Synergistic energy storage system and method

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of power system energy storage, and discloses a coordinated energy storage system and method. The application provides a coordinated energy storage system and method, a coordinated system acting on a unified grid connection point is constructed, an electric heating and heat storage unit is used as a controllable load to participate in power regulation, the quick response of a flywheel is combined with the continuous regulation capacity of a battery, multi-device dynamic division and complementary cooperation are realized, the idle problem of regulation capacity caused by isolated operation of devices in the prior art is effectively solved, and the application has the advantages of improving overall regulation capacity of the system, optimizing grid frequency regulation performance, and prolonging the service life of the battery.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of power system energy storage technology, specifically to a collaborative energy storage system and method. Background Technology

[0002] Traditional flywheel energy storage, battery energy storage, and electric heating thermal storage devices are typically installed as independent units, making it difficult to comprehensively cover various operating conditions such as frequency regulation, peak shaving, and heating. Single energy storage devices have limitations in energy capacity, response speed, or adjustment flexibility, making it difficult to independently handle complex tasks. Furthermore, existing composite energy storage solutions lack deep coordination between electrical, thermal, and control systems, resulting in each device operating independently and unable to dynamically allocate adjustment tasks according to operating conditions. The adjustment potential of electric heating thermal storage as a continuously controllable load is also not fully utilized, leading to a waste of the plant power system's adjustment capacity. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This application provides a collaborative energy storage system and method that improves the overall system regulation capability, optimizes grid frequency regulation performance, and extends the service life of energy storage equipment.

[0004] Firstly, this application provides a collaborative energy storage system, comprising: a flywheel energy storage unit, a battery energy storage unit, an electric heating thermal energy storage unit, a collaborative controller, and a grid-connected point power metering unit; the flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal energy storage unit are all connected to the plant auxiliary power system supplied by the plant auxiliary transformer and work together at the same grid connection point, so that the power changes of the flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal energy storage unit can be reflected by the grid-connected point power metering unit; the collaborative controller is communicatively connected to the flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal energy storage unit respectively; the collaborative controller is used to receive the target power and the measured power at the grid connection point, collect the operating status of each unit, determine the currently allowed power adjustment direction and adjustment range, select the corresponding adjustment mode to send control commands, and perform closed-loop verification of the adjustment results in conjunction with the measured power; wherein, the electric heating thermal energy storage unit, as a controllable load, does not transmit electrical energy in reverse to the plant auxiliary power bus, and changes the net output power at the grid connection point by changing its own power consumption.

[0005] Secondly, this application provides a collaborative energy storage method applied to a collaborative energy storage system. The method includes: obtaining the current peak-shaving task, thermal storage task, or heating task of the electric heating thermal storage unit, and determining the power consumption benchmark of the electric heating thermal storage unit; judging the authorization status of the following frequency regulation function and the availability of the continuous power regulation device in the electric heating thermal storage unit; if the electric heating thermal storage unit has not obtained the following frequency regulation authorization, or the continuous power regulation device is unavailable, it enters the normal division of labor operation mode; if the electric heating thermal storage unit has obtained the following frequency regulation authorization, the continuous power regulation device is available, and the electric heating thermal storage unit is at the high load end or low load end with unidirectional adjustment margin, it enters the asymmetric collaborative frequency regulation mode of the electric heating end; if the electric heating thermal storage unit has obtained the following frequency regulation authorization, the continuous power regulation device is available, the electric heating thermal storage unit maintains a non-zero intermediate heating benchmark, and at the same time has bidirectional adjustment margin for load increase and load decrease, it enters the heating-attached collaborative frequency regulation mode.

[0006] Thirdly, this application provides a computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions that cause a computer to execute the cooperative energy storage method of the first aspect or any corresponding embodiment described above.

[0007] Fourthly, this application provides a computer program product, including computer instructions for causing a computer to execute the collaborative energy storage method of the first aspect or any corresponding embodiment described above. Attached Figure Description

[0008] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the specific embodiments of this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the specific embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0009] Figure 1 This is a diagram of a first collaborative energy storage system according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 This is a diagram of a second collaborative energy storage system according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the power capacity configuration of a collaborative energy storage system according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the collaborative energy storage method according to an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0010] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this application clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0011] It is understood that before using the technical solutions disclosed in the various embodiments of this application, users should be informed of the types, scope of use, and usage scenarios of the personal information involved in this application in an appropriate manner in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, and user authorization should be obtained.

[0012] The terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Therefore, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this application, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0013] This application proposes a collaborative energy storage system, such as Figure 1 As shown, the system includes: a flywheel energy storage unit, a battery energy storage unit, an electric heating thermal energy storage unit, a collaborative controller, and a grid-connected point power metering unit. The flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal energy storage unit are all connected to the plant auxiliary power system supplied by the plant auxiliary transformer and work together at the same grid connection point, ensuring that power changes in these units are reflected by the grid-connected point power metering unit. The collaborative controller is communicatively connected to the flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal energy storage unit. The collaborative controller receives the target power and the measured power at the grid connection point, collects the operating status of each unit, determines the currently permissible power adjustment direction and range, selects the corresponding adjustment mode to issue control commands, and performs closed-loop verification of the adjustment results based on the measured power. The electric heating thermal energy storage unit, as a controllable load, does not transmit power back to the plant auxiliary power bus; it effectively changes the net output power at the grid connection point by changing its own power consumption.

[0014] Among them, a collaborative energy storage system refers to a system that integrates multiple different types of energy storage devices and achieves collaborative operation through a unified control strategy in order to jointly meet the various needs of the power grid, such as frequency regulation, peak shaving, and heating.

[0015] A flywheel energy storage unit is an energy storage device that uses a high-speed rotating flywheel to store kinetic energy and converts the kinetic energy into electrical energy for output when needed, or converts electrical energy back into kinetic energy for storage. Its characteristics include fast response speed and high power density, making it suitable for handling instantaneous power fluctuations and high-frequency regulation tasks.

[0016] A battery energy storage unit is an energy storage device that uses electrochemical reactions to store electrical energy and releases it when needed. It is characterized by relatively high energy density, bidirectional charging and discharging capability, and suitability for medium- to long-term power regulation and energy storage tasks.

[0017] An electric heating thermal storage unit is a device that converts electrical energy into heat energy and stores it in a thermal storage medium for later use. In this system, it acts as a controllable load, indirectly affecting the net output power of the grid connection point by adjusting its own power consumption, thereby participating in the system's power balance.

[0018] The collaborative controller is the core control unit of the entire collaborative energy storage system. It is responsible for receiving various operating data and instructions, performing data analysis, status judgment, mode selection, and issuing control instructions to coordinate the operation of each energy storage unit and achieve overall system optimization control.

[0019] The grid-connected point power metering unit is a device used to monitor and meter the power flow at the connection point between the collaborative energy storage system and the external power grid in real time. It can accurately reflect the overall net output or net input power of the system, providing key data for the closed-loop verification of the collaborative controller.

[0020] The power supply system powered by the plant service transformer refers to the power system within a power plant or substation used to supply the electrical energy required for the operation of auxiliary equipment. In a collaborative energy storage system, each energy storage unit is connected to this system, and power coordination and balancing are achieved within this system.

[0021] The grid connection point refers to the physical connection point where the collaborative energy storage system exchanges electrical energy with the external power grid. The power changes of all energy storage units will eventually be collected and measured at this point, thus affecting the net output power of that point.

[0022] A controllable load refers to a load device whose power consumption can be adjusted according to system requirements. In this system, the electric heating and thermal storage unit is considered a controllable load, and the increase or decrease of its power consumption can equivalently change the net output power of the grid connection point.

[0023] Specifically, this embodiment provides a collaborative energy storage system, which includes a flywheel energy storage unit, a battery energy storage unit, an electrically heated thermal energy storage unit, a collaborative controller, and a grid-connected power metering unit. The combination of these units aims to achieve complementary advantages among multiple types of energy storage devices to meet the complex operational demands of the power grid. For example, the flywheel energy storage unit can employ a mechanical flywheel structure, storing energy by driving the flywheel to high-speed rotation via a motor; the battery energy storage unit can utilize electrochemical energy storage technologies such as lithium-ion battery packs or lead-acid battery packs; the electrically heated thermal energy storage unit can store heat by heating water, molten salt, or solid thermal storage materials using electric heating rods. The collaborative controller can be implemented by an industrial computer or a programmable logic controller (PLC) to execute complex control algorithms; the grid-connected power metering unit can be implemented using a high-precision electricity meter or power sensor to ensure the accuracy of power measurement.

[0024] Furthermore, the flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal energy storage unit are all connected to the plant's auxiliary power system supplied by the plant's auxiliary transformer, and all operate at the same grid connection point. Therefore, the power changes of each energy storage unit can be collectively reflected by the power metering unit at the grid connection point. For example, each energy storage unit can be connected to the plant's auxiliary power bus via its own power conversion device, and this bus is then connected to the external power grid's grid connection point via the plant's auxiliary transformer. When any energy storage unit charges, discharges, or changes its power consumption, its impact on the plant's auxiliary power system is directly reflected in the total power change at the grid connection point, and is uniformly monitored by the power metering unit at the grid connection point. This centralized connection method ensures the system's accurate perception and control of the overall power balance.

[0025] The collaborative controller communicates with the flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal storage unit. Specifically, the collaborative controller can exchange data with each energy storage unit via communication interfaces such as Ethernet, CAN bus, or RS485. For example, the collaborative controller can periodically obtain information such as rotational speed and state of charge from the flywheel energy storage unit, information such as state of charge and temperature from the battery energy storage unit, and information such as heating power and thermal storage medium temperature from the electric heating thermal storage unit. This communication connection is the foundation for achieving collaborative control, enabling the controller to comprehensively monitor the real-time operating status of each unit.

[0026] The coordinated controller receives the target power and the measured power at the grid connection point, collects the operating status of each unit, determines the currently permissible power adjustment direction and range, selects the corresponding adjustment mode to issue control commands, and performs closed-loop verification of the adjustment results based on the measured power. For example, the coordinated controller can receive target power commands from the power grid dispatch center and receive measured power data from the power metering unit at the grid connection point. Based on this data, the coordinated controller analyzes the current capacity, power margin, operating limitations, and other status information of each energy storage unit to determine the maximum charging / discharging power or power consumption adjustment range that each unit can provide at the current moment. Subsequently, the coordinated controller selects the most suitable adjustment mode for the current operating conditions according to a preset control strategy. After the control command is issued, the coordinated controller continuously monitors the measured power at the grid connection point and compares it with the target power, performing real-time evaluation and correction of the adjustment effect to ensure that the system can accurately track the target power.

[0027] In this system, the electrically heated thermal storage unit acts as a controllable load, not feeding electrical energy back to the plant's auxiliary power bus. Instead, it effectively alters the net output power at the grid connection point by changing its own power consumption. Specifically, the electrically heated thermal storage unit consumes electrical energy throughout its operation and does not feed it back to the auxiliary power bus. For example, when the grid connection point needs to effectively increase its net output power, the coordination controller can instruct the electrically heated thermal storage unit to reduce its power consumption, thereby reducing the total load on the auxiliary power system and effectively increasing the net output power at the grid connection point. Conversely, when the grid connection point needs to effectively decrease its net output power, the coordination controller can instruct the electrically heated thermal storage unit to increase its power consumption, thereby increasing the total load on the auxiliary power system and effectively decreasing the net output power at the grid connection point. This method of power regulation using a controllable load provides the system with an additional dimension of regulation, playing a crucial role, especially when the grid requires rapid response but traditional energy storage units are limited.

[0028] It is understandable that this collaborative energy storage system, by integrating the flywheel, battery, and electric heating thermal storage unit into the same plant power system and uniformly scheduling them under a collaborative controller, effectively solves the limitation of a single energy storage device in covering all operating conditions of frequency regulation, peak shaving, and heating. This achieves deep collaboration among multiple devices at the electrical, thermal, and control levels, fully tapping the regulation potential of electric heating thermal storage as a controllable load, thereby improving the overall system's regulation flexibility, response speed, and energy management efficiency, ensuring stable and efficient operation under complex grid conditions.

[0029] In some embodiments, this application further proposes a collaborative energy storage system, such as Figure 2As shown, the flywheel energy storage unit includes a flywheel body, a motor, a first bidirectional power conversion device, a switch protection device, and a status detection device; the first bidirectional power conversion device is connected to the plant busbar supplied by the plant transformer; when the flywheel energy storage unit absorbs electrical energy, the motor drives the flywheel body to accelerate, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy; when the flywheel energy storage unit outputs electrical energy, the flywheel body drives the motor to generate electricity, sending the mechanical energy back to the plant power system and offsetting the plant load; the battery energy storage unit includes a battery cluster, a second bidirectional power conversion device, a battery management system, a switch protection device, and a status detection device; the battery energy storage unit is connected to the plant busbar supplied by the plant transformer via the second bidirectional power conversion device; the electric heating thermal storage unit includes an electric heating device, a thermal storage medium, a thermal storage body, a heat insulation structure, a continuous power adjustment device, a temperature or thermal storage status detection device, and a heat extraction device; the electric heating device is connected to the plant busbar supplied by the plant transformer via the continuous power adjustment device.

[0030] Specifically, the flywheel body is the core component of the flywheel energy storage unit, storing mechanical energy through high-speed rotation. The motor enables the conversion between electrical and mechanical energy. When absorbing electrical energy, it acts as a motor driving the flywheel body to accelerate, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy; when outputting electrical energy, it acts as a generator driven by the flywheel body to generate electricity, converting mechanical energy back into electrical energy. The first bidirectional power conversion device is a power electronic device connecting the flywheel energy storage unit and the plant busbar, responsible for controlling the charging and discharging process of the motor to achieve bidirectional flow of electrical energy. This device can use a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) converter based on IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) or a converter with a multi-level topology to achieve efficient and accurate power conversion. The switch protection device is used to quickly cut off the circuit and protect the equipment when abnormal conditions such as overcurrent, overvoltage, or short circuit occur in the flywheel energy storage unit. This device can be composed of a circuit breaker, fuse, or contactor combined with a relay protection unit. The status detection device is used to monitor the operating status parameters of the flywheel energy storage unit in real time, such as flywheel speed, motor temperature, and vibration. The device may include a speed sensor, a temperature sensor, a vibration sensor, etc., and feeds back the detected data to the collaborative controller.

[0031] The battery cluster is the main energy storage component of the battery energy storage unit, composed of multiple battery cells or modules connected in series and parallel to meet the system's required voltage and capacity. The second bidirectional power conversion device is a power electronic device connecting the battery energy storage unit to the plant bus, responsible for controlling the charging and discharging process of the battery cluster to achieve bidirectional energy flow. This device can be composed of a combination of a DC / DC converter and a DC / AC inverter, or an integrated bidirectional converter. The battery management system (BMS) is an electronic system used for real-time monitoring, management, and protection of the battery cluster. Its functions include voltage, current, and temperature monitoring; state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) estimation; equalization management; and overcharge, over-discharge, and over-temperature protection. The switching protection device is used to quickly disconnect the circuit and protect the equipment when abnormal conditions such as overcurrent, overvoltage, or short circuit occur in the battery energy storage unit. This device can be composed of a circuit breaker, fuse, or contactor combined with a relay protection unit. The status detection device is used to monitor the operating status parameters of the battery energy storage unit in real time, such as battery voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge. The device may include voltage sensors, current sensors, temperature sensors, and a state of charge estimation module, and feeds back the detected data to the cooperative controller.

[0032] The electric heating device is the core component of the electric heating thermal storage unit, responsible for efficiently converting electrical energy into heat energy. The thermal storage medium is the substance used to store heat, and its selection directly affects the capacity and efficiency of the thermal storage unit. The thermal storage body is the structure that contains the thermal storage medium and stores heat; its design must consider heat transfer efficiency and structural stability. This thermal storage body can be an insulated container, a storage tank, or a stack of thermal storage bricks. Insulation structures are used to reduce heat loss from the internal thermal storage body to the environment, improving thermal storage efficiency. A continuous power adjustment device is a key device for smoothly regulating the power consumption of the electric heating device. A temperature or thermal storage status detection device is used to monitor the temperature or heat storage of the thermal storage medium in real time, providing the co-controller with information on the operating status of the thermal storage unit. A heat extraction device is used to extract and utilize the stored heat, for example, for heating or industrial production. This device can include heat exchangers, steam generators, or heat pumps.

[0033] It is understood that, through the above technical solution, this application clearly defines the internal physical structure and electrical connection method of the flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal storage unit, constructing the physical execution layer of the collaborative energy storage system. The flywheel energy storage unit is connected to the plant bus via a first bidirectional power conversion device. Utilizing the energy conversion mechanism between the motor and the flywheel body, it achieves bidirectional flow of electrical and mechanical energy. Its state detection device and switch protection device ensure operational safety during the process of absorbing electrical energy for acceleration or outputting electrical energy for power generation, enabling the system to quickly respond to power surges using the inertial characteristics of the flywheel. The battery energy storage unit is connected to the plant bus via a second bidirectional power conversion device. In conjunction with the battery management system, it monitors the battery clusters in real time and provides feedback on the state of charge through the state detection device. This allows the collaborative controller to provide continuous power compensation after the flywheel responds, based on the energy storage characteristics of the battery, ensuring the stability of the system during long-term regulation. The electric heating and thermal storage unit is connected to the plant's auxiliary bus via a continuous power regulation device, organically combining the electric heating device, thermal storage body, and heat extraction device. The continuous power regulation device enables smooth adjustment of power consumption, and temperature or thermal storage status detection devices monitor the energy level of the thermal storage medium in real time. This transforms the electric heating and thermal storage unit into a controllable load regulation terminal, achieving flexible conversion and storage of electrical energy into thermal energy, effectively enhancing the load regulation potential of the plant's auxiliary power system. Through the clear definition of the physical structure and electrical connection methods of the aforementioned units, the system achieves a closed loop from control commands to physical power output. This ensures that each unit, under the same grid connection point, can collaboratively complete precise regulation of the grid power based on its own physical characteristics. This solves the problems of insufficient definition of the internal physical structure and electrical connection methods of each energy storage unit, which leads to the inability of the collaborative controller to accurately obtain the operating status of each unit, making effective control difficult, and the lack of physical foundation support when the system executes power regulation commands.

[0034] In some embodiments, such as Figure 3 As shown, this application further proposes a collaborative energy storage system, whose regulation modes include a conventional division of labor operation mode. In the conventional division of labor operation mode, the flywheel energy storage unit handles the power surges and high-frequency components in the initial stage of the frequency regulation command, the battery energy storage unit follows the flywheel energy storage unit to handle bidirectional continuous frequency regulation, and the electric heating thermal storage unit undertakes peak shaving, thermal storage, and heating tasks according to predetermined needs. The power consumption benchmark of the electric heating thermal storage unit does not change with the frequency regulation command. If the grid connection point needs to effectively increase the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit prioritizes discharging to compensate for the instantaneous deviation, and the battery energy storage unit continues to discharge to achieve continuous power increase; if the grid connection point needs to effectively decrease the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit prioritizes charging to absorb the instantaneous deviation, and the battery energy storage unit continues to charge to achieve continuous power decrease.

[0035] Specifically, the conventional division of labor operation mode is a pre-defined, static operating strategy designed to clearly define the responsibilities of each of the flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal storage unit in system operation based on their respective physical characteristics and operational advantages. This mode can be implemented through a pre-programmed set of rules in the co-controller, which defines the task allocation for each unit under different grid demands. For example, the flywheel energy storage unit focuses on rapid response, the battery energy storage unit is responsible for continuous regulation, and the electric heating thermal storage unit focuses on thermal management. Alternatively, a hierarchical control architecture can be adopted, with the co-controller acting as the master control unit, issuing instructions to the local controllers of each energy storage unit to ensure that each unit works collaboratively under the conventional division of labor operation mode.

[0036] Flywheel energy storage units handle power spikes and high-frequency components during the initial phase of frequency regulation commands. They are designed to rapidly respond to instantaneous changes in grid frequency by utilizing their high power density and extremely fast response speed. For example, when a coordinating controller receives a plant-level frequency regulation target or total energy storage regulation demand, it can immediately send a rapid power command to the flywheel energy storage unit upon receiving the frequency regulation command, thus covering the steep power ramp-up in the initial stage of frequency regulation demand.

[0037] The battery energy storage unit (BLU) follows the flywheel energy storage unit (FLUG) to provide bidirectional continuous frequency regulation. This means that the BLU is primarily responsible for providing continuous, bidirectional power regulation after the flywheel energy storage unit completes its initial rapid response. This can be achieved through a cascaded control strategy: as the flywheel energy storage unit processes frequency events, and its response stabilizes or approaches its energy limit, the BLU gradually increases its power contribution to provide continuous regulation. Alternatively, the BLU's control system can optimize scheduling based on its state of charge (SOC). When taking over from the flywheel energy storage unit for continuous power output or absorption, the BLU ensures its SOC remains within its optimal operating range, thus extending its lifespan.

[0038] The electric heating thermal storage unit undertakes peak shaving, heat storage, and heating tasks according to predetermined needs, and its power consumption benchmark does not change with frequency regulation commands. This indicates that under the conventional division of labor operation mode, the operation of the electric heating thermal storage unit is independent of the grid frequency regulation requirements. Its main function is to absorb electrical energy and release heat energy according to a preset schedule or heat load demand. For example, the electric heating thermal storage unit can absorb electrical energy for heat storage during off-peak hours according to the time-of-use pricing strategy and release heat when heating is needed, keeping its power consumption stable and not participating in real-time frequency regulation. Alternatively, its operation can be driven by the heat demand of the connected thermal system or the need to maintain the temperature of a specific thermal storage medium, with its power consumption benchmark set to meet these heat demands, unaffected by frequency regulation signals.

[0039] When the grid connection point requires an equivalent increase in net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit prioritizes discharge to compensate for instantaneous deviations, while the battery energy storage unit continues to discharge to achieve continuous power increase. This means that when the grid needs to increase net power output (e.g., frequency decrease), the co-controller first triggers the flywheel energy storage unit to discharge rapidly, providing immediate power injection. Simultaneously, the battery energy storage unit prepares and gradually increases its discharge power to provide continuous power increase, ensuring both speed and continuity of power regulation.

[0040] When the grid connection point needs to effectively reduce net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit (FLU) charges first to absorb the instantaneous deviation, while the battery energy storage unit (BLU) charges subsequently to achieve continuous power reduction. This means that when the grid needs to reduce net power output (e.g., frequency increase), the coordination controller directs the FLU to charge rapidly to absorb the initial power excess. Subsequently, the BLU charges to achieve a longer-term power reduction. This coordination mechanism ensures the timeliness and continuity of power absorption.

[0041] It is understood that, through the above technical solutions, the collaborative energy storage system of this application can achieve differentiated task allocation based on the inherent characteristics of the flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal storage unit. The flywheel energy storage unit, with its rapid response capability, effectively handles power surges and high-frequency components in the initial stage of frequency regulation commands, quickly smoothing out instantaneous grid fluctuations, thereby reducing the lifespan pressure on the battery energy storage unit caused by frequent charging and discharging. The battery energy storage unit then provides bidirectional continuous frequency regulation following the flywheel energy storage unit, utilizing its high energy density to ensure the continuity and stability of the frequency regulation process. Simultaneously, under the normal division of labor operation mode, the power consumption benchmark of the electric heating thermal storage unit does not change with frequency regulation commands, focusing on its predetermined peak shaving, thermal storage, and heating tasks, avoiding interference from frequency regulation operations on the stability of the thermal system and ensuring the reliability of the heat supply. When the net output power needs to be adjusted upward or downward at the grid connection point, the flywheel energy storage unit first compensates for the instantaneous deviation, and the battery energy storage unit then implements the logic of continuous power regulation. This achieves a smooth transition and accurate tracking of power regulation, effectively avoids overlapping responses of each unit or waste of regulation capacity, improves the overall frequency regulation performance and operating efficiency of the system, and helps to extend the service life of the battery energy storage unit.

[0042] In some embodiments, such as Figure 3As shown, this application further proposes a collaborative energy storage system, whose regulation mode also includes an asymmetric collaborative frequency regulation mode at the electric heating endpoint. When in this asymmetric collaborative frequency regulation mode at the electric heating endpoint, the electric heating energy storage unit is in endpoint operation. Endpoint operation refers to the electric heating energy storage unit being in a preset high load or preset low load operating region, with a large adjustment margin on one side and a small adjustment margin on the other side. The collaborative controller complementarily combines the executable adjustment direction of the electric heating energy storage unit with the reverse adjustment capability of the battery energy storage unit. When the electric heating thermal storage unit is under high load, if the grid connection point needs to effectively increase the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first discharges to compensate for the initial deviation, and the electric heating thermal storage unit smoothly reduces the electric heating power through the continuous power adjustment device. The battery energy storage unit bears the transition amount and remaining tracking deviation during the establishment of the electric heating load reduction power. If the grid connection point needs to effectively decrease the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first charges to absorb the initial deviation, and the battery energy storage unit then charges to make a continuous downward contribution. The electric heating thermal storage unit maintains the original peak-shaving power consumption benchmark. When the state of charge of the battery energy storage unit approaches the upper limit of the target charge range or the charging margin is insufficient, the coordinating controller restricts the battery energy storage unit from continuing to charge. When the electric heating thermal storage unit is at a low load, if the grid connection point needs to effectively reduce the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first charges to absorb the initial deviation, and the electric heating thermal storage unit smoothly increases the electric heating power through the continuous power adjustment device, while converting electrical energy into thermal energy of the thermal storage medium; the battery energy storage unit undertakes the transition amount and remaining tracking deviation during the start-up and power establishment phases of the electric heating device; if the grid connection point needs to effectively increase the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first discharges to compensate for the initial deviation, the battery energy storage unit discharges to make a continuous power increase contribution, and the electric heating thermal storage unit maintains a low load; when the state of charge of the battery energy storage unit approaches the lower limit of the target charge range or the discharge margin is insufficient, the battery energy storage unit is restricted from continuing to discharge.

[0043] Specifically, the aforementioned asymmetric coordinated frequency regulation mode at the electric heating endpoint refers to special operating conditions that may occur during the operation of the electric heating thermal storage unit, namely, its operating power is near a preset upper limit (high load end) or lower limit (low load end). Under these endpoint operating conditions, the adjustment capability of the electric heating thermal storage unit in one direction (e.g., further increasing the load at the high load end) is limited, while its adjustment capability in the other direction (e.g., reducing the load at the high load end) is relatively sufficient, thus creating an asymmetry in adjustment margin. For example, the high load end may refer to the electric heating power being close to its maximum rated power, or the thermal storage medium temperature being close to the upper limit; the low load end may refer to the electric heating power being close to its minimum allowable power, or the thermal storage medium temperature being close to the lower limit. The coordinated controller determines whether the electric heating thermal storage unit is in such endpoint operating conditions by monitoring its operating status in real time.

[0044] The collaborative controller complements the adjustment direction that the electric heating thermal storage unit can perform with the reverse adjustment capability of the battery energy storage unit. This means that when the electric heating thermal storage unit can only perform unidirectional adjustment due to being at the endpoint, the battery energy storage unit will provide the adjustment capability in the other direction that it cannot perform, thus achieving bidirectional power balance. For example, if the electric heating thermal storage unit can only reduce load at the high load end, the battery energy storage unit will be responsible for providing the load increase (charging) capability; if the electric heating thermal storage unit can only increase load at the low load end, the battery energy storage unit will be responsible for providing the load reduction (discharging) capability. This complementary combination ensures the overall adjustment flexibility of the system when the electric heating thermal storage unit is operating at the endpoint.

[0045] When the electric heating thermal storage unit is under high load, its electric heating power is close to its maximum value. If the grid connection point needs to effectively increase the net output power (i.e., the system needs to reduce the power drawn from or output to the grid), the flywheel energy storage unit will quickly discharge to compensate for the initial power deviation. Its rapid response capability can effectively cope with instantaneous fluctuations. Subsequently, the electric heating thermal storage unit smoothly reduces its electric heating power through a continuous power regulation device, thereby reducing the plant's auxiliary power load and effectively increasing the net output power of the grid connection point. The continuous power regulation device can use methods such as thyristor power regulation, controlled rectification, or pulse width modulation (PWM) to achieve precise control of the electric heating power. During this process, the battery energy storage unit bears the response delay or transition amount that may occur during the load reduction process of the electric heating thermal storage unit, and continuously tracks the remaining power deviation of the grid connection point to ensure the smoothness and accuracy of power regulation.

[0046] If the grid connection point requires an equivalent reduction in net output power (i.e., the system needs to increase the power drawn from the grid), the flywheel energy storage unit will first charge to absorb the initial deviation in order to quickly respond to power demand. Subsequently, the battery energy storage unit will continue charging, making a continuous contribution to power reduction and absorbing excess power from the grid. In this case, the electrically heated thermal energy storage unit maintains its original peak-shaving power consumption benchmark and does not participate in frequency regulation to avoid the risk of overload or excessive temperature of the thermal storage medium that may result from further load increases at high load ends. At the same time, the co-controller will monitor the state of charge of the battery energy storage unit in real time. When it approaches the upper limit of the target charge range or the charging margin is insufficient, it will limit the battery energy storage unit from continuing to charge in order to protect battery life and prevent overcharging.

[0047] When the electric heating thermal storage unit is at a low load, its electric heating power is close to its minimum. If the grid connection point needs to effectively reduce the net output power at this time, the flywheel energy storage unit will first charge to absorb the initial deviation. Subsequently, the electric heating thermal storage unit smoothly increases the electric heating power through a continuous power adjustment device, converting electrical energy into thermal energy of the thermal storage medium, thereby increasing the plant's power load and effectively reducing the net output power of the grid connection point. The battery energy storage unit then handles the transition during the start-up and power build-up phases of the electric heating device, as well as the remaining tracking deviation, ensuring the continuity of power regulation.

[0048] If the grid connection point requires an equivalent increase in net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit will first discharge to compensate for the initial deviation. Subsequently, the battery energy storage unit will discharge to continuously contribute to the power increase, outputting electrical energy to the grid. In this case, the electric heating thermal storage unit maintains low-load operation and does not participate in frequency regulation to avoid the risk of insufficient heating or equipment shutdown that may result from further load reduction at the low-load end. Similarly, the co-controller will monitor the state of charge of the battery energy storage unit in real time. When it approaches the lower limit of the target charge range or the discharge margin is insufficient, it will limit the battery energy storage unit from continuing to discharge to protect battery life and prevent over-discharge.

[0049] It is understood that, through the above technical solution, this application effectively solves the problem of limited regulation capability of electric heating thermal storage units under extreme operating conditions. Its core lies in utilizing a collaborative controller to deeply couple the unidirectional regulation characteristics of the electric heating thermal storage unit with the bidirectional regulation capability of the battery energy storage unit, supplemented by the rapid response of the flywheel energy storage unit. When the electric heating thermal storage unit is under high load, the rapid response of the flywheel energy storage unit compensates for instantaneous deviations. By utilizing the load reduction capability of the electric heating thermal storage unit and the continuous regulation capability of the battery energy storage unit in synergy, smooth control of the grid-connected power is achieved. Especially when it is necessary to reduce the net output power, the strategy of continuous charging of the battery energy storage unit and maintaining a baseline by the electric heating thermal storage unit, combined with closed-loop monitoring and limiting of the battery's state of charge, avoids regulation interruptions caused by capacity limits of a single device. When the electric heating thermal storage unit is under low load, the flywheel energy storage unit absorbs initial power fluctuations, and the electric heating thermal storage unit converts electrical energy into heat energy using its load-increasing capacity. The battery energy storage unit is responsible for transition compensation during the power build-up process, ensuring that the system still has good power regulation response under low load conditions. When it is necessary to increase the net output power, the continuous discharge of the battery energy storage unit and the low load maintenance of the electric heating thermal storage unit, along with the introduction of boundary constraints on the state of charge, achieve stable support for the grid-connected power. By asymmetrically complementing the physical characteristics and control logic of different energy storage media, not only is the regulation dead zone of the electric heating thermal storage unit at the endpoint overcome, but also a multi-dimensional, all-condition collaborative regulation system is constructed through the speed of flywheel energy storage, the continuity of battery energy storage, and the load controllability of electric heating thermal storage. This significantly improves the power point tracking accuracy and operational stability of the system under complex operating conditions.

[0050] In some embodiments, such as Figure 3As shown, this application proposes a collaborative energy storage system, whose regulation modes include a heating-loaded collaborative frequency regulation mode. In the heating-loaded collaborative frequency regulation mode, the flywheel energy storage unit is responsible for regulating the power changes in the preset initial stage; the electric heating thermal storage unit increases or decreases its load under preset heating reference conditions to undertake bidirectional frequency regulation; wherein, the preset heating reference conditions include the allowable minimum power and maximum power, with reserved upward adjustment margin for load reduction and downward adjustment margin for load increase; the battery energy storage unit is responsible for the transition before the establishment of the electric heating response, grid connection point tracking compensation, and reserve capacity after the electric heating reaches the power, temperature, capacity, or heating boundary; if the grid connection point requires an equivalent increase in net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit discharges first, and the electric heating thermal storage unit then smoothly reduces its power consumption, and The system utilizes existing heat to maintain heating. If the grid connection point requires an equivalent reduction in net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit charges first, followed by the electric heating heat storage unit smoothly increasing power consumption and increasing heat storage. The battery energy storage unit performs short-term charge-discharge compensation for deviations not covered by electric heating. When the frequency regulation task ends or the heat storage status characterization approaches the preset boundary, the electric heating heat storage unit returns to the heating reference. During the return process, the flywheel energy storage unit or the battery energy storage unit compensates for the grid connection point deviation to avoid reverse power disturbances caused by reference recovery. The premise for utilizing existing heat to maintain heating is that the heat storage capacity, minimum temperature, heat exchange capacity, and expected duration all meet the heating requirements.

[0051] Specifically, the heating-loaded frequency regulation mode is an operational strategy that deeply integrates the heating task of electric heating and thermal storage units with the frequency regulation task of the power grid. In this mode, the electric heating and thermal storage units, as controllable loads, participate in power grid frequency regulation by adjusting their own power consumption, while ensuring the continuity of heating.

[0052] In this mode, the flywheel energy storage unit primarily regulates power changes during the initial preset phase. Due to its extremely fast response speed and high power density, the flywheel energy storage unit can rapidly absorb or release electrical energy. Therefore, its main role is to handle sudden power spikes and high-frequency components during the initial phase of frequency regulation commands, providing time for subsequent, slower-responding electric heating thermal storage units and battery energy storage units to respond, thus smoothing out power fluctuations in the initial stage of the system response. For example, the flywheel energy storage unit can complete its power response within tens of milliseconds, effectively buffering the impact of grid commands.

[0053] The electric heating thermal storage unit increases or decreases its load under preset heating baseline conditions to handle bidirectional frequency regulation. The preset heating baseline conditions refer to an operating power range set for the electric heating thermal storage unit while meeting heating demand. This range lies between the minimum and maximum allowable power, and includes allowances for both load reduction and load increase. The load reduction allowance refers to the margin by which the electric heating thermal storage unit can reduce its power consumption to effectively increase the net output power at the grid connection point without affecting heating supply. The load increase allowance refers to the margin by which the electric heating thermal storage unit can increase its power consumption to effectively reduce the net output power at the grid connection point. These margins can be dynamically calculated and adjusted based on factors such as current heating demand, thermal storage medium temperature, thermal storage capacity, and plant power system capacity. For example, when heating demand is low, a larger load reduction allowance can be reserved; when the thermal storage temperature is low, a larger load increase allowance can be reserved. Through the continuous power adjustment device, the electric heating and heat storage unit can smoothly adjust its power consumption, thereby achieving bidirectional regulation of the net output power at the grid connection point.

[0054] In this mode, the battery energy storage unit undertakes multiple tasks, including the transition before the establishment of the electrothermal response, grid connection point tracking compensation, and backup power after the electrothermal energy storage unit reaches its power, temperature, capacity, or heating limits. The transition before the establishment of the electrothermal response refers to the battery energy storage unit's ability to rapidly charge and discharge to compensate for the power gap during the period when the electrothermal energy storage unit needs time to adjust its power. Grid connection point tracking compensation refers to the battery energy storage unit further finely compensating for minor deviations between the actual power and the target power at the grid connection point after the electrothermal energy storage unit has adjusted its power, ensuring accurate tracking of the grid connection point power output. When the electrothermal energy storage unit can no longer adjust due to reaching its preset boundary conditions such as its power limit, temperature limit, heat storage capacity limit, or heating safety limit, the battery energy storage unit will serve as a backup regulator, continuing to undertake the remaining frequency regulation tasks to ensure the overall stable operation of the system.

[0055] When the grid connection point requires an equivalent increase in net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first discharges rapidly to compensate for the instantaneous power deviation. Then, the electric heating thermal storage unit smoothly reduces its power consumption through its continuous power adjustment mechanism, thereby effectively increasing the net output power at the grid connection point. During this process, the electric heating thermal storage unit utilizes its internally stored heat to maintain heating, ensuring that the continuity of heating is not affected.

[0056] When the grid connection point requires an equivalent reduction in net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first charges rapidly to absorb the instantaneous power deviation. Subsequently, the electrically heated thermal storage unit smoothly increases its power consumption through a continuous power adjustment device, increasing the consumption of electrical energy and converting it into heat energy for storage, thereby effectively reducing the net output power at the grid connection point. During this process, the battery energy storage unit performs short-term charge-discharge compensation for power deviations not fully covered by the electrically heated thermal storage unit to ensure accurate tracking of the grid connection point power.

[0057] When the frequency regulation task ends or the thermal storage state of the electric heating thermal storage unit approaches a preset boundary (e.g., the thermal storage medium temperature reaches its upper or lower limit, or the stored heat capacity reaches its maximum or minimum), the electric heating thermal storage unit needs to return to its preset heating reference power. To avoid reverse power disturbances to the grid connection point due to power changes during this return process, the flywheel energy storage unit or battery energy storage unit will actively compensate for grid connection point deviations. For example, when the electric heating thermal storage unit gradually recovers to the reference power, if its power change causes a momentary deviation at the grid connection point, the flywheel energy storage unit or battery energy storage unit will immediately perform reverse adjustment, absorbing or releasing the corresponding power, thereby ensuring a smooth transition of power output at the grid connection point.

[0058] It is understood that, through the above technical solution, this application deeply integrates the heating task of the electric heating thermal storage unit with the grid frequency regulation task, realizing the full utilization of the adjustment margin of the electric heating device to participate in grid frequency regulation while ensuring the continuity of heating. The flywheel energy storage unit, utilizing its rapid response characteristics, bears power surges in the initial adjustment stage, buying time for subsequent power adjustments by the electric heating thermal storage unit, effectively smoothing power fluctuations in the initial stage of system response. The electric heating thermal storage unit, by pre-setting a heating benchmark and reserving load increase / decrease margins, can smoothly adjust its power consumption according to the power demand at the grid connection point while maintaining heating demand, participating in bidirectional frequency regulation as a controllable load, fully tapping the regulation potential of the thermal storage system. The battery energy storage unit, as an energy buffer and compensation device, plays a role in the transition stage before the establishment of the electric heating response, the tracking and compensation stage after electric heating regulation, and the standby stage after electric heating reaches the operating boundary, ensuring accurate tracking of the overall system output power. When the frequency regulation task ends or the thermal storage state approaches its limit, the flywheel energy storage unit or battery energy storage unit compensates for the power deviation during the return of the electrically heated thermal storage unit to the heating reference. This eliminates the reverse power disturbance that may occur during reference recovery and ensures a smooth transition of power output at the grid connection point. This collaborative approach not only improves the utilization efficiency of the electrically heated thermal storage unit but also enhances the response capability and stability of the entire collaborative energy storage system to grid frequency fluctuations.

[0059] In some embodiments, this application further proposes that, under the conventional division of labor operation mode, it also includes: when the electric heating and thermal storage unit is at the high load end or low load end with a clear unidirectional adjustment space, it switches to the asymmetric coordinated frequency regulation mode of the electric heating end; when the electric heating and thermal storage unit maintains a non-zero reference due to heating and has the margin for increasing and decreasing load, it switches to the heating-mounted coordinated frequency regulation mode.

[0060] Specifically, when the co-controller determines that the electric heating thermal storage unit is at a high load or low load, the system will trigger a mode switch. "High load" refers to the electric heating thermal storage unit's power consumption being close to its maximum allowable power, for example, reaching more than 90% of its rated power, or its internal control system reporting that it has reached its power limit. "Low load" refers to the electric heating thermal storage unit's power consumption being close to or equal to zero, for example, below 5% of its rated power or in a shutdown state. Both states indicate that the electric heating thermal storage unit's regulation capability exhibits a clear unidirectional characteristic. For example, at the high load, its main regulation space lies in reducing power consumption to effectively increase the net output power at the grid connection point; while at the low load, its main regulation space lies in increasing power consumption to effectively decrease the net output power at the grid connection point. When this unidirectional regulation space is detected, the system will switch to the electric heating endpoint asymmetric co-regulation frequency control mode. It should be noted that before switching from the conventional mode to the endpoint mode, the following frequency regulation must be authorized, the continuous power adjustment device must be available, and the corresponding electrical / thermal margin and equipment status must be valid.

[0061] Furthermore, when the co-controller determines that the electric heating thermal storage unit maintains a non-zero power consumption baseline due to heating demand, and simultaneously has adjustment margins for both load increase and load decrease, the system will switch to a heating-loaded co-regulation frequency control mode. "Non-zero baseline" means that the electric heating thermal storage unit is operating at a power level above zero to meet heating demand; for example, its power consumption is between 10% and 80% of its rated power. "Load increase and decrease margins" refers to the ability of the electric heating thermal storage unit, under the current operating power, to either increase power consumption (load increase) to effectively lower the net output power at the grid connection point, or decrease power consumption (load decrease) to effectively increase the net output power at the grid connection point, with both adjustment ranges within preset safety and performance limits. For example, whether it has bidirectional adjustment margins can be determined by real-time monitoring of parameters such as the current power setpoint, maximum / minimum power limits, and thermal storage medium temperature of the electric heating thermal storage unit.

[0062] It is understood that, through the above technical solution, this application achieves a leap from a single fixed operating mode to an adaptive operating mode for energy storage systems. By monitoring the operating status of the electric heating thermal storage unit in real time, the system can automatically trigger mode switching based on its load characteristics, thereby maximizing the synergistic efficiency of each unit in different scenarios. Specifically, when the electric heating thermal storage unit is at a high or low load end, the system recognizes that its adjustment space is limited and unidirectional. At this time, it automatically switches to an asymmetric collaborative frequency regulation mode at the electric heating end, utilizing the complementarity of the battery energy storage unit and the electric heating thermal storage unit in the adjustment direction, effectively solving the problem of insufficient adjustment capability of a single device under end conditions. For example, when power needs to be increased at a high load end, the electric heating thermal storage unit can reduce its load, while the battery energy storage unit can bear the transition amount and remaining tracking deviation during the power establishment process of the electric heating unit, forming a highly efficient synergy. When the electric heating thermal storage unit maintains a non-zero heating baseline and has bidirectional adjustment margin, the system automatically switches to a heating-loaded coordinated frequency regulation mode. By deeply integrating the load-increasing and decreasing capabilities of the electric heating thermal storage unit with the rapid response capabilities of the flywheel energy storage unit and the battery energy storage unit, the system ensures that it can flexibly respond to the frequency regulation commands of the power grid while meeting heating demand. This mechanism, which automatically switches to the optimal coordinated mode based on the real-time operating status of the electric heating thermal storage unit, not only improves the system's adaptability to complex operating conditions but also realizes dynamic task allocation of each energy storage unit at different operating stages through logical judgment. This ensures that the system can maintain efficient regulation performance under various boundary conditions and avoids the waste of regulation potential caused by mode rigidity.

[0063] In some embodiments, this application further proposes that when the heating benchmark is cancelled, the operating point of the electric heating storage unit moves to the high load end or the low load end, the bidirectional margin no longer exists at the same time, or the storage status, heating safety, and plant power capacity reach their respective preset boundaries, the system switches to a regular division of labor mode.

[0064] When the electric heating and heat storage unit is at a high load end or a low load end with a clear unidirectional adjustment range, it switches to the endpoint asymmetric cooperative frequency modulation mode.

[0065] "Cancellation of heating baseline" refers to the fact that the preset heating operation parameters or tasks of the electric heating thermal storage unit are no longer valid. This can be achieved by the coordinating controller receiving instructions from the upper-level energy management system or a human operator, indicating that the heating service is no longer needed; or, the coordinating controller continuously monitors the heating demand plan or set point, and when the demand drops below a preset threshold or becomes zero, the system automatically determines that the heating baseline has been cancelled.

[0066] "The operating point of the electric heating thermal storage unit has moved to the high-load or low-load end" means that the current power consumption or heat output of the electric heating thermal storage unit is close to its maximum or minimum allowable operating limit. In this endpoint state, the unit's power regulation capability in a certain direction will be severely limited. Specifically, the co-controller can monitor the actual power consumption of the electric heating thermal storage unit in real time. When it approaches a preset percentage of the rated maximum power (e.g., 95%), it is determined to be at the high-load end; when it approaches the minimum allowable power (e.g., 5% or zero power), it is determined to be at the low-load end. Alternatively, the co-controller tracks the temperature or pressure of the internal thermal storage medium and combines this with the current power of the electric heating device. When the temperature or pressure reaches the upper limit and the power is close to the maximum, or when the temperature or pressure reaches the lower limit and the power is close to the minimum (or zero), it is determined that the operating point has moved to the endpoint.

[0067] "The bidirectional margin no longer exists simultaneously" means that the electric heating thermal storage unit can no longer make meaningful power increase and power decrease adjustments at the same time. The co-controller calculates the available upward adjustment margin (potential to reduce power consumption) and downward adjustment margin (potential to increase power consumption) of the electric heating thermal storage unit and compares them with a preset minimum adjustment threshold. When either margin is lower than the threshold, it is considered that the bidirectional margin no longer exists simultaneously. Another approach is that the system monitors the current setpoint and maximum / minimum adjustable range of the continuous power adjustment device of the electric heating thermal storage unit in real time. If the current setpoint is very close to the maximum value, the upward adjustment margin is insufficient; if it is very close to the minimum value, the downward adjustment margin is insufficient, thus determining that the bidirectional margin no longer exists simultaneously.

[0068] "The thermal storage state reaches its respective preset boundary" means that the thermal energy stored inside the electrically heated thermal storage unit reaches its maximum or minimum permissible level. The co-controller can receive data from temperature or thermal storage state detection devices, such as temperature sensors of the thermal storage medium. When the temperature reaches a preset upper limit (such as the maximum safe temperature) or lower limit (such as the minimum temperature required to maintain heating), it is considered that the thermal storage state has reached its boundary. In addition, the co-controller can also estimate the total stored energy of the thermal storage body by integrating the energy input and heat output of the electrically heated thermal storage unit. When the estimated value reaches a preset upper or lower capacity limit, it is determined that the thermal storage state has reached its boundary.

[0069] "Heating safety reaching its respective preset boundaries" refers to situations where continued operation in the heating-mounted coordinated frequency regulation mode may jeopardize the safety or reliability of the heating system. The coordinated controller monitors key parameters related to heating safety, such as the pressure and flow rate of heating pipelines or the operating temperature of critical equipment. When these parameters exceed the preset safe operating range, the heating safety boundary is triggered. Alternatively, if the system's internal fault diagnosis module detects potential faults or abnormalities in the electric heating device, heat storage body, or heat extraction device, such as abnormal sensor readings or control loop malfunctions, it is determined that the heating safety boundary has been triggered.

[0070] "The plant's auxiliary power capacity has reached its preset limit" means that the total load that the plant's auxiliary power system supplied by the transformer can withstand has reached its upper or lower limit. The coordinating controller monitors the total current or total power of the auxiliary power bus in real time. When the total load approaches the rated capacity limit of the auxiliary transformer, or when the available capacity of the auxiliary power system is insufficient to support further load increases for the electric heating and thermal storage unit due to fluctuations in other loads, the auxiliary power capacity is considered to have reached its limit. In addition, the system presets the maximum and minimum allowable loads of the auxiliary power system. The coordinating controller calculates the remaining available capacity based on the actual load of the current auxiliary power system and the adjustment requirements of the electric heating and thermal storage unit. When the remaining available capacity is insufficient to meet the adjustment requirements under the coordinated frequency regulation mode for heating, the auxiliary power capacity is judged to have reached its limit.

[0071] When any of the above conditions are met, the system will "switch to normal division of labor mode." This means that the co-controller will stop operating in the complex heating-loaded coordinated frequency regulation mode and switch to a more basic and stable operating strategy. In this mode, the flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal storage unit will operate according to their respective preset main functions, instead of performing the fine-grained frequency regulation coordination of the heating-loaded mode. The co-controller will send control commands to each unit, causing them to operate according to the logic of the normal division of labor mode. For example, the flywheel energy storage unit will handle the power surges and high-frequency components in the initial stage of the frequency regulation command, the battery energy storage unit will then handle bidirectional continuous frequency regulation, and the electric heating thermal storage unit will handle peak shaving, thermal storage, and heating tasks according to predetermined needs, with its power consumption baseline remaining unchanged with the frequency regulation command.

[0072] It is understood that, through the above technical solutions, this application provides a dynamic and intelligent operating mode switching mechanism, effectively solving the problems that the system may face, such as loss of regulation capability, heating safety risks, and instability of the plant power system, when boundary conditions such as changes in heating demand, limits of thermal storage status, or limited plant power capacity are triggered in the heating-loaded coordinated frequency regulation mode. When the heating benchmark is canceled, the system can respond promptly to changes in heating tasks, avoiding the need to maintain complex load regulation logic when there is no heating demand, thereby optimizing system resource allocation. When the operating point of the electric heating thermal storage unit moves to the high-load or low-load end, causing the bidirectional regulation margin to no longer exist simultaneously, the system can proactively switch to the conventional division of labor mode, avoiding control failures caused by insufficient regulation space and ensuring the effectiveness of regulation. In addition, through real-time verification of key indicators such as thermal storage status, heating safety, and plant power capacity, the system can effectively prevent the risk of equipment overload or heating interruption caused by excessive regulation, ensuring the continuity and safety of heating and maintaining the stable operation of the plant power system. This ensures that when the heating load mode no longer has optimal adjustment conditions, the system can smoothly transition to a more basic and stable operating state, thereby guaranteeing the safe and reliable operation of the entire collaborative energy storage system under different operating conditions and improving the overall adaptability and robustness of the system.

[0073] In some embodiments, this application further proposes a collaborative energy storage system, wherein, in the conventional division of labor operation mode, the battery energy storage unit undertakes continuous frequency regulation after the flywheel energy storage unit responds quickly; in the asymmetric collaborative frequency regulation mode of the electric heating endpoint, the battery energy storage unit undertakes charging, discharging, or compensating for the remaining power deviation according to the direction of the endpoint operating condition; in the heating-attached collaborative frequency regulation mode, the battery energy storage unit undertakes the transition amount, tracking compensation, and backup regulation amount when the electric heating energy storage unit has not yet been established, as well as the backup regulation amount after the electric heating energy storage unit reaches the operating boundary.

[0074] Specifically, in the conventional division of labor operation mode, the battery energy storage unit undertakes continuous frequency regulation after the flywheel energy storage unit's rapid response. This means that when the co-controller receives a frequency regulation command and determines that power adjustment is needed, the flywheel energy storage unit will first compensate for instantaneous power fluctuations using its inherent rapid response capability. Afterward, due to the relatively limited energy capacity of the flywheel energy storage unit, the battery energy storage unit will take over the regulation task, providing continuous, bidirectional power regulation to achieve continuous tracking of the grid-connected power. For example, the co-controller can set a time threshold (milliseconds), and smoothly switch the frequency regulation task to the battery energy storage unit after the flywheel energy storage unit responds for this time period, or when the flywheel energy storage unit's state of charge (such as rotational speed) reaches a preset boundary. Another implementation method is that the co-controller allocates high-frequency, short-time components to the flywheel energy storage unit and medium-low-frequency, long-time components to the battery energy storage unit based on the frequency components of the frequency regulation command, ensuring that both work together to complete continuous frequency regulation.

[0075] In the asymmetric coordinated frequency regulation mode of the electric heating endpoint, the battery energy storage unit undertakes charging, discharging, or compensation for remaining power deviations according to the direction of the endpoint's operating condition. When the electric heating energy storage unit is in the preset high load or preset low load endpoint operating region, its own regulation margin will exhibit asymmetry, that is, its regulation capability is sufficient in one direction, while its regulation capability is limited in the other direction. For example, when the electric heating energy storage unit is at the high load end, its potential to reduce power consumption (equivalent to increasing net output power) is greater, but its potential to increase power consumption (equivalent to decreasing net output power) is smaller. At this time, if the grid connection point requires an equivalent increase in net output power, the electric heating energy storage unit can contribute by reducing power consumption, while the battery energy storage unit can discharge to compensate for the transition amount and remaining tracking deviation during the electric heating load reduction power establishment process. Conversely, if the grid connection point requires an equivalent decrease in net output power, the load increase capability of the electric heating energy storage unit is limited, and the battery energy storage unit can charge to provide a continuous downward contribution and absorb the power deviation that the electric heating energy storage unit cannot fully respond to. The collaborative controller determines the terminal operating condition of the electric heating thermal storage unit by monitoring its operating status in real time (such as current power consumption, thermal storage medium temperature, and available power adjustment range), and dynamically adjusts the charging and discharging strategy of the battery energy storage unit accordingly.

[0076] In the coordinated frequency regulation mode for heating, the battery energy storage unit serves as a transitional quantity and a tracking compensation when the electric heating and thermal storage power has not yet been established, as well as a backup regulation quantity after the electric heating and thermal storage unit reaches its operating boundary. In this mode, the electric heating and thermal storage unit participates in frequency regulation while meeting heating demand, and its power regulation has a certain response delay and operating boundary. When the coordinated controller issues a frequency regulation command, requiring the electric heating and thermal storage unit to change its power consumption, the battery energy storage unit will immediately provide the required power compensation to make up for the response time difference between receiving the command and the actual power establishment, ensuring smooth adjustment of the grid-connected power. In addition, during the power regulation process of the electric heating and thermal storage unit, the battery energy storage unit will continuously monitor the deviation between the measured power at the grid-connected point and the target power, and perform real-time tracking compensation to improve regulation accuracy. When the electric heating and thermal storage unit can no longer regulate due to reaching its upper or lower power limit, thermal storage capacity boundary, or heating safety constraints, the battery energy storage unit will serve as a backup regulation quantity to take over the remaining frequency regulation tasks and maintain the overall regulation capability of the system.

[0077] It is understood that, through the above technical solutions, this application achieves refined coordination among the various units within the energy storage system by clearly defining the functional positioning of the battery energy storage unit in three core operating modes. In the conventional division of labor operating mode, the battery energy storage unit, as the successor to the flywheel energy storage unit, leverages its high energy density to undertake the continuous frequency regulation task after the flywheel energy storage completes rapid power surges. This ensures that the system can achieve instantaneous power balance through the flywheel and long-term power maintenance through the battery, effectively avoiding the contradiction between response speed and duration of a single device. In the asymmetric coordinated frequency regulation mode of the electrothermal endpoint, the battery energy storage unit dynamically adjusts its charging and discharging behavior or performs residual power deviation compensation based on the operating condition direction of the electrothermal energy storage unit. This differentiated response based on the state of the electrothermal endpoint effectively compensates for the limited adjustment capability of the electrothermal energy storage unit within a specific operating range, ensuring that the system maintains overall adjustment flexibility even when the electrothermal regulation margin is insufficient. In the coordinated frequency regulation mode of heating, the battery energy storage unit is given multiple responsibilities of transition, compensation and backup regulation. By providing transitional amount during the window period before the electric heating power is established, and providing backup regulation after the electric heating reaches the operating boundary, the battery energy storage unit becomes a key buffer to ensure the stability of heating and the continuity of frequency regulation. This design enables the electric heating energy storage unit to maintain the heating benchmark while smoothly participating in the grid frequency regulation with the assistance of battery energy storage, thereby maximizing the overall regulation efficiency of the system and significantly improving the regulation accuracy and operational stability of the coordinated energy storage system.

[0078] In some embodiments, this application also discloses a collaborative energy storage method applied to a collaborative energy storage system, such as... Figure 4 As shown, the method includes: Step S401: Obtain the current peak shaving task, heat storage task, or heating task of the electric heating heat storage unit, and determine the power consumption benchmark of the electric heating heat storage unit.

[0079] Step S402: Determine the authorization status of the follow-frequency modulation function and the availability of the continuous power adjustment device in the electric heating thermal storage unit.

[0080] Step S403: If the electric heating and thermal storage unit does not obtain authorization to follow frequency regulation, or the continuous power regulation device is unavailable, it enters the normal division of labor operation mode.

[0081] Step S404: If the electric heating and thermal storage unit obtains the authorization to follow frequency regulation, the continuous power regulation device is available, and the electric heating and thermal storage unit is at the high load end or low load end with unidirectional adjustment margin, it enters the asymmetric cooperative frequency regulation mode of the electric heating end.

[0082] In step S405, if the electric heating and thermal storage unit obtains the authorization to follow frequency regulation and the continuous power adjustment device is available, the electric heating and thermal storage unit maintains a non-zero intermediate heating reference and simultaneously has a two-way adjustment margin for increasing and decreasing load, and enters the heating load coordinated frequency regulation mode.

[0083] Specifically, this embodiment combines the physical operating status of the electric heating thermal storage unit with the grid frequency regulation requirements through a dynamic mode switching mechanism. This achieves deep collaboration between the flywheel, battery, and electric heating thermal storage unit at the same grid connection point, thereby improving the overall system regulation flexibility and resource utilization efficiency. Specifically, the system first acquires the peak-shaving, thermal storage, or heating tasks of the electric heating thermal storage unit and determines its power consumption benchmark, clarifying its operating boundaries and regulation potential, thus providing a data foundation for collaborative control. Furthermore, by real-time judgment of the following frequency regulation authorization status and the availability of the continuous power regulation device, it ensures that control commands are only issued to responsive equipment, avoiding invalid operations. When the electric heating and thermal storage unit is unauthorized or the device is unavailable, the system automatically enters the normal division of labor operation mode, where the flywheel and battery maintain basic regulation functions to ensure system robustness. When it is at a high load end or a low load end and has a unidirectional regulation margin, it enters the electric heating endpoint asymmetric collaborative frequency regulation mode, utilizing the unidirectional regulation characteristics of the electric heating and thermal storage unit to complement the battery energy storage unit, effectively overcoming the regulation margin limitations under endpoint conditions. When it maintains a non-zero intermediate heating reference and has a bidirectional regulation margin, it enters the heating-attached collaborative frequency regulation mode, attaching the frequency regulation task to the heating reference, fully exploring the potential of the electric heating and thermal storage unit to participate in bidirectional frequency regulation while meeting heating demand.

[0084] It is understandable that, through the above technical solution, the electric heating thermal storage unit is transformed into a dynamic resource that can participate in grid frequency regulation, rather than existing merely as an independent load. This solution not only solves the problem of incomplete functional coverage of a single device, but also achieves unified scheduling and closed-loop verification of multiple devices at the grid connection point power level through deep coupling of electrical, thermal, and control signals. For example, in the heating-connected coordinated frequency regulation mode, the electric heating thermal storage unit smoothly increases or decreases its power consumption through a continuous power adjustment device, effectively changing the net output power at the grid connection point, thereby maintaining heating demand while responding to grid frequency fluctuations; in the asymmetric coordinated frequency regulation mode at the electric heating endpoint, its unidirectional regulation capability complements the bidirectional regulation of the battery, significantly expanding the system's regulation range under extreme conditions. Overall, this application constructs a complete dynamic task allocation system by logically mapping the physical state of the electric heating thermal storage unit to grid demand, fully releasing the regulation potential of the plant power system, and ultimately achieving efficient coverage and optimized resource utilization across all operating conditions of frequency regulation, peak shaving, and heating.

[0085] In some embodiments, this application further proposes that the above method also includes: In step a1, when switching the adjustment mode or reversing the adjustment direction, the flywheel energy storage unit prioritizes rapid power contribution and assumes short-term power difference; after the actual power of the battery energy storage unit or electric heating thermal storage unit, which is the target connection device, is confirmed by actual measurement, the device that originally undertook the adjustment task gradually reduces its output power.

[0086] Step a2: When the electric heating thermal storage unit performs the closing or enabling start-up process from zero load, the power gap in this process is bridged and compensated by the flywheel energy storage unit and / or the battery energy storage unit; after the electric heating thermal storage unit is enabled, the target power consumption is smoothly established through the continuous power adjustment channel.

[0087] Specifically, switching the regulation mode or reversing the regulation direction refers to the coordinated controller judging based on the measured power, target power, and operating status of each unit (such as state of charge, temperature, power margin, etc.) of the grid-connected power metering unit, and issuing switching or reversal commands. For example, switching from a conventional division of labor operation mode to an asymmetric coordinated frequency regulation mode at the heating end, or changing from requiring an equivalent upward adjustment of net output power to requiring an equivalent downward adjustment of net output power in a specific mode. Flywheel energy storage units prioritize rapid power contribution because their low mechanical inertia, fast response speed, and high charging and discharging efficiency make them particularly suitable for handling instantaneous power fluctuations. Simultaneously with issuing the mode switching or reversal command, the coordinated controller immediately sends a power regulation command to the flywheel energy storage unit, enabling it to respond within milliseconds or sub-seconds and provide the necessary power support. The flywheel energy storage unit handles short-term power differences, which refer to the short-duration deviation between the target power and the actual power at the grid-connected point at the instant of the regulation mode switch or reversal. The collaborative controller monitors the grid connection point power in real time through the grid connection point power metering unit, calculates the instantaneous difference between the target power and the measured power, and uses this difference as the adjustment target of the flywheel energy storage unit to make up for or offset this instantaneous power difference through rapid charging and discharging.

[0088] Once the actual power of the battery energy storage unit or the electric heating thermal storage unit, which is designated as the target successor device, is confirmed through actual measurement, the collaborative controller continuously monitors the output power of the second bidirectional power conversion device of the battery energy storage unit or the power consumption of the continuous power adjustment device of the electric heating thermal storage unit. When the monitored actual power reaches or approaches the target power command issued by the collaborative controller, and the power output stabilizes within a preset threshold range, the power establishment is confirmed. The gradual reduction of output power by the device previously undertaking the adjustment task means that after the target successor device's power is established, the flywheel energy storage unit smoothly exits the adjustment process, avoiding new power disturbances caused by sudden withdrawal. The collaborative controller issues commands to the flywheel energy storage unit to gradually reduce its power contribution according to a preset slope or time curve until it completely exits or returns to standby mode.

[0089] When the electric heating thermal storage unit performs the closing or enabling start-up process from zero load, zero load refers to the state where the electric heating thermal storage unit consumes no or very little electrical energy. Closing or enabling start-up refers to the process of connecting the electric heating device to the plant power bus and starting preparation for operation. The power gap in this process is compensated by the flywheel energy storage unit and / or battery energy storage unit through bridging. The power gap refers to the instantaneous power deficiency caused by the lag in the power build-up of the electric heating thermal storage unit during startup, which cannot immediately meet the power regulation required by the grid connection point. When the electric heating thermal storage unit starts up, the co-controller predicts its power build-up curve and calculates the power gap in the startup phase, and then instructs the flywheel energy storage unit and / or battery energy storage unit to provide the corresponding compensation power. After the electric heating thermal storage unit is enabled, it means that the electric heating thermal storage unit has completed its internal startup procedure, its electric heating device is ready to receive continuous power adjustment commands, and can stably consume electrical energy. At this point, the target power consumption is smoothly established through the continuous power adjustment channel. The continuous power adjustment channel refers to a control interface or mechanism within the electric heating and thermal storage unit that enables continuous and smooth adjustment of its power consumption within a certain range. The coordinating controller sends commands to the continuous power adjustment device of the electric heating and thermal storage unit, causing its power consumption to gradually increase from the current power to the target power consumption according to a preset slope or time function.

[0090] It is understood that, through the above technical solution, this application introduces a dynamic power compensation and smooth transition mechanism, effectively solving the problem of instantaneous power fluctuations or regulation gaps at the grid connection point caused by differences in the response speed and power establishment time of each unit during the switching of regulation modes, reversal of regulation direction, or startup of electric heating thermal storage units in multi-source energy storage systems. Specifically, when switching regulation modes or reversing direction, the flywheel energy storage unit, with its rapid response capability, prioritizes to bear the instantaneous power difference, quickly stabilizing the grid connection point power and effectively smoothing out fluctuations that may occur at the moment of switching. Subsequently, after the co-controller confirms through actual measurement that the actual power of the battery energy storage unit or electric heating thermal storage unit, which is the target connection device, has been stabilized, the flywheel energy storage unit, which originally undertook the regulation task, gradually reduces its output power, realizing a smooth handover of the regulation task and ensuring the continuity of power output at the grid connection point and seamless connection of regulation. Furthermore, to address the power build-up lag that occurs when the electric heating thermal storage unit starts from zero load, this application employs flywheel energy storage units and / or battery energy storage units for bridging compensation. This effectively fills the power gap during the initial startup of the electric heating device, avoiding disturbances to the grid connection point's power during startup. After the electric heating thermal storage unit is enabled, the target power consumption is smoothly established through a continuous power regulation channel, further ensuring a smooth transition from auxiliary compensation to autonomous regulation and minimizing the impact on the grid side. This collaborative compensation and smooth transition mechanism significantly improves the regulation accuracy, response speed, and operational stability of the collaborative energy storage system under complex operating conditions, ensuring the quality and reliability of grid frequency regulation.

[0091] In some embodiments, this application further proposes a collaborative energy storage method applied to a collaborative energy storage system, the method comprising: Step b1 involves real-time verification of flywheel speed, battery state of charge and temperature, upper and lower limits of electric heating power, temperature of heat storage medium, plant power capacity, and minimum guaranteed heating constraints.

[0092] Step b2: When equipment fails, communication is interrupted, or the operating boundary is triggered, the instructions of the faulty equipment are frozen, and the remaining available units shall undertake the adjustment; when the overall system capacity is insufficient, the executable power increase or decrease shall be reported and the derated operation shall be executed.

[0093] Specifically, for real-time flywheel speed verification, a speed sensor mounted on the flywheel body can monitor the flywheel's rotational speed in real time and transmit the data to the co-controller. The co-controller compares this speed with preset maximum and minimum speed thresholds, triggering an alarm or limiting command if the speed exceeds the range. Alternatively, a non-contact magnetic encoder or optical encoder can be used to detect the flywheel's angular velocity, converting it into a speed value through digital signal processing. This value is then compared in real-time with the system's set safe speed range to ensure the flywheel operates within the limits allowed by mechanical strength and energy conversion efficiency. For battery state of charge (SOC) and temperature verification, the battery management system (BMS) continuously collects data such as battery cluster voltage, current, and individual cell temperature to calculate the SOC and SOH, sending this information to the co-controller. The co-controller makes judgments based on preset SOC upper and lower limits and temperature thresholds. Alternatively, a battery state estimation algorithm based on Kalman filtering or neural network algorithms can be used, combined with the battery's charge / discharge history and ambient temperature, to accurately predict the battery's SOC and internal temperature distribution, dynamically comparing this to the safe operating range to optimize battery life and prevent thermal runaway.

[0094] For verifying the upper and lower limits of electric heating power, the continuous power adjustment device integrates a power measurement module to monitor the actual power consumption of the electric heating device in real time and compare it with the maximum and minimum allowable power set by the co-controller. Alternatively, the input power of the electric heating device is measured by current transformers and voltage transformers to calculate the instantaneous power. The co-controller then dynamically adjusts and verifies the upper and lower limits of its power based on the rated capacity of the electric heating device, the load margin of the plant power system, and the heat absorption capacity of the thermal storage medium. Regarding the verification of the thermal storage medium temperature, multiple temperature sensors (such as thermocouples or resistance temperature detectors) can be arranged inside the thermal storage body to measure the temperature distribution of the thermal storage medium in real time and feed the data back to the co-controller. The co-controller sets a safe temperature range based on the physical characteristics of the medium. Alternatively, distributed fiber optic temperature sensing technology can be used to continuously monitor the temperature of the thermal storage medium at multiple points. Combined with the phase change characteristics or heat capacity characteristics of the thermal storage medium, its thermal storage state and safety boundaries are assessed to prevent overheating or overcooling.

[0095] Regarding the verification of the plant auxiliary power capacity, a power quality monitoring device can be installed at the outlet of the plant auxiliary power transformer to monitor the total load, voltage, current, and other parameters of the plant auxiliary power system in real time and compare them with the rated capacity of the plant auxiliary power transformer to ensure that the system is not overloaded. Alternatively, the co-controller can communicate with the main control unit of the plant auxiliary power system to obtain real-time load data and available capacity of the plant auxiliary power bus, and perform dynamic capacity verification in conjunction with the power demand of the electric heating and thermal storage unit to avoid overload of the plant auxiliary power system. For the verification of the minimum heating guarantee constraint, the co-controller can receive heating demand signals from the heating system or dispatching system. These signals include parameters such as minimum heating temperature and minimum heating flow rate, and these are used as hard constraints for the operation of the electric heating and thermal storage unit. Alternatively, heating priority and minimum heat output threshold can be preset in the co-controller. When the electric heating and thermal storage unit participates in frequency regulation, the system will prioritize ensuring heating demand, ensuring that even during frequency regulation, the heat supply will not fall below the preset minimum guarantee level.

[0096] When equipment malfunctions, communication is interrupted, or operational boundaries are triggered, the system can freeze commands for the faulty equipment and allow the remaining available units to handle regulation. This can be achieved by the co-controller receiving fault alarm signals (such as overcurrent, overvoltage, overtemperature, communication timeout, etc.) from the status detection devices of each unit. Once a equipment fault is confirmed, new control commands to that equipment are immediately stopped, and the equipment is removed from the list of adjustable units. Alternatively, the co-controller can have a built-in fault diagnosis expert system that analyzes the operating data patterns of each unit and, in conjunction with a pre-set fault feature library, automatically identifies potential equipment faults or communication anomalies and immediately isolates the faulty unit, stopping its participation in regulation. Subsequently, the co-controller recalculates and allocates regulation tasks based on the real-time status and regulation capabilities of the remaining available units after the fault occurs, transferring the regulation share of the original faulty unit to other normally operating flywheel energy storage units, battery energy storage units, or electric heating thermal storage units. Alternatively, the system can pre-set multiple emergency regulation strategies. When a specific piece of equipment malfunctions, the co-controller automatically switches to the corresponding emergency strategy. For example, if a flywheel energy storage unit malfunctions, more high-frequency regulation tasks are allocated to battery energy storage units, and the participation of electric heating thermal storage units is adjusted accordingly.

[0097] Furthermore, when the overall system capacity is insufficient, the system can report executable power increases and decreases and execute derating operation. The co-controller continuously evaluates the real-time regulation capabilities of all available units (based on state of charge, speed, temperature, power margin, etc.), calculates the maximum power increases and decreases that the system can currently provide, and reports this to the power grid dispatch center via the communication interface. Alternatively, the co-controller dynamically predicts the system's regulation potential over a future period based on the current power demand at the grid connection point and the operating status of each unit, and reports the prediction results and the currently executable derating operation range to the upper-level control system using a standard protocol for more macro-level dispatch decisions. When external dispatch commands exceed the currently reported executable power range, the co-controller will limit the actual regulation amount to the executable range according to its internal algorithm, prioritizing critical loads or maintaining system stability, i.e., executing derating operation. Alternatively, when the co-controller detects that the overall system regulation capability is insufficient to meet the current frequency regulation command, it will proactively adjust its internal regulation targets, such as reducing the sensitivity of the frequency regulation response or narrowing the regulation amplitude, to ensure the system continues to operate within the safety boundary and avoid system collapse due to over-response.

[0098] It is understood that, through the above technical solutions, this application constructs a closed-loop protection system for the stable operation of the collaborative energy storage system. Real-time verification of flywheel speed, battery state of charge and temperature, upper and lower limits of electric heating power, thermal storage medium temperature, plant power capacity, and minimum heating guarantee constraints enables the system to accurately grasp the physical operating boundaries and safety thresholds of each energy storage unit. This ensures that collaborative control commands are always within the equipment's tolerance range, effectively preventing equipment damage or heating interruptions due to blind adjustments. In abnormal operating conditions such as equipment failure, communication interruption, or triggering of operating boundaries, the system dynamically reconstructs its control logic by freezing the commands of the faulty equipment and having the remaining available units take over the adjustment tasks. This effectively prevents fault propagation and ensures the system's continuous adjustment capability when some equipment fails. When the overall system adjustment capability cannot meet the target requirements, the system reports the executable power range and executes derating operation, achieving optimal performance output under extreme constraints. This ensures that the system maximizes the adjustment potential of remaining resources while ensuring safety, solving the problem of insufficient system robustness caused by changes in boundary conditions in complex collaborative control. These safety constraints and fault response mechanisms provide a solid guarantee for the reliable operation of the collaborative energy storage system under different regulation modes (such as conventional division of labor operation mode, asymmetric collaborative frequency regulation mode of electric heating terminals, and collaborative frequency regulation mode of heating load), enabling the system to maintain efficient and safe regulation capabilities under dynamic switching and complex operating conditions.

[0099] In one example, the following provides a more detailed explanation of the above technical solution through a more specific example: Consider a large industrial park that is connected to the external power grid via its own auxiliary transformer and has its own auxiliary power system. To respond to grid frequency regulation commands, optimize park load management, and meet internal heating needs, the park deploys a collaborative energy storage system.

[0100] This collaborative energy storage system consists of a flywheel energy storage unit, a battery energy storage unit, an electric heating thermal energy storage unit, a collaborative controller, and a grid-connected power metering unit. The flywheel energy storage unit, battery energy storage unit, and electric heating thermal energy storage unit are all connected to the plant's auxiliary power system, which is powered by the plant's auxiliary transformer. The power changes of these units collectively affect the same grid connection point within the park, and are reflected in real-time and accurately by the grid-connected power metering unit. The collaborative controller communicates with these three units to achieve unified and coordinated management.

[0101] In actual operation, the power grid dispatch center issues target power commands to the industrial park, such as requiring the park to effectively increase or decrease its net output power at the grid connection point. Simultaneously, the power metering unit at the grid connection point continuously monitors the actual power output. The coordinated controller receives these commands and measured data, and collects real-time operating status data for flywheel energy storage units (e.g., flywheel speed), battery energy storage units (e.g., battery state of charge and temperature), and electrically heated thermal storage units (e.g., thermal storage medium temperature and current power consumption). Based on this information, the coordinated controller determines the currently permissible power adjustment direction and range, and selects the corresponding adjustment mode to issue control commands.

[0102] For example, when the power grid requires rapid frequency regulation response, the coordination controller may select a conventional division of labor operation mode. In this mode: The flywheel energy storage unit internally comprises a flywheel body, a motor, a first bidirectional power conversion device, a switch protection device, and a status detection device. The first bidirectional power conversion device is connected to the plant auxiliary power bus. The flywheel energy storage unit can charge and discharge at extremely high speeds, prioritizing the handling of power surges and high-frequency components during the initial phase of frequency regulation commands. When the grid connection point requires an equivalent increase in net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit rapidly discharges, converting stored mechanical energy into electrical energy to be sent back to the plant auxiliary power system to compensate for instantaneous deviations. When the grid connection point requires an equivalent decrease in net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit rapidly charges, absorbing electrical energy from the plant auxiliary power system to drive the flywheel body to accelerate. This rapid response capability effectively compensates for the limitations of single energy storage devices in dealing with high-frequency fluctuations.

[0103] After the flywheel energy storage unit responds quickly, the battery energy storage unit takes over the bidirectional continuous frequency regulation task. The battery energy storage unit internally includes a battery cluster, a second bidirectional power conversion device, a battery management system, a switch protection device, and a status detection device, and is connected to the plant bus via the second bidirectional power conversion device. It can provide medium- to long-term power support, enabling continuous power increases or decreases. For example, if the grid connection point requires an equivalent increase in net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first discharges to compensate for the instantaneous deviation, and then the battery energy storage unit continues to discharge to achieve a continuous power increase. If the grid connection point requires an equivalent decrease in net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first charges to absorb the instantaneous deviation, and then the battery energy storage unit continues to charge to achieve a continuous power decrease. This solves the problem that a single flywheel energy storage unit has limited energy and cannot independently undertake long-term continuous frequency regulation.

[0104] The electric heating and thermal storage unit internally comprises an electric heating device, a thermal storage medium, a thermal storage body, an insulation structure, a continuous power regulation device, a temperature or thermal storage status detection device, and a heat extraction device. The electric heating device is connected to the plant's auxiliary power bus via the continuous power regulation device. As a controllable load, the electric heating and thermal storage unit undertakes peak shaving, thermal storage, and heating tasks according to predetermined needs, and its power consumption baseline does not change with frequency regulation commands. The key is that it does not transmit electrical energy back to the plant's auxiliary power bus; instead, it changes its own power consumption to effectively change the net output power at the grid connection point. For example, when the grid needs to effectively increase the net output power, the coordinating controller can instruct the electric heating and thermal storage unit to reduce its power consumption, thereby reducing the amount of energy absorbed by the plant from the grid, equivalent to an increase in the net output power at the grid connection point. Conversely, when the grid needs to effectively decrease the net output power, the electric heating and thermal storage unit can increase its power consumption, increasing the amount of energy absorbed by the plant from the grid, equivalent to a decrease in the net output power at the grid connection point. This regulation method fully utilizes the continuous power regulation characteristics of the electric heating thermal storage unit, enabling it to participate in the frequency regulation of the power grid, rather than just being used as a low-cost electricity consumption or heating equipment. This solves the problem that the regulation potential of electric heating thermal storage units is not fully utilized in existing technologies.

[0105] The collaborative controller also dynamically switches adjustment modes based on the operating status and heating demand of the electric heating thermal storage unit. For example, when the electric heating thermal storage unit is at a high load and has a clear unidirectional load reduction adjustment space, the system will switch to an asymmetric collaborative frequency regulation mode at the electric heating end. In this mode, if the grid connection point needs to effectively increase the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first discharges to compensate for the initial deviation, the electric heating thermal storage unit smoothly reduces the electric heating power through a continuous power adjustment device, and the battery energy storage unit bears the transition amount and remaining tracking deviation during the electric heating load reduction power establishment process. This collaborative approach makes the unidirectional adjustment capability of the electric heating thermal storage unit complementary to the reverse adjustment capability of the battery energy storage unit, greatly expanding the overall adjustment margin of the system and overcoming the shortcomings of a single energy storage device that cannot cover all operating conditions of frequency regulation, peak shaving, and heating.

[0106] When the electric heating thermal storage unit maintains a non-zero reference due to heating supply and has margin for load increase and decrease, the system will switch to a heating-load coordinated frequency regulation mode. In this mode, the flywheel energy storage unit is responsible for regulating the power changes in the preset initial stage; the electric heating thermal storage unit increases or decreases its load under the preset heating reference conditions to undertake bidirectional frequency regulation; the battery energy storage unit is responsible for the transition before the establishment of the electrothermal response, grid connection point tracking and compensation, and reserve capacity after the electrothermal energy reaches the power, temperature, capacity, or heating boundary. When the frequency regulation task ends or the thermal storage state characterization approaches the preset boundary, the electric heating thermal storage unit returns to the heating reference. During the return process, the flywheel energy storage unit or the battery energy storage unit compensates for the grid connection point deviation to avoid reverse power disturbance caused by reference recovery.

[0107] The collaborative controller also verifies safety parameters in real time, such as flywheel speed, battery state of charge and temperature, upper and lower limits of electric heating power, temperature of the heat storage medium, plant power capacity, and minimum heating guarantee constraints. When equipment fails, communication is interrupted, or operating boundaries are triggered, the collaborative controller freezes the commands of the faulty equipment, and the remaining available units take over the adjustment. If the overall system capacity is insufficient, it will report executable power increases or decreases, and perform derating operation to ensure the safety and stability of the system.

[0108] Through the aforementioned collaborative operation, this system overcomes the technical shortcomings of existing technologies, such as the limited functionality of individual energy storage devices, the lack of deep collaboration between devices, and the underutilization of the regulation potential of electrically heated thermal storage units. It complements the advantages of energy storage units with different characteristics, forming a comprehensive, flexible, and highly efficient overall solution.

[0109] This application also provides a computer-readable storage medium. The methods described in this application can be implemented in hardware or firmware, or implemented as recordable on a storage medium, or implemented as computer code downloaded over a network and originally stored on a remote storage medium or a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium and then stored on a local storage medium. Thus, the methods described herein can be processed by software stored on a storage medium using a general-purpose computer, a dedicated processor, or programmable or dedicated hardware. The storage medium can be a magnetic disk, optical disk, read-only memory, random access memory, flash memory, hard disk, or solid-state drive, etc.; further, the storage medium can also include combinations of the above types of memory. It is understood that computers, processors, microprocessor controllers, or programmable hardware include storage components capable of storing or receiving software or computer code. When the software or computer code is accessed and executed by the computer, processor, or hardware, the cooperative energy storage method shown in the above embodiments is implemented.

[0110] A portion of this application can be applied as a computer program product, such as computer program instructions, which, when executed by a computer, can invoke or provide the methods and / or technical solutions according to this application through the operation of the computer. Those skilled in the art will understand that the forms in which computer program instructions exist in a computer-readable medium include, but are not limited to, source files, executable files, installation package files, etc. Correspondingly, the ways in which computer program instructions are executed by a computer include, but are not limited to: the computer directly executing the instructions, or the computer compiling the instructions and then executing the corresponding compiled program, or the computer reading and executing the instructions, or the computer reading and installing the instructions and then executing the corresponding installed program. Here, the computer-readable medium can be any available computer-readable storage medium or communication medium accessible to a computer.

[0111] Although embodiments of this application have been described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations without departing from the spirit and scope of this application, and all such modifications and variations fall within the scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A collaborative energy storage system, characterized in that, The system includes: a flywheel energy storage unit, a battery energy storage unit, an electric heating thermal storage unit, a collaborative controller, and a grid connection point power metering unit; The flywheel energy storage unit, the battery energy storage unit, and the electric heating thermal energy storage unit are all connected to the plant power system supplied by the plant transformer and work together at the same grid connection point, so that the power changes of the flywheel energy storage unit, the battery energy storage unit, and the electric heating thermal energy storage unit can be reflected by the grid connection point power metering unit. The collaborative controller is communicatively connected to the flywheel energy storage unit, the battery energy storage unit, and the electric heating thermal storage unit, respectively. The collaborative controller is used to receive the target power and the measured power at the grid connection point, collect the operating status of each unit, determine the current allowed power adjustment direction and adjustment range, select the corresponding adjustment mode to send control commands, and perform closed-loop verification of the adjustment results in combination with the measured power; wherein, the electric heating and thermal storage unit is a controllable load that does not transmit electrical energy in reverse to the plant power bus, and changes its own power consumption to equivalently change the net output power at the grid connection point.

2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The flywheel energy storage unit includes a flywheel body, a motor, a first bidirectional power conversion device, a switch protection device, and a status detection device. The first bidirectional power conversion device is connected to the plant busbar supplied by the plant transformer; when the flywheel energy storage unit absorbs electrical energy, the motor drives the flywheel body to accelerate, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy; when the flywheel energy storage unit outputs electrical energy, the flywheel body drives the motor to generate electricity, sending the mechanical energy back to the plant power system and offsetting the plant load. The battery energy storage unit includes a battery cluster, a second bidirectional power conversion device, a battery management system, a switch protection device, and a status detection device; the battery energy storage unit is connected to the plant busbar powered by the plant transformer via the second bidirectional power conversion device. The electric heating and heat storage unit includes an electric heating device, a heat storage medium, a heat storage body, a heat insulation structure, a continuous power adjustment device, a temperature or heat storage status detection device, and a heat extraction device. The electric heating device is connected to the plant busbar powered by the plant transformer via the continuous power adjustment device.

3. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The adjustment mode includes a normal division of labor operation mode. When in the normal division of labor operation mode: The flywheel energy storage unit undertakes the power surge and high-frequency components in the initial stage of the frequency regulation command. The battery energy storage unit continues to undertake bidirectional continuous frequency regulation after the flywheel energy storage unit. The electric heating thermal storage unit undertakes peak shaving, thermal storage and heating tasks according to predetermined needs. The power consumption benchmark of the electric heating thermal storage unit does not change with the frequency regulation command. If the grid connection point needs to effectively increase the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit will discharge first to compensate for the instantaneous deviation, and the battery energy storage unit will continue to discharge to achieve continuous power increase. If the grid connection point needs to effectively reduce the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit will be charged first to absorb the instantaneous deviation, and the battery energy storage unit will be charged continuously to achieve continuous power reduction.

4. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The adjustment mode also includes an asymmetric coordinated frequency modulation mode for the heating terminals. When in the asymmetric cooperative frequency modulation mode of the electric heating endpoint, the electric heating and thermal storage unit is in endpoint operation. The endpoint operation refers to the electric heating and thermal storage unit being in a preset high load or preset low load operating area. The adjustment margin is large on one side of the operating point and small on the other side. The cooperative controller complements the adjustment direction that the electric heating and thermal storage unit can perform with the reverse adjustment capability of the battery energy storage unit. When the electric heating and heat storage unit is under high load... If the grid connection point needs to effectively increase the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first discharges to compensate for the initial deviation, the electric heating thermal storage unit smoothly reduces the electric heating power through the continuous power adjustment device, and the battery energy storage unit undertakes the transition amount and remaining tracking deviation during the electric heating load reduction power establishment process. If the grid connection point needs to effectively reduce the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first charges to absorb the initial deviation, the battery energy storage unit then charges to make a continuous reduction contribution, and the electric heating thermal storage unit maintains the original peak power consumption benchmark. When the state of charge of the battery energy storage unit approaches the upper limit of the target charge range or the charging margin is insufficient, the coordinating controller restricts the battery energy storage unit from continuing to charge. When the electric heating thermal storage unit is at a low load end If the grid connection point needs to effectively reduce the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first charges to absorb the initial deviation, the electric heating thermal storage unit smoothly increases the electric heating power through the continuous power adjustment device, and at the same time converts the electrical energy into the thermal energy of the thermal storage medium; the battery energy storage unit undertakes the transition amount and remaining tracking deviation during the start-up and power establishment phases of the electric heating device. If the grid connection point needs to effectively increase the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit first discharges to compensate for the initial deviation, the battery energy storage unit discharges to contribute to the continuous power increase, and the electric heating energy storage unit maintains a low load; when the state of charge of the battery energy storage unit approaches the lower limit of the target charge range or the discharge margin is insufficient, the battery energy storage unit is restricted from continuing to discharge.

5. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The regulation mode also includes a heating-mounted coordinated frequency regulation mode. When in the heating-mounted coordinated frequency regulation mode: The flywheel energy storage unit is responsible for regulating the power changes in the preset initial stage; the electric heating thermal storage unit increases or decreases the load under preset heating reference conditions to undertake bidirectional frequency regulation; wherein, the preset heating reference conditions include the minimum and maximum allowable power, and reserve the upward adjustment margin for load reduction and the downward adjustment margin for load increase; the battery energy storage unit is responsible for the transition before the establishment of the electric heating response, the grid connection point tracking and compensation, and the reserve capacity after the electric heating reaches the power, temperature, capacity or heating boundary; If the grid connection point needs to effectively increase the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit discharges first, and the electric heating heat storage unit then smoothly reduces the power consumption and uses the existing heat to maintain the heating supply. If the grid connection point needs to effectively reduce the net output power, the flywheel energy storage unit is charged first, the electric heating heat storage unit then smoothly increases the power consumption and increases the heat storage, and the battery energy storage unit performs short-term charge and discharge compensation for the deviation not covered by the electric heating. When the frequency regulation task ends or the thermal storage state characterization approaches the preset boundary, the electric heating thermal storage unit returns to the heating reference. During the return process, the flywheel energy storage unit or the battery energy storage unit compensates for the grid connection point deviation to avoid reverse power disturbance caused by reference recovery.

6. The system according to claim 3, characterized in that, When in the aforementioned normal division of labor operation mode, it also includes: When the electric heating and heat storage unit is at a high load end or a low load end with a clear unidirectional adjustment space, it switches to the endpoint asymmetric cooperative frequency modulation mode. When the electric heating and heat storage unit maintains a non-zero reference due to heating and has margin for increasing and decreasing load, it switches to the heating-mounted collaborative frequency regulation mode.

7. The system according to claim 5, characterized in that, When in the aforementioned heating-mounted coordinated frequency regulation mode, it also includes: When the heating benchmark is cancelled, the operating point of the electric heating storage unit moves to the high load end or low load end, the bidirectional margin no longer exists at the same time, or the storage status, heating safety, and plant power capacity reach their respective preset boundaries, the normal division of labor mode is switched to. When the electric heating and heat storage unit is at a high load end or a low load end with a clear unidirectional adjustment space, it switches to the endpoint asymmetric cooperative frequency modulation mode.

8. The system according to claim 2, characterized in that, In the normal division of labor operation mode, the battery energy storage unit is responsible for continuous frequency regulation after the flywheel energy storage unit responds quickly; In the asymmetric cooperative frequency modulation mode of the electric heating endpoint, the battery energy storage unit undertakes charging, discharging or compensating for the remaining power deviation according to the direction of the endpoint operating condition; In the coordinated frequency regulation mode of heating, the battery energy storage unit undertakes the transition amount and tracking compensation when the electric heating power has not yet been established, as well as the backup regulation amount after the electric heating energy storage unit reaches the operating boundary.

9. A collaborative energy storage method, characterized in that, Applied to collaborative energy storage systems, the method includes: Obtain the current peak-shaving task, thermal storage task, or heating task of the electric heating thermal storage unit, and determine the power consumption benchmark of the electric heating thermal storage unit; Determine the authorization status of the follow-frequency modulation function and the availability of the continuous power adjustment device in the electric heating thermal storage unit; If the electric heating thermal storage unit does not obtain authorization to follow frequency regulation, or the continuous power regulation device is unavailable, it will enter the normal division of labor operation mode; If the electric heating and thermal storage unit obtains the authorization to follow frequency regulation, the continuous power regulation device is available, and the electric heating and thermal storage unit is at the high load end or low load end with unidirectional adjustment margin, it enters the asymmetric cooperative frequency regulation mode of the electric heating end point. If the electric heating and thermal storage unit obtains authorization to follow frequency regulation and the continuous power adjustment device is available, the electric heating and thermal storage unit maintains a non-zero intermediate heating reference and has a two-way adjustment margin for increasing and decreasing load, and enters the heating load coordinated frequency regulation mode.

10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, The method further includes: When switching the adjustment mode or reversing the adjustment direction, the flywheel energy storage unit prioritizes rapid power contribution and takes on the short-term power difference; after the actual power of the battery energy storage unit or electric heating thermal storage unit, which is the target connection device, is confirmed by actual measurement, the device that originally undertook the adjustment task gradually reduces its output power. When the electric heating thermal storage unit performs the closing or enabling start-up process from zero load, the power gap in this process is bridged and compensated by the flywheel energy storage unit and / or the battery energy storage unit; after the electric heating thermal storage unit is enabled, the target power consumption is smoothly established through the continuous power adjustment channel.

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