Antenna device and structure to which the antenna device is attached

Abstract

An antenna unit element for installation in a window pane of a target object. The antenna unit element comprises a dielectric radiating element adapted to be positioned at a first side of the window pane; a dielectric waveguide matching piece adapted to be arranged between the window pane and the dielectric radiating element, or at a second side of the window pane; an electromagnetic wave reflector adapted to be arranged at the first side of the window pane and further away from the first side of the window pane than the dielectric radiating element; and an antenna signal feed circuit for transmitting or receiving electromagnetic signals to or from the dielectric radiating element for signal transmission or reception. The antenna unit element is adapted to accommodate and match the thickness and dielectric constant of the window pane.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to an antenna element for attachment to a surface (e.g., the window glass surface of a target object), and a structure comprising the antenna element. Background Technology

[0002] Figure 1 The process of electromagnetic wave 10 propagating from one side to the other through a medium in an environment is demonstrated. This electromagnetic wave 10 can be transmitted via an antenna (not shown) or configured to be received by an antenna. In this case, the dielectric constant or dielectric charge of the medium (…) ε r2 Unlike the surrounding environment, electromagnetic waves 10 are partially reflected at the interface between the medium and the environment, while the remainder penetrates the medium. Generally speaking, the greater the difference in dielectric constant or dielectric charge, the more electromagnetic waves are reflected.

[0003] For the propagation plane of the incident wave, it can be analyzed by decomposing it into parallel and perpendicular electric field vector components. This decomposition helps in studying the wave's reflection and transmission coefficients.

[0004] Specifically, assuming the dielectric thickness is ε r2 At the boundary (z = t The input reflection coefficient of ) can be expressed as:

[0005] in, t Indicates the dielectric layer ε r2 thickness, λ 0 represents the wavelength in free space. ε r1 and ε r3 These are the dielectric constants of the incident and exit media, respectively. Note that... Indicates the wavelength within the medium.

[0006] Apply formula (1), and let ε r2 equal ε r3 The thickness of the medium can be determined. t The requirement is quite large. Therefore, formula (1) can be simplified to:

[0007] like ε r1 × 5= ε r2 The reflectance coefficient is approximately -38%. If εr1 × 4= ε r2 The reflectance coefficient is close to -33.3%.

[0008] However, in practice t The value will not be zero. When ε r2 At the same time greater than ε r1 and ε r3 When, reflectivity increases with t Decrease and decrease. If t Exceed The function will follow It exhibits periodic variations. In practical applications, reflectivity below 20% is considered low reflectivity. When the difference in dielectric constant of the resonators exceeds 3, significant transmission loss will occur, causing reflectivity to exceed 24%.

[0009] In the prior art, US Patent Publication US20210005951 proposes a scheme using waveguide elements and a matching medium, aiming to reduce reflection and improve the front-to-back ratio (FB ratio). ('951 document) Figure 3 Its characteristic structure is shown. The core technical solution to this problem lies in adjusting the distance D (marked along the radiation direction R) between the inner edge of the window glass and the radiating element. Although the '951 document does not explicitly state the selection... D The basis for this is not specified, but it is generally believed to follow the principle of reflection guidance—requiring the inner edge of the window glass to maintain a distance of nλg from the surface of the radiating element (where nλg is the distance from the inner edge of the window glass to the surface of the radiating element). n The distance is zero or a higher integer. This design is based on the assumption that reflection occurs on the inner surface of the glass.

[0010] The relevant patent publication US20220200156 explains the extended application of the original concept in the '951 document. The '156 document discloses an antenna element for installation on a building window, comprising a radiating element, a phase control component located outside the radiating element for modulating the phase of the transmitted electromagnetic wave, and an inner conductor. The phase control component is composed of a dielectric material and multiple conductive components, and its main function is to adjust the phase of the electromagnetic wave emitted by the radiating element. This adjustment changes the direction of electromagnetic wave transmission, increasing the gain difference between the main lobe and side lobes of the antenna element. The phase control element is composed of a dielectric component and a waveguide component.

[0011] The key to Document 156 lies in its consistency with the earlier Document 951 requirements, particularly regarding the spacing between radiating elements and waveguide components. a and the relative permittivity of the dielectric medium ε rThe setting—to enhance the gain difference, the ratio of this distance to the dielectric constant must be no less than (2.11 × 10⁻⁶). ε r 1.82 mm. This indicates that its radiating element is not loaded with dielectric material and needs to maintain a spatial distance from the waveguide components to achieve effective radiation. Furthermore, the '156 document emphasizes controlling the distance. D The importance of this distance is that it refers to the gap between the radiating element and the inner edge of the window glass. Summary of the Invention

[0012] A first aspect of the present invention provides an antenna element for mounting on a window glass of a target object. The antenna element includes a dielectric radiating element adapted to be positioned on a first side of the window glass; a dielectric waveguide matching element adapted to be disposed between the window glass and the dielectric radiating element, or on a second side of the window glass; an electromagnetic wave reflector adapted to be disposed on the first side of the window glass, and further away from the first side of the window glass relative to the dielectric radiating element; and an antenna signal feeding circuit for transmitting electromagnetic signals to or receiving electromagnetic signals from the dielectric radiating element, thereby achieving signal transmission or reception. The antenna element is adapted to adapt to and match the thickness and dielectric constant of the window glass.

[0013] Preferably, the distance D is defined as the thickness from the outermost edge of the window glass to the electromagnetic reflection ground plane, and the measurement path passes through the dielectric radiating element along the radiation direction R. The medium formed by the window glass and the dielectric radiating element of the target object has a total relative resultant dielectric constant (D). r The distance D is calculated using the following formula: D = d + 0.5nλ g Where n is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than 8. d This represents the total thickness tolerance, and its range is... 0.125λ g to +0.125λ g . λ g This represents the composite wavelength in the medium at a predetermined central operating frequency. The radiation direction R is defined as the direction emanating from or pointing towards the dielectric radiating element.

[0014] More preferably, the integer n ranges from 1 to 4. Most preferably, n equals 2.

[0015] In one specific implementation, the target object is a building, a car, or a wall.

[0016] In another specific embodiment, the dielectric radiating element is any of the following types: dielectric resonator antenna, dielectric via antenna, dielectric patch antenna, dielectric-loaded conductive radiating element, dielectric-loaded slit antenna, dielectric-loaded horn antenna, dielectric-loaded substrate-integrated dielectric resonator antenna (SIDRA), dielectric-loaded patch antenna, dielectric resonant magnetoelectric dipole antenna, or any combination thereof. Wherein, the combined dielectric constant of the dielectric radiating element is greater than 4.

[0017] In a variation of a preferred embodiment, the dielectric waveguide matching element includes a composite dielectric comprising at least one dielectric element and one or more dielectric substrates or gaps. The composite dielectric constant of the dielectric differs from the dielectric constant of the dielectric radiating element by no more than 3, and also differs from the dielectric constant of the window glass by no more than 3.

[0018] In another variation of the preferred embodiment, the dielectric waveguide matching element includes at least one component made of one or more solid dielectric materials, each of which has a dielectric constant greater than 3.

[0019] In another variation of the preferred embodiment, the antenna element is an external, independent antenna element, suitable for connection to a radio device via a signal cable, or to an antenna assembly installed within the radio device / system.

[0020] In one specific embodiment, the dielectric radiating element, the dielectric waveguide matching element, and the electromagnetic wave reflector have optically transparent, semi-transparent, or partially transparent properties.

[0021] In a variation of a preferred embodiment, the electromagnetic wave reflector comprises a conductive surface, a conductive mesh surface, a high dielectric constant substrate having a dielectric constant of at least 20, or any combination thereof; the electromagnetic wave reflector is configured to reflect at least 50% of the electromagnetic waves at a predetermined center operating frequency, and the electromagnetic wave reflector serves as the electromagnetic reflective ground of the antenna element.

[0022] Preferably, the electromagnetic wave reflector is configured to reflect at least 70% of the electromagnetic waves at a predetermined center operating frequency.

[0023] In a variation of a preferred embodiment, the dielectric radiating element is at least partially composed of one or more solid dielectric materials, each of which has a dielectric constant greater than 4.

[0024] In another variation of the preferred embodiment, the antenna signal feed circuit includes one or more of the following: dielectric resonant antenna (DRA) ground slot excitation feed, DRA near-field feed, dense patch near-field feed, probe feed, and lateral coupling feed. These feed types are capable of transmitting or receiving signal coupling to the dielectric resonator element and are suitable for configurations such as single feed, dual feed, or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) feed.

[0025] In another variation of the preferred embodiment, the dielectric waveguide matching element is loaded with a metal strip to induce a phase shift, thereby affecting the distance D.

[0026] In another variation of the preferred embodiment, the dielectric radiating element is offset or tilted relative to the dielectric waveguide matching element to achieve a radiation mode that bends toward the inside or outside of the window glass, thereby forming one or more additional refractive paths. These paths resonate with the window glass, producing superimposed radiation directivity modes.

[0027] In another variation of the preferred embodiment, the antenna element comprises two dielectric waveguide matching elements, which are respectively disposed on the inner and outer sides of the window glass to achieve resonance along the direction of the window glass and guide the radiated wave to the dielectric radiating element and the surrounding area of ​​the window glass for omnidirectional radiation.

[0028] In another variation of the preferred embodiment, the window glass of the target object is a double-glazed structure with a distance of more than 6 millimeters between the inner and outer glass panes. Distance D is defined as the thickness from the outermost edge of the inner glass pane on the first side of the window glass to the electromagnetic reflection ground plane.

[0029] In another variation of the preferred embodiment, the antenna element further includes a dielectric window component located at the outermost edge of the second side of the window glass; wherein the distance D is defined as the distance between the electromagnetic wave reflector and the outermost edge of the dielectric window component, and the dielectric constant of the dielectric window component is greater than 4.

[0030] In another variation of the preferred embodiment, the dielectric waveguide matching element is dome-shaped to introduce a phase shift, offsetting it over a wider angular direction. This additional phase shift (including the air medium) will be incorporated into the total distance condition D = d + 0.5nλg to achieve a wider radiation angle, consistent with the setting of distance D.

[0031] In another variation of the preferred embodiment, the antenna element further includes a low dielectric constant patch with a dielectric constant between 2 and 3.5 (assuming the window glass has a medium dielectric constant ε greater than 6). r It is suitable to be pasted on the outermost side of the window glass or the outermost side of the dielectric waveguide matching element, which can further enhance the gain and reduce window glass reflection.

[0032] A waveguide matching element (which can be integrated with the radiating element) is positioned between the radiating element and the target object's window glass, facilitating the transmission of electromagnetic radiation between them. The electromagnetic wave reflector is located further away from the window glass relative to the radiating element.

[0033] The waveguide matching component maintains a constant distance between the radiating element surfaces and the air-side reflection of the waveguide from the window glass assembly, thereby maintaining a 0.5 inch distance along the main lobe radiation path R. n λ g Standing wave conditions (wherein) n λ is an integer. g (This is the synthesized wavelength of the medium at a predetermined center frequency). Note that the above formula includes 0.5λ. g A coefficient used to compensate for the 180-degree phase change caused by reflection from the window glass.

[0034] Optionally, the target object to which the antenna is attached can be the window of a building, the window of a car, the window of a wall, or the window of any object / equipment / machine.

[0035] Optionally, the antenna device may include one or more radiating elements, which may be of the same or different types, and all of which have a dielectric constant greater than 4, in order to maintain the resonant mode and achieve radiative resonance when coupled with the electromagnetic wave of the signal feed line.

[0036] Optionally, the dielectric radiating element forms part of the dielectric resonator antenna array. Optionally, the antenna device includes a dielectric resonator antenna array, and the radiating element is an integral part of the array.

[0037] Optionally, the dielectric radiating element has substantial optical transparency (i.e., it is made of a substantially optically transparent material). For example, the transparency or light transmittance (for visible light) of the radiating element can be 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, or 99% or more.

[0038] Alternatively, the dielectric radiating element may be made of one or more glass, crystal, or ceramic materials.

[0039] Optionally, the dielectric radiating element may be partially composed of a dielectric material of arbitrary shape, wherein the composite dielectric constant of the dielectric radiating element is greater than 4, in order to maintain a resonant mode and achieve radiative resonance when coupled with a signal feed line.

[0040] Alternatively, the dielectric radiating element may be made of sapphire glass (Al2O3), soda-lime glass, or crystal glass.

[0041] Waveguide matching components can be separated from or integrated with dielectric radiating elements.

[0042] Optionally, the waveguide matching element is made of at least one of borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, crystal glass, and lead glass.

[0043] Alternatively, the waveguide matching element may be partially made of dielectric material of arbitrary shape.

[0044] Optionally, a metal strip can be embedded in the waveguide matching element to induce a phase shift that affects the range D. This additional phase shift will be incorporated into the total range condition D = d + 0.5nλg.

[0045] Optionally, the waveguide alignment element has substantial optical transparency (i.e., it is made of a substantially optically transparent material). For example, the transparency or visible light transmittance of the alignment element can be 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, or 99% or more.

[0046] The antenna feeding circuit can be equipped with a variety of feeding mechanisms, including but not limited to: ground slot excitation feeding of dielectric resonant antenna (DRA), DRA near-field feeding, dense patch near-field feeding, probe feeding and lateral coupling feeding.

[0047] Electromagnetic wave reflectors may optionally contain fully conductive or partially conductive electrical materials, including but not limited to ITO (indium tin oxide), metal mesh, metal mesh glass, metal mesh, partially conductive patches, FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), graphene, or other conductive materials.

[0048] Alternatively, the electromagnetic wave reflector has substantial or partial optical transparency (i.e., it is made of a substantially optically transparent and conductive material).

[0049] Optionally, the electromagnetic wave reflector is made wholly or partially of a material with extremely high dielectric constant, such as zirconium oxide, lithium niobate (LiNbO3), high dielectric constant glass, and high dielectric constant ceramic, which can reflect at least 50% of the signal at the target frequency.

[0050] Optionally, the antenna device has substantial optical transparency. For example, the transparency or transmittance (for visible light) of the entire antenna device can be 70% or more, 80% or more, or 90% or more.

[0051] In a second aspect of the invention, a method for forming an antenna device attachment structure is provided. The method includes attaching the antenna device described in the first aspect to a structure, such that a waveguide matching element is located between a dielectric radiating element and a window glass element of the structure.

[0052] In a third aspect of the invention, a dielectric resonator antenna device for attachment to a structure is provided. The device includes a dielectric resonator antenna having a dielectric resonator element, and a matching element operatively coupled or already coupled to the dielectric resonator element. The matching element is arranged between the dielectric resonator element and the structure to facilitate electromagnetic radiation transmission between the dielectric resonator element and the structure when the dielectric resonator antenna device is attached to the structure. The dielectric resonator element has a first dielectric constant or effective dielectric constant. The matching element is configured to have a second dielectric constant or effective dielectric constant that is less than the first dielectric constant or effective dielectric constant. The dielectric resonator antenna device of the fourth aspect can be considered as a specific example of the antenna device of the first aspect. Therefore, any features associated with the antenna device of the first aspect herein may be applied, as appropriate, to the dielectric resonator antenna device of the fourth aspect.

[0053] In a fourth aspect of the invention, an antenna device attachment structure is provided. The structure includes a main structure and a dielectric resonator antenna device according to the fourth aspect attached thereto, wherein a matching element is disposed between the radiating element and the main structure. The main structure can attach multiple dielectric resonator antenna devices according to the fourth aspect.

[0054] In a fifth aspect of the invention, a dielectric resonator antenna array device for attachment to a structure is provided. The device includes an antenna array having a plurality of dielectric resonator elements, and a matching element for operatively coupling or already operatively coupling to the dielectric resonator elements. The matching element is disposed between the dielectric resonator elements and the structure to facilitate the transmission of electromagnetic radiation between the dielectric resonator elements and the structure when the dielectric resonator antenna array device is attached to the structure. Each dielectric resonator element has a first dielectric constant or effective dielectric constant. The matching element is configured to have a second dielectric constant or effective dielectric constant that is less than the first dielectric constant or effective dielectric constant. The dielectric resonator antenna array device of the sixth aspect described below can be considered as a specific example of the antenna device of the first aspect. Therefore, any features associated with the antenna device of the first aspect herein may be applied, as appropriate, to the dielectric resonator antenna array device of the sixth aspect.

[0055] In a sixth aspect of the invention, an antenna device attachment structure is provided. The structure includes a main structure and a sixth-aspect dielectric resonator antenna array attached thereto, with a matching element disposed between the radiating element and the main structure. The main structure can attach multiple sixth-aspect dielectric resonator antenna arrays.

[0056] In some embodiments, the antenna device described above can operate in one or more millimeter-wave frequency bands, such as, but not limited to, the 3.5 GHz band, the 5-6 GHz band, the 12 GHz band, the 28 GHz band, and the 60 GHz band.

[0057] In some embodiments, the antenna device described in one or more of the above aspects may operate as a transmitting antenna device and / or a receiving antenna device.

[0058] Other features and aspects of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description and accompanying drawings. Any feature (or combination of features) described herein may be suitably combined with other features (or combinations of features) to meet the needs of different embodiments.

[0059] Terms of degree such as “usually,” “about,” and “substantially” are used according to the context to cover factors such as manufacturing tolerances, performance degradation trends, and tendencies in practical applications. For example, when a numerical value is modified by a degree term such as “about,” the expression includes a range of ±15%, ±10%, ±5%, ±2%, or ±1% of the stated value. Unless otherwise stated, “substantially optically transparent” as used herein generally means transparency or visible light transmittance exceeding 70%.

[0060] Unless otherwise stated, the terms “connection,” “coupling,” “installation,” “attachment,” etc., cover both direct and indirect connections, couplings, installations, and attachments. Attached Figure Description

[0061] The embodiments of the present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of electromagnetic waves passing through a medium in the environment.

[0062] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of an attached antenna device according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the structure is a window glass.

[0063] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of an attached antenna device according to another embodiment of the present invention, which includes a lateral low-dielectric support.

[0064] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of an attached antenna device according to another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the waveguide matching component is arranged outside the window glass.

[0065] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the antenna device attachment structure according to another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the waveguide matching element and the radiating element are arranged in a staggered manner.

[0066] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the attachment structure for a dielectric resonator antenna device.

[0067] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram (side view) of one embodiment of the antenna device attachment structure.

[0068] Figure 8Within the 3GHz to 4.5GHz frequency band, Figure 7 The antenna device attachment structure (including matching layer) shown Figure 7 The diagram shows a comparison of the measured gain (dBi) of the antenna device attached to the structure (without a matching layer) and the reference dielectric resonator antenna (without a matching layer and not attached to the structure).

[0069] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram (exploded perspective view) of a dielectric resonator antenna according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0070] Figure 10 for Figure 9 The top view of the dielectric resonator antenna shown.

[0071] Figure 11 for Figure 9 The image shows a cross-sectional side view of a dielectric resonator antenna.

[0072] Figure 12 for Figure 9 The dielectric resonator antenna shown, and its simulated reflection coefficient in the frequency range of 3 GHz to 5.5 GHz under window-matched conditions, are illustrated. The graph shows the curves of (dB) versus gain (dBi).

[0073] Figure 13A for Figure 9 The dielectric resonator antenna shown is illustrated with a simulated radiation pattern at 3.6 GHz when matched with a window.

[0074] Figure 13B for Figure 9 The dielectric resonator antenna shown is illustrated with a simulated radiation pattern at 4.7 GHz when matched with a window.

[0075] Figure 14 The analog gain (dBi) curve is shown. Figure 9-11 The characteristics of the dielectric resonator antenna, the structure-attached dielectric resonator antenna without a matching layer, and the structure-attached dielectric resonator antenna with a matching layer are shown in the frequency band from 3.2 GHz to 5.0 GHz at θ = 0°.

[0076] Figure 15 For simulating the reflection coefficient ( The graph shows the relationship between dB and gain (dBi). Figure 9 The dielectric resonator antenna attachment structure (including matching layer) and Figure 9 The characteristics of the dielectric resonator antenna attachment structure at θ = 0°, with a frequency range of 3 GHz to 5.5 GHz.

[0077] Figure 16A perspective view of a dielectric antenna array according to an embodiment of the present invention, characterized in that four dielectric radiating elements are attached to a window glass and include waveguide matching elements.

[0078] Figure 17 This is a perspective view of a two-port dielectric antenna, characterized by including a dielectric radiating element.

[0079] Figure 18A for Figure 17 A schematic diagram of the indoor side view structure of the dual-port dielectric antenna shown.

[0080] Figure 18B for Figure 17 The diagram shows an outdoor window-view structure of a dual-port dielectric antenna.

[0081] Figure 19A yes Figure 17 The diagram shown is a perspective view of the installation of a dual-port dielectric antenna, which is fixed to a window using waveguide matching components.

[0082] Figure 19B yes Figure 17 The side view of the installation schematic diagram of the dual-port dielectric antenna shown is fixed to the window using waveguide matching components.

[0083] Figure 20 for Figure 17 The diagram shows the simulated reflection coefficient and isolation of a two-port dielectric resonator antenna.

[0084] Figure 21A for Figure 17 A schematic diagram of the analog gain (dBi) of port 1 of the dielectric resonator antenna at θ=0° in the frequency range of 3.0 GHz to 4.0 GHz.

[0085] Figure 21B for Figure 17 The diagram shows the analog gain (dBi) curve of port 2 of the dielectric resonator antenna in the frequency range of 3.0 GHz to 4.0 GHz, at θ = 0°.

[0086] Figure 22A This is a simulated E-plane radiation pattern of port 1 of the dielectric resonator antenna at θ = 0° at a frequency of 3.5 GHz.

[0087] Figure 22B This is a simulated H-plane radiation pattern of port 1 of the dielectric resonator antenna at θ = 0° at a frequency of 3.5 GHz.

[0088] Figure 22C This is a simulated E-plane radiation pattern of port 2 of the dielectric resonator antenna at θ = 0° at a frequency of 3.5 GHz.

[0089] Figure 22D This is a simulated H-plane radiation pattern of port 2 of the dielectric resonator antenna at θ = 0° at a frequency of 3.5 GHz.

[0090] Figure 23 This is a schematic diagram of an antenna installation used to adjust the radiation angle.

[0091] Figure 24A for Figure 17 The diagram shows the electric field distribution inside the matching medium of the antenna, at which point the offset distance from the DRA is 0 mm.

[0092] Figure 24B for Figure 17 The diagram shows the electric field distribution inside the matching medium in the antenna, with an offset distance of 20 mm from the DRA.

[0093] Figure 25A To match the radiation pattern of port 1 when the medium offset is 20 mm, a radiation angle of 30 degrees was achieved.

[0094] Figure 25B To match the radiation pattern of port 2 when the medium offset is 20 mm, a radiation angle of 30 degrees was achieved.

[0095] Figure 26 for Figure 17 The schematic diagram of the antenna shown has a matching medium offset of 20 mm and a tilt of 15 degrees, achieving a radiation angle of 45 degrees.

[0096] Figure 27 This is a side view of a dielectric resonator antenna, which is connected to a glass skylight in an omnidirectional manner in this embodiment.

[0097] Figure 28 for Figure 27 A perspective view of a dielectric resonator antenna attached omnidirectionally to a glass skylight.

[0098] Figure 29 Another embodiment of the present invention demonstrates a medium antenna implementation scheme based on window transmission.

[0099] Figure 30 Showing Figure 29 The S-parameters of the dielectric antenna scheme shown are measured.

[0100] Figure 31A and Figure 31B They were shown respectively Figure 29 The radiation patterns of port 1 and port 2 in the dielectric antenna scheme shown are illustrated.

[0101] Figure 32 An example of a method for implementing a dielectric matching medium for a phased array according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0102] Given the shortcomings of traditional methods, enhancing the ability of electromagnetic waves to penetrate media is crucial, as it facilitates the transmission of electromagnetic waves from the antenna and promotes their reception. Based on this theory, the first technical solution is to ensure that the difference in dielectric constant between two media (such as adjacent substrates, for example, a window) does not exceed 3, thereby enabling the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves between the antenna element and the window without significant reflection.

[0103] Because the dielectric constant of the window edges is high (typically exceeding 6), reflection is accompanied by a 180-degree phase change, redirecting the beam to the antenna. To address this issue, a reflection path is added between the outer edge of the window and the electromagnetic ground reflector. After two reflections from the outer edge of the window and the ground reflector, the waveform maintains a 360-degree phase superposition. This requires a critical distance of 0.5nλg (where n is an integer of 0 or greater) between the farthest edge of the window glass and the reflecting ground plane, while ensuring that this distance is kept within ±15 degrees to guarantee satisfactory radiation beamwidth performance. This parameter is defined as D = d + 0.5nλg, where D represents the distance between the outer edge of the window and the outer edge of the radiating element, d represents the total thickness tolerance range (-0.125λg to +0.125λg), λg is the effective wavelength in the medium at the predetermined center operating frequency, and the radiation direction R is defined as the transmission or reception direction of the radiating element. Therefore, when electromagnetic waves are reflected back and forth by the ground reflector at the outer edge of the window, their 360-degree reflected waves remain superimposed when they penetrate the window and will not have a negative impact on the signal.

[0104] However, at the window edge where the dielectric constant is high, reflection is accompanied by a 180-degree phase change, causing the beam to refract back towards the antenna direction. Therefore, another solution is to add a secondary reflection between the outer edge of the window and the electromagnetic ground reflector, maintaining 360-degree superposition through the dual reflections from the outer edge of the window and the ground reflector. A critical distance of 0.5nλg must be maintained between the farthest edge of the window glass system and the reflective ground plane (wherein... n (where n is an integer of 0 or greater). This distance must be maintained within an angle difference of ±15 degrees to ensure that the radiation beamwidth performance meets the requirements. This parameter is defined as D = d + 0.5nλg (where n is an integer of 0 or greater). The distance D is defined as the round-trip distance between the outer edge of the window and the outer edge of the radiating element, where... d Represents the total thickness tolerance (range is) 0.125λ g to +0.125λ g ), λ g The effective wavelength in the medium at the predetermined center operating frequency is represented by , and the radiation direction R is defined as the direction emitted from or towards the radiating element. Therefore, after repeated reflections by the outer edge of the window and the ground reflector, the reflected electromagnetic waves penetrating the window will maintain a 360-degree superposition state, while not affecting the unreflected signals.

[0105] This invention introduces an alternative antenna design, such as a dielectric antenna for attaching to a window pane of a target object. This design employs waveguide matching and improves the forward ratio (FB ratio) through a dual-reflection attenuation mechanism. The principle is to maintain an nλg ( n The nearest neighbor relation (for integers starting from zero).

[0106] Figure 2 An embodiment of the invention is shown, which is attached to a target object (see Figure 2 The antenna device is a structure S. The attachment structure 20 of the antenna device typically includes an antenna element 200 fixed to a first side of the structure designated S. The antenna element 200 may be permanently or detachably attached to the structure S.

[0107] In this embodiment, structure S is a window glass, which can be composed of a single layer or multiple layers of glass / crystalline dielectric material, and is typically designed to have high optical transmittance. This structure S can serve as window glass for buildings, houses, cabins, rooms, automobiles, or for equipment, systems, or compartments. This window glass can also serve as a glass cover for various equipment, systems, or compartments, such as a lampshade. Structure S (window glass) can be flat or curved. Its thickness is preferably 1.0 to 20 mm, more preferably 3.0 to 15 mm, and most preferably 3 mm to 6 mm.

[0108] The antenna unit 200 as a whole includes a dielectric antenna 202 having one or more radiating elements 202E, and a waveguide matching element 204. For simplicity, Figure 2 Only a single radiating element 202E is shown; its specific structure will be further described below. The dielectric antenna 202 includes a radio frequency dielectric substrate 206, on one side of which an electromagnetic reflection ground plane 209 (which is an electromagnetic wave reflector) is formed, while a feed circuit 207 is disposed on the other side. A dielectric substrate 208 is located between the radiating element 202E and the electromagnetic reflection ground plane 209.

[0109] The radiating element 202E is functionally coupled to the radio frequency dielectric substrate 206. The radio frequency dielectric substrate 206 is made of one or more solid dielectric materials, preferably possessing partial or substantially optical transparency, such as glass or crystal. The electromagnetic reflection ground plane 209, acting as an electromagnetic wave ground reflector, is constructed of a conductive material and ideally should possess optical transparency or partial transparency. Common materials for the electromagnetic reflection ground plane include metal mesh (with mesh apertures smaller than 1 / 4λ to ensure effective reflection), transparent conductive materials (such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), or any combination thereof.

[0110] The power supply mechanism can adopt a slotted or strip-type power supply structure, with its feeder arrangement (including one or more feeders) 207 located on the side of the substrate opposite to the ground plane. A slot is formed on the electromagnetic reflection ground plane 209. For example... Figure 2 As shown, a feed line (not shown) is located on the surface of feed line arrangement 207. A slot intersects feed line arrangement 207 in a plan view. The feed line is made of a conductive material, which can be transparent or opaque, such as silver or copper.

[0111] Waveguide matching element 204 is operatively coupled to radiating element 202E and located between radiating element 202E and structure S to facilitate electromagnetic radiation transmission between radiating element 202E and structure S (when antenna element 200 is attached to structure S). Specifically, waveguide matching element 204 can assist in transmitting electromagnetic radiation from radiating element 202E to structure S and / or achieve reverse transmission.

[0112] Optionally, the main lobe angle of the dielectric antenna 202 can be changed by adjusting the waveguide matching element 204.

[0113] Furthermore, the waveguide matching element 204 can serve as a stepped guiding structure with varying dielectric constants. For example, the waveguide matching element 204 can be composed of three pieces with dielectric constants of... ε r2a , ε r2b , ε r2c The dielectric substrate is constructed. The difference in dielectric constant between adjacent substrates should not exceed 3, and the substrate thickness must be sufficient to prevent reflectivity from exceeding 24%. The substrate connected to the window... ε r2a On the side, the difference in dielectric constant between it and the window should not exceed 3, thereby avoiding reflections exceeding 40%; similarly, the substrate connected to the antenna... ε r2c On the other hand, the difference between its dielectric constant and the final dielectric constant of the antenna element should not exceed 5, again avoiding reflections exceeding 40%. This principle also applies to situations where three or more dielectric substrates are used as waveguide components, as long as the difference in dielectric constant between them and adjacent substrates does not exceed 3.

[0114] Waveguide mating element 204 can be directly connected to structure S in one or more of the following ways: mechanical (e.g., fasteners, housings, etc.), chemical (e.g., adhesives), electromagnetic (e.g., magnets, electromagnets, etc.). Waveguide mating element 204 can be sheet-like or layered, and its surface can be curved (e.g., concave, convex) or essentially planar. The thickness of this element can be uniform or non-uniform, and its shape can match the contour of structure S.

[0115] The waveguide matching element 204 may be made of one or more solid dielectric materials, preferably having substantial optical transparency, such as one or more glass or crystal materials. In some embodiments, the waveguide matching element 204 may be made of glass materials such as borosilicate glass, crystal glass, soda-lime glass, or lead glass.

[0116] The dielectric antenna 202 may be a dielectric resonant antenna, a dielectric through-hole antenna, a dielectric patch antenna, a dielectric-loaded conductive radiating element, a dielectric-loaded slit antenna, a dielectric-loaded horn antenna, a dielectric-loaded SIDRA antenna, a dielectric-loaded patch antenna, a dielectric resonant magnetoelectric dipole antenna, or any combination thereof. The total dielectric constant of these dielectric radiating elements is greater than 4 to maintain a resonant mode, enabling radiative resonance when coupled with electromagnetic waves transmitted through the signal feed line. In some embodiments, the radiating element 202E may be made of soda-lime glass, crystal glass, sapphire glass (Al2O3), alumina, or other low-loss, high-dielectric ceramics. The dielectric constant or effective dielectric constant of the dielectric radiating element 202E is at least 4 at the operating frequency of the antenna element 200. The radiating element 202E may be transparent or have visible light transmittance.

[0117] exist Figure 2 In variations of the exemplary embodiments shown, depending on the specific implementation, antenna element 200 or dielectric antenna 202 may include additional components, such as... Figures 3 to 5 The components shown.

[0118] Specifically, in Figure 3 In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna unit 200 or the dielectric antenna 202 further includes a support 210 for supporting the radiating element 202E. Figure 3 The other structures of the antenna element 200 shown are similar to those of the antenna element 200. Figure 2 The basic structure is the same, and will not be repeated for the sake of brevity. The support member 210 can form a space to accommodate the radiating element 202E, for example, allowing the radiating element 202E to be embedded in or surrounded by the support member 210. Figure 3 As shown, the support member 210 has a central cavity formed inside to accommodate the radiating element 202E. The thickness / height of the support member 210 (e.g., along the X1 axis) may be greater than the thickness / height of the radiating element 202E (e.g., along the X1 axis). The support member 210 may be made of one or more solid dielectric materials, preferably having substantial or partial optical transparency, such as one or more thermoplastic polymer materials or thermoplastic resins. In some embodiments, the support member 210 may be made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), whose dielectric constant is greater than that of the dielectric radiating element 202E when it is greater than that of the dielectric radiating element 202E. The support member 210 may be injection molded onto or around the surface of the radiating element 202E.

[0119] See Figure 4The antenna element 200 of another embodiment of the present invention is shown therein. Figure 4 Most aspects of the antenna element 200 shown are similar to Figure 3 The devices shown are similar and will not be described in detail for the sake of simplicity. The only difference is: Figure 4 Although the middle waveguide matching element 204 is still located on the same side of structure S (and...) Figure 3 (Same), but its position is offset, so that axis X1 no longer passes through the center of waveguide matching element 204. For example... Figure 4 As shown, the dielectric antenna 202, waveguide matching element 204, and the top of structure S form a stepped arrangement. The distance D between the radiating element 202E and the inner edge of structure S is relatively small compared to... Figure 3 It has also changed. Furthermore, the radiation path R is also the same as... Figure 3 There are differences.

[0120] See Figure 5 The image shows an antenna element 200 according to another embodiment of the present invention. Figure 5 Most aspects of the antenna element 200 shown are similar to Figure 3 The devices shown are similar and will not be described in detail for the sake of simplicity. The only difference is: Figure 5 The waveguide matching element 204 (which is an additional dielectric window member) is located at the outermost edge of the window. This affects the definition of distance D in this embodiment. Distance D is defined as the distance between the electromagnetic reflection ground plane 209 and the outermost edge of the waveguide matching element 204, where the dielectric constant of the waveguide matching element 204 is greater than 4.

[0121] Figure 6 An exemplary experimental setup for verifying the function of waveguide matching components is shown—a 3.8 GHz linearly polarized (LP) unidirectional dielectric resonator antenna attachment structure 70, which improves radiation and return loss. In this example, structure S is a window glass (400 × 400 × 6 mm³). Figure 6As shown, the antenna attachment structure 70 includes a dielectric resonator antenna device 700 attached to structure S. The dielectric resonator antenna device 700 includes a dielectric resonator antenna 702 and a waveguide matching element 704 located between the dielectric resonator antenna 702 and structure S. The dielectric resonator antenna 702 includes: an RF substrate 702S having a feed circuit and a reflective ground plane; an alumina ceramic 702E with a dielectric constant of 10 and dimensions of 20 × 20 × 20 mm³ (placed on top of the RF substrate 702S); and a quartz crystal layer 702D (dimensions of 20 × 20 × 1 mm³) placed on top of the alumina ceramic 702E. The waveguide matching element 704 (90 × 60 × 15 mm³) is placed above the quartz crystal layer 702D and between the quartz crystal layer 702D and the window glass S (400 × 400 × 6 mm³). In this example, the waveguide matching element 704 is made of a bare FR4 printed circuit board without copper plating. The Al2O3 ceramic 702E can function as an antenna radiating element. The quartz crystal layer 702D can be used as part of the waveguide matching element 704 for further fine adjustment of the reflection path.

[0122] In the experiment, such as Figure 7 As shown, for three types based on Figure 6 Variant antennas were investigated: (1) a simple dielectric resonator antenna with its dielectric radiating element mounted on a substrate assembly (without a matching medium and not connected to any structure) (hereinafter referred to as "DRA"); (2) a simple dielectric resonator antenna without a matching medium but attached to a window glass (hereinafter referred to as "window-attached DRA"); and (3) an antenna attachment structure 70 with a dielectric resonator antenna device 700 attached to a window glass S (hereinafter referred to as "test DRA"). For these example antenna devices, the S-parameters were measured using an Agilent N5230A vector network analyzer, while the actual antenna gain (including mismatch effects) was measured using a Satimo StarLab system.

[0123] Figure 7 The measured reflection coefficients (|S) of the three antenna devices described above are shown. 11 |, dB). As shown in the figure, when the antenna device is attached to the window glass, the waveguide matching element can improve the return loss of the antenna matching state. The bandwidth of the antenna device attachment structure 70 attached to the window glass S is more than 35.16% (3.00 GHz to 4.28 GHz, center frequency 3.64 GHz), which is almost three times the bandwidth of a simple dielectric resonant antenna without window glass and matching medium (10.28%, 3.70 GHz to 4.13 GHz).

[0124] Figure 8 Showing Figure 7The measured gain (dBi) of the three antenna devices shown is illustrated. As shown, the antenna gain decreases when the window glass S is attached to the front of the antenna device attachment structure 70. However, by adding a waveguide matching component, the gain of the antenna device is restored and exceeds the gain value without the window glass. In this example, the antenna device attachment structure 70 achieves a maximum gain exceeding 8 dBi.

[0125] After recalculation, the total thickness of the waveguide matching component 704 (FR4 substrate), the quartz crystal layer 702D, and the window is as follows: "ε" r When the value is 4.4, 15mm = 0.404λ g@3.85GHz "+" 6 mm waveguide matching component (ε r 6.85 = 0.202λg@3.64GHz) + "Another waveguide matching component, ε r When the value is 3.78, 1 mm = 0.025λg@3.85 GHz). The thickness of the dielectric radiating element is "ε". r When n=10, 20mm = 0.812λg @3.85GHz. In this example, the distance D is calculated as 0.404 + 0.202 + 0.025 + 0.812 = 1.443λg. This value meets the requirement of being close to 1.5λg under the condition that D=d+0.5nλg when n=3, where d is -0.057.

[0126] Figure 9 , 10 Figures 11 and 11 show that the dielectric resonator antenna 1102 is a component of the dielectric resonator antenna device 1100, which in turn belongs to the dielectric resonator antenna device attachment structure 110. Figure 10 and Figure 11 The detailed parameter values ​​of the dielectric resonator antenna device attachment structure 110 and its components in a specific embodiment are shown in Table 1 below.

[0127]

[0128] Table 1: Figure 10-11 The antenna dimensions shown Figure 12 The dielectric resonator antenna 1102 (as shown) is demonstrated. Figure 9-11(As shown) The simulated reflection coefficient and peak actual gain when matched with the window. For the dielectric resonator antenna 1102, its 10 dB impedance bandwidth is 12.6% (3.35 GHz to 3.80 GHz) in the low-frequency band and 9.0% (4.47 GHz to 4.89 GHz) in the high-frequency band, while the simulated peak actual gain is 5.60 dBi and 4.81 dBi at 3.6 GHz and 4.7 GHz, respectively. For the dielectric resonator antenna device 1100 in the dielectric resonator antenna device attachment structure 110, its 10 dB impedance bandwidth covers 47.3% (3.37 GHz to 5.46 GHz), covering two low-frequency 5G operating frequency bands. For the dielectric resonator antenna device 1100 in the dielectric resonator antenna device attachment structure 110, its band matching performance is improved compared to using the antenna 1102 alone, and broadband performance is achieved. Furthermore, the waveguide matching element 1104, serving as the dielectric matching medium, helps to match the dielectric resonator antenna 1102 to the desired distance D. In this example, at the target center frequency of 4.25 GHz, the distance D is calculated as the sum of the wavelengths of each waveguide layer: • Waveguide wavelength in a window glass with a thickness of H4: 0.108λg • Waveguide matching component 1104 with a thickness of H3 (dielectric constant ε) r The guided wave wavelength in (= 4.5) is 0.601λg. • The upper part of the dielectric resonant antenna with a thickness of H2 (dielectric constant ε) r The guided wave wavelength (λg) is 0.037λ (6.75). • Thickness is (H1 - H2) 2) The main body of the dielectric resonant antenna (dielectric constant ε) r The guided wave wavelength (= 9.3) is 0.285λg. • The lower part of the dielectric resonant antenna with a thickness of H2 (dielectric constant ε) r The guided wave wavelength (λg) is 0.037λ (6.75). The sum of the above values ​​yields 1.068λg, which closely matches the condition D = d + 0.5nλg (where n = 2 and d = 0.068λg). This structure ensures that the design meets the spatial requirements set by the design parameters.

[0129] Figure 13A and 13BSimulated radiation patterns of dielectric resonator antenna 1102 and dielectric resonator antenna device 1100 within dielectric resonator antenna device attachment structure 110 are shown, at frequencies of 3.6 GHz (low-frequency band) and 4.7 GHz (high-frequency band), respectively. Dielectric resonator antenna device 1100 has a narrower beamwidth within dielectric resonator antenna device attachment structure 110, and most of the radiated energy is directed towards the window glass S.

[0130] Figure 14 Showing Figure 9-11 The analog gain (dBi) of the dielectric resonator antenna 1102, the dielectric resonator antenna 1102 attached to the vehicle window glass S (without a matching layer), and the dielectric resonator antenna 1102 attached to the vehicle window glass S (with a matching layer) at different operating frequencies at θ = 0° is shown. Figure 14 As shown, when a dielectric resonator antenna without waveguide matching is attached to a car window, its gain decreases. However, when a waveguide matching element is used and attached to the car window S, the antenna exhibits improved forward gain across almost the entire frequency band. This demonstrates that following design rules and using dielectric matching media can significantly improve performance.

[0131] Figure 15 Showing Figure 9-11 The dielectric resonator antenna shown (with matching layer structure) and Figure 9-11 The diagram shows the simulated reflection coefficient (|S11|, dB) and simulated gain (dBi) curves (θ = 0°) of a dielectric resonator antenna mounted on the structure shown, at different operating frequencies. The key difference between the two designs is that one includes two K9 crystals, while the other does not. From Figure 15 It is evident that using K9 crystal (ε) r = 6.5) design enables the main DRA (ε r = 9.3) to matching medium (ε r The dielectric transition of 4.5 is better, thus reducing reflections during layer transitions. Therefore, impedance matching performance is improved.

[0132] Figure 16 A dielectric antenna array consisting of four radiating elements 1603 and a waveguide matching element 1602 attached to a window 1601 is shown. The antenna includes a radio frequency dielectric substrate 1606, on one side of which an electromagnetic wave ground reflector 1605 is fabricated, and on the other side a feed circuit 1607 is provided. A dielectric substrate 1608 is located between the radiating elements 1603 and the electromagnetic reflection ground layer 1609. The antenna also satisfies the condition D = d + 0.5nλg, where D is the distance between the window 1601 and the electromagnetic wave ground reflector 1605.

[0133] Figure 17 Showing based on Figure 4 This paper presents a transparent planar glass antenna implementation scheme for the 3.5GHz band, specifically an embedded glass DRA (Dielectric Resonator Radiation Resonator). The antenna consists of a cylindrical dielectric resonator (DR) made of K9 glass, mounted within an air cavity supported by an acrylic housing. A COC (Cyclic Olefin Copolymer) transparent plastic sheet is used as the RF substrate, with copper traces on one side and a grounding groove formed on the other side using ultra-low loss silver paste printing. An iron mesh is placed around the DRA to form a transparent grounding reflector to enhance the reflection effect.

[0134] Figure 18A and Figure 18B Showing Figure 17 The key dimensions of the antenna are shown in Figure 18a. The innovative dual-layer symmetrical dual-port feed structure is clearly visible. This symmetrical structure helps maintain good orthogonality in the +45° and -45° linear polarization directions. Specific parameter values ​​are detailed in Table 2. The dual-layer structure not only reduces cost but also facilitates the design of transparent structures.

[0135]

[0136] Table 2: Dimensional parameters of the proposed antenna It should be noted that the dimensions of the DRA are diameter R1 (37.5mm) and height H1 (10mm). The material used is K5, with a dielectric constant of 6.1 and a loss factor of 0.001. These parameters determine the fundamental center frequency of the antenna.

[0137] Figure 19A and Figure 19B This demonstrates how adding a matching medium component between the antenna and the window will... Figure 17 The image shows the antenna mounted on the window. After mounting the antenna, with the matching medium placed at the center position of the proposed antenna, the following results can be obtained.

[0138] Reference Figure 20 , Figure 17 The antenna shown has a -10dB impedance passband of 3.2GHz to 3.6GHz measured at port 1 (+45 degrees). Port 2 (-45 degrees) exhibits a wider bandwidth coverage, exceeding 3GHz to 4GHz. Both cover the 3.3-3.6GHz bandwidth required for 5G applications. The required passband isolation is close to -40dB, which will provide favorable conditions for maintaining high data rate reception by lowering the noise floor.

[0139] Figure 21A and Figure 21B Showing Figure 17The antenna gain curves are shown. Port 1 has a gain range of 9.5 dB to 10.2 dB in the 3.3 GHz to 3.6 GHz passband. Port 2 has a gain range of 8.7 dB to 9.5 dB in the same passband (3.3 GHz to 3.6 GHz). It can be observed that both Port 1 and Port 2 have cross-polarization isolation exceeding 25 dB across the entire passband, which also contributes to achieving high data rate reception with a low noise floor.

[0140] Figures 22A-22D The radiation patterns for port 1 and port 2 are shown. These patterns indicate that the two ports exhibit symmetrical radiation characteristics. It should be noted that although the back lobe radiation ratio is not high, the background noise from unwanted signals has a negligible impact because the back lobe radiates into the indoor area behind the window.

[0141] The matching medium is 18 mm thick, designed to accommodate 3 mm thick window glass. Typically, residential or general commercial building window glass thicknesses range from 3 mm to 8 mm, with 3 mm and 5 mm being the most common thicknesses in residential buildings. This design allows the matching medium to be thinned to accommodate thicker window glass. For example, when the window glass thickness increases to 5 mm, the matching medium thickness will adjust to 16 mm to compensate for the change. The maximum adjustment range allows the matching medium to adapt to window glass thicknesses exceeding 8 mm, ensuring that the total thickness of the DRA and the matching medium is always greater than the window glass thickness, thereby facilitating the establishment of a first-order pattern within the interior.

[0142] 5G network CPE services, as an alternative to fixed-line internet services, primarily target two markets: densely populated urban areas with high-rise buildings and remote areas with scattered residential populations. In densely populated urban areas, the orientation of neighboring buildings or windows in a user's residence may obstruct CPE signal reception. Therefore, at least a 45-degree tuning is required to achieve a 4dB gain and improve reception. Although cities typically have higher 5G signal gain due to the dense deployment of base stations, most apartment units still receive weak signals. The root cause is that base stations cannot directly cover all units within a building for direct signal transmission; at least half of the units may not be able to receive a signal directly. This results in weak signal reception and reduced data transmission rates. An adjustable-angle antenna can address this congestion problem by helping residents with weak signals restore maximum reception strength. This solution also helps 5G service providers reduce the need for additional base station installations, prevent data loss, and thus improve system efficiency.

[0143] Figure 23 Showing Figure 17 The diagram illustrates how the antenna's radiation pattern can be altered by adjusting its mounting position. This prototype antenna is fixed to the window surface after being connected to a matching dielectric element.

[0144] Figure 24A and Figure 24B Showing Figure 17How does the electric field inside the matched dielectric element of the antenna change to alter the direction of the radiation mode? Figure 24A In this configuration, when the matching medium is located at the center of the antenna and directly above the glass DRA, the main electric field of the matching medium is located in the central region. The wave reflected from the window glass returns to the antenna ground with a total path length of 1λg. After reflection from the ground plane, a 180-degree phase change occurs, maintaining a path length of 2λg (not including the 360-degree total phase change caused by the two reflections from the glass and the electromagnetic ground reflector), forming a resonant mode that radiates an electromagnetic field in the 0-degree direction.

[0145] like Figure 24B As shown, the matching dielectric element is displaced so that more than half of its length extends beyond the top surface region of the DRA. Electromagnetic waves within a portion of the dielectric are reflected and bounce back towards the dielectric sidewalls. Because the space beneath the matching dielectric in the acrylic cavity is air, the significant difference in dielectric constant causes electromagnetic waves to be reflected and bounce back towards the top surface of the window glass. This forms another resonant path, generating lateral radiation. By superimposing the radiation from the original path with that from the new resonant path, a new directional radiation direction is formed.

[0146] Because the antenna feed design is symmetrical, similar gain can be obtained by shifting to either side. Therefore, data from only one side is sufficient for explanation. The standard matching medium using K5 glass... Figure 25A (Port 1) and Figure 25B (Port 2) shows the radiation map at a 20 mm offset.

[0147] A 1-1.5 dB increase in radiation gain at a 30-degree angle is sufficient to meet the requirements for apartment windows with offset angles. Optional components with a higher dielectric constant E will be available for users. r = 9 and loss 0.01 lead glass material.

[0148] Detailed data for the 20mm offset when using a high dielectric constant matching dielectric component are shown in Table 3. The data shows that this new component improves the 45-degree angle gain by more than 2dB, thereby achieving a 4.25dB receive gain.

[0149]

[0150] Table 3: Peak gain of antennas at different angles with different offset positions and different matching media.

[0151] Figure 26 Showing Figure 17 The diagram shows the antenna's radiation pattern at a 20 mm offset and a 15-degree tilt relative to the matching medium. This tilt bends the radiation pattern to achieve a 45-degree peak gain angle. This demonstrates that the antenna arrangement is not limited to parallel alignment. The antenna can incorporate various radiation modes, including omnidirectional, directional, and multi-beam radiation.

[0152] Figure 27 and Figure 28 Showing based on Figure 5 A window-type dielectric antenna implementation scheme is described. The antenna includes a radio frequency dielectric substrate 1706, on one side of which an electromagnetic wave ground reflector 1709 is fabricated, and on the other side a feed circuit 1707 is configured. A radiating element 1702 (dielectric constant ε) is also described. r = 5.35) with a thickness of 5mm, located between electromagnetic grounding reflector 1708 and acrylic window glass 1701 (dielectric constant ε) r = 6.35). Additional dielectric window assembly 1704 (dielectric constant ε) r = 6.35) with a thickness of 9 mm, located at the outermost edge of the window glass 1701. This affects the definition of distance D in this embodiment. Distance D is defined as the distance between the electromagnetic grounding reflector 1708 and the outermost edge of the additional dielectric window assembly 1704, wherein the dielectric constant of the additional dielectric window assembly is greater than 4.

[0153] In this example, at the target center frequency of 3.5 GHz, the distance D can be calculated by summing the waveguide wavelengths of each layer: • Waveguide wavelength in a 3mm thick window glass: 0.064λg • 9mm thick dielectric window assembly 1704 (ε) r The guided wave wavelength in ( = 6.35) is 0.265λg. • Dielectric resonant antenna body with a thickness of 5mm (ε r The guided wave wavelength in ( = 6.35) is 0.145λg. The sum of the above values ​​is 0.474λg, which closely matches the condition D = d + 0.5nλg (where n = 1 and d = -0.026λg). This configuration ensures that the design meets the space requirements set by the design parameters.

[0154] Figure 29 Demonstrates improvement Figure 28 This design implements a window transmission medium antenna scheme. The antenna incorporates a low-dielectric-constant tapered cap on the dielectric matching element, covering the window surface. This design helps to direct the radiation directivity in a direction parallel to the window.

[0155] Reference Figure 30 The -10dB impedance passband measured at port 1 is 3.38GHz–3.58GHz. Port 2 exhibits a wider bandwidth coverage (over 3.25GHz–3.62GHz). The isolation S21 within the overlapping bandwidth is close to -25dB.

[0156] Figure 31A and Figure 31BThe radiation patterns for port 1 and port 2 are shown separately. These radiation patterns indicate that both port 1 and port 2 exhibit symmetrical omnidirectional radiation characteristics.

[0157] Figure 32 An example of applying the proposed medium-matching method to a phased array is demonstrated, particularly suitable for Ka-band applications. A conical dielectric element made of borosilicate glass helps to broaden the beamwidth of the radiation pattern to meet the distance D required for wider directivity. In the aiming axis direction, the additional phase shift (in optical path length λg) is equivalent to the thickness of the conical dielectric matching element (considering its dielectric constant Er). At a tilt angle of 50 degrees, this additional phase shift originates from the refraction effect produced by the signal path traversing the conical dielectric element and the air layer between it and the window. Assuming that the resultant phase difference produced by these two paths in λg is approximately equal, both effectively meet the distance D requirement, thus achieving high gain over a wider angle.

[0158] Note that low dielectric constant patches with a dielectric constant between 2 and 3.5 (assuming the window glass has a dielectric constant greater than ε) r A medium dielectric constant of 6 can be used as an option to enhance gain and reduce window glass reflection.

[0159] Therefore, the antenna device in the exemplary embodiments of the present invention can facilitate the penetration of electromagnetic waves through the medium. Some embodiments of the antenna device also provide high gain characteristics, while others possess high optical transmittance. This antenna configuration, through integrated design, can excite the dielectric resonator antenna to generate a resonant mode at the synthesized wavelength of the target frequency, while minimizing stray reflections from the window glass. Through this integration, the antenna and the window glass together constitute a complete antenna unit, capable of radiating electromagnetic waves of the desired frequency into or outside the window glass.

[0160] The antenna device in certain embodiments of the present invention can be used in fifth-generation (5G) and above wireless communication and / or millimeter-wave band (3.5GHz, 28GHz, 60GHz) applications. For example, the antenna device can be configured as a 3.5GHz high-transparency planar MIMO antenna array to solve the problem of limited space for base station antenna deployment behind building windows. As another example, the device can be configured as a 28GHz high-transparency planar MIMO antenna, which can be installed on vehicle windows to achieve wide-angle (e.g., 360-degree) 5G signal reception, thereby reducing signal interruptions. In another embodiment, the antenna device can be configured as a 28 GHz substantially transparent planar transmit array antenna, which can be installed on windows to connect indoor repeaters and base stations. This antenna device achieves substantial transparency, facilitating integration into the environment. It should be noted that the antenna device and its attachment structure involved in the present invention are not limited to the specific application scenarios described above.

[0161] Those skilled in the art will understand that numerous variations and / or modifications can be made to the invention illustrated in the specific embodiments to provide other embodiments of the invention. Therefore, the embodiments described herein should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive in all respects. Examples of optional features of certain aspects of the invention have been set forth in the above abstract section. Some embodiments of the invention may include one or more of these optional features (some features are not specifically indicated in the illustrations). Some embodiments may lack one or more of these optional features (some features are not specifically indicated in the illustrations). Features in different embodiments can be combined with each other to form further embodiments of the invention. For example, the shape, size, form, location, and / or orientation of the substrate may differ from that shown (e.g., it may be cubic). For example, the shape, size, form, location, and / or orientation of the ground plane may differ from that shown (e.g., it may have a rectangular cross-section). For example, the shape, size, form, location, and / or orientation of the radiating element may differ from that shown. For example, the shape, size, form, location, and / or orientation of the support member may differ from that shown. The antenna device may be configured to operate at any single or multiple frequencies or frequency bands.

[0162] For example, an antenna product might offer an integrated solution comprising all the antenna element components described in the example embodiments above. These components must function collaboratively as a single unit when mounted on a vehicle window and cannot be functionally or commercially separated without departing from the specified technology. Promotional materials for such products must explicitly state that all components must be fully integrated to achieve the performance characteristics designed for attachment to vehicle windows, thereby preventing the sale or use of individual components in a way that circumvents patent technology.

Claims

1. An antenna element for mounting on a window pane of a target object, comprising: A dielectric radiating element suitable for being positioned on a first side of the window glass; as well as A dielectric waveguide matching element suitable for being disposed between the window glass and the dielectric radiating element, or on the second side of the window glass; An electromagnetic wave reflector is adapted to be disposed on a first side of the window glass and is located further away from the first side of the window glass relative to the dielectric radiating element; as well as An antenna signal feeding circuit is used to transmit electromagnetic signals to or receive electromagnetic signals from the dielectric radiating element, so as to realize signal transmission or reception. The antenna element is adapted to fit and match the thickness and dielectric constant of the window glass.

2. The antenna element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the distance D is defined as the thickness from the outermost edge of the window glass to the electromagnetic reflection ground plane, and the measurement path passes through the dielectric radiating element along the radiation direction R; the medium formed by the window glass and the dielectric radiating element of the target object has a total relative composite dielectric constant ( ). r );in, The distance D is calculated using the following formula: D = d + 0.5nλ g Where n is an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than 8; d This represents the total thickness tolerance, which ranges from -0.125λ. g to +0.125λ g ;λ g The term represents the synthesized wavelength in the medium at a predetermined center operating frequency; the radiation direction R is defined as the direction emanating from or pointing towards the dielectric radiating element.

3. The antenna element as described in claim 2, wherein the integer n ranges from 1 to 4.

4. The antenna element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the target object is a building, a car, or a wall.

5. The antenna element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dielectric radiating element is any of the following types: dielectric resonator antenna, dielectric via antenna, dielectric patch antenna, dielectric-loaded conductive radiating element, dielectric-loaded slit antenna, dielectric-loaded horn antenna, dielectric-loaded SIDRA antenna, dielectric-loaded patch antenna, dielectric resonant magnetoelectric dipole antenna, or any combination thereof; the combined dielectric constant of the dielectric radiating element is greater than 4.

6. The antenna element of claim 1, wherein the dielectric waveguide matching element comprises a composite dielectric, the composite dielectric comprising at least one dielectric element and one or more dielectric substrates or gaps; the composite dielectric constant of the dielectric is not more than 3 different from the dielectric constant of the dielectric radiating element, and is not more than 3 different from the dielectric constant of the window glass.

7. The antenna element of claim 1, wherein the dielectric waveguide matching component comprises at least one component made of one or more solid dielectric materials, each of which has a dielectric constant greater than 3.

8. The antenna element element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the antenna element element is an external independent antenna element adapted to be connected to a wireless device via a signal cable, or to an antenna assembly installed within the wireless device / system.

9. The antenna element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dielectric radiating element, the dielectric waveguide matching element, and the electromagnetic wave reflector have optically transparent, semi-transparent, or partially transparent characteristics.

10. The antenna element element of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic wave reflector comprises a conductive surface, a conductive mesh surface, a high dielectric constant substrate having a dielectric constant of at least 20, or any combination thereof; the electromagnetic wave reflector is configured to reflect at least 50% of the electromagnetic waves at a predetermined center operating frequency; and the electromagnetic wave reflector serves as an electromagnetic reflection ground for the antenna element element.

11. The antenna element of claim 11, wherein the electromagnetic wave reflector is configured to reflect at least 70% of the electromagnetic waves at a predetermined center operating frequency.

12. The antenna element of claim 1, wherein the dielectric radiating element is at least partially composed of one or more solid dielectric materials, each of which has a dielectric constant greater than 4.

13. The antenna element as claimed in claim 1, wherein the antenna signal feeding circuit comprises one or more of the following methods: dielectric resonant antenna ground slot excitation feeding, dielectric resonant antenna near-field feeding, dense patch near-field feeding, probe feeding, and lateral coupling feeding.

14. The antenna element of claim 1, wherein the dielectric waveguide matching element is loaded with a metal strip to induce a phase shift, thereby affecting the distance D.

15. The antenna element of claim 1, wherein the dielectric radiating element is offset or tilted relative to the dielectric waveguide matching member, thereby creating one or more additional refraction paths, resonating with the window glass, and producing superimposed radiation directivity to achieve a radiation mode that bends toward the inside or outside of the window glass.

16. The antenna element of claim 1, comprising two dielectric waveguide matching members disposed on the inner and outer sides of the window glass, respectively.

17. The antenna element of claim 2, wherein the window glass of the target object is a double-layer glass structure with a spacing of more than 6 mm between the inner and outer glass plates; wherein the distance D is defined as the thickness from the outermost edge of the inner glass plate on the first side of the window glass to the electromagnetic reflection ground plane.

18. The antenna element of claim 1, further comprising a dielectric window component located at the outermost edge of the second side of the window glass; wherein the distance D is defined as the distance between the electromagnetic wave reflector and the outermost edge of the dielectric window component, and the dielectric constant of the dielectric window component is greater than 4.

19. The antenna element of claim 1, wherein the dielectric waveguide matching element is dome-shaped to introduce phase shift.

20. The antenna element of claim 1 further comprises a low dielectric constant patch with a dielectric constant between 2 and 3.5, which is adapted to be attached to the outermost side of the window glass or the outermost side of the dielectric waveguide matching element.

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