A device and method for simulating deformation and structural failure of a fractured site under water infiltration

Abstract

The application discloses a device and method for simulating deformation and structure damage of a crack site under water infiltration, and belongs to the technical field of geotechnical engineering monitoring and geological disaster prevention. The device comprises a model box, a rainfall simulation device and a monitoring device. The model box is a rectangular box structure with an open upper end, and is filled with test soil. The rainfall simulation device is arranged above the model box and is used for generating artificial rainfall with controllable intensity and spatial distribution. The monitoring device comprises a TDR probe array, a ground deformation monitoring system and a data acquisition and processing system. The TDR probe array comprises a plurality of vertical probe columns and horizontal probe columns. A test building structure is arranged on the upper surface of the test soil. The device and method can simulate the process of surface water infiltration causing ground surface deformation of a crack site and further leading to disaster of a building structure, and have the advantages of strong applicability, reliable results and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of geotechnical engineering monitoring and geological disaster prevention technology, and in particular to a device and method for simulating topographic deformation and structural damage in a fracture field under water infiltration. Background Technology

[0002] Against the backdrop of global climate change, the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events have increased significantly, leading to a rise in engineering geological disasters induced by heavy rainfall. In areas with complex geological conditions, soils commonly exhibit fissures of various origins, including tectonic ground fissures, differential settlement fissures, and shrinkage fissures caused by wet-dry cycles. These fissures constitute preferential channels for surface water infiltration, fundamentally altering the seepage field pattern of the soil and causing surface water to rapidly infiltrate into deeper soil layers, thereby triggering a sharp increase in the moisture content of the foundation soil surrounding the fissures.

[0003] Existing research has shown that cracks disrupt the structure of soil, forming influence zones of a certain width that allow surface water to infiltrate deeper soil layers below the relatively impermeable layer. Cracks act as dominant channels for rainwater infiltration, altering the seepage field under rainfall conditions. The wetting front exhibits a unique funnel-shaped distribution, causing fluctuations in pore water pressure and significant changes in soil pressure distribution. Once cracks form, atmospheric precipitation and surface water converge and infiltrate along the cracks, resulting in significant physicochemical processes such as erosion, subsidence, and softening of the foundation near the crack zone. This further exacerbates crack development, leading to uneven differential ground settlement and ultimately causing serious engineering accidents such as tilting and failure of ground structures, pipeline rupture, and roadbed cracking.

[0004] Existing crack model testing devices can only simulate the formation of cracks themselves, and are unable to simulate the catastrophic characteristics and behaviors of buildings and structures under different degrees of surface water infiltration, affected by surface deformation of cracks and the movement of moist fronts. For early warning and prevention of uneven settlement of buildings and structures caused by cracks acting as dominant seepage channels under extreme rainfall conditions, there is currently a lack of devices and methods to obtain quantitative evaluation parameters through indoor or in-situ simulation tests, making it difficult to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of engineering prevention and control measures.

[0005] Therefore, in order to explore the mechanism of topographic deformation and structural failure in the fracture field driven by water infiltration, building a physical model test device that can accurately reproduce the entire process is a key research method to reveal the laws of disaster and support engineering protection. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide an apparatus and method for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in cracked sites under water infiltration, in order to solve the technical problems of existing test devices being unable to simulate cracks under multiple working conditions, synchronously monitor the entire process of rainfall infiltration and structural disaster, and have low test data accuracy. This invention enables quantitative experimental research on the entire process of rainfall infiltration, soil deformation, and building failure in cracked sites in multiple dimensions.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration, comprising a model box, a rainfall simulation device and a monitoring device. The model box is a rectangular box structure with an open top, and the model box is filled with test soil. The rainfall simulation device is set above the model box and is used to generate artificial rainfall with controllable intensity and spatial distribution. The monitoring device includes a TDR probe array, a surface deformation monitoring system, and a data acquisition and processing system. The surface deformation monitoring system includes a displacement sensor array and an image acquisition device. The data acquisition and processing system includes a multi-channel data acquisition unit and a computer control unit. The TDR probe array includes several sets of vertical probe columns and horizontal probe columns. Test structures are set on the upper surface of the test soil.

[0008] Preferably, the model box includes a base plate and a front transparent baffle, a left baffle, a right baffle and a rear baffle vertically arranged on the four sides of the base plate. The dimensions of the model box are 2000~3000mm in length, 1000~1500mm in width and 1500~2000mm in height. The base plate is provided with multiple drainage holes.

[0009] Preferably, the model box is equipped with a crack simulation component, which includes a fixed partition and a movable partition arranged in parallel. The fixed partition is vertically fixed to the middle of the bottom plate, and the movable partition is connected to the right baffle through a horizontal adjusting screw, and the movable partition is sleeved on the horizontal adjusting screw. The gap between the fixed partition and the movable partition is used to simulate cracks, and crack marking lines for marking the location of cracks are embedded on the surface of the test soil.

[0010] Preferably, the front transparent baffle is made of tempered glass with coordinate grid lines engraved on its surface; the bottom plate, left baffle, right baffle and rear baffle are all made of stainless steel plate; a water collection tank for collecting seepage water is provided under the bottom plate; the lower end of the movable partition is connected to extension plates of different vertical lengths; the extension plates are detachable and used to simulate cracks of different depths.

[0011] Preferably, the rainfall simulation device includes a water supply tank, a water pump, a flow control valve, a rainfall nozzle assembly, and a rain gauge. The outlet of the water supply tank is connected to the inlet of the water pump through a pipeline, and the outlet of the water pump is connected to the flow control valve. The rainfall nozzle assembly is located directly above the model box. The rain nozzle assembly includes several evenly arranged atomizing nozzles, and the outlet of the flow control valve is connected to each atomizing nozzle of the rain nozzle assembly through a branch pipeline; the rain gauge is arranged at the upper edge of the model box, and the flow control valve is an electric regulating valve.

[0012] Preferably, the TDR probe array is arranged in layers along the inner side of the front transparent baffle in the test soil. The arrangement method is to set several sets of vertical probe columns and horizontal probe columns at symmetrical positions on both sides of the crack simulation component. The several sets of vertical probe columns are buried with TDR probes at equal intervals along the depth direction of the test soil, and the several sets of horizontal probe columns are set with TDR probe columns at different horizontal distances on both sides of the crack simulation component along the horizontal direction.

[0013] Preferably, the displacement sensor array includes a plurality of displacement sensors, which are disposed above the test soil and symmetrically arranged on both sides of the crack simulation component; the image acquisition device is disposed directly above the model box and is used to periodically acquire images of the test soil and the surface of the test structure to identify surface deformation and cracking of the structure.

[0014] Preferably, the multi-channel data acquisition unit is electrically connected to the output terminals of the TDR probe array, the surface deformation monitoring system, and the rain gauge, respectively, for collecting signals from each sensor and inputting the data to the computer control unit; The computer control unit is used to receive and store data from each sensor. It is equipped with data analysis and processing software to observe the real-time moisture content of each monitoring point, determine the arrival time and location of the wetting front, and draw a spatiotemporal distribution map of the wetting front, a surface subsidence curve, a differential subsidence gradient map, and a map showing the change in the inclination rate of buildings and structures.

[0015] This invention also provides a method for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration, comprising the following steps: A test soil layer is laid according to the required simulated site soil characteristics, and a TDR probe array and displacement sensor array are embedded in the test soil. As needed to simulate the relative positional relationship between the structure and the crack, a test structure is constructed on the surface of the test soil. Move and lock the movable baffle in the crack simulation assembly according to the required simulated crack width and depth; The rainfall simulation device was activated to conduct a surface water infiltration test, and the TDR probe array, surface deformation monitoring system and data acquisition and processing system were activated simultaneously to collect test data. Based on the collected data, we can analyze the movement patterns of moist fronts, the characteristics of surface deformation, and the process of damage to buildings and structures.

[0016] Preferably, the TDR probe array includes several vertical probe columns and horizontal probe columns embedded in the test soil in layers. The vertical probe columns are arranged at equal intervals along the depth direction of the test soil, with a spacing of 50 to 100 mm. Three to five sets of horizontal probe columns are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the crack simulation component, and the horizontal distance between each set of horizontal probe columns and the simulated crack is not equal.

[0017] Therefore, the present invention employs the above-mentioned apparatus and method for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration, and the beneficial effects are as follows: (1) The present invention sets up a crack simulation component, which can realize stepless adjustment and precise positioning of crack width and depth, and can simulate crack conditions of various causes and different scales in engineering sites. It has a wide range of adaptability and high simulation realism.

[0018] (2) The present invention uses a controllable rainfall simulation device, which can accurately simulate extreme rainfall conditions of different intensities. Combined with real-time feedback calibration of the rain gauge, it ensures that the rainfall infiltration conditions are consistent with the actual natural scene and the test has strong repeatability.

[0019] (3) The present invention constructs a multi-dimensional synchronous monitoring system of "soil moisture content - wet front movement - surface point settlement - global deformation - structural failure", which breaks through the limitations of existing single monitoring and can obtain multi-source coupled test data to accurately reveal the evolution law of rainfall infiltration disaster in cracked sites.

[0020] (4) The present invention can flexibly adjust the foundation form of the test building and the relative position of the crack, and can study the differences in disaster response of buildings with different spatial locations and foundation types, providing data support for engineering site selection and structural protection.

[0021] (5) The present invention has a complete test process, is easy to operate, and has high data accuracy. It can intuitively reproduce the whole process of damage to buildings caused by surface deformation in cracked sites, effectively making up for the technical shortcomings of existing indoor model tests. It has important scientific research value and engineering application prospects.

[0022] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of an embodiment of the device for simulating topographic deformation and structural damage in a fracture field under water infiltration according to the present invention. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the model box of an embodiment of the device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration according to the present invention. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a rainfall simulation device according to an embodiment of the present invention, which simulates topographic deformation and structural damage in a fracture field under water infiltration. Figure 4 This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of the relationship between the TDR probe array, displacement sensor, and building position in an embodiment of the device for simulating topographic deformation and structural damage in a fracture field under water infiltration according to the present invention. Figure 5 This is an overall flowchart of an embodiment of a method for simulating topographic deformation and structural damage in a fracture field under water infiltration according to the present invention.

[0024] Figure Labels 10. Model box; 11. Base plate; 12. Front transparent baffle; 13. Left baffle; 14. Right baffle; 15. Rear baffle; 16. Water outlet; 17. Fixed partition; 18. Movable partition; 20. Rainfall simulation device; 21. Flow control valve; 22. Water pump; 23. Water supply tank; 24. Rain shower assembly; 25. Rain gauge; 30. Monitoring device; 31. TDR probe; 32. Displacement sensor; 33. Image acquisition device; 34. Computer control unit; 35. Multi-channel data acquisition unit; 40. Buildings and structures. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0026] Unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in this invention shall have the ordinary meaning understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. The terms "first," "second," and similar terms used in this invention do not indicate any order, quantity, or importance, but are merely used to distinguish different components. Terms such as "comprising" or "including" mean that the element or object preceding the word encompasses the elements or objects listed following the word and their equivalents, without excluding other elements or objects. Terms such as "connected" or "linked" are not limited to physical or mechanical connections, but can include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. Terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," and "right" are used only to indicate relative positional relationships; when the absolute position of the described object changes, the relative positional relationship may also change accordingly.

[0027] like Figures 1-4 As shown, a device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a crack field under water infiltration includes a model box 10, a rainfall simulation device 20, and a monitoring device 30. The model box 10 is a rectangular box structure with an open top, used to simulate cracks and provide space for rainfall infiltration and deformation observation. The model box 10 is filled with test soil (not shown in the figure).

[0028] like Figure 2As shown, the model box 10 is formed by a base plate 11 and a front transparent baffle 12, a left baffle 13, a right baffle 14 and a rear baffle 15 vertically arranged on the four sides of the base plate 11.

[0029] Specifically, the front transparent baffle 12 is made of tempered glass, which is strong enough to withstand the lateral pressure of the soil inside the chamber. Its transparency allows the test personnel or the image acquisition device 33 to directly observe the advancement of the wetting front from the front. The surface of the front transparent baffle 12 is engraved with coordinate grid lines to facilitate manual interpretation of the wetting front position and to provide spatial reference for image processing and recognition.

[0030] The base plate 11, left baffle 13, right baffle 14, and rear baffle 15 are all made of stainless steel to ensure the overall rigidity and durability of the model box 10. The base plate 11 has multiple drainage holes 16 to remove excess water during rainfall infiltration, preventing water accumulation at the bottom from creating a pressurized head that could interfere with the test results. A water collection trough can be installed below the base plate 11 to collect seepage water.

[0031] The model box 10 is equipped with a crack simulation component, which includes a fixed partition 17 and a movable partition 18 arranged in parallel to simulate cracks of different scales that exist in actual engineering sites. The fixed partition 17 is vertically fixed to the middle of the base plate 11, and the movable partition 18 is connected to the right baffle 14 of the adjacent model box 10 via a horizontal adjusting screw (not shown in the figure). The movable partition 18 is sleeved on the horizontal adjusting screw, and the movable partition 18 can be moved back and forth in the horizontal direction by rotating the horizontal adjusting screw. The horizontal adjusting screw passes through the right baffle 14 and is connected to a locking nut. After the position of the movable partition 18 is adjusted, it is fixed with the locking nut, thereby determining the crack width.

[0032] The above steps create a gap between the fixed partition 17 and the movable partition 18 to simulate cracks. Meanwhile, a graduated scale is fixed to the side wall of the model box 10 for accurate reading of crack width values. Crack marking lines are embedded on the surface of the test soil to mark the crack locations.

[0033] The lower end of the movable partition 18 is connected to an extension plate of different vertical lengths. The extension plate is detachable. By replacing the extension plate with one of different heights, cracks of different depths can be simulated, which significantly enhances the applicability of the device.

[0034] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the dimensions of the model box 10 are 2000~3000mm in length, 1000~1500mm in width, and 1500~2000mm in height; the composition and proportion of the test soil can be adjusted according to the test requirements and filled into the model box 10.

[0035] A rainfall simulation device 20 is positioned above the model box 10 to generate artificial rainfall with controllable intensity and spatial distribution; such as Figure 3 As shown, the rainfall simulation device 20 includes a water supply tank 23, a water pump 22, a flow control valve 21, a sprinkler head assembly 24, and a rain gauge 25. The water supply tank 23 provides a stable water source for the experiment, and its outlet is connected to the inlet of the water pump 22 via a pipeline. The outlet of the water pump 22 is connected to the flow control valve 21, which can be an electrically adjustable valve for easy remote automatic control.

[0036] The rainfall nozzle assembly 24 is located directly above the model box 10 and consists of several evenly arranged atomizing nozzles. The outlet of the flow control valve 21 is connected to each atomizing nozzle of the rainfall nozzle assembly 24 through a branch pipeline. By adjusting the water supply pressure of the water pump 22 and selecting to open different numbers of nozzle combinations, different levels of rainfall conditions can be simulated.

[0037] Rain gauge 25 is positioned at the upper edge of model box 10 to monitor actual rainfall intensity and provide feedback to computer control unit 34 for adjusting flow control valve 21.

[0038] The monitoring device 30 includes a TDR probe array 31, a surface deformation monitoring system, and a data acquisition and processing system, used for wet front monitoring, surface deformation monitoring, and image acquisition. The surface deformation monitoring system includes a displacement sensor array 32 and an image acquisition device 33, while the data acquisition and processing system includes a multi-channel data acquisition unit 35 and a computer control unit 34. Furthermore, the type and quantity of the monitoring device 30 can be adjusted according to experimental requirements.

[0039] Specifically, the TDR probe array 31 is used to monitor changes in soil moisture content and the location of wetting fronts. For example... Figure 4 As shown, the TDR probe array 31 includes several sets of vertical probe columns and horizontal probe columns.

[0040] Specifically, the TDR probe array 31 is arranged in layers along the inner side of the front transparent baffle 12 in the test soil. The arrangement method is to set several sets of vertical probe columns and horizontal probe columns symmetrically on both sides of the crack simulation component. Among them, the vertical probe columns are TDR probes 31 buried at equal intervals (e.g., 50~100mm) along the depth direction of the test soil, and the horizontal probe columns are set at different horizontal distances on both sides of the crack simulation component (e.g., at 50mm, 100mm, 200mm, 400mm, and 800mm from the crack).

[0041] The TDR probe 31 is connected to the multi-channel data acquisition unit 35, which collects the TDR reflection signal at high frequency. The data analysis and processing software in the computer control unit 34 observes the real-time moisture content of each monitoring point and determines the arrival time and location of the wetting front.

[0042] The displacement sensor array 32 includes several displacement sensors 32 for measuring settlement deformation at various points on the ground surface. Multiple displacement sensors 32 are positioned above the test soil and symmetrically arranged along both sides of the crack simulation component, covering different ranges from the near-crack zone to the far-crack zone. The displacement sensors 32 have a measurement accuracy of no less than 0.01 mm and a sampling frequency of no less than 1 Hz, enabling them to capture the weak and continuous surface settlement process caused by the advance of the moist front.

[0043] The image acquisition device 33 is located directly above the model box 10 and is used to periodically capture images of the test soil and the surface of the building 40 model. The monitoring range covers the entire soil surface and the top of the building 40 to identify surface deformation and building cracking.

[0044] The multi-channel data acquisition unit 35 is electrically connected to the output terminals of the TDR probe array 31, the surface deformation monitoring system, and the rain gauge 25, respectively, to collect signals from each sensor and input the data to the computer control unit 34. The computer control unit 34 receives and stores the data from each sensor and is equipped with professional data analysis and processing software. It is used to observe the real-time moisture content of each monitoring point, determine the arrival time and location of the wetting front, and draw the spatiotemporal distribution map of the wetting front, the surface subsidence curve, the differential subsidence gradient map, and the tilt rate change map of the buildings 40, providing comprehensive data support for revealing the disaster mechanism.

[0045] The test structure 40 is set on the surface of the test soil filled in the model box 10. It can be a scaled-down model made of brick, concrete or 3D printed. Its foundation can be designed as an independent foundation, strip foundation or raft foundation according to the research needs.

[0046] The distance between the location of the structure 40 and the simulated crack can be flexibly adjusted according to the needs of the test plan in order to study the degree of influence of uneven settlement on the structure 40 at different distances.

[0047] In addition, the image acquisition device 33 can be used to analyze the displacement of feature points on the top of the building 40, making the disaster process closer to the real situation and improving the accuracy and reliability of the test results.

[0048] Therefore, the simulation test device according to the present invention can effectively control the characteristics of cracks and realistically reproduce the phenomenon of catastrophic damage to building 40 caused by topographic changes in the crack field under surface water infiltration. This device allows for flexible arrangement and positioning of building 40 and cracks in various spatial configurations, offering strong applicability and accurate test data. It has significant research value and broad application prospects for revealing the catastrophic mechanism of tilting failure of building 40 caused by accelerated migration of the wetting front, increased soil moisture content, and uneven surface settlement due to dominant seepage flow in cracks under surface water infiltration conditions.

[0049] Therefore, the experimental device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fractured field under water infiltration according to the embodiments of the present invention can simulate the catastrophic process of a building 40 under the action of surface deformation in a fractured field, and has the advantages of strong applicability and reliable results.

[0050] like Figure 5 As shown, the present invention also provides a method for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration, comprising the following steps: Based on the soil characteristics of the site where the building 40 to be simulated is located, test soil with similar gradation and physical and mechanical properties is selected or prepared. Inside the model box 10, the test soil is laid using a layered filling method, with each layer's loose thickness controlled at 150-200 mm, and compacted to the designed density using a compaction tool. During the filling process, TDR probe array 31 and displacement sensor array 32 are precisely embedded according to the preset layer and horizontal positions.

[0051] The TDR probe array 31 includes several vertical and horizontal probe columns embedded in the test soil in layers. The vertical probe columns are arranged at equal intervals along the depth direction of the test soil, with a spacing of 50 to 100 mm. Three to five sets of horizontal probe columns are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the crack simulation component, and the horizontal distance between each set of horizontal probe columns and the simulated crack is not equal.

[0052] Based on the required simulation of the relative positional relationship between the structure 40 and the crack, after the test soil is filled to the design elevation, the structure 40 is constructed. After the construction is completed, the soil is left to stand for a period of time to allow the internal stress state of the soil to stabilize.

[0053] To simulate the required crack width and depth, move the movable partition 18 in the crack simulation assembly. During operation, loosen the locking nut, rotate the leveling screw, and simultaneously observe the scale on the side wall to move the movable partition 18 to the target position, ensuring the gap between the fixed partition 17 and the movable partition 18 equals the preset crack width. Then tighten the locking nut to fix the crack width. If simulating a crack of a specific depth is required, pre-install an extension plate of corresponding height at the lower end of the movable partition 18.

[0054] Start the monitoring device 30, check the connection status of the TDR probe 31, displacement sensor 32, image acquisition device 33 and rain gauge 25, reset the initial reading to zero, and set the sampling frequency of each channel; start the rainfall simulation device 20, and adjust the flow control valve 21 to make the rainfall intensity reach the preset value.

[0055] After the experiment begins, the computer control unit 34 automatically and synchronously collects the following data through the multi-channel data acquisition device 35: moisture content of TDR monitoring points and determines the location of the wetting front; settlement data of displacement sensors 32 at each measuring point; actual rainfall intensity data monitored by rain gauge 25; surface deformation image data of image acquisition device 33; and continues to carry out rainfall until the wetting front advances to the bottom of model box 10 or significant damage and deformation of building 40 is observed.

[0056] The monitoring data is analyzed using the built-in analysis and processing software in the computer control unit 34. For example, wet front migration analysis is performed, the arrival time of the wet front at each probe location at different times is extracted, isochronous maps of the wet front are plotted, and the acceleration effect of the cracks on the morphology and advance rate of the wet front is analyzed; surface deformation analysis is performed, settlement-time curves at different distances on both sides of the crack are plotted, and differential settlement and settlement gradient are calculated, etc.

[0057] The method for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a surface water infiltration fissure field according to an embodiment of the present invention utilizes a model test device for simulating the failure of a building 40 caused by surface deformation in a surface water infiltration fissure field according to the above-described embodiment of the present invention. It can simulate the catastrophic process of the building 40 under the surface deformation movement mode of the surface water infiltration fissure field, and has the advantages of strong applicability and reliable results.

[0058] Therefore, the present invention employs the aforementioned device and method for simulating topographic deformation and structural damage in a crack field under water infiltration. This method can precisely adjust the size and depth of the simulated cracks, simulate the intensity of controllable rainfall, and simultaneously monitor water content, settlement, and structural damage. It can completely reproduce the entire process from the migration of the wetting front to the disaster of buildings under surface water infiltration, overcoming the shortcomings of existing simulation devices such as narrow operating conditions and single monitoring. It provides a reliable simulation test platform for revealing the disaster-causing mechanism of dominant seepage in cracks and has significant value.

[0059] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and not to limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can still be made to the technical solutions of the present invention, and these modifications or equivalent substitutions cannot cause the modified technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims

1. A device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fractured field caused by water infiltration, characterized in that: It includes a model box, a rainfall simulation device, and a monitoring device. The model box is a rectangular box structure with an open top. The model box is filled with test soil. The rainfall simulation device is set above the model box and is used to generate artificial rainfall with controllable intensity and spatial distribution. The monitoring device includes a TDR probe array, a surface deformation monitoring system, and a data acquisition and processing system. The surface deformation monitoring system includes a displacement sensor array and an image acquisition device. The data acquisition and processing system includes a multi-channel data acquisition unit and a computer control unit. The TDR probe array includes several sets of vertical probe columns and horizontal probe columns. Test structures are set on the upper surface of the test soil.

2. The device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration according to claim 1, characterized in that: The model box includes a base plate and a front transparent baffle, a left baffle, a right baffle and a rear baffle vertically arranged on the four sides of the base plate. The dimensions of the model box are 2000~3000mm in length, 1000~1500mm in width and 1500~2000mm in height. The base plate is provided with multiple drainage holes.

3. The device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration according to claim 2, characterized in that, The model box is equipped with a crack simulation component, which includes a fixed partition and a movable partition arranged in parallel. The fixed partition is vertically fixed to the middle of the bottom plate, and the movable partition is connected to the right baffle through a horizontal adjustment screw, and the movable partition is sleeved on the horizontal adjustment screw. The gap between the fixed partition and the movable partition is used to simulate cracks, and crack marking lines for marking the location of cracks are embedded on the surface of the test soil.

4. The device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The front transparent baffle is made of tempered glass with coordinate grid lines engraved on its surface; the bottom plate, left baffle, right baffle and rear baffle are all made of stainless steel plate; a water collection tank for collecting seepage water is set under the bottom plate; the lower end of the movable partition is connected to extension plates of different vertical lengths, and the extension plates are detachable to simulate cracks of different depths.

5. The device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rainfall simulation device includes a water supply tank, a water pump, a flow control valve, a rainfall nozzle assembly, and a rain gauge. The outlet of the water supply tank is connected to the inlet of the water pump through a pipeline, and the outlet of the water pump is connected to the flow control valve. The rainfall nozzle assembly is located directly above the model box. The rain nozzle assembly includes several evenly arranged atomizing nozzles, and the outlet of the flow control valve is connected to each atomizing nozzle of the rain nozzle assembly through a branch pipeline; the rain gauge is arranged at the upper edge of the model box, and the flow control valve is an electric regulating valve.

6. The device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration according to claim 3, characterized in that, The TDR probe array is arranged in layers along the inner side of the front transparent baffle in the test soil. The arrangement method is to set several sets of vertical probe columns and horizontal probe columns at symmetrical positions on both sides of the crack simulation component. The several sets of vertical probe columns are buried with TDR probes at equal intervals along the depth direction of the test soil. The several sets of horizontal probe columns are set with TDR probe columns at different horizontal distances on both sides of the crack simulation component along the horizontal direction.

7. The apparatus for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration according to claim 6, characterized in that, The displacement sensor array includes several displacement sensors, which are positioned above the test soil and symmetrically arranged on both sides of the crack simulation component. The image acquisition device is positioned directly above the model box and is used to periodically acquire images of the test soil and the surface of the test structure to identify surface deformation and cracking of the structure.

8. The device for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration according to claim 5, characterized in that, The multi-channel data acquisition unit is electrically connected to the output terminals of the TDR probe array, the surface deformation monitoring system, and the rain gauge, respectively, and is used to collect signals from each sensor and input the data to the computer control unit; The computer control unit is used to receive and store data from each sensor. It is equipped with data analysis and processing software to observe the real-time moisture content of each monitoring point, determine the arrival time and location of the wetting front, and draw a spatiotemporal distribution map of the wetting front, a surface subsidence curve, a differential subsidence gradient map, and a map showing the change in the inclination rate of buildings and structures.

9. A method for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration, employing the apparatus described in claim 3, 6, or 7, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Test soil is laid according to the required simulated site soil characteristics, and TDR probe array and displacement sensor array are embedded in the test soil. As needed to simulate the relative positional relationship between the structure and the crack, a test structure is constructed on the surface of the test soil. Move and lock the movable baffle in the crack simulation assembly according to the required simulated crack width and depth; The rainfall simulation device was activated to conduct a surface water infiltration test, and the TDR probe array, surface deformation monitoring system and data acquisition and processing system were activated simultaneously to collect test data. Based on the collected data, we can analyze the movement patterns of moist fronts, the characteristics of surface deformation, and the process of damage to buildings and structures.

10. The method for simulating topographic deformation and structural failure in a fracture field under water infiltration according to claim 9, characterized in that, The TDR probe array includes several vertical probe columns and horizontal probe columns embedded in the test soil in layers. The vertical probe columns are arranged at equal intervals along the depth direction of the test soil, with a spacing of 50 to 100 mm. The crack simulation component has 3 to 5 sets of horizontal probe columns symmetrically arranged on both sides, and the horizontal distance between each set of horizontal probe columns and the simulated crack is not equal.

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