pressure vessel 10 is a Type IV pressure vessel, or may be described as a suitable pressure vessel, pressure tank, etc., for storing fluids and / or gases under pressure. The pressure vessel 10 includes a first tank end 14 opposite a second tank end 16, a plurality of chamber tanks 18, a plurality of cuff portions 20, and a plurality of tank connectors 22. Each chamber tank 18 is fluidly connected to an adjacent tank connector 22 via a cuff portion 20. Furthermore, one chamber tank 18 is fluidly connected to the first tank end 14, while another chamber tank 18 is fluidly connected to the second tank end 16. It should be understood that the pressure vessel 10 may include one or more chamber tanks 18 without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0027] like Figure 2 and 5 As shown, the pressure vessel 10 includes a molded polymer liner 24, which serves as a gas barrier and limits pressure when assembled as part of the pressure vessel 10. The polymer liner 24 includes a liner wall 26, an internal chamber 28, a first external opening 30, and a second external opening 32. The liner wall 26 has a generally tubular shape and extends circumferentially around the internal chamber 28 between a first canister end 14 and a second canister end 16. The first external opening 30 and the second external opening 32 extend through the first canister end 14 and the second canister end 16, respectively, and allow fluid and / or gas 34 to be injected into and / or removed from the internal chamber 28.

[0028] Furthermore, the polymer liner 24 includes a plurality of chambers 36 and a plurality of connectors 38, which are connected in an alternating arrangement between the first tank end 14 and the second tank end 16. Each connector 38 fluidly connects one chamber 36 to an adjacent chamber 36, as is known in the art. Additionally, the polymer liner 24 includes a cuff portion 40 that transitions between each chamber 36 and the adjacent connector 38 or to one of the first tank end 14 and the second tank end 16. The chambers 36, cuff portions 40, and connectors 38 of the polymer liner 24 generally correspond to the chamber tank 18, cuff portion 20, and tank connector 22 of the pressure vessel 10, respectively. The pressure vessel 10 generally includes a first end fitting 42 and a second end fitting 44 inserted into a corresponding one of the first external opening 30 and the second external opening 32. Furthermore, each of the first end fitting 42 and the second end fitting 44 includes an inlet / outlet channel 46 for adding and removing fluids and / or gases 34, such as hydrogen, from the chamber 36, as is known in the art.

[0029] like Figure 2-10As shown, the pressure vessel 10 also includes a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate 48, which is woven and / or wound around the outer surface of the polymer liner 24 to form a liner assembly 49. The CFRP laminate 48 is a rigid outer composite shell surrounding the circumference of the polymer liner 24, configured to reinforce the polymer liner 24. Furthermore, the CFRP laminate 48 includes a plurality of uncoated fiber bundles 50, one or more permeate conduits 12, resin 52, and an outer surface 54. Figure 7 As shown, the uncoated fiber bundle 50 comprises a plurality of carbon fiber filaments 56 aggregated into a bundle 60 and optionally one or more active carbon fibers 58. Furthermore, the uncoated fiber bundle 50 lacks a polymer coating 62 and can readily absorb liquid resin 52 during the resin 52 impregnation process, as will be further described below. It should be understood that the plurality of uncoated fiber bundles 50 includes a first uncoated fiber bundle 50, a second uncoated fiber bundle 50, etc., and may include a first plurality of uncoated fiber bundles 50, a second plurality of uncoated fiber bundles 50, etc. Furthermore, the plurality of carbon fiber filaments 56 forming one of the uncoated fiber bundles 50 can be described as a first plurality of carbon fiber filaments 56, a second plurality of carbon fiber filaments 56, etc.

[0030] like Figure 8 As shown, the permeate conduit 12 includes a polymer-coated fiber bundle 64. The polymer-coated fiber bundle 64 includes a bundle of multiple carbon fiber filaments 66 and optionally includes activated carbon fibers 68. Furthermore, the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64 is coated or encapsulated with a polymer 62, which forms a polymer coating 62 surrounding the carbon fiber filaments 66 within the interior 67 of the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64. It should be understood that the polymer coating 62 may encapsulate and / or impregnate the carbon fiber filaments 66. An exemplary polymer 62 is a polyamide, which is porous for gaseous permeates but impermeable to liquid resin 52, to provide a barrier during resin 52 impregnation. Therefore, no cured resin 52 exists between the polymer coating 62 and the interior 67 of the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64. In some embodiments, the permeate conduit 12 includes multiple polymer-coated fiber bundles 64 without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0031] like Figure 6 and 9As shown, the CFRP laminate 48 includes one or more permeate conduits 12, which are distributed together with a plurality of uncoated fiber bundles 50. It should be understood that the ratio of uncoated fiber bundles 50 to polymer-coated fiber bundles 64 within the CFRP laminate 48 can be varied without changing the scope of the invention. In another exemplary embodiment, the CFRP laminate 48 may be formed from a plurality of polymer-coated fiber bundles 64, omitting the uncoated fiber bundles 50 without changing the scope of the invention.

[0032] like Figure 10 As shown, the liner assembly 49 is formed by winding or weaving uncoated fiber bundles 50 and one or more layers of permeate conduits 12 around the outer surface of the polymer liner 24. Each permeate conduit 12 includes one or more polymer-coated fiber bundles 64. Figure 10 In the illustrated embodiment, a radial braiding machine 72 braids polymer-coated fiber bundles 64 and uncoated fiber bundles 50 around the outer surface of the polymer liner 24 to form a CFRP laminate 48. During the formation of the CFRP laminate 48, the polymer liner 24 acts as a molding mandrel. Figure 9 and 11 As shown in Figure 15, the CFRP laminate 48 may contain multiple wound and / or braided layers 74, 76, 78, 80 of polymer-coated fiber bundles 64 (i.e., permeate conduits 12) and / or uncoated fiber bundles 50, or may be described as a first layer 74, a second layer 76, etc. Furthermore, one or more permeate conduits 12 may optionally be included in one or more of the multiple layers 74, 76, 78, 80. Additionally, one or more of the multiple layers 74, 76, 78, 80 may be without permeate conduits 12, while each of the remaining layers 74, 76, 78, 80 includes at least one permeate conduit 12.

[0033] Other embodiments of lining components 49A, 49B, and 49C are as follows: Figure 11-15 As shown, similar reference numerals denote elements similar to or having similar functions as described above. Only significant differences between embodiments are reflected in the figures and the following description. Figure 11 As shown, a second embodiment of the lining assembly 49A includes a plurality of uncoated fiber bundles 50, a first permeate conduit 12a, and a second permeate conduit 12b, which are woven or wound around the lining 24 to form a first woven layer 74 of the CFRP laminate material 48. Figure 12As shown, a third embodiment of the lining assembly 49B includes a plurality of uncoated fiber bundles 50, a first permeate conduit 12a, a second permeate conduit 12b, a third permeate conduit 12c, and a fourth permeate conduit 12d, which are woven and / or wound around the lining 24 to form one of the woven layers 74, 76 of the CFRP laminate material 48. Figure 13-15 As shown, a fourth embodiment of the liner assembly 49C includes a plurality of uncoated fiber bundles 50, first permeate conduits 12a to fourth permeate conduits 12d, fifth permeate conduit 12e, sixth permeate conduit 12f, seventh permeate conduit 12g, and eighth permeate conduit 12h, which are woven and / or wound around the liner 24 to form the outer layer 80 of the CFRP laminate material 48. Additionally, further permeate conduits 12i, 12j, and 12k are optionally included in the first to third layers 74, 76, and 78, respectively. It should be understood that one of the layers 74, 76, 78, and 80 may include a first plurality of permeate conduits 12, while another of the layers 74, 76, 78, and 80 may include a second plurality of permeate conduits 12, wherein the first plurality of permeate conduits 12 and the second plurality of permeate conduits 12 may include the same or different amounts of permeate conduits 12.

[0034] After winding and / or braiding one or more layers 74, 76, 78, 80 of polymer-coated fiber bundles 64 (i.e., permeate conduits 12) and uncoated fiber bundles 50 onto the polymer liner 24, the liner assembly 49 is typically folded into the desired shape and coated with liquid resin 52 during resin 52 impregnation. The liquid resin 52 coats and permeates the uncoated fiber bundles 50 because they lack the polymer coating 62. In contrast, the liquid resin 52 coats the exterior of the polymer coating 62 on the polymer-coated fiber bundles 64 and does not permeate into or around the carbon fiber filaments 66 beneath the polymer coating 62 because the polymer coating 62 is impermeable to the liquid resin 52. In some embodiments, the uncoated fiber bundles 50 may be impregnated with resin 52 prior to the braiding or winding process. After the uncoated fiber bundles 50 and the polymer-coated fiber bundles 64 are coated and / or impregnated with resin 52, the resin 52 is heated or cured to form a CFRP laminate 48 with a hard outer surface 54.

[0035] like Figure 5As is well known, when a fluid or gas 34 (e.g., hydrogen) is stored under high pressure in a pressure vessel 10 having a polymer liner 24, a gaseous permeate 81 containing molecules 82 of the fluid or gas 34 diffuses from the inner chamber 28, through the polymer liner 24, and into the CFRP laminate 48, as indicated by arrow 84. In one exemplary embodiment, the pressure vessel 10 optionally includes a laminate vent 85 extending between the CFRP laminate 48 and an external atmosphere 86, configured to discharge the gaseous permeate 81 to the external atmosphere 86, as indicated by arrow 87. In another exemplary embodiment, the pressure vessel 10 includes a fitting vent 88 extending between the CFRP laminates 48, through an adjacent of a first end fitting 42 and a second end fitting 44, and reaching the external atmosphere 86. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the pressure vessel 10 includes a gaseous permeate collection system 90 fluidly connected to the laminate vent 85 and / or the fitting vent 88. The gaseous permeate collection system 90 captures and stores gaseous permeate 81 discharged from the laminate vent 85 and / or fitting vent 88, as indicated by arrow 92. In one exemplary embodiment, the gaseous permeate collection system 90 collects the gaseous permeate 81 and supplies the collected gaseous permeate 81 back to the internal chamber 28 in the pressure vessel 10, as indicated by arrow 94.

[0036] like Figure 2-4As shown in Figures 6 and 9, a permeate conduit 12 integrated within the CFRP laminate 48 collects gaseous permeate 81 within the CFRP laminate 48 and delivers the gaseous permeate 81 along a continuous polymer-coated fiber bundle 64 to the end fittings 42, 44 of the pressure vessel 10. The permeate conduit 12, formed from the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64, is a semi-permeable fiber reinforcement that acts as a conduit at lower pressures within the CFRP laminate 48. More specifically, the permeate conduit 12 comprises a polymer-coated fiber bundle 64, which is an encapsulated semi-permeable carbon fiber bundle 64 coated with a polymer 62 (e.g., polyamide) such that the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64 is impermeable to the liquid resin 52. The polymer coating 62 maintains the porous nature of the carbon fibers 66, 68 during the resin 52 impregnation process. Furthermore, the permeate conduit 12 utilizes the directional properties of the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64 and the porous properties of the carbon fibers 66, 68 to absorb and transport gaseous permeate 81 along the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64. Additionally, the permeate conduit 12, formed from the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64, can be woven around the polymer liner 24 such that the permeate conduit 12 extends along the pressure vessel 10 between opposing first canister ends 14 and second canister ends 16. As described above, the permeate conduit 12 collects gaseous permeate 81 and delivers it to the ends of the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64, allowing the gaseous permeate 81 to be returned to the internal chamber 28 of the pressure vessel 10, stored separately, and / or discharged in a controlled manner into the external atmosphere 86 near the ends of the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64.

[0037] Reference Figure 5 , 6 Section 9 describes the function of the permeate conduit 12 in more detail. (e.g.) Figure 9As shown, the internal chamber 28 of the pressure vessel 10 contains a pressurized gas 34, such as pressurized hydrogen. An inherent system pressure gradient exists between the internal chamber 28, the polymer liner 24, the CFRP laminate 48, and the external atmosphere 86, where the ambient pressure of the external atmosphere 86 is lower than the pressure within the internal chamber 28. This inherent system pressure gradient drives gas molecules 82 to diffuse from the internal chamber 28, through the polymer liner 24, into the CFRP laminate 48, into the permeate conduit 12, and along the permeate conduit 12. More specifically, the gas molecules 82 permeate and impregnate the polymer liner 24 over time because the pressure of the gas 34 in the polymer liner 24 is lower than the pressure of the gas 34 in the internal chamber 28. After the polymer liner 24 is impregnated by gas molecules 82, the gas molecules 82 diffuse under pressure through the polymer liner 24 and into the CFRP laminate 48 to form gaseous permeate 81 because the pressure of the gas 34 within the polymer liner 24 is higher than the pressure of the gas 34 within the CFRP laminate 48. Next, the gaseous permeate 81 passes through the CFRP laminate 48 and permeates through the polymer coating 62 (arrow 96) on the permeate conduit 12. This is because the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64 is semi-permeable to the gas molecules 82 after being encapsulated by the cured resin 52, and the pressure of the gas 34 within the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64 is lower than the pressure of the gas 34 within the cured resin 52 in the CFRP laminate 48. The gaseous permeate 81 that has entered the polymer-coated fiber bundle 64 is shown as element 97.

[0038] In contrast, the gaseous permeate 81 cannot penetrate the uncoated fiber bundle 50 that has been impregnated by the cured resin 52 (arrow 98). During the resin 52 impregnation process, the liquid resin 52 impregnates the uncoated fiber bundle 50. The curing of the resin 52 renders the uncoated fiber bundle 50 generally impermeable to the gaseous permeate 81.

[0039] Gaseous permeate 81 not collected by the permeate conduits 12 of the adjacent polymer liner 24 continues to diffuse through the CFRP laminate 48 to the outer surface 54, as indicated by arrow 100. When the CFRP laminate 48 comprises multiple layers 74, 76, 78, 80 of uncoated fiber bundles 50 and polymer-coated fiber bundles 64, gaseous permeate 81 not impregnated in the permeate conduits 12 of the first layer 74 continues to diffuse into subsequent permeate conduits 12 of adjacent layers 74, 76, 78, 80. Additional gaseous permeate 81 can be collected by subsequent permeate conduits 12 within layers 74, 76, 78, 80, as indicated by arrow 102. In one embodiment, the CFRP laminate 48 is formed of multiple polymer-coated fiber bundles 64, omitting the uncoated fiber bundles 50 to maximize the collection of gaseous permeate 81.

[0040] like Figure 5 and 6 As shown, each of the permeate conduits 12 acts as a conduit at a lower pressure (compared to the pressure of the gas molecules 82 in the CFRP laminate 48) and guides the gaseous permeate 81 along a continuous bundle of polymer-coated fiber filaments 64 (arrow 104) to a first end fitting 42 and a second end fitting 44, where the gaseous permeate 81 is collected (arrow 92) and returned to the pressure vessel 10 (arrow 94) and / or stored separately by the gaseous permeate collection system 90. In one exemplary embodiment, the gaseous permeate 81 is discharged in a controlled manner through vents 85, 88 at the end of the permeate conduit 12 to the external atmosphere 86 (arrow 87).

[0041] As described above, the pressure vessel 10 of the present invention includes a polymer liner 24 and a CFRP laminate 48 surrounding and supporting the polymer liner 24. The CFRP laminate 48 includes one or more permeate conduits 12 formed of polymer-coated fiber bundles 64 woven and / or wound around the polymer liner 24. The permeate conduits 12 reduce the accumulation of gaseous permeate 81 between the polymer liner 24 and the CFRP laminate 48 by collecting and conveying it to the tank ends 14, 16. Furthermore, the pressure vessel 10 optionally includes one or more laminate vents 85 and fitting vents 88, which allow the recovery of collected gaseous permeate 81 for storage, resupply to the pressure vessel 10, and / or venting to the external atmosphere 86. The permeate conduits 12 minimize the accumulation of gaseous permeate 81 in the polymer liner 24 and the CFRP laminate 48, which reduces the likelihood of the polymer liner 24 collapsing during a rapid venting event and reduces the likelihood of bubble formation in the polymer liner 24. The permeate conduit 12 also increases the storage capacity of the pressure vessel 10 by minimizing the loss of storage capacity in the pressure vessel 10 due to the migration of gaseous permeate 81 out of the pressure vessel 10.

[0042] The invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it should be understood that the terminology used is intended to be descriptive rather than limiting. Many modifications and variations of the invention are possible based on the foregoing teachings. Therefore, it should be understood that the invention can be practiced in ways other than those specifically described within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A pressure vessel comprising: A polymer liner includes a liner wall, an internal cavity, and a first external opening, wherein the liner wall has a tubular shape and extends circumferentially around the internal cavity, and the first external opening extends through the liner wall into the internal cavity. as well as A carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate surrounding the circumference of a polymer liner, the CFRP laminate comprising uncoated fiber bundles and permeate conduits wound or woven around the polymer liner and coated with resin; The uncoated fiber bundles are impregnated with a cured resin; and The permeate conduit comprises a polymer-coated fiber bundle that has been coated with a polymer forming a polymer coating, the polymer being impermeable to liquid resin, such that no cured resin exists between the polymer coating and the interior of the polymer-coated fiber bundle.

2. The pressure vessel according to claim 1, wherein: The uncoated fiber bundle also includes a first plurality of carbon fiber filaments that are not coated with the polymer; and The polymer-coated fiber bundle also includes a second plurality of carbon fiber filaments coated or encapsulated by the polymer, and there is no cured resin between the polymer and the second plurality of carbon fiber filaments.

3. The pressure vessel according to claim 2, wherein: The polymer includes polyamide.

4. The pressure vessel according to claim 3, further comprising: Gaseous permeate diffusing from the internal chamber through the polymer liner and into the CFRP laminate also diffuses into the permeate conduit; and The permeate conduit delivers the gaseous permeate along the permeate conduit.

5. The pressure vessel according to claim 4, wherein: One or more of the first plurality of carbon fiber filaments and the second plurality of carbon fiber filaments include activated carbon fibers.

6. The pressure vessel according to claim 5, wherein: The uncoated fiber bundles comprise multiple uncoated fiber bundles; and The permeate conduit includes multiple permeate conduits.

7. The pressure vessel according to claim 6, wherein: The plurality of uncoated fiber bundles and the plurality of permeate conduits are woven or wound around the polymer lining to form multiple layers; The plurality of permeate conduits include a first permeate conduit and a second permeate conduit; The plurality of layers includes a first layer and a second layer; and The first layer includes the first permeate conduit, and the second layer includes the second permeate conduit.

8. The pressure vessel according to claims 4 to 7, further comprising: A first end fitting is inserted into the first external opening of the polymer liner and has a passage for fluid connection to the internal chamber.

9. The pressure vessel according to claim 8, further comprising: A laminate vent that extends between the CFRP laminate and the external atmosphere; The permeate conduit is fluidly connected to the lamination material vent. and The gaseous permeate from the permeate conduit is discharged into the external atmosphere through the laminate material vent.

10. The pressure vessel according to claim 8, further comprising: A fitting vent extends between the CFRP laminates and through the first end fitting; The permeate conduit is fluidly connected to the exhaust port of the fitting.

11. The pressure vessel according to claim 8, further comprising: An exhaust port, which is fluidly connected to the permeate conduit in the CFRP laminate; as well as A gaseous permeate collection system that collects the gaseous permeate from the exhaust port; The gaseous permeate collection system stores the collected gaseous permeate, or the gaseous permeate collection system supplies the collected gaseous permeate to the internal chamber of the pressure vessel.

12. A pressure vessel comprising: A polymer liner includes a liner wall, an internal cavity, and a first external opening, wherein the liner wall has a generally tubular shape and extends circumferentially around the internal cavity, and the first external opening extends through the liner wall into the internal cavity. as well as A carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate surrounding the circumference of a polymer liner, the CFRP laminate comprising a plurality of permeate conduits wound or woven around the polymer liner and coated with resin; Each of the plurality of permeabilization conduits comprises a polymer-coated fiber bundle, the polymer-coated fiber bundle being coated with a polymer that forms a polymer coating, the polymer being impermeable to liquid resin, such that no cured resin exists between the polymer coating and the interior of the polymer-coated fiber bundle.

13. The pressure vessel according to claim 12, wherein the CFRP laminate further comprises: Multiple uncoated fiber bundles are wound or woven around the polymer liner and coated with the resin; Each of the plurality of uncoated fiber bundles is impregnated with the cured resin.

14. The pressure vessel according to claim 13, wherein: Each of the plurality of uncoated fiber bundles further includes a first plurality of carbon fiber filaments that are not coated with the polymer; and The polymer-coated fiber bundle also includes a second plurality of carbon fiber filaments coated or encapsulated by the polymer, and there is no cured resin between the polymer and the second plurality of carbon fiber filaments.

15. The pressure vessel according to claim 14, wherein: The polymer is polyamide.

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