A multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell power control method and power supply system

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of multi-function complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell power control method and power supply system, the method comprises: real-time acquisition electric parameter, hydrogen storage characteristic parameter and thermal parameter;Based on multidimensional parameter research and judge current operating condition;Perform hierarchical adaptive power distribution, control photovoltaic and wind power priority energy supply, lithium battery suppresses instantaneous fluctuation, and according to real-time hydrogen release capacity correction fuel cell power instruction;In the process of power distribution, perform thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling collaborative control, utilize fuel cell waste heat to adjust the hydrogen release rate of solid-state hydrogen storage module;Based on the hydrogen release rate after adjustment, power instruction is corrected again to match hydrogen supply capacity.The present application solves the problem of power oscillation and low energy utilization efficiency caused by hydrogen supply lag in the prior art through multi-dimensional perception, hierarchical distribution and thermal-hydrogen-electric collaborative control, and is suitable for off-grid new energy power supply scene.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of multi-energy complementary power supply technology, specifically to a power control method and power supply system for a multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell. Background Technology

[0002] With the deepening of the construction of new power systems, distributed new energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaics are widely used in remote areas without power grids, field operations, emergency backups, and island microgrids due to their clean and low-carbon advantages. However, single energy forms such as wind power and photovoltaics are inherently intermittent, volatile, and prone to day-night supply-demand mismatches, making it difficult to independently undertake continuous and stable power supply tasks. Traditional electrochemical batteries (lithium-ion / lead-acid batteries) have inherent shortcomings such as low-temperature degradation, limited cycle life, fire safety hazards, and high costs for long-term energy storage. Against this backdrop, the industry is gradually forming a multi-energy complementary power supply architecture of "wind and solar power generation + lithium-ion battery buffer + fuel cells".

[0003] In the hydrogen supply methods of fuel cells, solid-state hydrogen storage technology has become an important technical direction for distributed long-term energy storage power supply due to its advantages such as low pressure and high safety, large hydrogen storage density and no leakage risk, effectively avoiding the problems of high pressure danger of gaseous hydrogen storage and bulky and strict safety management of liquid hydrogen storage equipment.

[0004] Currently, for coupled energy supply systems combining wind and solar power generation, lithium-ion battery buffering, solid-state hydrogen storage, and fuel cells, existing power control schemes mainly employ fixed power allocation, single-threshold start / stop, and simple proportional adjustment control strategies. The core control logic is solely driven by the load's power supply needs. Specifically, under normal steady-state operating conditions, lithium-ion batteries smooth out fluctuations in base power, fuel cells operate at a fixed power level to provide a safety net, wind and solar power prioritize direct supply to the load, and surplus power is used to charge the lithium-ion batteries after simple adjustments. This control method can meet basic power supply needs under conditions of relatively stable load and minimal changes in operating conditions.

[0005] However, the existing power control schemes mentioned above have the following shortcomings in practical engineering applications:

[0006] First, the control logic fails to effectively adapt to the dynamic response characteristics of hydrogen supply in solid-state hydrogen storage. The hydrogen release process of solid-state hydrogen storage materials is an endothermic reaction, and its hydrogen output rate is dynamically affected by multiple factors such as ambient temperature, remaining hydrogen storage capacity, and system heat exchange efficiency, naturally exhibiting a hydrogen supply lag. Existing control methods employ a regulation mode where power commands directly follow load fluctuations. When the load changes rapidly, the fuel cell's power demand command precedes changes in hydrogen supply capacity, leading to unstable input hydrogen pressure and consequently, continuous oscillations in output power, excessive fluctuations in supply voltage and current, and a decline in power quality. Simultaneously, frequent load fluctuations cause frequent load changes and repeated start-ups and shutdowns of the fuel cell stack, generating severe operational shocks and accelerating stack performance degradation.

[0007] Secondly, the power allocation mechanism among multiple energy modules is simplistic and lacks collaborative optimization capabilities. Existing technologies rely solely on fixed control logic, making it difficult to dynamically coordinate based on the real-time status of each module, including photovoltaic, wind power, lithium batteries, fuel cells, and solid-state hydrogen storage. Faced with the complex operating conditions where random fluctuations in new energy power generation are frequently intertwined with instantaneous load impacts, traditional solutions over-rely on lithium batteries to compensate for power gaps and fuel cells to provide constant power support. This easily leads to frequent overcharging and over-discharging of lithium batteries and long-term deviation of fuel cells from their efficient operating range, resulting in low overall system energy utilization efficiency.

[0008] Third, the control dimensions are too narrow, failing to incorporate the system's thermal balance into the power control system. The hydrogen release process of the solid-state hydrogen storage module requires heat absorption, and the hydrogen absorption process requires heat dissipation, while the fuel cell power generation process continuously generates a large amount of waste heat. The entire system exhibits significant heat-hydrogen-electric multi-field coupling characteristics. However, existing power control methods rely solely on electrical parameters for power adjustment, neglecting non-electrical parameters such as the real-time temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage module, remaining hydrogen storage capacity, and hydrogen flow response rate. Under high-power load conditions, insufficient heat supply from the solid-state hydrogen storage module leads to a decreased hydrogen release rate and an inability to keep up with power demand. Under low-power standby conditions, the waste heat from the fuel cell cannot be effectively utilized, resulting in wasted thermal resources and waste heat accumulation. These problems lead to lag in system dynamic response and poor smoothness in operating condition switching.

[0009] Fourth, there is a lack of adaptive control capabilities for extreme operating conditions. Existing control strategies are mainly designed for rated steady-state operating conditions, with fixed control parameters. They do not have corresponding adjustment logic for special operating conditions such as low-temperature environments, insufficient hydrogen storage capacity, and sudden increases or decreases in new energy output. Under these extreme operating conditions, the system is prone to triggering protective shutdowns of equipment due to delayed hydrogen supply or thermal management imbalances, leading to power outages. This severely restricts the system's operational reliability and engineering applicability in complex scenarios such as field operations, islands, and emergency situations.

[0010] To address the aforementioned issues, some research in related fields has attempted to improve the system from a single dimension. For example, increasing the capacity of lithium batteries can enhance buffering capabilities, or setting more complex fixed thresholds can achieve multi-level switching. However, none of these approaches have fundamentally solved the problems of hydrogen supply lag and power response mismatch caused by the multi-field coupling characteristics of thermal-hydrogen-electricity in solid-state hydrogen storage systems, nor have they achieved coordinated optimization and control of multiple energy modules under all operating conditions. Summary of the Invention

[0011] This application provides a power control method and power supply system for a multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell, aiming to solve the problems of power oscillation, low energy utilization efficiency, and easy power interruption under extreme conditions caused by the lack of matching of the dynamic response characteristics of solid-state hydrogen storage and hydrogen supply, the lack of adaptation to the multi-field coupling characteristics of the system's heat-hydrogen-electricity, and the lack of adaptive regulation capability under operating conditions in the prior art.

[0012] In a first aspect, a power control method for a multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell is provided, applicable to a multi-energy complementary power supply system comprising a photovoltaic module, a wind power generation module, a lithium battery module, a fuel cell module, and a solid-state hydrogen storage module. The method includes the following steps:

[0013] The system collects multi-dimensional operating status parameters in real time, including at least electrical parameters, hydrogen storage characteristic parameters of the solid hydrogen storage module, and thermal parameters of the fuel cell module.

[0014] Based on the aforementioned multi-dimensional operating status parameters, the current operating condition of the system is assessed in real time.

[0015] A multi-energy hierarchical adaptive power allocation strategy is implemented to control the photovoltaic module and wind power generation module to prioritize responding to load power demand; the lithium battery module is used to smooth out instantaneous power fluctuations; and the output power command of the fuel cell module is dynamically corrected according to the real-time hydrogen release capability of the solid hydrogen storage module to control the fuel cell module to provide steady-state backup power supply.

[0016] During the execution of the power distribution strategy, based on the thermal parameters and hydrogen storage characteristic parameters, thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling coordinated regulation is performed. The waste heat generated by the fuel cell module is used to perform thermal management on the solid hydrogen storage module in order to adjust the hydrogen release rate of the solid hydrogen storage module.

[0017] Based on the adjusted hydrogen release rate, the output power command of the fuel cell module is dynamically corrected to control the fuel cell module to provide steady-state backup power supply.

[0018] In the above scheme, optionally, the hydrogen storage characteristic parameters include the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid hydrogen storage module, the real-time hydrogen release rate, and the tank temperature; the electrical parameters include the bus voltage, the bus current, and the lithium battery state of charge; and the thermal parameters include the fuel cell stack temperature and waste heat emissions.

[0019] Optionally, in the above scheme, the execution of the multi-energy hierarchical adaptive power allocation strategy specifically includes:

[0020] The lithium battery module is controlled to operate within a safe state of charge range, utilizing its fast response characteristics to fully absorb load surge power and short-term fluctuations in photovoltaic and wind power, while isolating disturbance signals;

[0021] The real-time hydrogen release rate of the solid-state hydrogen storage module is used as a feedforward correction factor to calculate the upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity.

[0022] When the initial power command of the fuel cell module exceeds the upper limit of the hydrogen supply capacity, the initial power command is dynamically clamped to match the actual output power of the fuel cell module with the real-time hydrogen release capacity of the solid hydrogen storage module.

[0023] In the above scheme, optionally, the safe state of charge range is 20% to 80% of the state of charge.

[0024] Optionally, in the above scheme, the execution of thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling synergistic regulation specifically includes:

[0025] Real-time monitoring of the tank temperature and ambient temperature of the solid hydrogen storage module;

[0026] When the ambient temperature is detected to be lower than the preset low temperature threshold or the solid hydrogen storage module is in the hydrogen release state and the tank temperature is lower than the temperature required for hydrogen release, the heat exchange circulation pipeline is controlled to transfer the waste heat generated by the fuel cell module to the solid hydrogen storage module to compensate for the heat loss from hydrogen release.

[0027] When the system is in hydrogen absorption mode, the heat exchange circulation pipeline is controlled to remove the heat generated by the solid hydrogen storage module.

[0028] Optionally, the above scheme further includes a full-condition adaptive fault-tolerant control step:

[0029] When the power output of wind and solar power is detected to fluctuate by more than a preset percentage of the rated power within a preset time, the power adjustment step size of the fuel cell module is locked, and the lithium battery module is controlled to smooth out the power fluctuation.

[0030] When the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module is detected to be lower than the preset capacity threshold, the peak load power of the system is adaptively limited, and the steady-state reference power of the fuel cell module is reduced.

[0031] In the above scheme, optionally, the preset time is 1 minute, the preset ratio is 30%, and the preset capacity threshold is 20%.

[0032] Optionally, in the above scheme, the full-condition adaptive fault-tolerant control step further includes:

[0033] When a non-fatal fault is detected in the system, the shutdown protection is not executed, but the power command is dynamically reduced to optimize the operating conditions.

[0034] When both wind and solar power modules and solid-state hydrogen storage modules are found to be insufficient, a tiered load shelving strategy is implemented to ensure power supply to the core loads.

[0035] Optionally, in the above scheme, the method is executed by an EMS multi-parameter coupled power controller. The controller integrates control interfaces for a photovoltaic converter, a wind turbine rectifier, a lithium battery bidirectional converter, a fuel cell DC / DC converter, and a hydrogen circuit regulating valve. The controller sequentially completes status acquisition, operating condition judgment, power calculation, and command issuance through a single controller.

[0036] Secondly, a multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell power supply system is provided, including:

[0037] Photovoltaic modules and their photovoltaic converters, wind power generation modules and their wind turbine rectifiers, lithium battery modules and their bidirectional converters, fuel cell modules and their DC / DC converters, solid hydrogen storage modules and their hydrogen circuit regulating valves, common DC bus, heat exchange circulation pipelines, and EMS multi-parameter coupled power controllers.

[0038] The photovoltaic converter, the wind turbine rectifier, the bidirectional converter, and the DC / DC converter are each electrically connected to the common DC bus.

[0039] The solid-state hydrogen storage module is connected to the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell module through the hydrogen circuit regulating valve to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell module.

[0040] The heat exchange circulation pipeline is connected between the heat output end of the fuel cell module and the heat input end of the solid hydrogen storage module to selectively conduct the waste heat generated by the fuel cell module to the solid hydrogen storage module.

[0041] The EMS multi-parameter coupled power controller outputs power commands and control commands to the photovoltaic converter, the wind turbine rectifier, the bidirectional converter, the DC / DC converter, and the hydrogen circuit regulating valve, and outputs heat exchange pipeline regulation commands to the heat exchange circulation pipeline to execute the method described above.

[0042] Compared with the prior art, this application has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0043] Based on further analysis and research of existing technical problems, this application recognizes that existing technologies suffer from issues such as power oscillations, low energy utilization efficiency, and susceptibility to power outages under extreme conditions due to the lack of matching with the dynamic response characteristics of solid-state hydrogen storage and supply, the failure to adapt to the multi-field coupling characteristics of the system's thermal-hydrogen-electricity system, and the lack of adaptive control capabilities under operating conditions. The following technical means are used to achieve the corresponding beneficial effects:

[0044] (i) By collecting multi-dimensional operating status parameters in real time.

[0045] This application collects electrical parameters, hydrogen storage characteristic parameters, and thermal parameters in real time through step one. Compared with the existing technology that relies solely on electrical parameters for power regulation, this application is the first to simultaneously incorporate the hydrogen storage characteristic parameters of the solid-state hydrogen storage module (such as remaining hydrogen storage capacity, real-time hydrogen release rate, and tank temperature) and the thermal parameters of the fuel cell module (such as stack temperature and waste heat emission) into the sensing system. This provides a comprehensive data foundation reflecting the thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling state of the system for subsequent power regulation, enabling power control to accurately adapt to the real-time hydrogen supply capacity of solid-state hydrogen storage. This solves the problem pointed out in the background technology that "the regulation dimension is single and the core coupling parameters such as the system thermal balance state and remaining hydrogen storage capacity are not incorporated into the regulation system."

[0046] (ii) Real-time analysis of current operating conditions based on multi-dimensional operating status parameters.

[0047] This application, through step two, comprehensively analyzes the collected multi-source data to distinguish between operating conditions with surplus renewable energy, power balance, power deficit, and extreme operating conditions such as low temperature and low hydrogen storage capacity. Compared to existing technologies that only design for rated steady-state operating conditions and fix control parameters, this application provides a decision-making premise for subsequent differentiated regulation through operating condition analysis. This enables the power allocation strategy to adaptively adjust according to the actual operating state, solving the problem pointed out in the background technology of "not designing adaptive adjustment logic for special extreme operating conditions such as low temperature environment, insufficient hydrogen storage capacity, and sudden rise and fall of renewable energy output".

[0048] (iii) Implement a multi-energy hierarchical adaptive power allocation strategy.

[0049] This application prioritizes the photovoltaic and wind power modules to respond to load power demands through step three, utilizes the lithium battery module to smooth out instantaneous power fluctuations, and dynamically adjusts the output power command of the fuel cell module based on the real-time hydrogen release capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module, thus controlling it to provide steady-state backup power supply. Compared to the coarse control mode in existing technologies where power commands directly follow load fluctuations, this application adopts a hierarchical, adaptive dynamic power allocation strategy, achieving a division of labor and collaboration between prioritizing photovoltaic and wind power consumption, rapidly smoothing fluctuations with lithium batteries, and providing steady-state backup power for the fuel cell based on its hydrogen supply capacity. Specifically, prioritizing wind and solar power maximizes the local consumption of new energy sources, the lithium battery buffers and isolates the impact of instantaneous power disturbances on the fuel cell, and adjusting the fuel cell power command based on real-time hydrogen release capacity ensures that the fuel cell output power matches the hydrogen supply capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module in real time. The above measures work together to avoid the problems of low energy efficiency caused by frequent overcharging and over-discharging of lithium batteries and long-term inefficient operation of fuel cells. They also eliminate the problems of unstable input hydrogen pressure and output power oscillation of fuel cells caused by hydrogen supply lag from the source. This solves the problems pointed out in the background technology of "control logic not matching the dynamic response characteristics of solid hydrogen storage and supply" and "coarse multi-energy power distribution mechanism, resulting in low system energy utilization efficiency".

[0050] (iv) In the process of implementing the power allocation strategy, thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling coordinated regulation is implemented.

[0051] This application, through step four, performs power distribution while simultaneously managing the solid-state hydrogen storage module based on thermal parameters and hydrogen storage characteristic parameters, utilizing the waste heat generated by the fuel cell module to regulate the hydrogen release rate of the solid-state hydrogen storage module. Compared to existing technologies that rely solely on electrical parameters for power regulation and ignore the multi-field coupling characteristics of heat, hydrogen, and electricity, this application utilizes the waste heat generated by fuel cell power generation to compensate for the heat absorption loss during the hydrogen release process of solid-state hydrogen storage, actively improving the hydrogen release kinetics of solid-state hydrogen storage from a physical perspective. This method can effectively increase the hydrogen release rate to match power demand under high-power load conditions and preheat the solid-state hydrogen storage module in low-temperature environments to compensate for performance degradation caused by low temperatures. This solves the problems mentioned in the background technology, such as "insufficient hydrogen release rate of solid-state hydrogen storage under high-power load conditions, and hydrogen supply not keeping up with power demand" and "ineffective utilization of fuel cell waste heat under low-power standby conditions," enhancing the smoothness of system operating condition switching.

[0052] (v) Based on the adjusted hydrogen release rate, the output power command of the fuel cell module is dynamically corrected again.

[0053] This application, through step five, improves the hydrogen release rate of solid-state hydrogen storage through coordinated thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling regulation. Based on the adjusted hydrogen release rate, it then re-adjusts the output power command of the fuel cell module, achieving a secondary match between the fuel cell output power and the improved hydrogen supply capacity. Compared to the open-loop control method in existing technologies where the power command unidirectionally follows the load, this application achieves a dynamic balance between hydrogen supply capacity and power demand through a closed-loop control logic of "sensing hydrogen supply capacity → correcting the power command → using waste heat to supplement hydrogen supply capacity → correcting the power command again." This step ensures that the fuel cell's output power command remains within the range that the solid-state hydrogen storage module can currently support, further consolidating power supply stability. Simultaneously, it avoids frequent load changes and operational shocks caused by repeated mismatches between power command and hydrogen supply capacity, extending the service life of the fuel cell's core components.

[0054] Overall, the five steps described in this application are interdependent and progressive: Steps one and two construct a data support layer for "perception and analysis"; Step three constructs a core control layer for "layered allocation + hydrogen supply limitation"; Step four constructs a physical enhancement layer for "actively improving hydrogen supply capacity through thermal compensation"; and Step five constructs a closed-loop correction layer for "re-matching after capacity improvement". These five steps, through a complete logical chain of "data perception → operating condition analysis → power allocation → thermal coupling regulation → closed-loop correction", collaboratively solve the technical problems in existing technologies caused by mismatched dynamic response characteristics of solid-state hydrogen storage and supply, failure to adapt to the multi-field coupling characteristics of the system's thermal-hydrogen-electricity systems, and lack of adaptive control capabilities under operating conditions, resulting in power oscillations, low energy utilization efficiency, and susceptibility to power outages under extreme operating conditions. This achieves a synergistic improvement in power supply stability, energy utilization efficiency, and operating condition adaptability. Attached Figure Description

[0055] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a power control method for a multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell provided in one embodiment of this application;

[0056] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the composition principle of a multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell system provided in one embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0057] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the following detailed description is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of this application.

[0058] In the description of this application: unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more. The terms "first," "second," "third," etc., in this application are intended to distinguish the objects referred to and do not have any special meaning in terms of technical connotation (e.g., they should not be construed as an emphasis on importance or order). Expressions such as "including," "comprising," and "having" also mean "not limited to" (certain units, components, materials, steps, etc.).

[0059] In one embodiment, combined Figure 1 and Figure 2 A power control method for a multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell is provided, applicable to a multi-energy complementary power supply system comprising a photovoltaic module, a wind power generation module, a lithium battery module, a fuel cell module, and a solid-state hydrogen storage module. The method includes the following steps:

[0060] Step S1: Real-time acquisition of multi-dimensional operating status parameters of the system, including at least electrical parameters, hydrogen storage characteristic parameters of the solid hydrogen storage module, and thermal parameters of the fuel cell module.

[0061] Specifically, the electrical parameters include, but are not limited to: the output power of the photovoltaic module, the output power of the wind power module, the real-time load power, the DC bus voltage, the DC bus current, the state of charge (SOC) of the lithium battery module, and the output power of the fuel cell module. These electrical parameters reflect the current power supply and demand status of the system.

[0062] The hydrogen storage characteristic parameters include, but are not limited to: the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module (i.e., the current amount of hydrogen remaining in the tank, usually expressed as a percentage), the real-time hydrogen release rate (i.e., the flow rate of hydrogen that the solid-state hydrogen storage module can supply to the fuel cell module per unit time, in standard liters per minute or similar units), the tank temperature (i.e., the current temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage alloy / hydrogen storage material), and the internal hydrogen pressure (i.e., the gas phase pressure inside the hydrogen storage tank). These hydrogen storage characteristic parameters directly reflect the current hydrogen supply capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module.

[0063] The thermal parameters include, but are not limited to, the fuel cell stack operating temperature (i.e., the real-time temperature inside the fuel cell stack) and waste heat emissions (i.e., the waste heat power generated during fuel cell power generation that can be recovered and reused). In this application, the fuel cell stack operating temperature and waste heat emissions are collectively referred to as "thermal parameters" to distinguish them from traditional electrical parameters, both of which characterize the thermodynamic state of the system.

[0064] Compared to existing technologies that only collect electrical parameters, this step provides a comprehensive information foundation reflecting the thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling state of the system by simultaneously collecting three different types of operating status data: electrical parameters, hydrogen storage characteristic parameters, and thermal parameters.

[0065] In another alternative embodiment, the hydrogen storage characteristic parameters (such as the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module, real-time hydrogen release rate, and tank temperature) and thermal parameters (such as fuel cell stack temperature and waste heat emission) in step S1 are not all obtained directly through physical sensors. As an alternative, the number of on-site sensors can be reduced, and some of the aforementioned parameters can be indirectly calculated using system mechanism models, data fitting models, or machine learning estimation models, combined with a small amount of key measurement data. This alternative is particularly suitable for complex installation scenarios where sensor installation space is limited or where strong vibrations are present.

[0066] Step S2: Based on the multi-dimensional operating status parameters, analyze the current operating condition of the system in real time;

[0067] Specifically, the controller compares the current system operating status with preset operating condition criteria based on the multi-source data collected in step S1, and determines the current operating condition type of the system in real time. The operating conditions include, but are not limited to: renewable energy surplus operating condition (i.e., the output power of photovoltaic modules and / or wind power generation modules is greater than the load power demand), power balance operating condition (i.e., the output power of renewable energy is basically equal to the load power demand), power deficit operating condition (i.e., the output power of renewable energy is insufficient to meet the load power demand), low temperature environment operating condition (i.e., the ambient temperature is below 0°C), and low hydrogen storage capacity operating condition (i.e., the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid hydrogen storage module is less than 20%).

[0068] The purpose of operating condition analysis is to provide a decision-making basis for subsequent power allocation and coordinated regulation, so that the control strategy can be adaptively adjusted according to the actual operating state of the system, rather than using fixed parameters to perform indiscriminate control on different operating conditions as in existing technologies.

[0069] Step S3: Execute a multi-energy hierarchical adaptive power allocation strategy to control the photovoltaic module and wind power generation module to prioritize responding to load power demand; utilize the lithium battery module to smooth out instantaneous power fluctuations; and dynamically correct the output power command of the fuel cell module according to the real-time hydrogen release capability of the solid hydrogen storage module, controlling the fuel cell module to provide steady-state backup power supply.

[0070] In one embodiment, the safe state of charge range is from 20% to 80% of the state of charge.

[0071] This step employs a hierarchical control architecture:

[0072] The first layer—the new energy priority supply layer—controls the DC / DC converters of the photovoltaic modules and the AC / DC rectifiers of the wind power modules to operate in maximum power point tracking mode, so that the electricity output from photovoltaic and wind power generation is prioritized for direct supply to the load. This layer is designed according to the principle of "generating as much as possible and consuming it locally," maximizing the use of renewable energy and reducing losses in the power conversion process.

[0073] The second layer—the lithium battery buffer and regulation layer—utilizes the millisecond-level rapid charge and discharge response characteristics of the lithium battery module to fully absorb load surge power and short-term power fluctuations from photovoltaic / wind power, isolating instantaneous power disturbances at the lithium battery module level. Simultaneously, it limits the state of charge (SOC) of the lithium battery module within a safe range of 20% to 80%, preventing overcharging or over-discharging. This layer design leverages the advantages of the lithium battery's fast dynamic response while preventing impact loads from directly acting on the fuel cell module.

[0074] The third layer—the fuel cell steady-state fallback layer: Based on the real-time hydrogen release rate of the solid-state hydrogen storage module collected in step S1, the controller calculates the current upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity and uses this upper limit as a constraint on the output power command of the fuel cell module. When the initial power command exceeds the upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity, the initial power command is dynamically clamped to ensure that the actual output power command of the fuel cell module does not exceed the maximum power value that the solid-state hydrogen storage module can currently support. This layer design eliminates hydrogen pressure fluctuations and power oscillations caused by the power command leading the hydrogen supply capacity from the control source.

[0075] In one embodiment, the execution of the multi-energy hierarchical adaptive power allocation strategy specifically includes:

[0076] The lithium battery module is controlled to operate within a safe state of charge range, utilizing its fast response characteristics to fully absorb load surge power and short-term fluctuations in power from photovoltaic / wind power, while isolating disturbance signals.

[0077] Specifically, the controller monitors the state of charge (SOC) of the lithium battery module in real time, limiting its charging and discharging range to a safe SOC range. This safe SOC range is 20% to 80%—when the lithium battery SOC is below 20%, the controller prioritizes charging the lithium battery from renewable energy sources to avoid over-discharge; when the lithium battery SOC is above 80%, the controller prioritizes supplying the load or producing hydrogen from renewable energy sources to avoid overcharging. Within this safe range, the lithium battery module utilizes its millisecond-level fast charging and discharging response characteristics to handle two types of power regulation tasks: first, load impact power (i.e., instantaneous high power demand caused by load switching or power surges); second, short-term power fluctuations from photovoltaic and wind power generation (i.e., instantaneous fluctuations in renewable energy output power caused by cloud cover, gusts, etc.). The lithium battery module fully absorbs these two types of disturbance power, isolating them from the fuel cell module, ensuring that impact loads and power fluctuations do not directly affect the fuel cell stack.

[0078] Those skilled in the art will understand that the fast response characteristics (milliseconds) of lithium batteries and the slow response characteristics (seconds to minutes) of fuel cells form a natural complementary relationship. The lithium battery module is dedicated to handling instantaneous power regulation, while the fuel cell module can avoid frequent load changes and maintain operation in a relatively stable state.

[0079] The real-time hydrogen release rate of the solid-state hydrogen storage module is used as a feedforward correction factor to calculate the upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity.

[0080] Specifically, the controller calculates the maximum sustainable power generation corresponding to the current hydrogen supply capacity based on the real-time hydrogen release rate of the solid-state hydrogen storage module (in standard liters per minute, i.e., SLPM), combined with the current operating voltage and power generation efficiency of the fuel cell module, and uses this as the upper limit of the hydrogen supply capacity.

[0081] Using "real-time hydrogen release rate" as a "feedforward correction factor" means that the controller calculates the upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity based on the current hydrogen release rate before issuing power commands to the fuel cell module, rather than passively responding after the actual hydrogen supply is insufficient and the hydrogen pressure drops. This is a "pre-emptive" control logic—the controller incorporates hydrogen supply capacity as a constraint into the calculation during the power command formation stage, fundamentally avoiding situations where the power command exceeds the hydrogen supply capacity. Unlike existing technologies where the power command only follows load demand and relies on passive adjustment after the hydrogen pressure drops when the hydrogen supply capacity is insufficient (feedback control), the feedforward correction in this application completes the constraint calculation before the power command is formed, which is an active prediction rather than a passive response.

[0082] When the initial power command of the fuel cell module exceeds the upper limit of the hydrogen supply capacity, the initial power command is dynamically clamped to match the actual output power of the fuel cell module with the real-time hydrogen release capacity of the solid hydrogen storage module.

[0083] Specifically, the controller calculates an "initial power command" (i.e., the theoretical power output of the fuel cell module to meet load demand, without considering hydrogen supply capacity constraints) based on the load power demand. The controller then compares this initial power command with the aforementioned upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity.

[0084] If the initial power command is less than or equal to the upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity, then the actual output power command of the fuel cell module is equal to the initial power command, and the system supplies power normally according to the load demand.

[0085] If the initial power command is greater than the upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity, the controller performs "dynamic clamping" on the initial power command—that is, limits the actual output power command of the fuel cell module to the upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity, so that the actual output power of the fuel cell module does not exceed the maximum power value that the solid hydrogen storage module can currently support.

[0086] The upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity is not a fixed value, but is dynamically updated in real time according to the hydrogen release rate of the solid-state hydrogen storage module. When the hydrogen release rate increases, the upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity increases accordingly, and the clamping threshold is relaxed accordingly; when the hydrogen release rate decreases, the upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity decreases accordingly, and the clamping threshold is tightened accordingly. Therefore, the clamping operation is continuously and dynamically adjusted with the change of hydrogen release rate, rather than being set once and then fixed.

[0087] Through the aforementioned dynamic clamping operation, the output power command of the fuel cell module is always constrained within the range that the solid-state hydrogen storage module can currently support, eliminating hydrogen pressure fluctuations and power oscillations caused by the power command exceeding the hydrogen supply capacity from the control source. Simultaneously, due to its rapid response characteristics, the lithium battery module can quickly release / absorb power when the fuel cell module's power command is clamped or its output is insufficient for a short period, compensating for the instantaneous power gap and ensuring that the load power supply is not affected.

[0088] While performing the aforementioned dynamic clamping operation, the controller synchronously coordinates with the hydrogen circuit regulating valve: when a command to reduce the output power of the fuel cell module is needed, the controller correspondingly reduces the opening of the hydrogen circuit regulating valve, decreasing the hydrogen supply flow; when the hydrogen supply capacity increases and the clamping threshold is relaxed, the controller correspondingly increases the opening of the hydrogen circuit regulating valve, increasing the hydrogen supply flow. Through the synchronous linkage between the power command and the opening of the hydrogen circuit regulating valve, the hydrogen flow rate and power generation are matched accordingly, avoiding hydrogen pressure fluctuations.

[0089] Step S4: During the execution of the power distribution strategy, based on the thermal parameters and hydrogen storage characteristic parameters, thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling coordinated regulation is performed. The waste heat generated by the fuel cell module is used to perform thermal management on the solid hydrogen storage module in order to adjust the hydrogen release rate of the solid hydrogen storage module.

[0090] The hydrogen release process of a solid-state hydrogen storage module is an endothermic reaction, meaning that the solid-state hydrogen storage alloy needs to absorb heat when releasing hydrogen. If the heat supply is insufficient, the hydrogen release reaction rate will be inhibited, leading to a decrease in the hydrogen release rate. At the same time, the fuel cell module continuously generates a large amount of waste heat during power generation. If this waste heat is not utilized, it will result in a waste of thermal resources.

[0091] Based on the above understanding, this step uses an independently configured heat exchange circulation pipeline to thermally couple the heat output end of the fuel cell module with the heat input end of the solid-state hydrogen storage module. The controller determines in real time whether the waste heat generated by the fuel cell module needs to be transferred to the solid-state hydrogen storage module based on the tank temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage module and the ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature is detected to be below 0°C or the solid-state hydrogen storage module is in a hydrogen release state and the tank temperature is below the required hydrogen release temperature, the controller controls the heat exchange medium in the heat exchange circulation pipeline to carry the waste heat from the fuel cell to the solid-state hydrogen storage module, compensating for the heat loss during hydrogen release and thus increasing the hydrogen release rate of the solid-state hydrogen storage module.

[0092] In addition, when the system is in hydrogen absorption mode (i.e. hydrogen production / storage mode), the hydrogen absorption process is an exothermic reaction. This step controls the heat exchange circulation pipeline to remove the heat generated by the solid hydrogen storage module, ensuring the thermal balance of the hydrogen storage mode.

[0093] This step breaks through the limitations of traditional control that relies solely on electrical parameters for power regulation. It incorporates thermal parameters and hydrogen storage characteristic parameters into the control closed loop, achieving coordinated control of multiple fields coupled by heat, hydrogen, and electricity.

[0094] In another alternative embodiment, the heat transfer between the fuel cell module and the solid hydrogen storage module in step S4 can be achieved by either a liquid-cooled fuel cell with a liquid-cooled circulation pipeline or an air-cooled fuel cell with an air-cooled pipeline. Both heat exchange methods can achieve the heat-hydrogen-electric coupling coordinated control function of this application.

[0095] In one embodiment, the execution of thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling synergistic regulation specifically includes:

[0096] Real-time monitoring of the tank temperature and ambient temperature of the solid hydrogen storage module.

[0097] Specifically, the controller acquires the tank temperature in real time through temperature sensors located on the surface of the solid-state hydrogen storage module tank, and acquires the ambient temperature in real time through ambient temperature sensors located outside the system. The tank temperature reflects the current temperature state of the solid-state hydrogen storage material and is a direct basis for determining whether heat replenishment or heat dissipation is needed; the ambient temperature reflects the external thermal environment conditions of the system and is a preliminary reference for predicting whether the solid-state hydrogen storage module is at risk of low-temperature operation.

[0098] When the ambient temperature is detected to be lower than the preset low temperature threshold or the solid hydrogen storage module is in the hydrogen release state and the tank temperature is lower than the temperature required for hydrogen release, the heat exchange circulation pipeline is controlled to transfer the waste heat generated by the fuel cell module to the solid hydrogen storage module to compensate for the heat loss from hydrogen release.

[0099] As described in the background section, the hydrogen release process of solid hydrogen storage materials is an endothermic reaction (i.e., solid hydrogen storage alloys need to continuously absorb heat to maintain the activation energy required for the reaction when releasing hydrogen). When the heat supply is insufficient, the equilibrium of the hydrogen release reaction shifts to the reverse direction, leading to a decrease in the hydrogen release rate and a reduction in the hydrogen supply pressure. The fact that this thermodynamic factor is not incorporated into the power control system in existing technologies is one of the important reasons why hydrogen supply cannot keep up with power demand under high-power conditions.

[0100] Based on the above understanding, when the controller determines that the current ambient temperature is lower than the preset low temperature threshold (preferably 0℃, i.e., triggered when the ambient temperature is lower than 0℃) or the solid hydrogen storage module is in the hydrogen release state and the tank temperature is lower than the temperature required for hydrogen release (i.e., the current tank temperature cannot support the hydrogen release reaction to continue at the target rate), the controller will transfer the waste heat generated by the fuel cell module to the solid hydrogen storage module through the heat exchange circulation pipeline.

[0101] The heat exchange circulation pipeline carries a heat exchange medium (such as deionized water or a special coolant) and connects the heat output end of the fuel cell module to the heat input end of the solid hydrogen storage module. Specifically, when heat needs to be supplied to the solid hydrogen storage module, the controller starts the heat exchange medium pump, causing the heat exchange medium to flow through the heat dissipation channel of the fuel cell module (such as the coolant flow channel of a liquid-cooled fuel cell) to absorb waste heat. Then, the heat-carrying heat exchange medium flows through the heat exchange channel of the solid hydrogen storage module (such as heat exchange coils arranged inside or outside the hydrogen storage tank), releasing heat to the solid hydrogen storage material to compensate for the heat loss during hydrogen release, thereby maintaining or increasing the hydrogen release rate.

[0102] The "temperature required for hydrogen release" is not a fixed temperature threshold, but a physical quantity that dynamically varies with the type of solid-state hydrogen storage material, the current remaining hydrogen storage capacity, and the target hydrogen release rate. Those skilled in the art can calibrate this temperature based on the hydrogen release PCT curve and kinetic characteristics of the selected hydrogen storage alloy material (such as LaNi5, TiFe, Mg, etc.) and the current operating conditions. For example, for LaNi5-based hydrogen storage alloys, the temperature required for hydrogen release is typically 20°C to 60°C—the hydrogen release rate decreases significantly below 20°C; for Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys, the temperature required for hydrogen release is typically 250°C to 350°C. In this application, the determination that "the tank temperature is lower than the temperature required for hydrogen release" is calculated in real-time by the controller based on the pre-stored hydrogen release characteristic curve of the hydrogen storage material and the current target hydrogen release rate.

[0103] When the system is in hydrogen absorption mode, the heat exchange circulation pipeline is controlled to remove the heat generated by the solid hydrogen storage module.

[0104] In the hydrogen production / storage (i.e., filling the solid hydrogen storage module with hydrogen) operation, the hydrogen absorption process of the solid hydrogen storage material is an exothermic reaction, meaning that the hydrogen storage alloy releases a large amount of heat when absorbing hydrogen. If this heat cannot be dissipated in time, the tank temperature will continue to rise, causing the hydrogen absorption reaction rate to decrease or even stop, affecting the hydrogen storage capacity and efficiency.

[0105] Therefore, when the system is in hydrogen absorption mode, the controller controls the heat exchange circulation pipeline to work in the opposite direction—carrying the heat generated when the solid hydrogen storage module absorbs hydrogen through the heat exchange medium to the external heat dissipation system (such as an air-cooled radiator or a liquid-cooled radiator) for discharge, maintaining the tank temperature within a suitable range, and ensuring stable operation of the hydrogen absorption mode.

[0106] The "thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling coordinated regulation" in step S4, together with the "tank temperature and ambient temperature monitoring" in this step, constitutes a complete thermal management closed loop: real-time monitoring of temperature parameters serves as the basis for regulation, and controlling the heat exchange circulation pipeline to perform directional heat delivery serves as the regulation means. The two work together to achieve the temporal / spatial redistribution of heat within the system. This process is independent of the electrical power regulation channel and is executed in parallel with the power distribution strategy.

[0107] When the ambient temperature is below 0°C, waste heat compensation is activated. This serves two purposes: first, the hydrogen release kinetics of solid-state hydrogen storage materials decreases at low temperatures (i.e., the hydrogen release rate is lower at the same temperature than at room temperature), and waste heat compensation restores it to a suitable operating temperature range; second, during the system startup phase under low-temperature conditions, the hydrogen storage module itself is at a low temperature. Without preheating, the hydrogen supply rate in the initial hydrogen release phase will not meet the hydrogen flow requirements for fuel cell startup, leading to startup delays or failures. Therefore, this embodiment activates waste heat compensation when the ambient temperature is below 0°C, which is an active thermal management approach under low-temperature conditions.

[0108] Preferably, when the fuel cell module has not yet started and cannot provide waste heat (such as during the system cold start phase), the controller can temporarily call other heat sources in the system (such as electric heating devices) to provide initial preheating heat for the solid hydrogen storage module, and then switch to waste heat supply mode after the fuel cell module generates electricity normally. Those skilled in the art will understand that the above-mentioned electric heating preheating method can be used as an auxiliary implementation of the heat-hydrogen-electric coupling control of this application under cold start conditions.

[0109] Step S5: Based on the adjusted hydrogen release rate, dynamically correct the output power command of the fuel cell module and control the fuel cell module to provide steady-state backup power supply.

[0110] After the thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling coordinated regulation in step S4, the hydrogen release rate of the solid-state hydrogen storage module is improved. This step further modifies the output power command of the fuel cell module based on the upper limit of the hydrogen supply capacity corresponding to the adjusted hydrogen release rate. Compared to the initial correction (equivalent to "limiting") made in step S3 based on the "current hydrogen release rate," this step further dynamically adjusts the power command based on the "hydrogen release rate improved by thermal regulation" (equivalent to "rematching under higher hydrogen supply capacity"), so that the output power command of the fuel cell module matches the improved hydrogen supply capacity, achieving a dynamic balance between the fuel cell output power and the solid-state hydrogen storage hydrogen supply capacity.

[0111] In this application, thermal parameters refer to parameters characterizing the thermodynamic state of a system, including at least the operating temperature of the fuel cell stack and the amount of waste heat emitted during fuel cell power generation. Unlike conventional electrical parameters such as voltage, current, and power, thermal parameters reflect the state of heat generation, transfer, and dissipation within the system. Since the hydrogen release rate of solid-state hydrogen storage modules is significantly affected by temperature, and the fuel cell module is both a power generation unit and a heat generation unit, incorporating thermal parameters into the power control system is key to solving the hydrogen supply lag problem.

[0112] The hydrogen storage characteristic parameters of a solid-state hydrogen storage module refer to parameters that characterize the current hydrogen storage state and hydrogen supply capacity of the module, including at least the remaining hydrogen storage capacity, real-time hydrogen release rate, tank temperature, and internal hydrogen pressure. Among these, the real-time hydrogen release rate is a direct indicator of the speed at which the solid-state hydrogen storage module can currently supply hydrogen to the fuel cell module, and it is also the core basis for revising the fuel cell output power command in this application.

[0113] The hierarchical adaptive power allocation strategy refers to dividing multiple energy modules into different levels according to their functional roles. Each level operates independently and collaboratively with clear responsibilities, and the power commands of each level can be dynamically adjusted based on the real-time operating status of the system. "Hierarchical" is reflected in the hierarchical division into a new energy priority supply layer, a lithium battery buffer regulation layer, and a fuel cell steady-state fallback layer. "Adaptive" is reflected in the fact that the power commands of each level (such as the power limit of the fuel cell and the charging and discharging power of the lithium battery) can be dynamically adjusted based on the real-time hydrogen release capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module and state parameters such as the state-of-the-art lithium battery (SOC), rather than using a fixed power ratio.

[0114] Steady-state backup power supply refers to the functional role of fuel cell modules in providing continuous power supply to the basic load in a hierarchical power distribution architecture. Fuel cell modules do not participate in the rapid tracking of instantaneous power fluctuations, but operate in a relatively stable power output mode within their capacity range, providing continuous and stable basic power support for the system, thereby avoiding the impact on the stack's operating conditions caused by frequent load changes.

[0115] Thermo-hydrogen-electric coupling synergistic regulation refers to a control method that integrates thermodynamic parameters (such as fuel cell waste heat emissions and solid hydrogen storage tank temperature), hydrogen storage state parameters (such as hydrogen release rate and remaining capacity), and electrical parameters (such as power command and bus voltage) into a unified control framework, creating a synergistic relationship among the three. Specifically, in this application, it refers to allocating fuel cell waste heat to heat the solid hydrogen storage module based on its temperature and hydrogen release rate requirements, thereby increasing the hydrogen release rate. This achieves synergistic optimization of heat (waste heat supply), hydrogen (increased hydrogen release rate), and electricity (power output capacity matching), which differs from existing technologies that rely solely on single-dimensional adjustment of electrical parameters.

[0116] In one embodiment, the method further includes a full-condition adaptive fault-tolerant control step:

[0117] When the power output of wind and solar power is detected to fluctuate by more than a preset percentage of the rated power within a preset time, the power adjustment step size of the fuel cell module is locked, and the lithium battery module is controlled to smooth out the power fluctuation.

[0118] When the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module is detected to be lower than the preset capacity threshold, the peak load power of the system is adaptively limited, and the steady-state reference power of the fuel cell module is reduced.

[0119] In one embodiment, the method further includes a full-condition adaptive fault-tolerant control step. Specifically, this step executes differentiated fault-tolerant protection logic based on the type of the current operating condition of the system, including fault tolerance for sudden changes in wind and solar power conditions and fault tolerance for low hydrogen storage capacity.

[0120] (a) Sudden changes in scenery allow for mistakes.

[0121] When the controller detects that the output power of the photovoltaic module and / or wind power module fluctuates by more than a preset proportion of the rated power within a preset time, the controller locks the power adjustment step size of the fuel cell module (even if the power command changes, the output power of the fuel cell module will not be adjusted quickly, but will maintain the current power level), and controls the lithium battery module to take on the task of smoothing out the power fluctuations alone.

[0122] Here, "locking the power regulation step size of the fuel cell module" means that the controller suspends the dynamic adjustment of the output power command of the fuel cell module, so that the fuel cell module maintains a constant power operation during periods of sudden changes in wind and solar power output, thereby avoiding frequent load changes in the fuel cell module due to drastic fluctuations in renewable energy output. Because the lithium battery module has millisecond-level rapid response capabilities, allowing the lithium battery module to independently smooth out fluctuations can fully utilize its dynamic response advantages and isolate power disturbances from the fuel cell module, protecting the stack from the impact of frequent load changes.

[0123] In practical applications, the preset time is preferably 1 minute, and the preset ratio is preferably 30% of the rated power (i.e., when the wind and solar power output fluctuates by more than 30% of the rated power within 1 minute, this fault-tolerant logic is triggered). The above values ​​are derived from statistical analysis of sudden changes in new energy output conditions—short-term drastic fluctuations within 1 minute are usually instantaneous changes caused by meteorological conditions (such as rapid cloud movement and gusts), rather than continuous changes. Therefore, using the above threshold can effectively identify fluctuation events while avoiding triggering the fault-tolerant logic too frequently.

[0124] (ii) Low hydrogen storage capacity fault tolerance.

[0125] When the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module is detected to be lower than a preset capacity threshold, the controller performs the following two operations: First, it adaptively limits the peak load power of the system—that is, it recalculates the maximum continuous power supply that the system can support based on the current remaining hydrogen storage capacity and uses this value as the upper limit constraint of the load power, avoiding allowing high-power loads to operate even when hydrogen storage is insufficient; second, it reduces the steady-state reference power of the fuel cell module—that is, it lowers the target output power value of the fuel cell module under the current operating conditions, extending the backup power supply time of the remaining hydrogen. Through these means, under the condition of insufficient hydrogen storage capacity, the system can extend the power supply time as much as possible with limited hydrogen reserves, rather than triggering a sudden shutdown when the hydrogen is completely exhausted.

[0126] The preset capacity threshold is preferably 20% of the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module. This value is derived from engineering experience with solid-state hydrogen storage systems: when the remaining hydrogen storage capacity is less than 20%, the equilibrium hydrogen pressure of the solid-state hydrogen storage module begins to drop significantly because the proportion of releasable hydrogen in the hydrogen storage alloy is already low, and the hydrogen release rate decreases accordingly. The system enters a "low hydrogen storage capacity" state, requiring active adjustment of the control strategy.

[0127] In one embodiment, the preset time is 1 minute, the preset ratio is 30%, and the preset capacity threshold is 20%.

[0128] In one embodiment, the specific values ​​mentioned above are derived from statistical analysis of typical operating conditions of a multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage power supply system:

[0129] If the fluctuation of wind and solar power output exceeds 30% of the rated power within 1 minute, it is an effective criterion for identifying "sudden changes in new energy operating conditions"—a time window shorter than 1 minute is easily affected by measurement noise and may lead to false triggering, while a time window longer than 1 minute may miss instantaneous and violent fluctuations; the 30% amplitude threshold can distinguish between "normal fluctuations" and "violent fluctuations that require intervention".

[0130] When the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module is less than 20%, its equilibrium hydrogen pressure begins to drop significantly, and the hydrogen supply rate decreases accordingly. The system then enters a state where the control strategy needs to be actively adjusted. Therefore, this value is set as the threshold for triggering low hydrogen storage capacity fault tolerance.

[0131] In one embodiment, the full-condition adaptive fault-tolerant control step further includes:

[0132] When a non-fatal fault is detected in the system, the shutdown protection is not executed, but the power command is dynamically reduced to optimize the operating conditions.

[0133] When both wind and solar power modules and solid-state hydrogen storage modules are found to be insufficient, a tiered load shelving strategy is implemented to ensure power supply to the core loads.

[0134] In one embodiment, the full-condition adaptive fault-tolerant control step further includes:

[0135] (iii) Minor fault tolerance.

[0136] When a non-fatal fault is detected in the system, the controller does not execute a complete shutdown protection, but instead dynamically reduces the power command to optimize the operating conditions.

[0137] The term "non-fatal fault" refers to an abnormal state that does not pose a direct and serious threat to equipment safety, but whose continued development may lead to performance degradation or ultimately trigger a shutdown. This includes, but is not limited to: slight fluctuations in the input hydrogen pressure of the fuel cell module (i.e., hydrogen pressure fluctuating slightly at the edge of the preset normal operating range, not yet triggering the undervoltage protection threshold), and slight temperature deviations in the solid hydrogen storage module or fuel cell stack (i.e., temperature deviating from the optimal operating point but not yet reaching the over-temperature protection threshold). These non-fatal faults are distinct from "fatal faults" (such as severe hydrogen leakage, stack short circuits, severe bus overvoltage, and other dangerous faults requiring immediate shutdown protection).

[0138] For non-fatal faults, this step does not directly execute shutdown protection (although shutdown can protect the equipment, it will cause a power outage). Instead, it reduces the system's operational intensity by dynamically reducing the output power command of the fuel cell module. After the power is reduced, the hydrogen consumption rate of the fuel cell module decreases, and the hydrogen pressure fluctuation amplitude decreases accordingly. At the same time, the power reduction also reduces the heat generation rate of the fuel cell stack, which helps to recover from temperature deviations. In this way, the system can maintain continuous power supply under fault conditions, avoiding major shutdowns triggered by minor faults.

[0139] (iv) Extreme energy shortage protection.

[0140] When the system detects insufficient output from both the solar and wind power modules (i.e., the actual output power of both modules is lower than a predetermined percentage of their respective rated power, failing to meet current load demands) and the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module is also lower than the preset capacity threshold (i.e., the solid-state hydrogen storage module also cannot provide enough hydrogen for fuel cell power generation), the system is deemed to have entered a "double deficiency" limit state. In this state, both new energy sources and hydrogen storage are simultaneously limited, and the system's total power supply capacity can no longer meet all load demands.

[0141] At this time, the controller executes a tiered load shelving strategy based on the importance level of each load: the electrical loads in the system are divided into core loads (such as communication equipment, lighting, critical control equipment, etc., which require priority power supply) and secondary loads (such as non-critical power equipment, auxiliary heating equipment, comfort electrical equipment, etc., which can be temporarily shelved when power supply is insufficient). Priority is given to ensuring continuous and uninterrupted power supply to core loads, and secondary loads are shelved in a tiered manner to reduce the total power demand of the system and avoid system crash and shutdown due to overload.

[0142] In this application, the aforementioned (i) wind and solar sudden change fault tolerance and (ii) low hydrogen storage capacity fault tolerance provide protection for a single extreme operating condition (severe fluctuations in new energy sources and insufficient hydrogen storage), while (iv) extreme energy shortage protection is for the most extreme scenario where wind, solar and hydrogen storage are simultaneously insufficient—in this scenario, the above two single fault tolerance methods are insufficient to maintain the power supply to all loads, so it is necessary to further disconnect secondary loads to ensure the power supply continuity of the core loads. The four fault tolerance logics (normal steady state, wind and solar sudden change, low hydrogen storage capacity, minor fault, and extreme energy shortage) together constitute the full-condition fault tolerance system of this application. Accordingly, when the system is in a normal steady state operating condition (i.e., not any of the aforementioned extreme operating conditions), power allocation is performed with the goal of power supply stability and optimal energy efficiency, and the above fault tolerance operations are not required.

[0143] Preferably, fault-tolerant processing under low-temperature environmental conditions: When the ambient temperature is detected to be below 0°C, the controller preheats the solid hydrogen storage module using the waste heat from the fuel cell module to enhance the hydrogen release activity of the solid hydrogen storage material and compensate for the decrease in hydrogen supply performance caused by low temperature. It should be noted that this low-temperature fault-tolerant operation shares the same heat exchange circulation pipeline as the thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling coordinated control mechanism in step S4. The difference between the two is that step S4 is a real-time thermal management that is continuously performed during the execution of the power distribution strategy, while this step is an active preheating operation performed in advance under low-temperature conditions. Those skilled in the art will understand that the above-mentioned preheating operation is also a specific application form under the "thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling" control framework of this application, and can be implemented by the same heat exchange circulation pipeline and control logic without the need to add an independent preheating device.

[0144] In one embodiment, the method is executed by an EMS multi-parameter coupled power controller, which integrates control interfaces for a photovoltaic converter, a wind turbine rectifier, a lithium battery bidirectional converter, a fuel cell DC / DC converter, and a hydrogen circuit regulating valve. The controller sequentially completes status acquisition, operating condition judgment, power calculation, and command issuance through a single controller.

[0145] The above method is executed by a multi-parameter coupled power controller of the EMS (Energy Management System). This controller integrates control interfaces for the photovoltaic converter, wind turbine rectifier, lithium battery bidirectional BMS converter, fuel cell DC / DC converter, and hydrogen circuit regulating valve. The entire process of status acquisition, operating condition judgment, power calculation, and command issuance is completed sequentially through a single controller, eliminating the need for communication interfaces between multiple independent controllers and reducing communication delays and signal interference between devices.

[0146] The controller that performs the above method is not limited to a dedicated EMS multi-parameter coupled power controller. It can also be equivalently replaced by general-purpose control hardware such as industrial PLC (programmable logic controller), embedded controller, DSP (digital signal processor) or distributed edge controller. As long as it is equipped with the complete control algorithm of this application, it can achieve the same function.

[0147] In this embodiment, the step numbers (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5) are only used to distinguish different execution stages and are not a strict limitation on the execution order. For example, the thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling coordinated regulation in step S4 is continuously performed during the power allocation strategy execution in step S3, rather than having to wait for step S3 to be fully completed before starting. Within the actual control cycle, the real-time acquisition in step S1, the operating condition analysis in step S2, the power allocation in step S3, and the thermal coupling regulation in step S4 constitute a continuous closed-loop iterative process, with each step cooperating and working together.

[0148] In one embodiment, a multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell power supply system is also provided, comprising:

[0149] Photovoltaic modules and their photovoltaic converters, wind power generation modules and their wind turbine rectifiers, lithium battery modules and their bidirectional BMS converters, fuel cell modules and their DC / DC converters, solid-state hydrogen storage modules and their hydrogen circuit regulating valves, common DC bus, heat exchange circulation pipelines, and EMS multi-parameter coupled power controllers.

[0150] The photovoltaic converter, the wind turbine rectifier, the bidirectional BMS converter, and the DC / DC converter are all electrically connected to the common DC bus.

[0151] Specifically, the photovoltaic (PV) modules use a PV converter (DC / DC converter) to perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and voltage conversion on the DC power generated by the PV panels before feeding it into the common DC bus. The wind power generation modules use a wind turbine rectifier (AC / DC converter) to rectify the AC power generated by the wind turbine into DC power before feeding it into the common DC bus. PV and wind power generation constitute the system's new energy input sources, injecting electrical energy into the common DC bus.

[0152] The lithium battery module is connected to a bidirectional BMS converter ( Figure 2 (Not shown, only represented by bidirectional arrows) is connected in parallel to the common DC bus. The bidirectional BMS converter has bidirectional power conversion capabilities, capable of both stepping down the power from the common DC bus to charge the lithium battery module (absorbing excess power) and stepping up the power stored in the lithium battery module to feed it back to the common DC bus (supplementing power shortages). Through this bidirectional converter, the lithium battery module achieves bidirectional controllable charging and discharging, playing a role in smoothing instantaneous power fluctuations and buffering impact loads.

[0153] The fuel cell module is connected to a common DC bus via a DC / DC converter. A solid-state hydrogen storage module is connected to the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell module via a hydrogen regulating valve to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell module. The fuel cell module uses hydrogen as fuel to perform an electrochemical reaction to generate electricity, which is then boosted / regulated by the DC / DC converter and fed back to the common DC bus.

[0154] The common DC bus serves as the central hub for power collection and distribution in the system. It collects the power from photovoltaic modules, wind power modules, lithium battery modules, and fuel cell modules and supplies it to the AC and DC loads at the back end.

[0155] The solid-state hydrogen storage module is connected to the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell module via a hydrogen circuit regulating valve to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell module.

[0156] Specifically, the solid-state hydrogen storage module is filled with hydrogen storage alloy materials (such as LaNi5, TiFe, or Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys), and hydrogen is stored in the tank in the form of metal hydrides. When hydrogen supply is needed, the controller opens the hydrogen circuit regulating valve, the hydrogen storage alloy releases hydrogen, and the hydrogen is depressurized by the hydrogen circuit regulating valve and enters the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell module along the hydrogen supply pipeline, providing the hydrogen required for the reaction of the fuel cell stack.

[0157] The heat exchange circulation pipeline is connected between the heat output end of the fuel cell module and the heat input end of the solid hydrogen storage module to selectively conduct the waste heat generated by the fuel cell module to the solid hydrogen storage module.

[0158] Specifically, a heat exchange medium (such as deionized water, ethylene glycol aqueous solution, or a special coolant) flows through the heat exchange circulation pipeline. This pipeline system establishes a bidirectional thermal coupling path between the fuel cell module and the solid hydrogen storage module: the heat output end of the fuel cell module (such as the stack coolant outlet) is connected to the heat input end of the solid hydrogen storage module (such as the inlet of the heat exchange coil arranged inside the hydrogen storage tank) through the pipeline. When the heat exchange medium flows through the fuel cell module, it absorbs the waste heat generated by power generation. The heat-carrying heat exchange medium then flows through the heat exchange coil of the solid hydrogen storage module, releasing the heat to the solid hydrogen storage material.

[0159] The term "selective conduction" refers to the fact that the heat exchange circulation pipeline does not continuously transfer waste heat from the fuel cell to the solid-state hydrogen storage module. Instead, the EMS multi-parameter coupled power controller determines whether to initiate heat transfer and how much heat to transfer based on system operating conditions (such as whether the system is in a hydrogen release state, whether the tank temperature is lower than the required temperature for hydrogen release, and whether the ambient temperature is too low). When there is no need to supply heat to the solid-state hydrogen storage module (such as when the system is in a hydrogen absorption state and needs to dissipate heat), the controller can control the pipeline to switch to heat dissipation mode, directing the heat to an external heat dissipation system.

[0160] The EMS multi-parameter coupled power controller is connected to the photovoltaic converter, the wind turbine rectifier, the bidirectional BMS converter, the DC / DC converter, the hydrogen circuit regulating valve, and the heat exchange circulation pipeline for control or signal connection, respectively, so as to output power commands, control commands, and heat exchange pipeline regulation commands to each actuator, thereby executing the power control method described in any of the foregoing method embodiments.

[0161] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

Claims

1. A power control method for a multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell, characterized in that, The method, applicable to a multi-energy complementary power supply system comprising photovoltaic modules, wind power generation modules, lithium battery modules, fuel cell modules, and solid-state hydrogen storage modules, includes the following steps: The system collects multi-dimensional operating status parameters in real time, including at least electrical parameters, hydrogen storage characteristic parameters of the solid hydrogen storage module, and thermal parameters of the fuel cell module. Based on the aforementioned multi-dimensional operating status parameters, the current operating condition of the system is assessed in real time. A multi-energy hierarchical adaptive power allocation strategy is implemented to control the photovoltaic module and wind power generation module to prioritize responding to load power demand; the lithium battery module is used to smooth out instantaneous power fluctuations; and the output power command of the fuel cell module is dynamically corrected according to the real-time hydrogen release capability of the solid hydrogen storage module to control the fuel cell module to provide steady-state backup power supply. During the execution of the power distribution strategy, based on the thermal parameters and hydrogen storage characteristic parameters, thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling coordinated regulation is performed. The waste heat generated by the fuel cell module is used to perform thermal management on the solid hydrogen storage module in order to adjust the hydrogen release rate of the solid hydrogen storage module. Based on the adjusted hydrogen release rate, the output power command of the fuel cell module is dynamically corrected to control the fuel cell module to provide steady-state backup power supply.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The hydrogen storage characteristic parameters include the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module, the real-time hydrogen release rate, and the tank temperature; the electrical parameters include the bus voltage, the bus current, and the lithium battery state of charge; and the thermal parameters include the fuel cell stack temperature and waste heat emissions.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The implementation of the multi-energy hierarchical adaptive power allocation strategy specifically includes: The lithium battery module is controlled to operate within a safe state of charge range, utilizing its fast response characteristics to fully absorb load surge power and short-term fluctuations in photovoltaic and wind power, while isolating disturbance signals; The real-time hydrogen release rate of the solid-state hydrogen storage module is used as a feedforward correction factor to calculate the upper limit of hydrogen supply capacity. When the initial power command of the fuel cell module exceeds the upper limit of the hydrogen supply capacity, the initial power command is dynamically clamped to match the actual output power of the fuel cell module with the real-time hydrogen release capacity of the solid hydrogen storage module.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The safe state of charge range is from 20% to 80% of the state of charge.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The aforementioned execution of thermal-hydrogen-electric coupling coordinated regulation specifically includes: Real-time monitoring of the tank temperature and ambient temperature of the solid hydrogen storage module; When the ambient temperature is detected to be lower than the preset low temperature threshold or the solid hydrogen storage module is in the hydrogen release state and the tank temperature is lower than the temperature required for hydrogen release, the heat exchange circulation pipeline is controlled to transfer the waste heat generated by the fuel cell module to the solid hydrogen storage module to compensate for the heat loss from hydrogen release. When the system is in hydrogen absorption mode, the heat exchange circulation pipeline is controlled to remove the heat generated by the solid hydrogen storage module.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method also includes a full-condition adaptive fault-tolerant control step: When the power output of wind and solar power is detected to fluctuate by more than a preset percentage of the rated power within a preset time, the power adjustment step size of the fuel cell module is locked, and the lithium battery module is controlled to smooth out the power fluctuation. When the remaining hydrogen storage capacity of the solid-state hydrogen storage module is detected to be lower than the preset capacity threshold, the peak load power of the system is adaptively limited, and the steady-state reference power of the fuel cell module is reduced.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The preset time is 1 minute, the preset ratio is 30%, and the preset capacity threshold is 20%.

8. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The full-condition adaptive fault-tolerant control steps also include: When a non-fatal fault is detected in the system, the shutdown protection is not executed, but the power command is dynamically reduced to optimize the operating conditions. When both wind and solar power modules and solid-state hydrogen storage modules are found to be insufficient, a tiered load shelving strategy is implemented to ensure power supply to the core loads.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method is executed by an EMS multi-parameter coupled power controller, which integrates control interfaces for a photovoltaic converter, a wind turbine rectifier, a lithium battery bidirectional converter, a fuel cell DC / DC converter, and a hydrogen circuit regulating valve. The controller sequentially completes status acquisition, operating condition judgment, power calculation, and command issuance through a single controller.

10. A multi-energy complementary solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell power supply system, characterized in that, include: Photovoltaic modules and their photovoltaic converters, wind power generation modules and their wind turbine rectifiers, lithium battery modules and their bidirectional converters, fuel cell modules and their DC / DC converters, solid hydrogen storage modules and their hydrogen circuit regulating valves, common DC bus, heat exchange circulation pipelines, and EMS multi-parameter coupled power controllers. The photovoltaic converter, the wind turbine rectifier, the bidirectional converter, and the DC / DC converter are each electrically connected to the common DC bus. The solid-state hydrogen storage module is connected to the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell module through the hydrogen circuit regulating valve to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell module. The heat exchange circulation pipeline is connected between the heat output end of the fuel cell module and the heat input end of the solid hydrogen storage module to selectively conduct the waste heat generated by the fuel cell module to the solid hydrogen storage module. The EMS multi-parameter coupled power controller outputs power commands and control commands to the photovoltaic converter, the wind turbine rectifier, the bidirectional converter, the DC / DC converter, and the hydrogen circuit regulating valve, and outputs heat exchange pipeline regulation commands to the heat exchange circulation pipeline to execute the method as described in any one of claims 1 to 9.

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