A vertical five-axis machining center adaptive hydrostatic guide rail system

Abstract

The present application relates to the field of guide rail technology, and discloses a vertical five-axis machining center adaptive hydrostatic guide rail system, which comprises a rack, an oil circuit system arranged on the rack, a machining assembly reciprocally arranged on the rack and a worktable; the machining assembly comprises a first guide rail arranged on the rack, a cross beam component reciprocally arranged on the first guide rail, a second guide rail arranged on the cross beam component, a slide saddle component reciprocally arranged on the second guide rail, a third guide rail arranged on the slide saddle component and a spindle box component reciprocally arranged on the third guide rail; the first guide rail, the second guide rail and the third guide rail are all adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanisms; the oil circuit system is used in cooperation with the first guide rail, the second guide rail and the third guide rail respectively; the oil circuit system supplies hydraulic oil to the first guide rail, the second guide rail and the third guide rail respectively; and the overflow of the first guide rail, the second guide rail and the third guide rail during the operation of the machining assembly flows back to the oil circuit system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of guide rail technology, and in particular discloses an adaptive hydrostatic guide rail system for a vertical five-axis machining center. Background Technology

[0002] High-end five-axis vertical machining centers are core equipment for machining complex precision components in aerospace, precision molds, and high-end equipment industries. The accuracy, stability, and adaptability of their feed systems directly determine the overall machining performance and service life of the machine. Hydrostatic guideways, as the core components for machine tool load bearing and feed, play a crucial supporting role in the precision machining capabilities of the equipment. Existing five-axis machining center hydrostatic guideways mostly adopt fixed throttling and constant parameter oil supply structures, which cannot dynamically adjust throttling characteristics and oil film stiffness according to cutting load and machining conditions. Under variable load and high-speed cutting conditions, problems such as poor oil film stability, guideway vibration, accuracy degradation, and accelerated wear of the auxiliary components easily occur. At the same time, the traditional oil supply system has limited oil temperature control accuracy, making it difficult to maintain stable hydraulic oil viscosity, further weakening the consistency of guideway motion accuracy. Furthermore, traditional hydrostatic guideways mostly use open-loop control, lacking multi-parameter real-time sensing and closed-loop adaptive adjustment capabilities. They cannot dynamically match oil supply parameters to adapt to the changing machining conditions of five-axis linkage, resulting in insufficient dynamic response and adaptability, making it difficult to meet the high precision, high stability, and high reliability application requirements of high-end precision manufacturing for five-axis machining equipment. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In order to overcome the shortcomings and deficiencies of the existing technology, the purpose of this invention is to provide an adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides an adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center, comprising a frame, an oil circuit system mounted on the frame, a machining assembly reciprocating on the frame, and a worktable; the machining assembly includes a first guideway mounted on the frame, a crossbeam component reciprocating on the first guideway, a second guideway mounted on the crossbeam component, a slide saddle component reciprocating on the second guideway, a third guideway mounted on the slide saddle component, and a spindle box component reciprocating on the third guideway; the first guideway, the second guideway, and the third guideway are all adaptive hydrostatic guideway mechanisms, and the oil circuit system is used in conjunction with the first guideway, the second guideway, and the third guideway respectively, supplying hydraulic oil to the first guideway, the second guideway, and the third guideway respectively, and the overflow oil generated by the first guideway, the second guideway, and the third guideway during the operation of the machining assembly flows back to the oil circuit system; The adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanism includes a guide rail base, a moving guide rail pair, an adaptive throttling oil chamber, and a diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device. The moving guide rail pair is reciprocated on the guide rail base. An adaptive throttling oil chamber is provided on the guide rail contact surface between the guide rail base and the moving guide rail pair. One end of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device is connected to the adaptive throttling oil chamber, and the end of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device away from the adaptive throttling oil chamber is connected to the oil outlet of the oil circuit system.

[0005] The guide rail base is a fixed base, and the moving guide rail pair is slidably fitted onto the guide rail base, forming a sliding fit pair. The adaptive throttling oil chamber is opened and formed on the contact mating surface between the guide rail base and the moving guide rail pair. The diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device is fixedly installed on the guide rail base, with one end of its oil port directly connected to the adaptive throttling oil chamber and the other end of its oil port connected to the oil outlet of the external oil circuit system, so that the pressurized hydraulic oil is regulated by the throttling device and then enters the oil chamber, forming a static pressure oil film between the guide rail base and the moving guide rail pair.

[0006] The system mainly consists of a frame, machining components, a worktable, and a hydraulic system. The machining components, along with the first guide rail, crossbeam assembly, second guide rail, slide saddle assembly, third guide rail, and spindle box assembly sequentially matched on the frame, form a linear feed structure for the machine tool's X, Y, and Z axes. All three axis guide rails employ an adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanism, consisting of a guide rail base, moving guide rail pair, adaptive throttling oil chamber, and diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device. The hydraulic system independently connects to the diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device of each guide rail to achieve zoned oil supply and allows for the return and recycling of overflow oil from the guide rails. During operation, the hydraulic oil passes through the diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device... After being throttled and pressure-regulated by the throttle device, the oil enters the adaptive throttle oil chamber to form a uniform static pressure oil film, supporting the smooth sliding of the guide rail pair. This structure abandons the drawbacks of traditional fixed throttle static pressure guide rails. Through a three-axis adaptive static pressure structure combined with a circulating oil supply layout, it effectively improves the stability of the guide rail oil film support and the smoothness of movement, reduces guide rail friction and wear, significantly optimizes the dynamic performance and positioning accuracy of the machine tool's three-axis feed, and effectively improves the accuracy consistency and long-term operational reliability of five-axis linkage machining. The overall structure is compact and highly adaptable to working conditions, and can well meet the high precision and high stability requirements of five-axis precision machining.

[0007] The diaphragm-type adaptive throttle includes a throttle housing, an elastic diaphragm, a throttling boss, an oil inlet channel, and an oil outlet channel. The elastic diaphragm is movably clamped inside the throttle housing, and the throttling boss is fixed inside the throttle housing and positioned opposite the elastic diaphragm. The throttling boss and the elastic diaphragm form a dynamically adjustable throttling gap. The oil inlet channel is located at the end of the throttle housing away from the adaptive throttling oil chamber, connecting the internal cavity of the throttle housing to the oil outlet end of the oil circuit system. The oil outlet channel is located through the center of the throttling boss, with one end connected to the throttling gap and the other end extending out of the throttle housing and connecting to the adaptive throttling oil chamber. Hydraulic oil enters the internal cavity of the throttle housing from the oil outlet end of the oil circuit system through the oil inlet channel, then flows through the throttling gap between the elastic diaphragm and the throttling boss to complete throttling and pressure regulation, and finally is delivered to the adaptive throttling oil chamber through the oil outlet channel.

[0008] It is assembled from a throttle housing, an elastic diaphragm, a throttling boss, an inlet channel, and an outlet channel. The elastic diaphragm is floating and clamped inside the throttle housing. The throttling boss is fixed inside the housing and arranged opposite to the elastic diaphragm, forming a variable throttling gap between them. An inlet channel connecting to the oil circuit system is opened on the side of the housing away from the adaptive throttling oil chamber. An outlet channel is provided through the center of the throttling boss, and the two ends of the outlet channel are connected to the throttling gap and the adaptive throttling oil chamber, respectively. During operation, hydraulic oil first enters the internal cavity of the housing through the inlet channel, and then passes through the throttling gap between the elastic diaphragm and the throttling boss. After the gap completes the throttling and pressure stabilization, the oil is sent into the oil chamber through the oil outlet channel. This structure relies on the cooperation of the elastic diaphragm and the throttling boss to form an adjustable flow gap, which can automatically change the throttling flow area according to the oil pressure. Compared with the traditional fixed throttling structure, it can stably output pressure oil that is suitable for the load, ensure uniform and stable oil pressure in the adaptive throttling oil chamber, maintain constant guide rail oil film stiffness, effectively improve the smoothness of hydrostatic guide rail operation and feed accuracy, reduce guide rail pair wear, and has a simple structural layout, smooth oil circuit connection, and fast pressure adjustment response. It is suitable for the oil supply and pressure adjustment needs of the three-axis hydrostatic guide rail of the vertical five-axis machining center.

[0009] The hydraulic system includes an oil tank, a high-pressure oil supply module, a branch integrated valve group, independent oil supply branches, independent return oil branches, a return oil collection module, and an oil temperature cooling module. One end of the high-pressure oil supply module is connected to the oil outlet of the oil tank, and the other end of the high-pressure oil supply module is connected to the branch integrated valve group. The branch integrated valve group forms multiple independent oil supply branches. The first independent oil supply branch is connected to the inlet channel of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttle of the first guide rail, the second independent oil supply branch is connected to the inlet channel of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttle of the second guide rail, and the third independent oil supply branch is connected to the inlet channel of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttle of the third guide rail. The outlets of the multiple independent return oil branches are all connected to the inlet of the return oil collection module. The outlet of the return oil collection module is connected to the inlet of the oil temperature cooling module, and the outlet of the oil temperature cooling module is connected to the return oil of the oil tank, forming a complete hydraulic oil circulation loop.

[0010] The high-pressure oil supply module draws hydraulic oil from the tank and delivers it to the integrated valve group, where it branches into three independent oil supply branches. These branches correspond to the oil inlet channels of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttles of the X, Y, and Z axis guideways, respectively. Oil overflowing from each guideway is collected through its corresponding independent return oil branch to the return oil collection module, then sent to the oil temperature cooling module for cooling before flowing back to the tank, forming a closed-loop oil circuit. This system adopts an independent oil supply structure, which ensures that the oil pressure of the three axis guideways does not interfere with each other and that the oil supply pressure is precisely controllable. The centralized return oil, combined with the cooling module, can continuously stabilize the working temperature and viscosity of the hydraulic oil, ensuring a uniform oil film state for each hydrostatic guideway and avoiding feed accuracy fluctuations caused by mutual disturbances in multi-axis oil supply. The complete oil circuit circulation and the integrated temperature control and branch pressure regulation effectively improve the stability of the three-axis feed operation and the consistency of long-term machining accuracy of the five-axis machine tool.

[0011] Overflow ports are provided on the outer periphery of the guide contact surfaces of the first guide rail, the second guide rail, and the third guide rail. The oil outlet of the oil temperature cooling module is connected to the oil tank, the oil inlet of the oil temperature cooling module is connected to the oil outlet of the return oil collection module, multiple independent return oil branches are connected to the oil inlet of the return oil collection module, the first independent return oil branch is connected to the overflow port of the first guide rail, the second independent return oil branch is connected to the overflow port of the second guide rail, and the third independent return oil branch is connected to the overflow port of the third guide rail.

[0012] Overflow ports are provided on the outer periphery of the contact surfaces of the first, second, and third guide rails. Each overflow port connects to a corresponding independent return oil branch. Multiple independent return oil branches are uniformly connected to the return oil collection module. The oil outlet of the return oil collection module is connected to the oil temperature cooling module, which is ultimately connected to the oil tank. When the guide rails are running, excess hydraulic oil is uniformly discharged from the overflow ports and collected and distributed. After cooling, it flows back to the oil tank for recycling. By arranging overflow ports along the outer periphery of the guide rail contact surfaces, excess oil around the guide rails can be evenly discharged, avoiding oil accumulation and leakage. The three-axis oil returns are independent and do not interfere with each other. The centralized cooling structure can stably recover the oil temperature, continuously ensuring the stability of the hydraulic oil's physical and chemical properties, thereby maintaining the stability of the hydrostatic guide rail oil film thickness and stiffness, improving the smoothness of the machine tool's three-axis feed motion, and realizing closed-loop recycling of hydraulic oil, reducing oil consumption.

[0013] The adaptive throttling oil chamber is provided in multiple sets. The multiple sets of adaptive throttling oil chambers are evenly arranged along the guide rail contact surface between the guide rail base and the moving guide rail pair. The area of ​​the adaptive throttling oil chamber on the side closer to the worktable is larger than the area of ​​the adaptive throttling oil chamber on the side farther away from the worktable.

[0014] Multiple sets of adaptive throttling oil chambers are evenly distributed on the mating contact surface between the guide rail base and the moving guide rail pair. The oil chambers on the side closer to the worktable are set to have a larger area, while the oil chambers on the side farther away from the worktable have a relatively smaller area. During operation, each set of oil chambers synchronously forms a hydrostatic support oil film. The large-size oil chambers can provide higher bearing oil pressure and support stiffness to the heavy-load area near the workpiece bearing end, matching the larger cutting load on the worktable side. The evenly distributed multiple sets of oil chambers can make the oil film support force distribution even throughout the guide rail, effectively improving the problem of uneven load on the guide rail, reducing guide rail tilting and chatter, improving feed straightness and positioning accuracy, and extending the service life of the guide rail pair.

[0015] The first guide rail is a Y-axis feed guide rail, the second guide rail is an X-axis feed guide rail, and the third guide rail is a Z-axis feed guide rail; the crossbeam component realizes the Y-axis reciprocating feed of the spindle box component along the first guide rail, the slide saddle component realizes the X-axis reciprocating feed of the spindle box component along the second guide rail, and the spindle box component realizes the Z-axis reciprocating feed of the machine tool along the third guide rail, thus forming the X, Y, and Z-axis linear feed motion of the machine tool.

[0016] The worktable includes a first rotary motor mounted on the frame, a support base mounted on the output end of the first rotary motor, a second rotary motor mounted on the support base, and a workstation bearing base mounted on the second rotary motor. The first rotary motor drives the support base to swing to form an A-axis swing degree of freedom, where the A-axis is the pitch swing axis around the X-axis of the machine tool. The second rotary motor drives the workstation bearing base to rotate to form a C-axis rotation degree of freedom, thereby realizing five-axis linkage machining of workpieces in multiple postures and angles.

[0017] In this embodiment, the first, second, and third guide rails serve as feed guide rails for the Y, X, and Z axes, respectively. The crossbeam, slide saddle, and spindle box components work together to complete the three-axis linear feed. The worktable relies on the first rotary motor to drive the support seat to form an A-axis pitch swing around the X-axis, and the second rotary motor to drive the workstation support seat to form a C-axis rotation, together forming a five-axis linkage structure of X / Y / Z / A / C. The three-axis layered hydrostatic guide rails can each bear the load of the corresponding moving parts, and the movements do not interfere with each other. With the A and C dual rotary axes, the spatial posture of the workpiece can be flexibly adjusted, adapting to multi-angle cutting of complex curved surfaces. The movement of each axis relies on the adaptive hydrostatic guide rail to achieve low friction and high stability feed, effectively improving the dynamic accuracy of five-axis linkage machining and the ability to form complex workpieces.

[0018] The adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanism also includes a sensing module, which is arranged around the adaptive throttling oil chamber. The sensing module includes an eddy current displacement detection unit, a piezoelectric pressure detection unit, and a piezoelectric vibration detection subunit, which are used to synchronously and in real time collect oil film thickness, oil chamber pressure, and guide rail running vibration parameters to provide synchronous data support for adaptive adjustment.

[0019] The eddy current displacement detection unit is used to acquire oil film thickness. The eddy current probe of the unit faces the mating gap between the moving guide rail and the guide rail base. High-pressure oil forms an oil film separating the guide rail and the base. The probe emits a high-frequency alternating magnetic field, generating eddy currents on the metal guide rail surface. These eddy currents reverse, changing the impedance of the probe coil. Different oil film thicknesses result in different distances between the guide rail metal surface and the probe, with each change in coil impedance corresponding to a different oil film thickness. The module has a built-in signal conversion circuit that converts the impedance change into a precise oil film thickness value, which is then output to the control system in real time.

[0020] The piezoelectric pressure sensing unit is used to collect the pressure in the oil chamber. The sensor probe of the piezoelectric pressure sensing unit is inserted into the adaptive throttling oil chamber and comes into direct contact with the hydraulic oil inside. The oil pressure in the chamber acts on the surface of the piezoelectric crystal, and the piezoelectric material generates an electric charge signal under pressure. The built-in amplification and conversion circuit converts the electric charge signal into a standard pressure signal, providing real-time feedback on the current oil supply pressure in the oil chamber.

[0021] The piezoelectric vibration sensing subunit is used to collect vibration parameters of the guide rail. The piezoelectric vibration sensing subunit is fixed on the guide rail base. When the guide rail is cut and the mechanical vibration is generated, the vibration impact force acts on the piezoelectric element, generating a vibration waveform electrical signal. The control system synchronously collects the vibration amplitude and vibration frequency to determine the stable state of the guide rail operation.

[0022] A sensor module, comprising an eddy current displacement detection unit, a piezoelectric pressure detection unit, and a piezoelectric vibration detection subunit, is deployed around the adaptive throttling oil chamber. The eddy current displacement detection unit collects the guide rail clearance signal through a probe and calculates the oil film thickness. The piezoelectric pressure detection unit extends into the oil chamber to directly collect the oil pressure signal. The piezoelectric vibration detection subunit is fixed to the guide rail base to collect cutting vibration data. The three types of sensors simultaneously collect multi-dimensional real-time parameters of oil film thickness, oil chamber pressure, and guide rail vibration and transmit them to the control system. The simultaneous detection of multiple physical quantities can provide complete feedback on the real-time operating conditions of the guide rail, accurately capture changes in oil film, pressure, and vibration caused by load fluctuations, and provide complete and synchronous data for adaptive control of the guide rail throttling clearance. This facilitates timely compensation of stiffness deviations by the system, significantly improves the response speed and adjustment accuracy of the hydrostatic guide rail load adaptive adjustment, effectively suppresses machining vibration, and stabilizes feed accuracy.

[0023] The guide rail system also includes an adaptive closed-loop control system mounted on the frame. This system is electrically connected to the sensing module and the diaphragm-type adaptive throttle. The diaphragm-type adaptive throttle contains a piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly, which is fitted onto the side of the elastic diaphragm away from the throttling boss. The adaptive closed-loop control system receives real-time data from the sensing module, including oil film thickness, oil chamber pressure, and guide rail vibration parameters. Based on these real-time parameters, it identifies the current cutting load and outputs a corresponding voltage adjustment signal to the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly according to the cutting load magnitude. The piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly, under voltage excitation, undergoes slight expansion and contraction, directly pushing the elastic diaphragm to cause slight displacement and deformation. This adaptively changes the opening and closing size of the throttling gap, adjusting the hydraulic oil pressure and flow rate into the adaptive throttling oil chamber in real-time. This dynamically compensates for changes in oil film stiffness caused by load fluctuations, maintaining a constant rigidity of the guide rail oil film.

[0024] The adaptive closed-loop control system sequentially includes a signal acquisition unit, a data processing unit, an adaptive adjustment unit, an execution unit, and a human-machine interaction unit. The data processing unit has a built-in fuzzy PID control algorithm. The signal acquisition unit receives motion signals from the sensing module and the worktable. After calculation by the data processing unit, the adaptive adjustment unit outputs adjustment commands, and the execution unit drives the piezoelectric ceramic drive component to complete the adjustment.

[0025] The diaphragm-type adaptive throttle has a piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly mounted on the side of the elastic diaphragm facing away from the throttle protrusion. The closed-loop control system consists of a signal acquisition unit, a data processing unit with a built-in fuzzy PID control algorithm, an adaptive adjustment unit, an execution unit, and a human-machine interface unit. During operation, the signal acquisition unit synchronously acquires the oil film thickness, oil chamber pressure, guide rail vibration, and worktable motion signals detected by the sensor module. After the data processing unit calculates and identifies the real-time cutting load, the adaptive adjustment unit outputs a voltage regulation command. The execution unit drives the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly to produce a slight extension and retraction to push the elastic diaphragm to deform, dynamically changing the throttle gap opening. This adjusts the hydraulic oil pressure and flow rate supplied to the adaptive throttle oil chamber in real time, compensating for changes in oil film stiffness caused by load fluctuations and maintaining the rigidity and stability of the guide rail oil film throughout the process. The entire closed-loop control architecture can achieve millisecond-level adaptive pressure adjustment based on multi-dimensional operating parameters of the guide rail. The fuzzy PID algorithm improves the adjustment stability under multi-variable coupled conditions, actively offsetting the accuracy disturbances caused by sudden changes in cutting load, and significantly improving the dynamic load-bearing capacity, feed smoothness, and long-term machining accuracy stability of the hydrostatic guide rail.

[0026] The elastic diaphragm is arranged near the oil inlet side of the oil circuit system, and the throttling boss is arranged near the adaptive throttling oil chamber. The piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly is located on the side of the elastic diaphragm facing away from the throttling boss. The elastic diaphragm deforms under the combined action of the piezoelectric ceramic thrust and the oil pressure difference on both sides, dynamically adjusting the throttling gap opening, and cooperating with the adaptive closed-loop control system to realize the adaptive adjustment of the hydrostatic guide rail oil film load.

[0027] The piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly is installed on the side of the elastic diaphragm facing away from the throttling boss. During operation, the elastic diaphragm deforms under the combined influence of the piezoelectric ceramic drive thrust and the hydraulic oil pressure difference on both sides. This dynamically changes the size of the throttling gap between the elastic diaphragm and the throttling boss, and, in conjunction with the adaptive closed-loop control system, completes adaptive oil pressure adjustment based on the cutting load. This compact layout allows the piezoelectric ceramic to directly drive the diaphragm deformation to adjust the throttling gap, achieving rapid response adjustment in conjunction with the oil pressure difference. It precisely matches the oil supply pressure and flow rate required for different cutting loads, stably maintains the stiffness of the guide rail oil film, and effectively reduces the adverse effects of load fluctuations on the machine tool's feed accuracy. The size of the throttling gap is the distance between the elastic diaphragm and the throttling boss. Hydraulic oil must pass through this gap to flow into the oil chamber. The gap distance directly determines the flow rate and oil pressure: a larger gap makes it easier for oil to flow, reducing the oil chamber pressure; a smaller gap obstructs oil flow, increasing the oil chamber pressure.

[0028] The frame is an integral inorganic mineral casting, and the bottom of the bed base is equipped with a shock-absorbing and leveling component.

[0029] The frame of this embodiment is made of an integral inorganic mineral casting. The bottom of the frame is equipped with a vibration damping and leveling component. The inorganic mineral casting itself has excellent damping performance, which can greatly absorb the vibration generated by machine tool cutting. Combined with the bottom vibration damping and leveling component, it can accurately calibrate the levelness of the whole machine and further block the transmission of ground vibration to the guide rail feed mechanism. The dual vibration damping structure effectively reduces the vibration amplitude of the whole machine operation, avoids vibration interference with the stability of the hydrostatic guide rail oil film, and ensures long-term high-precision machining of the machine tool. At the same time, the integral casting has strong overall rigidity and is not easy to deform, which improves the structural stability of the equipment.

[0030] The spindle box component includes a housing frame that is slidably mounted on a third guide rail and a clamping seat mounted on the housing frame. The clamping seat is equipped with a high-speed spindle unit, a spindle drive motor and a tool locking assembly. The spindle drive motor drives the high-speed spindle unit to rotate, and the tool locking assembly is used to fix the machining tool.

[0031] The oil temperature cooling module can stably control the oil supply temperature at 22±0.5℃, keeping the kinematic viscosity of the hydraulic oil stable at 32mm. 2 / s. A constant oil temperature can avoid fluctuations in oil viscosity caused by temperature changes, ensuring consistent hydraulic oil flow characteristics through each diaphragm adaptive throttle. The oil supply pressure and flow rate of the three-axis guideway are not affected by oil temperature. The oil film support stiffness is uniform and stable, eliminating feed accuracy errors caused by oil temperature changes. It maintains the smooth operation of the hydrostatic guideway over a long period of time and improves the consistency of five-axis machining dimensions.

[0032] The oil temperature cooling module includes a cooling heat exchanger, a circulating oil pump, a temperature sensor probe, a temperature controller, and a cooling fan. The circulating oil pump drives hydraulic oil to flow through the cooling heat exchanger to complete heat exchange and cooling. The temperature sensor probe is arranged in the oil supply pipeline to collect the oil temperature in real time. The temperature sensor probe is electrically connected to the temperature controller. The temperature controller adjusts the output power of the cooling fan according to the collected temperature to stably maintain the oil supply temperature within the set range.

[0033] A circulating oil pump drives hydraulic oil to flow through a cooling heat exchanger to achieve heat exchange and cooling. Temperature sensors arranged in the oil supply pipeline collect oil temperature in real time and transmit it to the temperature controller. The temperature controller dynamically adjusts the power of the cooling fan according to the real-time oil temperature to keep the oil supply temperature stable within the set range. The entire temperature control system can regulate the oil temperature in real time in a closed loop, quickly offsetting the oil temperature rise caused by cutting heat, continuously ensuring constant hydraulic oil viscosity, so that the throttling oil supply characteristics of each guide rail are not affected by temperature changes, stabilizing the hydrostatic oil film support effect, and reducing machining accuracy deviations caused by temperature drift.

[0034] When the machine is started, the hydraulic oil in the oil tank of the oil circuit system is pressurized by the high-pressure oil supply module and then delivered to the branch integrated valve group. Through three independent oil supply branches, it independently supplies oil to the diaphragm adaptive throttle corresponding to the first Y-axis guide rail, the second X-axis guide rail, and the third Z-axis guide rail. The hydraulic oil enters the internal cavity through the oil inlet channel of each throttle housing, flows through the throttling gap formed between the elastic diaphragm and the throttling boss to complete the throttling and pressure regulation, and is then sent through the oil outlet channel in the center of the throttling boss into multiple sets of adaptive throttling oil chambers evenly distributed on the contact surface of the guide rail. Among them, the large-area oil chamber near the worktable can specifically bear the cutting. Heavy load effectively improves the uneven load on the guide rail. The oil chamber forms a uniform and stable static pressure oil film between the guide rail base and the moving guide rail pair, enabling the crossbeam component, slide saddle component, and spindle box component to achieve high-precision frictionless and smooth feed along the corresponding guide rails in the Y, X, and Z axes. During the machining process, the worktable drives the support seat through the first rotary motor to achieve pitch swing on the A axis, and the second rotary motor drives the station bearing seat to achieve rotation on the C axis. Together with the three-axis linear feed, it completes the multi-position five-axis linkage precision machining of the workpiece. At the same time, the spindle drive motor inside the spindle box component drives the high-speed spindle unit and the locking tool to perform high-speed cutting operations. Throughout the machining process, sensing modules arranged around each oil cavity synchronously and in real time acquire oil film thickness, oil cavity pressure, and guide rail vibration parameters through eddy current displacement detection units, piezoelectric pressure detection units, and piezoelectric vibration detection subunits. This data is then transmitted in real time to the adaptive closed-loop control system. The system, after identifying the real-time cutting load using a built-in fuzzy PID control algorithm, outputs a corresponding voltage signal based on load fluctuations to drive the piezoelectric ceramic drive component inside the diaphragm-type adaptive throttle. This causes the piezoelectric ceramic to slightly expand and contract, pushing against the elastic diaphragm. Combined with the synergistic effect of the oil pressure on the inlet side and the pressure difference on the oil cavity side, the system dynamically... The micro-adjustment of the flow gap size matches the oil supply pressure and flow rate in real time, dynamically compensating for oil film stiffness fluctuations caused by load changes, and maintaining constant guide rail oil film rigidity. Excess oil generated during guide rail operation flows through overflow ports on the outer periphery of each guide rail contact surface into independent return oil branches, and is then collected in the return oil collection module before being sent to the oil temperature cooling module. The circulating oil pump drives the oil to flow through the cooling heat exchanger to complete heat exchange and cooling. The temperature sensor probe monitors the oil temperature in real time, and the temperature controller dynamically adjusts the power of the cooling fan to stably control the hydraulic oil temperature at 22±0.5℃ and maintain the viscosity at 32mm. 2 / s ensures that the hydraulic oil characteristics remain constant under all working conditions. Finally, the cooled hydraulic oil flows back to the oil tank, completing the entire closed-loop circulation oil supply process. Throughout the process, it realizes the three-axis hydrostatic guide rail working condition self-adaptation, oil temperature self-stabilization, vibration suppression, and dynamic compensation of oil film stiffness, which greatly improves the feed smoothness, positioning accuracy and long-term operation stability of the five-axis machining center.

[0035] The adaptive closed-loop control system's signal acquisition unit synchronously receives three sets of real-time detection parameters: oil film thickness, oil pressure in the oil chamber, and guide rail vibration. First, it performs filtering, noise reduction, analog-to-digital conversion, and normalization on the original sensor signals to eliminate data deviations caused by cutting noise and oil temperature interference. The processed oil film thickness deviation, oil pressure fluctuation, vibration amplitude, and vibration frequency are then used as three-dimensional inputs to the fuzzy controller. Fuzzification calculations are performed based on a preset fuzzy rule base: the degree of deviation of the oil film thickness from the standard value is used to judge the overall load change of the guide rail; the instantaneous fluctuation of the oil chamber pressure distinguishes between static preload and dynamic cutting load; and the vibration amplitude, oil pressure fluctuation, and vibration frequency are used as the three-dimensional inputs to the fuzzy controller. The frequency distinguishes different machining conditions such as light cutting, heavy cutting, and impact cutting. It completes the coupling calculation of multiple physical quantities through fuzzy inference and outputs the initial load characteristic quantity. Then, the load characteristic quantity is sent to the PID correction stage. The proportional, integral, and derivative parameters are used to correct the load identification value in real time, eliminate steady-state identification error, and finally accurately calculate and identify the current real-time cutting load size and load fluctuation trend. The control system outputs the matching voltage control signal to drive the piezoelectric ceramic drive component based on the accurately identified load value. It finely adjusts the flow gap to adjust the oil supply pressure and flow rate and compensate for the oil film stiffness deviation caused by load changes.

[0036] High-pressure oil on the inlet side continuously acts on the left side of the elastic diaphragm, while oil pressure on the oil chamber side acts on the right side of the diaphragm, creating a pressure difference that pushes the elastic diaphragm closer to the throttling boss, reducing the throttling gap and flow area. When the cutting load increases, the oil pressure on the oil chamber side rises, the pressure difference on both sides decreases, the diaphragm rebounds, the throttling gap increases, the flow area increases, and more hydraulic oil is supplied to enhance the oil film support. When the load decreases, the oil pressure decreases, the pressure difference increases, the gap automatically narrows, and the oil supply decreases. The superimposed piezoelectric ceramic drive component actively pushes the diaphragm, which can actively fine-tune the diaphragm position. Combined with the dual adjustment of oil pressure difference, the flow area of ​​the throttling gap is changed in real time, adaptively matching the oil pressure and flow required by different loads.

[0037] The elastic diaphragm is only clamped and fixed by the outer edge of the housing flange, while the middle thin film area is suspended and can deform back and forth. The overall diameter of the throttling boss is smaller than the effective pressure-bearing diameter of the diaphragm, and there is a fixed annular gap between their side walls. High-pressure oil flowing into the housing cavity from the oil inlet channel will flow around this annular gap to the front of the diaphragm (facing the throttling boss). After the oil flows around to the center of the diaphragm, it needs to pass through the gap between the center end face of the elastic diaphragm and the top plane of the throttling boss. This gap is the throttling gap with dynamically adjustable opening, which plays a role in throttling and pressure regulation. The size of the gap is jointly controlled by the piezoelectric ceramic thrust and the oil pressure difference on both sides of the diaphragm. Oil inlet channel → housing cavity → annular gap around the outer ring of the diaphragm → central adjustable flow gap → oil outlet channel at the center of the throttling boss → adaptive throttling oil chamber.

[0038] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention uses a high-damping inorganic mineral casting frame with vibration reduction and leveling components to stabilize the base and achieve five-axis linkage machining based on X / Y / Z three-axis adaptive hydrostatic guideways and A / C rotary table; the oil circuit adopts a three-axis independent closed-loop circulation and is equipped with a temperature control module to keep the oil temperature and viscosity constant; overflow ports on the outer periphery of the guideways recover overflow oil; and the guideway surface is divided into oil chambers of different sizes to improve heavy load and off-center load; multiple types of sensors simultaneously collect oil film thickness, oil pressure, and vibration data, and the built-in fuzzy PID closed-loop system calculates and identifies the cutting load, drives the piezoelectric ceramic to change the throttling gap, adaptively adjusts the oil supply parameters, and stabilizes the oil film stiffness; compared with traditional fixed throttling guideways, this system can match the cutting conditions in real time, reduce vibration and wear, and improve feed accuracy, machining consistency, and long-term equipment stability. Attached Figure Description

[0039] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a structural schematic diagram of the entire invention from another perspective; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttle of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanism of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the oil circuit system of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a control block diagram of the adaptive closed-loop control system of the present invention.

[0040] The reference numerals in the figures include: 1. Frame; 2. Machining components; 3. Worktable; 4. Oil circuit system; 5. First guide rail; 6. Crossbeam assembly; 7. Second guide rail; 8. Saddle assembly; 9. Third guide rail; 11. Spindle box assembly; 12. Guide rail base; 13. Moving guide rail pair; 14. Adaptive throttling oil chamber; 15. Diaphragm adaptive throttling device; 16. Throttling device housing; 17. Elastic diaphragm; 18. Throttling boss; 19. Oil inlet channel; 21. Oil outlet channel; 22. Oil tank; 23. High-pressure oil supply module; 24. Branch integrated valve group; 25. Independent oil supply branch; 26. Independent oil return branch; 27. Oil return and collection module; 28. Oil temperature cooling module; 29. ​​First rotary motor; 31. Support base; 32. Second rotary motor; 33. Workstation bearing base; 34. Sensing module. Detailed Implementation

[0041] To facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art, the present invention will be further described below with reference to embodiments and accompanying drawings. The content mentioned in the embodiments is not intended to limit the present invention.

[0042] Please see Figures 1 to 6As shown, the present invention discloses an adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center, comprising a frame 1, an oil circuit system 4 disposed on the frame 1, a machining assembly 2 reciprocating on the frame 1, and a worktable 3; the machining assembly 2 includes a first guideway 5 disposed on the frame 1, a crossbeam component 6 reciprocating on the first guideway 5, a second guideway 7 disposed on the crossbeam component 6, a slide saddle component 8 reciprocating on the second guideway 7, a third guideway 9 disposed on the slide saddle component 8, and a spindle box component 11 reciprocating on the third guideway 9; the first guideway 5, the second guideway 7, and the third guideway 9 are all adaptive hydrostatic guideway mechanisms, and the oil circuit system 4 is used in conjunction with the first guideway 5, the second guideway 7, and the third guideway 9 respectively, supplying hydraulic oil to the first guideway 5, the second guideway 7, and the third guideway 9 respectively, and the overflow oil generated by the first guideway 5, the second guideway 7, and the third guideway 9 during the operation of the machining assembly 2 flows back to the oil circuit system 4; The adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanism includes a guide rail base 12, a moving guide rail pair 13, an adaptive throttling oil chamber 14, and a diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device 15. The moving guide rail pair 13 is reciprocated on the guide rail base 12. The adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 is provided on the guide rail contact surface between the guide rail base 12 and the moving guide rail pair 13. One end of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device 15 is connected to the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14, and the end of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device 15 away from the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 is connected to the oil outlet of the oil circuit system 4.

[0043] The guide rail base 12 is a fixed base, and the moving guide rail pair 13 is slidably fitted onto the guide rail base 12, forming a sliding fit pair. The adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 is opened and formed on the mutual contact mating surface of the guide rail base 12 and the moving guide rail pair 13. The diaphragm type adaptive throttling device 15 is fixedly installed on the guide rail base 12, with one end of its oil port directly connected to the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 and the other end of its oil port connected to the oil outlet of the external oil circuit system 4, so that the pressurized hydraulic oil is regulated by the throttling device and then enters the oil chamber, forming a static pressure oil film between the guide rail base 12 and the moving guide rail pair 13.

[0044] The system mainly consists of a frame 1, a machining component 2, a worktable 3, and an oil circuit system 4. The machining component 2, through the first guide rail 5, crossbeam component 6, second guide rail 7, slide saddle component 8, third guide rail 9, and spindle box component 11 sequentially matched on the frame 1, forms a linear feed structure for the machine tool's X, Y, and Z axes. All three axis guide rails adopt an adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanism composed of a guide rail base 12, a moving guide rail pair 13, an adaptive throttling oil chamber 14, and a diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device 15. The oil circuit system 4 independently connects to the diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device 15 of each guide rail to achieve zoned oil supply and can recirculate the overflow oil from the guide rails. Hydraulic oil is throttled and regulated by the diaphragm-type adaptive throttle device 15 before entering the adaptive throttle oil chamber 14 to form a uniform static pressure oil film, supporting the smooth sliding of the guide rail pair. This structure eliminates the drawbacks of traditional fixed throttle static pressure guide rails. Through a three-axis adaptive static pressure structure combined with a circulating oil supply layout, it effectively improves the stability of the guide rail oil film support and the smoothness of movement, reduces guide rail friction and wear, significantly optimizes the dynamic performance and positioning accuracy of the machine tool's three-axis feed, and effectively improves the accuracy consistency and long-term operational reliability of five-axis linkage machining. The overall structure is compact and highly adaptable to working conditions, which can well meet the high precision and high stability requirements of five-axis precision machining.

[0045] The diaphragm-type adaptive throttle 15 includes a throttle housing 16, an elastic diaphragm 17, a throttling boss 18, an oil inlet channel 19, and an oil outlet channel 21. The elastic diaphragm 17 is movably clamped inside the throttle housing 16, and the throttling boss 18 is fixedly disposed inside the throttle housing 16 and is positioned opposite to the elastic diaphragm 17. The throttling boss 18 and the elastic diaphragm 17 form a dynamically adjustable throttling gap. The oil inlet channel 19 is located at the end of the throttle housing 16 away from the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 and connects to the throttle. The internal cavity of the housing 16 is connected to the oil outlet end of the oil circuit system 4; the oil outlet channel 21 is disposed in the center of the throttling boss 18, one end of the oil outlet channel 21 is connected to the throttling gap, and the other end extends out of the throttling housing 16 and connects to the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14; the hydraulic oil enters the internal cavity of the throttling housing 16 from the oil outlet end of the oil circuit system 4 through the oil inlet channel 19, then flows through the throttling gap between the elastic diaphragm 17 and the throttling boss 18 to complete the throttling and pressure regulation, and finally is delivered to the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 through the oil outlet channel 21.

[0046] The throttle body 16, elastic diaphragm 17, throttling boss 18, oil inlet channel 19, and oil outlet channel 21 are assembled together. The elastic diaphragm 17 is floatingly held inside the throttle body 16. The throttling boss 18 is fixed inside the body and arranged opposite to the elastic diaphragm 17, forming a variable throttling gap between them. An oil inlet channel 19 is opened on the side of the body away from the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14, which connects to the oil circuit system 4. An oil outlet channel 21 is provided through the center of the throttling boss 18. The two ends of the oil outlet channel 21 are connected to the throttling gap and the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14, respectively. During operation, the hydraulic oil first enters the internal cavity of the body through the oil inlet channel 19 and then passes through the elastic diaphragm. After the throttling gap between the 17 and the throttling boss 18 completes the throttling and pressure stabilization, the oil is sent into the oil chamber through the oil outlet channel 21. This structure relies on the cooperation of the elastic diaphragm 17 and the throttling boss 18 to form an adjustable flow gap, which can automatically change the throttling flow area according to the oil pressure. Compared with the traditional fixed throttling structure, it can stably output pressure oil that is suitable for the load, ensure that the oil pressure in the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 is uniform and stable, maintain the constant stiffness of the guide rail oil film, effectively improve the smoothness of the hydrostatic guide rail operation and the feed accuracy, reduce the wear of the guide rail pair, and has a simple structural layout, smooth oil circuit connection, and fast pressure adjustment response. It is suitable for the oil supply and pressure adjustment needs of the three-axis hydrostatic guide rail of the vertical five-axis machining center.

[0047] The oil circuit system 4 includes an oil tank 22, a high-pressure oil supply module 23, a branch integrated valve group 24, independent oil supply branches 25, independent oil return branches 26, an oil return collection module 27, and an oil temperature cooling module 28. One end of the high-pressure oil supply module 23 is connected to the oil outlet of the oil tank 22, and the other end of the high-pressure oil supply module 23 is connected to the branch integrated valve group 24. The branch integrated valve group 24 forms multiple independent oil supply branches 25. The first independent oil supply branch 25 is connected to the oil inlet channel 19 of the diaphragm adaptive throttle 15 of the first guide rail 5. The second independent oil supply branch 25 is connected to the oil inlet channel 19 of the diaphragm adaptive throttle 15 of the second guide rail 7, and the third independent oil supply branch 25 is connected to the oil inlet channel 19 of the diaphragm adaptive throttle 15 of the third guide rail 9; the oil outlets of the multiple independent oil return branches 26 are all connected to the oil inlet of the oil return and collection module 27, the oil outlet of the oil return and collection module 27 is connected to the oil inlet of the oil temperature cooling module 28, and the oil outlet of the oil temperature cooling module 28 is connected to the oil return end of the oil tank 22, forming a complete hydraulic oil circulation loop.

[0048] The high-pressure oil supply module 23 draws hydraulic oil from the oil tank 22 and delivers it to the branch integrated valve group 24, where it branches into three independent oil supply branches 25. These branches correspond to the oil inlet channels 19 of the X, Y, and Z three-axis guide rail diaphragm adaptive throttle valves 15, respectively. The oil overflowing from each guide rail is collected through the corresponding independent return oil branch 26 to the return oil collection module 27, and then sent to the oil temperature cooling module 28 for cooling before flowing back to the oil tank 22 to form a closed-loop oil circuit. This system adopts a branch independent oil supply structure, which can achieve non-interference of the oil pressure of the three-axis guide rails and precise control of the oil supply pressure. The centralized oil return combined with the cooling module can continuously stabilize the working temperature and viscosity of the hydraulic oil, ensure the uniformity of the oil film state of each hydrostatic guide rail, and avoid feed accuracy fluctuations caused by mutual disturbance of multi-axis oil supply. The oil circuit circulation is complete, and the temperature control and branch pressure regulation are integrated, which effectively improves the stability of the three-axis feed operation and the consistency of long-term machining accuracy of the five-axis machine tool.

[0049] Overflow ports are provided on the outer periphery of the guide contact surface of the first guide rail 5, the outer periphery of the guide contact surface of the second guide rail 7, and the outer periphery of the guide contact surface of the third guide rail 9. The oil outlet of the oil temperature cooling module 28 is connected to the oil tank 22, the oil inlet of the oil temperature cooling module 28 is connected to the oil outlet of the return oil collection module 27, multiple independent return oil branches 26 are connected to the oil inlet of the return oil collection module 27, the first independent return oil branch 26 is connected to the overflow port of the first guide rail 5, the second independent return oil branch 26 is connected to the overflow port of the second guide rail 7, and the third independent return oil branch 26 is connected to the overflow port of the third guide rail 9.

[0050] Overflow ports are provided on the outer periphery of the contact surfaces of the first, second, and third guide rails 9. Each overflow port is connected to a corresponding independent oil return branch 26. Multiple independent oil return branches 26 are connected to the oil return and collection module 27. The oil outlet of the oil return and collection module 27 is connected to the oil temperature cooling module 28. The oil temperature cooling module 28 is finally connected to the oil tank 22. When the guide rails are running, excess hydraulic oil is uniformly discharged from the overflow ports and collected and distributed. After cooling, it flows back to the oil tank 22 for recycling. By arranging overflow ports along the outer periphery of the guide rail contact surfaces, the overflow oil around the guide rails can be evenly discharged, avoiding oil accumulation and leakage. The three-axis oil return is independent and does not interfere with each other. The centralized cooling structure can stably recover the oil temperature, continuously ensure the stability of the physical and chemical properties of the hydraulic oil, thereby maintaining the stability of the hydrostatic guide rail oil film thickness and stiffness, improving the smoothness of the three-axis feed motion of the machine tool, and realizing the closed-loop recycling of hydraulic oil, reducing oil consumption.

[0051] The adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 is provided in multiple sets. The multiple sets of adaptive throttling oil chambers 14 are evenly arranged along the guide rail contact surface between the guide rail base 12 and the moving guide rail pair 13. The area of ​​the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 closer to the worktable 3 is larger than the area of ​​the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 farther away from the worktable 3.

[0052] Multiple sets of adaptive throttling oil chambers 14 are evenly distributed on the mating contact surface between the guide rail base 12 and the moving guide rail pair 13. The oil chambers on the side closer to the worktable 3 are set to have a larger area, while the oil chambers on the side farther away from the worktable 3 have a relatively smaller area. During operation, each set of oil chambers synchronously forms a hydrostatic support oil film. The large-size oil chambers can provide higher bearing oil pressure and support stiffness to the heavy-load area near the workpiece bearing end, matching the larger cutting load on the side of the worktable 3. The evenly distributed multiple sets of oil chambers can make the oil film support force distribution of the entire guide rail even, effectively improving the problem of uneven load on the guide rail, reducing guide rail tilting and vibration, improving feed straightness and positioning accuracy, and extending the service life of the guide rail pair.

[0053] The first guide rail 5 is a Y-axis feed guide rail, the second guide rail 7 is an X-axis feed guide rail, and the third guide rail 9 is a Z-axis feed guide rail; the crossbeam component 6 realizes the Y-axis reciprocating feed of the spindle box component 11 along the first guide rail 5, the slide saddle component 8 realizes the X-axis reciprocating feed of the spindle box component 11 along the second guide rail 7, and the spindle box component 11 realizes the Z-axis reciprocating feed of the machine tool along the third guide rail 9, thus forming the X, Y, and Z-axis linear feed motion of the machine tool.

[0054] The worktable 3 includes a first rotary motor 29 mounted on the frame 1, a support base 31 mounted on the output end of the first rotary motor 29, a second rotary motor 32 mounted on the support base 31, and a workstation bearing base 33 mounted on the second rotary motor 32. The first rotary motor 29 drives the support base 31 to swing to form an A-axis swing degree of freedom, where the A-axis is the pitch swing axis around the X-axis of the machine tool. The second rotary motor 32 drives the workstation bearing base 33 to rotate to form a C-axis rotation degree of freedom, thereby realizing five-axis linkage machining of workpieces in multiple postures and angles.

[0055] In this embodiment, the first guide rail 5, the second guide rail 7, and the third guide rail 9 serve as feed guide rails for the Y-axis, X-axis, and Z-axis, respectively. The crossbeam, slide saddle, and spindle box component 11 work together to complete the three-axis linear feed. The worktable 3 relies on the first rotary motor 29 to drive the support seat 31 to form an A-axis pitch swing around the X-axis, and the second rotary motor 32 to drive the station support seat 33 to form a C-axis rotation, together forming a five-axis linkage structure of X / Y / Z / A / C. The three-axis layered hydrostatic guide rails can each bear the load of the corresponding moving parts, and the movements do not interfere with each other. With the A and C dual rotary axes, the spatial posture of the workpiece can be flexibly adjusted, adapting to the multi-angle cutting of complex curved surfaces. The movement of each axis relies on the adaptive hydrostatic guide rail to achieve low friction and high stability feed, effectively improving the dynamic accuracy of five-axis linkage machining and the ability to form complex workpieces.

[0056] The adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanism also includes a sensing module 34, which is arranged around the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14. The sensing module 34 includes an eddy current displacement detection unit, a piezoelectric pressure detection unit, and a piezoelectric vibration detection subunit, which are used to synchronously and in real time collect oil film thickness, oil chamber pressure, and guide rail running vibration parameters to provide synchronous data support for adaptive adjustment.

[0057] The eddy current displacement detection unit is used to acquire oil film thickness. The eddy current probe of the unit is positioned directly above the mating gap between the moving guide rail pair 13 and the guide rail base 12. High-pressure oil forms an oil film separating the guide rail pair from the base. The probe emits a high-frequency alternating magnetic field, generating eddy currents on the surface of the metal guide rail. These eddy currents reverse, changing the impedance of the probe coil. Different oil film thicknesses result in different distances between the guide rail metal surface and the probe, with each change in coil impedance corresponding to a different oil film thickness. The module has a built-in signal conversion circuit that converts the impedance change into a precise oil film thickness value, which is then output to the control system in real time.

[0058] The piezoelectric pressure detection unit is used to collect the pressure in the oil chamber. The sensor probe of the piezoelectric pressure detection unit is inserted into the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 and directly contacts the hydraulic oil inside the chamber. The oil pressure in the oil chamber acts on the surface of the piezoelectric crystal, and the piezoelectric material generates an electric charge signal under pressure. The built-in amplification and conversion circuit converts the electric charge signal into a standard pressure electrical signal, providing real-time feedback on the current oil supply pressure in the oil chamber.

[0059] The piezoelectric vibration sensing subunit is used to collect vibration parameters of the guide rail. The piezoelectric vibration sensing subunit is fixed on the guide rail base 12. When the guide rail is cut and the mechanical vibration is generated, the vibration impact force acts on the piezoelectric element and generates a vibration waveform electrical signal. The control system synchronously collects the vibration amplitude and vibration frequency to determine the stable state of the guide rail operation.

[0060] A sensor module 34, comprising an eddy current displacement detection unit, a piezoelectric pressure detection unit, and a piezoelectric vibration detection subunit, is installed around the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14. The eddy current displacement detection unit collects the guide rail clearance signal through a probe and calculates the oil film thickness. The piezoelectric pressure detection unit extends into the oil chamber to directly collect the oil pressure signal. The piezoelectric vibration detection subunit is fixed to the guide rail base 12 to collect cutting vibration data. The three types of sensors simultaneously collect multi-dimensional real-time parameters of oil film thickness, oil chamber pressure, and guide rail vibration and transmit them to the control system. The simultaneous detection of multiple physical quantities can provide complete feedback on the real-time operating conditions of the guide rail, accurately capture changes in oil film, pressure, and vibration caused by load fluctuations, and provide complete and synchronous data for adaptive control of the guide rail throttling clearance. This facilitates timely compensation of stiffness deviations by the system, significantly improves the response speed and adjustment accuracy of the hydrostatic guide rail load adaptive adjustment, effectively suppresses machining vibration, and stabilizes feed accuracy.

[0061] The guide rail system also includes an adaptive closed-loop control system mounted on the frame 1. The adaptive closed-loop control system is electrically connected to the sensing module 34 and the diaphragm-type adaptive throttle 15. The diaphragm-type adaptive throttle 15 has a piezoelectric ceramic drive component inside, which is attached to the side of the elastic diaphragm 17 away from the throttling boss 18. The adaptive closed-loop control system receives the oil film thickness, oil chamber pressure, and guide rail running vibration parameters collected by the sensing module 34 in real time, and identifies the current cutting load based on the collected real-time parameters. Then, it outputs a corresponding voltage adjustment signal to the piezoelectric ceramic drive component according to the size of the cutting load. The piezoelectric ceramic drive component generates a slight expansion and contraction deformation under voltage excitation, which directly pushes the elastic diaphragm 17 to cause a slight displacement deformation, adaptively changing the opening and closing size of the throttling gap, and adjusting the hydraulic oil pressure and flow rate entering the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 in real time. This dynamically compensates for the oil film stiffness changes caused by load fluctuations, keeping the guide rail oil film constant.

[0062] The adaptive closed-loop control system sequentially includes a signal acquisition unit, a data processing unit, an adaptive adjustment unit, an execution unit, and a human-machine interaction unit. The data processing unit has a built-in fuzzy PID control algorithm. The signal acquisition unit receives motion signals from the sensor module 34 and the worktable 3. After the data processing unit performs calculations, the adaptive adjustment unit outputs adjustment commands, and the execution unit drives the piezoelectric ceramic drive component to complete the adjustment.

[0063] The diaphragm-type adaptive throttle 15 contains a piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly mounted on the side of the elastic diaphragm 17 facing away from the throttle protrusion 18. This closed-loop control system consists of a signal acquisition unit, a data processing unit with a built-in fuzzy PID control algorithm, an adaptive adjustment unit, an execution unit, and a human-machine interface unit. During operation, the signal acquisition unit synchronously acquires the oil film thickness, oil chamber pressure, guide rail vibration, and worktable 3 motion signals detected by the sensing module 34. After the data processing unit calculates and identifies the real-time cutting load, the adaptive adjustment unit outputs a voltage regulation command, which drives the piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly through the execution unit. The ceramic drive component generates a slight expansion and contraction to push the elastic diaphragm 17 to deform, dynamically changing the opening of the throttling gap, and adjusting the hydraulic oil pressure and flow rate supplied to the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14 in real time. This compensates for the change in oil film stiffness caused by load fluctuations and maintains the rigidity stability of the guide rail oil film throughout the entire process. The entire closed-loop control architecture can achieve millisecond-level adaptive pressure adjustment based on the multi-dimensional operating parameters of the guide rail. The fuzzy PID algorithm improves the adjustment stability under multi-variable coupled working conditions, and can actively offset the accuracy disturbance caused by sudden changes in cutting load, significantly improving the dynamic load-bearing capacity, feed smoothness and long-term machining accuracy stability of the hydrostatic guide rail.

[0064] The elastic diaphragm 17 is arranged near the oil inlet side of the oil circuit system 4, and the throttling boss 18 is arranged near the adaptive throttling oil chamber 14. The piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly is located on the side of the elastic diaphragm 17 facing away from the throttling boss 18. The elastic diaphragm 17 deforms under the combined action of the piezoelectric ceramic thrust and the oil pressure difference on both sides, dynamically adjusting the throttling gap opening, and cooperating with the adaptive closed-loop control system to realize the adaptive adjustment of the hydrostatic guide rail oil film load.

[0065] The piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly is installed on the side of the elastic diaphragm 17 facing away from the throttling boss 18. During operation, the elastic diaphragm 17 deforms under the combined action of the piezoelectric ceramic drive thrust and the hydraulic oil pressure difference on both sides, thereby dynamically changing the size of the throttling gap between the elastic diaphragm 17 and the throttling boss 18. This, combined with the adaptive closed-loop control system, completes adaptive oil pressure adjustment based on the cutting load. This compact layout allows the piezoelectric ceramic to directly drive the diaphragm deformation to adjust the throttling gap, achieving rapid response adjustment in conjunction with the oil pressure difference. It precisely matches the oil supply pressure and flow rate required for different cutting loads, stably maintains the stiffness of the guide rail oil film, and effectively reduces the adverse effects of load fluctuations on the machine tool's feed accuracy. The size of the throttling gap is the distance between the elastic diaphragm 17 and the throttling boss 18. Hydraulic oil must pass through this gap to flow into the oil chamber. The gap distance directly determines the flow rate and oil pressure: a larger gap makes it easier for oil to flow, reducing the oil chamber pressure; a smaller gap obstructs oil flow, increasing the oil chamber pressure.

[0066] The frame 1 is an integral inorganic mineral casting, and the bottom of the bed base is equipped with a shock-absorbing and leveling component.

[0067] In this embodiment, the frame 1 is made of an integral inorganic mineral casting. The bottom of the frame 1 is equipped with a vibration damping and leveling component. The inorganic mineral casting itself has excellent damping performance, which can absorb the vibration generated by the machine tool cutting. Combined with the bottom vibration damping and leveling component, it can accurately calibrate the levelness of the whole machine and further block the transmission of ground vibration to the guide rail feed mechanism. The dual vibration damping structure effectively reduces the vibration amplitude of the whole machine operation, avoids vibration interference with the stability of the hydrostatic guide rail oil film, and ensures long-term high-precision machining of the machine tool. At the same time, the integral casting has strong overall rigidity and is not easy to deform, which improves the structural stability of the equipment.

[0068] The spindle box component 11 includes a box frame that is slidably mounted on the third guide rail 9 and a clamping seat mounted on the box frame. The clamping seat is equipped with a high-speed spindle unit, a spindle drive motor and a tool locking assembly. The spindle drive motor drives the high-speed spindle unit to rotate, and the tool locking assembly is used to fix the machining tool.

[0069] The oil temperature cooling module 28 can stably control the oil supply temperature at 22±0.5℃, keeping the kinematic viscosity of the hydraulic oil stable at 32mm. 2 / s. A constant oil temperature can avoid fluctuations in oil viscosity caused by temperature changes, ensuring consistent hydraulic oil flow characteristics through each diaphragm adaptive throttle 15. The oil supply pressure and flow rate of the three-axis guideway are not affected by oil temperature. The oil film support stiffness is uniform and stable, eliminating feed accuracy errors caused by oil temperature changes. It maintains the smooth operation of the hydrostatic guideway over a long period of time and improves the consistency of five-axis machining dimensions.

[0070] The oil temperature cooling module 28 includes a cooling heat exchanger, a circulating oil pump, a temperature sensor probe, a temperature controller, and a cooling fan. The circulating oil pump drives hydraulic oil to flow through the cooling heat exchanger to complete heat exchange and cooling. The temperature sensor probe is arranged in the oil supply pipeline to collect the oil temperature in real time. The temperature sensor probe is electrically connected to the temperature controller. The temperature controller adjusts the output power of the cooling fan according to the collected temperature to stably maintain the oil supply temperature within the set range.

[0071] A circulating oil pump drives hydraulic oil to flow through a cooling heat exchanger to achieve heat exchange and cooling. Temperature sensors arranged in the oil supply pipeline collect oil temperature in real time and transmit it to the temperature controller. The temperature controller dynamically adjusts the power of the cooling fan according to the real-time oil temperature to keep the oil supply temperature stable within the set range. The entire temperature control system can regulate the oil temperature in real time in a closed loop, quickly offsetting the oil temperature rise caused by cutting heat, continuously ensuring constant hydraulic oil viscosity, so that the throttling oil supply characteristics of each guide rail are not affected by temperature changes, stabilizing the hydrostatic oil film support effect, and reducing machining accuracy deviations caused by temperature drift.

[0072] When the machine is started, the hydraulic oil in the oil tank 22 of the oil circuit system 4 is pressurized by the high-pressure oil supply module 23 and then delivered to the branch integrated valve group 24. It is then supplied to the diaphragm adaptive throttle 15 corresponding to the first Y-axis guide rail 5, the second X-axis guide rail 7, and the third Z-axis guide rail 9 through three independent oil supply branches 25. The hydraulic oil enters the internal cavity through the oil inlet channel 19 of each throttle housing 16, flows through the throttling gap formed between the elastic diaphragm 17 and the throttling boss 18 to complete the throttling and pressure regulation, and is then sent through the oil outlet channel 21 in the center of the throttling boss 18 into multiple sets of adaptive throttling oil chambers 14 evenly distributed on the contact surface of the guide rails, with the one closest to the worktable 3 being the... The large-area oil cavity can specifically bear heavy cutting loads, effectively improving the off-center load on the guide rail. The oil cavity forms a uniform and stable hydrostatic oil film between the guide rail base 12 and the moving guide rail pair 13, enabling the crossbeam component 6, slide saddle component 8, and spindle box component 11 to achieve high-precision, frictionless, and stable feed along the corresponding guide rails in the Y, X, and Z axes. During the machining process, the worktable 3 drives the support seat 31 to achieve pitch swing on the A axis through the first rotary motor 29, and drives the workstation support seat 33 to achieve rotation on the C axis through the second rotary motor 32. Combined with the three-axis linear feed, it completes the multi-position five-axis linkage precision machining of the workpiece. At the same time, the spindle drive motor inside the spindle box component 11 drives the spindle to drive the spindle. The high-speed spindle unit and locking tool perform high-speed cutting operations. Throughout the machining process, the sensing modules 34 arranged around each oil cavity synchronously and in real time collect oil film thickness, oil cavity pressure, and guide rail vibration parameters through the eddy current displacement detection unit, piezoelectric pressure detection unit, and piezoelectric vibration detection subunit. The data is then transmitted to the adaptive closed-loop control system in real time. After the system identifies the real-time cutting load through the built-in fuzzy PID control algorithm, it outputs a corresponding voltage signal according to the load fluctuation to drive the piezoelectric ceramic drive component inside the diaphragm adaptive throttle 15. This causes the piezoelectric ceramic to slightly expand and contract and push the elastic diaphragm 17, combining the oil pressure on the inlet side and the oil cavity side. The differential pressure works synergistically to dynamically fine-tune the flow gap size, matching the oil supply pressure and flow rate in real time, dynamically compensating for oil film stiffness fluctuations caused by load changes, and always maintaining constant guide rail oil film stiffness. Excess oil generated during guide rail operation flows through the overflow ports on the outer periphery of each guide rail contact surface into independent return oil branches 26, and is then uniformly collected in the return oil collection module 27 before being sent to the oil temperature cooling module 28. The circulating oil pump drives the oil to flow through the cooling heat exchanger to complete heat exchange and cooling. The temperature sensor probe monitors the oil temperature in real time and dynamically adjusts the power of the cooling fan through the temperature controller to stably control the hydraulic oil temperature at 22±0.5℃ and maintain the viscosity at 32mm. 2 / s, ensuring constant hydraulic oil characteristics under all working conditions, and finally the cooled hydraulic oil flows back to the oil tank 22, completing the entire closed-loop circulation oil supply process. Throughout the process, the three-axis hydrostatic guide rail is self-adaptive to working conditions, the oil temperature is self-stabilized, vibration is suppressed, and the oil film stiffness is dynamically compensated, which greatly improves the feed smoothness, positioning accuracy and long-term operation stability of the five-axis machining center.

[0073] The adaptive closed-loop control system's signal acquisition unit synchronously receives three sets of real-time detection parameters: oil film thickness, oil pressure in the oil chamber, and guide rail vibration. First, it performs filtering, noise reduction, analog-to-digital conversion, and normalization on the original sensor signals to eliminate data deviations caused by cutting noise and oil temperature interference. The processed oil film thickness deviation, oil pressure fluctuation, vibration amplitude, and vibration frequency are then used as three-dimensional inputs to the fuzzy controller. Fuzzification calculations are performed based on a preset fuzzy rule base: the degree of deviation of the oil film thickness from the standard value is used to judge the overall load change of the guide rail; the instantaneous fluctuation of the oil chamber pressure distinguishes between static preload and dynamic cutting load; and the vibration amplitude, oil pressure fluctuation, and vibration frequency are used as the three-dimensional inputs to the fuzzy controller. The frequency distinguishes different machining conditions such as light cutting, heavy cutting, and impact cutting. It completes the coupling calculation of multiple physical quantities through fuzzy inference and outputs the initial load characteristic quantity. Then, the load characteristic quantity is sent to the PID correction stage. The proportional, integral, and derivative parameters are used to correct the load identification value in real time, eliminate steady-state identification error, and finally accurately calculate and identify the current real-time cutting load size and load fluctuation trend. The control system outputs the matching voltage control signal to drive the piezoelectric ceramic drive component based on the accurately identified load value. It finely adjusts the flow gap to adjust the oil supply pressure and flow rate and compensate for the oil film stiffness deviation caused by load changes.

[0074] High-pressure oil on the inlet side continuously acts on the left side of the elastic diaphragm 17, while oil pressure on the oil chamber side acts on the right side of the diaphragm, creating a pressure difference that pushes the elastic diaphragm 17 closer to the throttling boss 18, reducing the throttling gap and flow area. When the cutting load increases, the oil pressure on the oil chamber side rises, the pressure difference on both sides decreases, the diaphragm rebounds, the throttling gap increases, the flow area increases, and more hydraulic oil is supplied to enhance the oil film support. When the load decreases, the oil pressure decreases, the pressure difference increases, the gap automatically narrows, and the oil supply decreases. The superimposed piezoelectric ceramic drive component actively pushes the diaphragm, which can actively fine-tune the diaphragm position. Combined with the dual adjustment of oil pressure difference, the flow area of ​​the throttling gap is changed in real time, adaptively matching the oil pressure and flow required by different loads.

[0075] The elastic diaphragm 17 is only clamped and fixed by the outer edge of the housing flange, while the middle thin film area is suspended and can deform back and forth. The overall diameter of the throttling boss 18 is smaller than the effective pressure-bearing diameter of the diaphragm, and there is a fixed annular gap between their side walls. The high-pressure oil flowing into the housing cavity from the oil inlet channel 19 will flow around to the front of the diaphragm (facing the throttling boss 18) along this annular gap. After the oil flows around to the center of the diaphragm, it needs to pass through the gap between the center end face of the elastic diaphragm 17 and the top plane of the throttling boss 18. This gap is the throttling gap with a dynamically adjustable opening, which plays a role in throttling and pressure regulation. The size of the gap is jointly controlled by the piezoelectric ceramic thrust and the oil pressure difference on both sides of the diaphragm. Oil inlet channel 19 → housing cavity → annular gap around the outer ring of the diaphragm → central adjustable flow gap → central oil outlet channel 21 of the throttling boss 18 → adaptive throttling oil chamber 14.

[0076] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, there will be changes in the specific implementation and application scope based on the ideas of the present invention. The content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention.

Claims

1. A vertical five-axis machining center adaptive hydrostatic guideway system, characterized in that: The machine includes a frame (1), an oil circuit system (4) mounted on the frame (1), a reciprocating machining assembly (2) mounted on the frame (1), and a worktable (3); the machining assembly (2) includes a first guide rail (5) mounted on the frame (1), a crossbeam component (6) reciprocating on the first guide rail (5), a second guide rail (7) mounted on the crossbeam component (6), a slide saddle component (8) reciprocating on the second guide rail (7), a third guide rail (9) mounted on the slide saddle component (8), and a reciprocating worktable (3). The spindle box component (11) on the rail (9); the first guide rail (5), the second guide rail (7) and the third guide rail (9) are all adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanisms. The oil circuit system (4) is used in conjunction with the first guide rail (5), the second guide rail (7) and the third guide rail (9) respectively. The oil circuit system (4) supplies hydraulic oil to the first guide rail (5), the second guide rail (7) and the third guide rail (9) respectively. During the operation of the machining component (2), the overflow oil generated by the first guide rail (5), the second guide rail (7) and the third guide rail (9) flows back to the oil circuit system (4). The adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanism includes a guide rail base (12), a moving guide rail pair (13), an adaptive throttling oil chamber (14), and a diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device (15). The moving guide rail pair (13) is reciprocated and mounted on the guide rail base (12). The guide rail contact surface between the guide rail base (12) and the moving guide rail pair (13) is provided with an adaptive throttling oil chamber (14). One end of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device (15) is connected to the adaptive throttling oil chamber (14), and the end of the diaphragm-type adaptive throttling device (15) away from the adaptive throttling oil chamber (14) is connected to the oil outlet of the oil circuit system (4).

2. The adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center according to claim 1, characterized in that: The diaphragm-type adaptive throttle (15) includes a throttle housing (16), an elastic diaphragm (17), a throttling boss (18), an oil inlet channel (19), and an oil outlet channel (21). The elastic diaphragm (17) is movably clamped inside the throttle housing (16), and the throttling boss (18) is fixedly disposed inside the throttle housing (16) and is opposite to the elastic diaphragm (17). The throttling boss (18) and the elastic diaphragm (17) form a dynamically adjustable throttling gap. The oil inlet channel (19) is opened at one end of the throttle housing (16) away from the adaptive throttling oil chamber (14), connecting the throttle... The internal cavity of the throttle housing (16) is connected to the oil outlet of the oil circuit system (4); the oil outlet channel (21) is set in the center of the throttle boss (18), one end of the oil outlet channel (21) is connected to the throttle gap, and the other end extends out of the throttle housing (16) and connects to the adaptive throttle oil chamber (14); the hydraulic oil enters the internal cavity of the throttle housing (16) from the oil outlet of the oil circuit system (4) through the oil inlet channel (19), then flows through the throttle gap between the elastic diaphragm (17) and the throttle boss (18) to complete the throttle pressure regulation, and finally is delivered to the adaptive throttle oil chamber (14) through the oil outlet channel (21).

3. The adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center according to claim 1, characterized in that: The oil circuit system (4) includes an oil tank (22), a high-pressure oil supply module (23), a branch integrated valve group (24), independent oil supply branches (25), independent oil return branches (26), an oil return collection module (27), and an oil temperature cooling module (28). One end of the high-pressure oil supply module (23) is connected to the oil outlet of the oil tank (22), and the other end of the high-pressure oil supply module (23) is connected to the branch integrated valve group (24). The branch integrated valve group (24) forms multiple independent oil supply branches (25). The first independent oil supply branch (25) is connected to the oil inlet channel (15) of the diaphragm adaptive throttle of the first guide rail (5). 9) Connected, the second independent oil supply branch (25) is connected to the oil inlet channel (19) of the diaphragm adaptive throttle (15) of the second guide rail (7), and the third independent oil supply branch (25) is connected to the oil inlet channel (19) of the diaphragm adaptive throttle (15) of the third guide rail (9); the oil outlet of the multiple independent return oil branches (26) is connected to the oil inlet of the return oil collection module (27), the oil outlet of the return oil collection module (27) is connected to the oil inlet of the oil temperature cooling module (28), and the oil outlet of the oil temperature cooling module (28) is connected to the oil return end of the oil tank (22), forming a complete hydraulic oil circulation loop.

4. The adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center according to claim 3, characterized in that: Overflow ports are provided on the outer periphery of the guide contact surface of the first guide rail (5), the outer periphery of the guide contact surface of the second guide rail (7), and the outer periphery of the guide contact surface of the third guide rail (9). The oil outlet of the oil temperature cooling module (28) is connected to the oil tank (22). The oil inlet of the oil temperature cooling module (28) is connected to the oil outlet of the return oil collection module (27). Multiple independent return oil branches (26) are connected to the oil inlet of the return oil collection module (27). The first independent return oil branch (26) is connected to the overflow port of the first guide rail (5). The second independent return oil branch (26) is connected to the overflow port of the second guide rail (7). The third independent return oil branch (26) is connected to the overflow port of the third guide rail (9).

5. The adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center according to claim 1, characterized in that: The adaptive throttling oil chamber (14) is provided in multiple sets. The multiple sets of adaptive throttling oil chambers (14) are evenly arranged along the guide rail contact surface between the guide rail base (12) and the moving guide rail pair (13). The area of ​​the adaptive throttling oil chamber (14) on the side closer to the worktable (3) is greater than the area of ​​the adaptive throttling oil chamber (14) on the side farther away from the worktable (3).

6. The adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first guide rail (5) is a Y-axis feed guide rail, the second guide rail (7) is an X-axis feed guide rail, and the third guide rail (9) is a Z-axis feed guide rail; the crossbeam component (6) realizes the Y-axis reciprocating feed of the spindle box component (11) along the first guide rail (5), the saddle component (8) realizes the X-axis reciprocating feed of the spindle box component (11) along the second guide rail (7), and the spindle box component (11) realizes the Z-axis reciprocating feed along the third guide rail (9), thus forming a three-axis linear feed motion of X, Y, and Z.

7. The adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center according to claim 6, characterized in that: The worktable (3) includes a first rotary motor (29) mounted on the frame (1), a support base (31) mounted on the output end of the first rotary motor (29), a second rotary motor (32) mounted on the support base (31), and a workstation bearing base (33) mounted on the second rotary motor (32). The first rotary motor (29) drives the support base (31) to swing to form an A-axis swing degree of freedom, where the A-axis is a pitch swing axis around the X-axis. The second rotary motor (32) drives the workstation bearing base (33) to rotate to form a C-axis rotation degree of freedom, thereby realizing five-axis linkage machining of workpieces in multiple postures and angles.

8. The adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center according to claim 1, characterized in that: The adaptive hydrostatic guide rail mechanism also includes a sensing module (34), which is arranged around the adaptive throttling oil chamber (14). The sensing module (34) includes an eddy current displacement detection unit, a piezoelectric pressure detection unit, and a piezoelectric vibration detection subunit, which are used to synchronously and in real time collect oil film thickness, oil chamber pressure, and guide rail running vibration parameters to provide synchronous data support for adaptive adjustment.

9. The adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center according to claim 8, characterized in that: The guide rail system also includes an adaptive closed-loop control system mounted on the frame (1), which is electrically connected to the sensing module (34) and the diaphragm adaptive throttle (15); the diaphragm adaptive throttle (15) is provided with a piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly inside, which is attached to the side of the elastic diaphragm (17) away from the throttling boss (18). The adaptive closed-loop control system receives the oil film thickness, oil chamber pressure and guide rail vibration parameters collected by the sensing module (34) in real time, and identifies the current cutting load based on the collected real-time parameters. Then, it outputs the corresponding voltage adjustment signal to the piezoelectric ceramic drive component according to the size of the cutting load. The piezoelectric ceramic drive component generates a small amount of expansion and contraction deformation under voltage excitation, directly pushes the elastic diaphragm (17) to generate a small amount of displacement deformation, adaptively changes the opening and closing size of the throttling gap, and adjusts the hydraulic oil pressure and flow rate into the adaptive throttling oil chamber (14) in real time, dynamically compensates for the oil film stiffness change caused by load fluctuation, and keeps the guide rail oil film constant rigidity.

10. The adaptive hydrostatic guideway system for a vertical five-axis machining center according to claim 9, characterized in that: The elastic diaphragm (17) is arranged near the oil inlet side of the oil circuit system (4), and the throttling boss (18) is arranged near the adaptive throttling oil chamber (14). The piezoelectric ceramic drive assembly is located on the side of the elastic diaphragm (17) facing away from the throttling boss (18). The elastic diaphragm (17) deforms under the combined action of the piezoelectric ceramic thrust and the oil pressure difference on both sides, dynamically adjusting the throttling gap opening, and cooperating with the adaptive closed-loop control system to realize the adaptive adjustment of the hydrostatic guide rail oil film load.

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