An adaptive cleaning method and apparatus for a photovoltaic module surface

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of self-adaptive cleaning method and device of photovoltaic module surface.The method obtains the component state parameter and macro weather parameter of photovoltaic module, and identifies standby working condition, first cleaning working condition or second cleaning working condition;In response to the first cleaning working condition, control non-contact airflow output unit to output airflow and release ions, to reduce the residual static potential of photovoltaic module surface;In response to the second cleaning working condition, based on the liquid drop breaking critical Weber number of pre-labeling, adjust gas supply pressure, airflow temperature and translation speed, so that the working Weber number acting on residual liquid drop is not greater than the liquid drop breaking critical Weber number, and makes residual liquid drop in the condition of maintaining macroscopic liquid drop morphology overall slip and at least partially evaporate.The device includes environmental perception module, non-contact cleaning execution module, airflow parameter acquisition module, movement driving module and control module.The application can execute corresponding non-contact cleaning processing for dry state dust accumulation and liquid phase residual state.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of photovoltaic module operation and maintenance and surface cleaning technology, and in particular to an adaptive cleaning method and apparatus for the surface of photovoltaic modules. Background Technology

[0002] During outdoor operation, photovoltaic modules (including crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules, thin-film photovoltaic modules, perovskite photovoltaic modules, or tandem photovoltaic modules) are prone to accumulating particulate matter on their surfaces, and may retain droplets or continuous liquid films after rainfall, condensation, or high humidity environments. Particulate matter coverage reduces the optical transmittance of the module, and when surface liquid water is broken up by external airflow, the resulting small droplets may enter the module encapsulation gaps or surface defect areas, increasing the risk of moisture intrusion and performance degradation in the perovskite functional layer.

[0003] Existing waterless airflow cleaning equipment often employs fixed air supply pressure, fixed airflow temperature, and fixed moving speed, making it difficult to adjust the cleaning method according to the dry dust accumulation state and liquid residual state of the photovoltaic module surface. On the one hand, under high humidity, after rain, or condensation conditions, the gas-liquid interface shearing and aerodynamic disturbance generated by traditional high-pressure cold airflow are strong, easily causing residual droplets or local liquid films on the module surface to deform and break, forming micron-sized sub-droplets or aerosols. Compared to droplets that maintain an intact macroscopic shape, these micron-sized sub-droplets have stronger suspension and interface migration capabilities, easily remaining at edge encapsulation gaps, laser-scribed areas, local structural defects, or interlayer interfaces, and migrating into the module interior under the drive of capillary action and concentration gradients, thereby increasing the risk of moisture intrusion into the perovskite absorber layer and its interfacial functional layers. Moisture intrusion may induce perovskite lattice degradation, intensified ion migration, increased defect state density, and interfacial energy level mismatch, leading to enhanced nonradiative recombination of charge carriers and degradation of photoelectric performance. On the other hand, under dry dust removal conditions, the friction between high-speed airflow, particulate matter, and the component surface easily generates residual electrostatic potentials. These potentials not only adsorb suspended dust from the air, causing secondary pollution, but may also have a directional effect on polar water molecules, promoting their adsorption and aggregation at local defects, edge areas, or around contaminant particles on the component surface, thereby increasing the risk of subsequent condensation and moisture penetration. Therefore, relying solely on high-pressure airflow for surface purging is insufficient to simultaneously achieve particulate matter removal, residual electrostatic suppression, and droplet morphology integrity control.

[0004] Furthermore, some existing high-power cleaning equipment directly obtains the operating power required for high-pressure air pumps, heating units, and mobile drive mechanisms from the output of photovoltaic modules. During the startup or load switching process of the cleaning equipment, instantaneous power demand may cause fluctuations in the DC output voltage and current of the photovoltaic modules, interfering with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) process of the grid-connected inverter. In severe cases, this may even cause operating point offset, MPPT re-search, or unstable power supply to the cleaning equipment. Therefore, current technology still struggles to simultaneously ensure the power supply to the cleaning load and the stable operation of the photovoltaic power generation circuit.

[0005] In summary, the existing technology lacks an adaptive cleaning method and device that can integrate the surface condition of the component and macroscopic meteorological parameters for multi-condition identification, implement airflow dust removal and electrostatic suppression under dry dust accumulation conditions, control droplet morphology based on the critical Weber number of droplet breakup under liquid phase residue conditions, and simultaneously achieve electrical decoupling between the clean load and the photovoltaic module power generation circuit. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide an adaptive cleaning method and apparatus for the surface of photovoltaic modules. The method identifies standby, first cleaning, and second cleaning conditions by using module state parameters and macro-meteorological parameters. Under the first cleaning condition, the method reduces the residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the photovoltaic module. Under the second cleaning condition, the method controls the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplets based on a pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakage, and coordinates the airflow temperature and translation speed to reduce the probability of residual droplet breakage and promote the overall sliding and at least partial evaporation of the residual droplets.

[0007] The technical solution of this invention: an adaptive cleaning method for the surface of a photovoltaic module, comprising the following steps: S1. Obtain the module status parameters and macro-meteorological parameters of the photovoltaic module; S2. Based on the component status parameters and the macro-meteorological parameters, identify the current operating condition of the photovoltaic module surface, wherein the current operating condition includes standby condition, first cleaning condition or second cleaning condition; S3. In response to the current operating condition being the first cleaning condition, control the non-contact airflow output unit to output airflow to the surface of the photovoltaic module, and control the charge release unit to release ions into the airflow to reduce the residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the photovoltaic module. S4. In response to the current operating condition being the second clean operating condition, control the non-contact airflow output unit to output heated airflow, and based on the pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakage, adjust the supply pressure and airflow temperature of the heated airflow and the translation speed of the non-contact airflow output unit so that the working Weber number acting on the residual droplet is not greater than the critical Weber number for droplet breakage, and make the residual droplets on the surface of the photovoltaic module slide as a whole while maintaining the macroscopic droplet shape, and at least partially evaporate during the sliding process.

[0008] The aforementioned adaptive cleaning method for the surface of photovoltaic modules, wherein adjusting the supply pressure and temperature of the heated airflow and the translational speed of the non-contact airflow output unit includes: Adjust the supply pressure to adjust the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet, so that the relative velocity between the airflow and the residual droplet does not exceed the preset velocity limit determined according to the critical Weber number of droplet breakup; The airflow temperature is adjusted to provide the heat required for the evaporation of residual droplets and to ensure that the surface temperature of the photovoltaic module does not exceed the preset allowable temperature limit. The translation speed is adjusted to control the duration of the heated airflow on a unit surface area of ​​the photovoltaic module, so that the residual droplets can achieve the required duration for overall sliding and evaporation.

[0009] In the aforementioned adaptive cleaning method for photovoltaic module surfaces, the working Weber number is determined according to the following formula: ; in, The working Weber number at the point of application of the residual droplet. The density of the gas at the location of the residual droplet. The relative velocity between the airflow and the residual droplets. The equivalent diameter of the residual droplet. The surface tension coefficient of the interface between the residual droplet and the surrounding gas; During operation control, the relative speed The airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet before it undergoes significant slippage is used to determine the equivalent diameter. The maximum equivalent diameter within a preset droplet size range, the gas density The surface tension coefficient is the maximum gas density within a preset airflow temperature range. The minimum surface tension coefficient within the preset droplet temperature range is selected; The preset speed limit is determined according to the following formula: ; in, The preset speed limit, The pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup; The gas supply gauge pressure is adjusted according to the pre-calibrated correspondence between the gas supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplets, so that the relative velocity... Not greater than the preset speed limit Thus, the working Weber number Not greater than the pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup .

[0010] The aforementioned adaptive cleaning method for photovoltaic module surfaces, wherein the critical Weber number for droplet breakup... The value is 12, and the equivalent diameter of the residual droplets is 2-5 mm. During operation control, the equivalent diameter... The pressure of the gas supply gauge is adjusted according to the pre-calibrated correspondence between the gas supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet. The airflow temperature is 50-60℃, the translation speed of the non-contact airflow output unit is 2.8-3.2 m / min, and the distance between the airflow output unit and the photovoltaic module surface is 5-10 mm. Under the conditions of the gas supply gauge pressure, airflow temperature, and distance, the relative velocity between the airflow and the residual droplet at the location of the residual droplet is 9.5-11.8 m / s, and the working Weber number is not greater than 11.5.

[0011] The aforementioned adaptive cleaning method for the surface of photovoltaic modules, wherein the controlled charge release unit releases ions into the airflow to reduce residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the photovoltaic modules, includes: The charge release unit is controlled to ensure that the total concentration of positive and negative ions at the outlet of the airflow output component is greater than or equal to 10. 10 ions / cm 3 And ensure that the residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the photovoltaic module after a single translational sweep under the first cleaning condition is less than or equal to 0.1kV.

[0012] The aforementioned adaptive cleaning method for the surface of photovoltaic modules includes near-surface particulate matter mass concentration and surface wettability as module state parameters, and macro-meteorological parameters including relative humidity and precipitation status as macro-meteorological parameters. The surface wettability is a normalized output value obtained by the surface liquid phase state sensor after calibration under dry surface state and continuous liquid film coverage state, and the value range is 0% to 100%. Based on the component status parameters and macroscopic meteorological parameters, the current operating conditions of the photovoltaic module surface are identified, including: When the mass concentration of near-surface particulate matter is greater than or equal to 500 μg / m³ for 30 consecutive minutes 3 When the relative humidity of the air is less than or equal to 60%, the surface wettability is less than or equal to 15%, and no continuous liquid film state is detected, the current operating condition is determined to be the first cleaning condition. When precipitation ends and the surface wetness is above 90% for 5 consecutive minutes, or when a continuous liquid film exists on the surface of the photovoltaic module, the current operating condition is determined to be the second cleaning condition.

[0013] When the conditions for determining the first cleaning condition and the second cleaning condition are not met, the current operating condition is determined to be a standby condition.

[0014] The aforementioned adaptive cleaning method for the surface of photovoltaic modules, wherein the photovoltaic module is a perovskite photovoltaic module or a perovskite / crystalline silicon tandem photovoltaic module, and the surface of the photovoltaic module is cured with a high-transmittance hydrophobic coating with a water contact angle of 110° to 112°; The residual droplets with an equivalent diameter of 2 to 5 mm are formed by the shrinkage of the residual water film caused by the high-transmittance hydrophobic coating. The heated airflow is used to cause the residual droplets to slide as a whole along the downward tilt direction of the photovoltaic module surface while maintaining the macroscopic droplet shape, and at least partially evaporate during the sliding process.

[0015] The aforementioned adaptive cleaning method for the surface of photovoltaic modules, under the second cleaning condition, during the translation of the non-contact airflow output unit, acquires in real time the local surface wettability of the area to be treated located in front of the translation direction of the non-contact airflow output unit. When the local surface wetness of the area to be treated is less than or equal to 15% for 5 consecutive seconds and no continuous liquid film state is detected, it is determined that the current local dryness meets the standard, and the subsequent translation stroke of the non-contact airflow output unit is shortened or terminated according to the length of the area to be treated that meets the above conditions.

[0016] An adaptive cleaning device for the surface of a photovoltaic module includes: an environmental sensing module configured to collect module status parameters and macro-meteorological parameters of the photovoltaic module in real time; A non-contact cleaning execution module includes an airflow output component, a charge release unit disposed in the airflow channel of the airflow output component, and a heating unit; The airflow parameter acquisition module includes an air supply pressure sensor and an airflow temperature sensor, configured to acquire the air supply gauge pressure and airflow temperature of the airflow output component, and determine the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet based on a pre-calibrated correspondence between the air supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet. The mobile drive module is configured to drive the non-contact cleaning execution module to translate along the surface of the photovoltaic module, and to maintain a non-contact overhang between the airflow output component and the surface of the photovoltaic module. The control module stores the pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup, the preset maximum equivalent droplet diameter, gas density parameters, the surface tension coefficient of the interface between the residual droplet and the surrounding gas, and the correspondence between the gas supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet. The control module is configured to identify standby, first cleaning, or second cleaning conditions based on the component status parameters and macroscopic meteorological parameters. In response to the first cleaning condition, it controls the airflow output component to output airflow and controls the charge release unit to release ions. In response to the second cleaning condition, it determines the working Weber number based on the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet, the preset maximum equivalent droplet diameter, gas density parameters, and the surface tension coefficient of the residual droplet-surround gas interface. It adjusts the gas supply pressure of the airflow output component to ensure the working Weber number does not exceed a pre-calibrated critical droplet breakage Weber number, and controls the airflow temperature of the heating unit and the translational speed of the moving drive module to maintain the macroscopic droplet shape and allow the residual droplet to slide as a whole. Further, the device also includes an energy management module. The energy management module includes a buck-boost DC-DC charging module, an energy storage unit, an auxiliary DC-DC converter module, and an electrical switching unit.

[0017] The input voltage of the buck-boost DC-DC charging module is 18 to 40 V, and it is configured to charge the energy storage unit from the output terminal of the photovoltaic module with a limited charging power of 30 to 50 W in standby mode.

[0018] The energy storage unit is a lithium iron phosphate battery pack with a rated voltage of 25.6 V and a rated capacity of 100 Ah.

[0019] The auxiliary DC-DC converter module outputs 12V or 5V to power the environmental sensing module, airflow parameter acquisition module, and control module. The electrical switching unit is configured to disconnect the direct power supply path between the cleaning load and the photovoltaic module output terminal during the execution of the first or second cleaning condition, and to supply power to the non-contact cleaning execution module and the mobile drive module through the energy storage unit.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. This invention integrates the module state parameters of photovoltaic modules and macroscopic meteorological parameters to construct an adaptive identification mechanism for standby, first cleaning, and second cleaning conditions. This enables the cleaning device to switch its operating strategy according to the dry dust accumulation state, liquid phase residue state, and no-cleaning state. For liquid phase residue conditions caused by high humidity, rain, or condensation, this invention uses a pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup as the control basis. It determines the upper limit of the allowable relative airflow velocity based on the maximum equivalent diameter of the residual droplets, gas density, and the tension coefficient of the interface between the residual droplets and the surrounding gas. By adjusting the gas supply gauge pressure, the working Weber number acting on the residual droplets is ensured not to exceed the critical Weber number for droplet breakup. Simultaneously, the heat required for evaporation is provided to the residual droplets by adjusting the airflow temperature, and the airflow action time per unit surface area is controlled by adjusting the translation speed of the non-contact airflow output unit. The aforementioned multi-parameter coordinated control enables residual droplets to slide as a whole along the tilt direction of the module while maintaining the macroscopic droplet morphology, and at least partially evaporates during the sliding process. This reduces the probability of droplet breakage and formation of micron-sized sub-droplets or aerosols caused by high-pressure gas shear from a physical mechanism perspective. This reduces the risk of moisture retention and migration at the module edge encapsulation gaps, scribing areas, local structural defects, or interlayer interfaces, and suppresses lattice degradation, intensified ion migration, increased defect states, and interface deterioration caused by moisture intrusion in the perovskite absorber layer and its interfacial functional layers.

[0021] 2. In the first cleaning condition, this invention places the charge release unit in the airflow channel of the airflow output component, allowing positive and negative ions to be transported to the photovoltaic module surface along with the non-contact cleaning airflow. By ensuring that the total concentration of positive and negative ions at the outlet of the airflow output component reaches a preset concentration, and by reducing the residual electrostatic potential on the photovoltaic module surface after a single translational sweep to below 0.1 kV, the residual electrostatic field generated by wind and sand friction, particle collision, and airflow scouring can be reduced. The reduction in residual electrostatic potential not only weakens the electrostatic adsorption of charged suspended particles on the module surface, reducing the probability of secondary dust accumulation after cleaning, but also weakens the directional effect of the electrostatic field on polar water molecules, reducing the probability of water molecules adsorbing and accumulating around particles, in edge encapsulation areas, and at local defect locations, thereby delaying subsequent condensation and moisture intrusion processes and extending the effective cleaning interval of the module.

[0022] 3. This invention achieves a power supply architecture that separates the clean load from the photovoltaic module's power generation circuit through an energy management module. In standby mode, the buck-boost DC-DC charging module charges the energy storage unit from the photovoltaic module output at a limited power of 30-50 W, keeping the power extracted during energy storage within a preset range. During the first or second cleaning mode, the electrical switching unit disconnects the direct power supply path between the clean load and the photovoltaic module output, and the energy storage unit provides the necessary power for cleaning operations to the airflow output component, heating unit, and mobile drive module. This "limited power charging—energy storage buffer—independent power supply" energy management method reduces the transmission of instantaneous power fluctuations caused by the start-up / shutdown of the high-pressure air pump, heating unit, and mobile drive module or load changes to the photovoltaic power generation circuit, reduces the disturbance of the clean load to the grid-connected inverter's maximum power point tracking process, and improves the power supply continuity for the device to complete cleaning tasks under low irradiance or no immediate module output conditions.

[0023] 4. This invention combines a high-transmittance hydrophobic coating with a stroke adjustment mechanism based on local surface wettability feedback, forming a synergistic effect of droplet morphology control and on-demand drying. The high-transmittance hydrophobic coating with a water contact angle of 110°–112° can cause the residual water film on the component surface to shrink, forming macroscopic droplets with an equivalent diameter of 2–5 mm. This reduces the probability of continuous water film spreading over a large area and lingering for extended periods at local defects, and provides a relatively stable droplet size range for airflow control based on the critical Weber number for droplet breakup. In the second cleaning condition, the surface liquid phase state sensor acquires the local surface wettability of the area to be treated in real time in the direction of translation of the non-contact airflow output unit. When the local surface wettability is detected to be less than or equal to 15% for 5 consecutive seconds, and no continuous liquid film state is detected, the control module shortens or terminates the subsequent translation stroke based on the length of the area to be treated that meets the above conditions. This control method avoids repeated heating and airflow purging of areas that have already reached the drying conditions, reducing ineffective operating energy consumption and unnecessary thermal effects on the component surface, while improving cleaning efficiency and path control accuracy under limited energy storage conditions. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall planar layout of the adaptive cleaning device for the photovoltaic module surface according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a side cross-sectional view of the ion heating air gun according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3These are performance stability test data graphs of perovskite modules according to embodiments of the present invention, wherein (a) is a comparison of XRD patterns of the exposed perovskite layer after disassembly; (b) is a comparison of steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectra; (c) is a comparison of time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) decay curves; and (d) is a normalized photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) tracking curve under a continuous 72-hour high-critical aging test.

[0025] Among them, 1-perovskite photovoltaic module, 2-metal guide rail, 3-air knife drive unit, 4-ion heating air gun, 5-PTC heater, 6-ion generator array, 7-extendable air tube, 8-surface liquid phase state sensor, 9-near surface particulate matter sensor, 10-high pressure air pump, 11-integrated power supply and information processing module, 12-low pressure temperature control heat curtain, 13-hydrophobic coating. Detailed Implementation

[0026] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, but this should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0027] Example 1: This example provides an adaptive cleaning method for the surface of a photovoltaic module. Based on the module's state parameters and macroscopic meteorological parameters, the method identifies the current operating condition as standby, a first cleaning condition, or a second cleaning condition. For the first cleaning condition, ion gas flow dust removal is performed; for the second cleaning condition, heated gas flow drying based on the critical Weber number of droplet breakup is performed. Specifically, this adaptive cleaning method includes the following steps: Step S1: Obtain the module status parameters and macro-meteorological parameters of the perovskite photovoltaic module.

[0028] In this embodiment, the component status parameters include near-surface particulate matter concentration and surface wettability. The near-surface particulate matter concentration is acquired by a near-surface particulate matter sensor 9 positioned in front of the non-contact cleaning execution module in the translational direction, and is measured in μg / m³. This parameter represents the particulate matter concentration in the air near the component surface and is used to assess the risk of particulate matter deposition; it is not directly equivalent to the mass of particulate matter already deposited on the component surface.

[0029] Surface wettability is acquired by surface liquid phase state sensor 8. The surface liquid phase state sensor 8 is pre-calibrated in a dry surface state and a continuous liquid film coverage state, and the sensor output is normalized to 0% to 100%, where 0% corresponds to the pre-calibrated dry surface state and 100% corresponds to the pre-calibrated continuous liquid film coverage state.

[0030] Macro-meteorological parameters, including relative humidity and precipitation status, can be obtained through local meteorological sensors or external meteorological data interfaces. The control module uses near-surface particulate matter concentration, surface wetness, relative humidity, and precipitation status together to determine the current operating conditions.

[0031] Step S2: Based on the component status parameters and macro-meteorological parameters, identify the current operating conditions on the surface of the photovoltaic module.

[0032] When the near-surface particulate matter concentration is greater than or equal to 500 μg / m³ for 30 consecutive minutes, the relative humidity of the air is less than or equal to 60%, the surface wettability is less than or equal to 15%, and no continuous liquid film is detected, the control module determines the current operating condition as the first cleaning condition.

[0033] When the precipitation ends and the surface wetness is above 90% for 5 consecutive minutes, or when the surface liquid phase state sensor 8 detects a continuous liquid film on the surface of the photovoltaic module, the control module determines the current operating condition as the second cleaning condition.

[0034] When neither the criteria for the first nor the second cleaning condition is met, the control module determines the current operating condition as standby. In standby mode, the non-contact cleaning execution module and the motion drive module do not perform cleaning translation operations, and the energy management module can charge the energy storage unit according to a preset limited power.

[0035] Step S3: In response to the current operating condition being the first cleaning condition, the non-contact airflow output unit is controlled to output airflow to the surface, and the charge release unit is controlled to release positive and negative ions into the airflow. The charge release unit is disposed in the airflow channel of the airflow output component, so that the generated positive and negative ions are transported to the surface of the photovoltaic module with the cleaning airflow. The output state of the charge release unit is adjusted so that the total concentration of positive and negative ions at the outlet section of the airflow output component is greater than or equal to 10¹⁰ ions / cm³.

[0036] After a single translational sweep under the first cleaning condition, an electrostatic potential measuring device is used to detect the residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the photovoltaic module, and the residual electrostatic potential is controlled below 0.1 kV. By reducing the residual electrostatic potential, the probability of particulate matter re-adhering to the module surface due to electrostatic effects after cleaning is reduced.

[0037] Step S4: In response to the current operating condition being the second clean operating condition, the non-contact airflow output unit is controlled to output heated airflow, and based on the pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakage, the supply pressure, airflow temperature, and translation speed of the heated airflow are adjusted so that the working Weber number acting on the residual droplet is not greater than the critical Weber number for droplet breakage, and the residual droplets on the surface of the photovoltaic module slide as a whole while maintaining the macroscopic droplet shape, and at least partially evaporate during the sliding process.

[0038] In this step, the second cleaning condition corresponds to the state where residual droplets or persistent liquid films still exist on the surface of the photovoltaic modules after precipitation ends, condensation forms, or the high humidity environment subsides. Under this second cleaning condition, the system executes an anti-fogging drying strategy based on droplet breakup boundaries. This strategy provides the heat required for evaporation to the residual droplets by heating the airflow, thereby promoting moisture removal. More importantly, the system coordinates the supply air pressure, airflow temperature, and translational velocity according to the morphological stability conditions of the residual droplets.

[0039] The supply air pressure is used to regulate the actual airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet after the heated airflow passes through the airflow output component. As the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet increases, the airflow inertial force relative to the droplet surface tension increases. When the airflow inertial force exceeds the range allowed for the droplet to maintain its macroscopic shape, the droplet may stretch, oscillate, undergo bag-like deformation, or break up, forming smaller sub-droplets. Therefore, this embodiment controls the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet to limit the working Weber number acting on the residual droplet to below a pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup.

[0040] The airflow temperature is used to provide the heat required for evaporation of residual droplets through convective heat transfer, increasing the water vapor partial pressure difference between the droplet surface and the surrounding gas, and promoting at least partial evaporation of the residual droplets during the overall sliding process. The airflow temperature is also limited by the thermal tolerance conditions of the photovoltaic module to ensure that the module surface temperature does not exceed a preset upper limit of allowable temperature, thereby reducing the risk of thermal damage to the perovskite absorber layer, interface functional layer, encapsulation material, and high-transmittance hydrophobic coating caused by continuous heat.

[0041] The translational velocity of the non-contact airflow output unit is used to control the duration of the heating airflow's effect on a unit surface area of ​​the photovoltaic module. If the translational velocity is too high, the droplets will not receive sufficient heating time or airflow interaction time, potentially causing some droplets to leave the airflow's action area before they have even slid. Conversely, if the translational velocity is too low, it may result in excessively long heating times in localized areas of the module, increasing ineffective energy consumption. Therefore, by adjusting the translational velocity, the required interaction time for the droplets to achieve overall sliding and at least partial evaporation is ensured. This translational velocity is not directly used as a variable in the calculation of the Weber number, but rather, together with the supply pressure and airflow temperature, contributes to the coordinated regulation of droplet morphology, sliding process, and evaporation process.

[0042] Through steps S1 to S4 above, this embodiment adaptively switches between standby mode, first cleaning mode, and second cleaning mode based on the module state parameters and macroscopic meteorological parameters of the photovoltaic module. The first cleaning mode is used to clean dry dust with ionized airflow and reduce residual electrostatic potential on the module surface. The second cleaning mode is used to perform anti-fogging drying based on the critical Weber number for droplet breakup for rain residue, condensation, or persistent liquid films. This method is applicable to photovoltaic modules with different encapsulation structures, installation tilt angles, and operating environments, and provides a control basis for the subsequent implementation of specific operating parameters, sensing modules, cleaning execution modules, and control modules. It should be noted that the photovoltaic modules referred to in this embodiment include, but are not limited to, crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules, amorphous silicon thin-film photovoltaic modules, cadmium telluride thin-film photovoltaic modules, copper indium gallium selenide thin-film photovoltaic modules, perovskite photovoltaic modules, and perovskite / crystalline silicon tandem photovoltaic modules. The light-facing side of the photovoltaic module can use a glass cover, a transparent polymer front panel, or an encapsulation surface with anti-reflective coatings, hydrophobic coatings, and other transparent functional coatings.

[0043] During outdoor operation, the aforementioned different types of photovoltaic modules may experience surface particulate matter accumulation, residual droplets or continuous liquid films, residual electrostatic potentials generated by airflow cleaning, and disturbances in the power generation circuit caused by power extraction from cleaning loads. Therefore, the module status and macro-meteorological parameter identification, ion airflow dust removal, airflow control based on the critical Weber number of droplet breakup, local surface wettability feedback, and energy storage decoupled power supply methods employed in this invention can be applied to the aforementioned photovoltaic modules.

[0044] For different types of photovoltaic modules, the critical Weber number for droplet breakup and the correspondence between the gas supply pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet can be calibrated based on the module's light-facing surface material, surface functional coating, encapsulation structure, installation tilt angle, surface water contact angle, allowable surface temperature, and residual droplet size range. The gas supply pressure, airflow temperature, and translation speed can then be adjusted accordingly. For perovskite photovoltaic modules and perovskite / crystalline silicon tandem photovoltaic modules that are sensitive to moisture and temperature, the operating Weber number control range, airflow temperature range, and non-contact spacing described in this embodiment are preferred. Subsequent parameter calibration and stability tests using perovskite photovoltaic modules are preferred embodiments of this invention and do not constitute a limitation on the types of photovoltaic modules to which this invention applies.

[0045] In some embodiments, adjusting the supply pressure of the heating airflow, the airflow temperature, and the translational speed of the non-contact airflow output unit includes: adjusting the supply pressure to adjust the airflow speed at the location of the residual droplet, so that the relative speed between the airflow and the residual droplet does not exceed a preset speed limit determined according to the critical Weber number of droplet breakup; adjusting the airflow temperature to provide the heat required for evaporation of the residual droplet and to ensure that the surface temperature of the photovoltaic module does not exceed a preset allowable temperature limit; and adjusting the translational speed to control the action time of the heating airflow in a unit surface area of ​​the photovoltaic module, so that the residual droplet obtains the action time required for overall sliding and evaporation.

[0046] The three control parameters mentioned above correspond to different physical effects. The air supply pressure is the execution control parameter of the airflow output component, which changes the actual airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet by affecting the nozzle outlet flow rate and the airflow propagation process. When the airflow velocity increases, the aerodynamic inertia acting on the residual droplet intensifies; when the aerodynamic inertia is too great relative to the droplet surface tension, the droplet may stretch, oscillate, undergo bag-like deformation, or break apart. Therefore, this embodiment does not directly determine whether the droplet breaks based on the air supply gauge pressure, but rather controls the relative velocity at the droplet location within a preset upper speed limit based on a pre-calibrated correspondence between the air supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet.

[0047] The airflow temperature is used to transfer heat to the residual droplets via convective heat transfer. This heat is used to compensate for the latent heat of vaporization required for the droplet evaporation process and to increase the droplet surface temperature, thereby increasing the difference between the saturated water vapor pressure on the droplet surface and the partial pressure of water vapor in the surrounding gas phase, promoting evaporation of the droplet during its sliding process. Simultaneously, the airflow temperature is limited by the thermal tolerance conditions of the photovoltaic module to reduce the risk of thermal damage to the perovskite absorber layer, interface functional layer, encapsulation material, and high-transmittance hydrophobic coating caused by continuous heating.

[0048] The translational speed of the non-contact airflow output unit is used to adjust the residence time of the heated airflow on a unit surface area. If the translational speed is too high, the residual droplets do not have enough time to be propelled by the airflow and undergo convective heat transfer, and the droplets may leave the area affected by the heated airflow before they have slid sufficiently. If the translational speed is too low, it may increase the accumulated heat and ineffective energy consumption in local areas. Therefore, by adjusting the translational speed, the residual droplets are given the time required to slide as a whole along the downward tilt direction of the component and to at least partially evaporate during the sliding process.

[0049] The air supply pressure is mainly used to control the airflow velocity and working Weber number at the droplet location, the airflow temperature is mainly used to control the heating and evaporation process of the droplets, and the translational velocity is mainly used to control the duration of action per unit surface area. The translational velocity is not directly used as a variable in the calculation of the Weber number; the three factors work together through their respective functions to constitute the anti-fogging drying control under the second cleaning condition.

[0050] In a preferred embodiment, the airflow temperature is 50–60°C, the translational speed of the non-contact airflow output unit is 2.8–3.2 m / min, and the distance between the airflow output unit and the photovoltaic module surface is 5–10 mm. The gas supply gauge pressure is not used as an independent, fixed parameter for determining droplet breakage, but is adjusted according to a pre-calibrated relationship between the gas supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet.

[0051] The gas supply gauge pressure referred to in this embodiment is the pressure within the gas supply pipeline of the airflow output component relative to the ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the relationship between the gas supply gauge pressure and the actual airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet is also affected by the nozzle flow channel structure, nozzle outlet size, gas supply flow rate, pipeline pressure loss, airflow temperature, and the distance between the nozzle and the component surface, the gas supply gauge pressure is not equivalent to the gas flow pressure at the droplet location, nor can it be directly substituted into the Weber number formula.

[0052] The working Weber number acting on the residual droplet is determined by the following formula: ; in, The working Weber number at the point of application of the residual droplet; The gas density at the location of the residual droplet; The relative velocity between the airflow and the residual droplets; The equivalent diameter of the residual droplet; It represents the surface tension coefficient at the interface between the residual droplet and the surrounding gas.

[0053] The Weber number is used to characterize the relative relationship between the inertial effect of airflow and the surface tension of the droplet. All other things being equal, the higher the relative velocity between the airflow and the residual droplet, and the larger the equivalent diameter of the droplet, the higher the working Weber number, and the greater the likelihood of significant droplet deformation and breakup.

[0054] During operation control, considering that the velocity of the residual droplets will change after they begin to slide, the relative velocity... The airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet before it undergoes significant slippage is taken. Considering that larger droplets correspond to higher working Weber numbers at the same airflow velocity, the equivalent diameter... The maximum equivalent diameter within a preset droplet size range is selected. The gas density... The surface tension coefficient is the maximum gas density within a preset airflow temperature range. The minimum surface tension coefficient within a preset droplet temperature range is selected for control calculations based on a relatively unfavorable parameter combination.

[0055] The preset speed limit is determined according to the following formula: ; in, This is a preset upper limit for the velocity between the airflow and the residual droplets. The critical Weber number for droplet breakup is pre-calibrated.

[0056] The critical Weber number for droplet breakup is determined through a pre-conducted droplet breakup calibration test. During calibration, using airflow output components, high-transmittance hydrophobic coatings, component tilt angles, nozzle spacing, airflow temperature, and droplet size conditions that are the same as or corresponding to those used in actual device operation, droplets of a preset equivalent diameter are formed on the surface of the high-transmittance hydrophobic coating. The air supply gauge pressure is adjusted step by step, and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplets is measured. Simultaneously, the droplet morphology changes are recorded using an image acquisition device.

[0057] When a complete droplet continuously splits into two or more distinguishable sub-droplets under the action of airflow, the droplet is considered to have broken up. The Weber number is calculated based on the gas density, relative velocity, equivalent diameter, and surface tension coefficient corresponding to the point when the droplet begins to exhibit repetitive breakup phenomena, and the corresponding Weber number is determined as the critical Weber number for droplet breakup under the conditions of this embodiment.

[0058] Under the preset conditions of nozzle structure, nozzle spacing, component tilt angle, hydrophobic coating water contact angle, and droplet size in this embodiment, the pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup is determined. The value is 12. During system operation, the working Weber number is controlled within a range not exceeding 11.5 to retain a control margin relative to the critical Weber number for droplet breakup.

[0059] The equivalent diameter of the residual droplets is 2–5 mm, and the equivalent diameter during operation control is... Take 5 mm. Under the conditions of airflow temperature of 50-60℃ and nozzle-component surface distance of 5-10 mm, adjust the air supply gauge pressure according to the calibration relationship between air supply gauge pressure and airflow velocity at the droplet position, so that the relative velocity between the airflow and the residual droplet at the residual droplet position is 9.5-11.8 m / s.

[0060] For example, the maximum equivalent droplet diameter is taken in the operation control calculation. =5 mm, gas density =1.09 kg / m3, surface tension coefficient When the relative velocity is 0.0662 N / m, the working Weber number corresponding to a relative velocity of 9.5 m / s is approximately 7.43, and the working Weber number corresponding to a relative velocity of 11.8 m / s is approximately 11.46, both of which are not greater than the upper limit of the working Weber number of 11.5; when the working Weber number is 12, the corresponding relative velocity is approximately 12.07 m / s.

[0061] When the airflow temperature is 50–60°C, the heated airflow provides the heat required for evaporation to the droplets through convective heat transfer, and can increase the surface temperature of the droplets, promoting at least partial evaporation of the droplets during the overall sliding process. The non-contact airflow output unit translates at a speed of 2.8–3.2 m / min, so that the unit surface area obtains an action time that matches the droplet sliding and evaporation process.

[0062] Table 1. Example of working Weber number calculation under the second cleaning condition. The calculation conditions are as follows: =5 mm =1.09 kg / m3 =0.0662 N / m; Table 1 9.5 7.43 Lower limit of work scope 10.5 9.07 Within the scope of work 11.0 9.96 Within the scope of work 11.8 11.46 upper limit of work scope 12.07 12.00 Critical value corresponds to velocity To further enhance the controllability of the residual droplet morphology and movement process under the second cleaning condition, a high-transmittance hydrophobic coating 13 with a water contact angle of 110°–112° is cured on the surface of the photovoltaic module. This high-transmittance hydrophobic coating 13 has a low surface free energy, which can inhibit the continuous spread of residual water on the photovoltaic module surface and promote the contraction of the residual water film to form discrete droplets with a diameter of 2–5 mm. Compared to a continuously spreading liquid film, these discrete droplets have a more defined droplet boundary and a relatively stable equivalent diameter range, providing a basis for calculating the working Weber number and the preset velocity upper limit based on the maximum equivalent droplet diameter. The high-transmittance hydrophobic coating 13 also reduces the actual solid-liquid contact area between the residual droplets and the module surface, reducing the interfacial retention effect that needs to be overcome when the droplets slide along the module surface. When the photovoltaic module has a downward tilt direction, the residual droplets are affected by the combined influence of airflow propulsion, the component of gravity along the module surface, surface tension, and interfacial retention.

[0063] In the second cleaning condition, the low-pressure temperature-controlled hot air curtain 12 output by the ion heating air gun 4 acts on the discrete droplets. The control module calculates the working Weber number based on the maximum droplet equivalent diameter, gas density parameters, surface tension coefficient, and airflow velocity at the droplet position, and controls the working Weber number to be no greater than 11.5, so that the inertial force of the airflow applied to the droplets does not reach the droplet breakage boundary pre-calibrated in this embodiment.

[0064] Under the stated operating Weber number control conditions, the residual droplets maintain their macroscopic droplet shape and, under the combined action of the airflow driving force and the component of gravity along the module surface, slide as a whole along the downward tilting direction of the photovoltaic module surface. The heated airflow continuously transfers heat to the droplets through convection heat transfer, causing the droplets to evaporate at least partially during the sliding process.

[0065] Compared to the method of directly impacting a continuous liquid film with high-pressure cold air, the combination of the aforementioned high-transmittance hydrophobic coating and working Weber number control can reduce the probability of residual liquid film being torn and forming micron-sized sub-droplets or aerosols. These micro-droplets possess strong suspension and interfacial migration capabilities, and may remain at component edge encapsulation gaps, laser-scribed areas, local structural defects, or interlayer interfaces, migrating into the component interior under capillary action and concentration gradient effects.

[0066] By inducing the residual water film to form macroscopic droplets with a preset size range, and allowing the macroscopic droplets to slide as a whole along the downward tilting direction of the component, the risk of microdroplets remaining and migrating at the encapsulation interface and structural defects can be reduced. This reduces the risk of lattice degradation, increased ion migration, increased defect states, and interface deterioration in the perovskite absorber layer and interface functional layer due to water intrusion.

[0067] like Figure 2As shown, the low-pressure temperature-controlled hot air curtain 12 output by the ion heating air gun 4 covers the high-transmittance hydrophobic coating 13. The low-pressure temperature-controlled hot air curtain 12 and the high-transmittance hydrophobic coating 13 together form a region for the morphology regulation and directional removal of residual droplets.

[0068] In some embodiments, controlling the charge release unit to release ions into the airflow to reduce the residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the photovoltaic module includes: controlling the charge release unit to make the total concentration of positive and negative ions at the outlet of the airflow module greater than or equal to 10¹⁰ ions / cm³, and making the residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the photovoltaic module less than or equal to 0.1 kV after a single translational sweep under the first cleaning condition.

[0069] like Figure 2 As shown, the specific implementation of the charge release unit can be an ion generator array 6 disposed in the airflow channel of the ion heating gun 4. Under the first cleaning condition, the surface of the photovoltaic module often accumulates a high residual electrostatic potential due to long-term exposure to wind and sand erosion, particle collisions, or friction from dry airflow. When the ion concentration is insufficient, the amount of charge delivered to the module surface within the limited action time of a single translational sweep by the cleaning actuator may be insufficient to compensate for the accumulated electrostatic charge, resulting in a high residual potential on the surface after cleaning.

[0070] This embodiment ensures that the total concentration of positive and negative ions at the outlet of the airflow output component reaches a preset concentration, thereby guaranteeing a high density of positive and negative charge carriers per unit volume of airflow. When the high-concentration ion cloud covers the component surface with the airflow, it can provide the required charge flux within the action time of a single translational sweep, reducing the residual electrostatic potential on the surface to within the preset control target of 0.1 kV. The residual electrostatic potential being less than or equal to 0.1 kV is the post-cleaning control target set in this embodiment, used to evaluate the effect of the ion airflow on reducing the residual electrostatic potential, and does not indicate that 0.1 kV is a universal physical critical value unaffected by component structure, measurement distance, and environmental conditions.

[0071] Controlling the residual electrostatic potential on the module surface to below 0.1 kV can weaken the electrostatic adsorption of charged suspended particles on the module surface, reducing the probability of secondary dust accumulation after cleaning. Furthermore, the residual electric field may have a directional effect on polar water molecules, making them more likely to accumulate and penetrate at surface micropores, increasing the risk of subsequent lattice degradation. Conversely, reducing the residual electrostatic potential on the module surface to 0.1 kV or below can reduce the probability of water molecules adsorbing and accumulating around contaminant particles, at module edges, or at localized defects.

[0072] Therefore, the ionized airflow in the first cleaning condition is not only used to assist in the removal of dry particles, but also to reduce the residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the components after cleaning, thus providing an auxiliary role in extending the effective cleaning interval and reducing the risk of subsequent localized moisture accumulation.

[0073] In some embodiments, the module state parameters include near-surface particulate matter concentration and surface wettability, while the macro-meteorological parameters include relative humidity and precipitation status. These parameters collectively characterize the particulate matter deposition risk, surface liquid phase state, and macro-meteorological background of the photovoltaic module.

[0074] like Figure 1 As shown, the near-surface particulate matter concentration can be collected in real time by a near-surface particulate matter sensor 9 located at the front end of the translational direction of the ion heating air gun 4. This sensor preferably adopts the laser scattering principle to obtain the near-surface particulate matter concentration, with the unit being μg / m³.

[0075] Surface wettability can be obtained by a surface liquid phase state sensor 8 attached to the non-power generation edge area of ​​the photovoltaic module 1. This sensor is pre-calibrated under dry surface and continuous liquid film coverage conditions, and its output is normalized to 0%–100%. Here, 0% corresponds to the pre-calibrated dry surface condition, and 100% corresponds to the pre-calibrated continuous liquid film coverage condition. Therefore, the surface wettability referred to in this embodiment is a normalized parameter characterizing the liquid phase coverage state of the module surface, and is not equivalent to the relative humidity of the ambient air.

[0076] The surface liquid phase state sensor 8 can employ detection methods based on surface conductivity, capacitance, optical reflectivity, or a combination of these parameters. The control module determines whether the component surface is in a dry state, a discrete droplet state, or a continuous liquid film state based on the sensor output.

[0077] The relative humidity and precipitation status in macro-meteorological parameters can be obtained from local meteorological sensors or from external meteorological information sources through the data interface of the integrated power supply and information processing module 11. The precipitation status includes at least two states: precipitation in progress and precipitation termination.

[0078] The control module jointly determines the near-surface particulate matter concentration, surface wetness, relative humidity, and precipitation status to reduce the probability of misjudgment when control is based on a single particulate matter parameter, a single humidity parameter, or a fixed cleaning cycle.

[0079] The current operating condition of the photovoltaic module surface is identified based on the module status parameters and macro-meteorological parameters, specifically including the determination of the first cleaning condition, the second cleaning condition, and the standby condition.

[0080] When the near-surface particulate matter concentration is greater than or equal to 500 μg / m³ for 30 consecutive minutes, the relative humidity of the air is less than or equal to 60%, the surface wettability is less than or equal to 15%, and no continuous liquid film is detected, the current operating condition is determined to be the first cleaning condition.

[0081] The near-surface particulate matter concentration of 500 μg / m³ is the preset particulate matter cleaning trigger threshold in this embodiment. The continuous 30-minute time condition is used to reduce the probability of false triggering caused by instantaneous dust. The relative humidity of the air is less than or equal to 60%, the surface wettability is less than or equal to 15%, and no continuous liquid film state is detected, which are used to jointly confirm that the surface of the photovoltaic module is in a state suitable for performing dry airflow dust removal.

[0082] When precipitation ends and surface humidity remains above 90% for 5 consecutive minutes, or when a continuous liquid film exists on the surface of the photovoltaic module, the current operating condition is determined to be the second cleaning condition. The precipitation end signal serves as a pre-triggered condition, eliminating interference from ineffective cleaning during rainfall. The condition of surface humidity >90% for 5 consecutive minutes distinguishes between residual liquid phase near a continuous liquid film coverage state and short-term high ambient humidity or instantaneous sensor fluctuations, reducing the probability of false triggering of the second cleaning condition. The surface humidity exceeding 90% indicates that the normalized output of the surface liquid phase state sensor 8 is close to its continuous liquid film coverage calibration state, and is not equivalent to an ambient relative humidity exceeding 90%.

[0083] Furthermore, the introduction of "continuous liquid film state" as a parallel determination condition is to address the issue of liquid phase residue in non-precipitation scenarios such as morning condensation or heavy fog. The continuous liquid film state is confirmed by the surface conductivity, capacitance, or optical reflection characteristics detected by the surface liquid phase state sensor 8 continuously meeting preset liquid film determination conditions. Once any of these conditions is met, the system determines that it has entered the second cleaning mode and immediately implements an anti-fogging collaborative drying strategy to reduce the risk of droplet breakage and moisture migration. When the determination conditions for the first and second cleaning modes are not met, the control module determines the current operating mode as standby mode. In standby mode, the non-contact cleaning execution module and the mobile drive module do not perform cleaning translation operations, and the energy management module can charge the energy storage unit according to a preset limited power.

[0084] Based on the above judgment logic, the first cleaning condition corresponds to the dry dust accumulation state, the second cleaning condition corresponds to the residual droplet or continuous liquid film state, and the remaining states that do not require immediate cleaning enter the standby state, thereby reducing the probability of overlapping conditions and invalid startup.

[0085] In some embodiments, under the second cleaning condition, during the translation of the non-contact airflow output unit, the local surface wettability of the area to be treated located in front of the translation direction of the non-contact airflow output unit is acquired in real time; such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the surface liquid phase state sensor 8 can be set in front of the ion heating air gun 4 when it moves along the cleaning direction, so that the sensor reaches the area to be treated before the low-pressure temperature-controlled hot air curtain 12, or maintains a preset front-to-back position interval with the low-pressure temperature-controlled hot air curtain 12.

[0086] The local surface wettability is calibrated in the same way as the aforementioned surface wettability, i.e., 0% corresponds to a dry surface state and 100% corresponds to a continuous liquid film coverage state. By obtaining the local surface wettability of the area to be processed in the translation direction, the control module can determine whether the area still needs to be dried by heating airflow before the ion heating air gun 4 reaches the corresponding area.

[0087] When the control module detects for 5 consecutive seconds that the local surface wettability of the area to be treated is less than or equal to 15%, and the surface liquid phase state sensor 8 does not detect a continuous liquid film state, it is determined that the area to be treated has reached the local drying conditions set in this embodiment.

[0088] The local surface wettability of less than or equal to 15% is a control threshold set in this embodiment based on the drying state calibration results of the surface liquid phase state sensor 8, used to characterize that the area to be treated is close to the preset dry state. This determination does not mean that all the moisture in the area has been completely vaporized, nor does it mean that the risk of moisture penetration is absolutely zero.

[0089] The control module records the length of the treatment area that continuously meets the above-mentioned local drying conditions and compares this length with the original preset remaining translation stroke. When the treatment area that meets the local drying conditions only covers a part of the original preset stroke, the control module shortens the subsequent translation distance of the non-contact airflow output unit, so that the low-pressure temperature-controlled hot air curtain 12 only acts on the area that has not yet reached the drying conditions.

[0090] When all remaining areas to be processed in the direction of translation continuously meet the condition that the local surface wettability is less than or equal to 15% and no continuous liquid film is detected, the control module terminates the subsequent translation stroke under this second cleaning condition and controls the movement drive module to decelerate, stop or perform a reset action.

[0091] The aforementioned control method no longer relies on a fixed full-length reciprocating operation program, but adjusts the remaining stroke according to the actual liquid phase state of the area to be treated ahead in the translation direction. This reduces repeated heating and airflow purging of areas that have already reached the drying conditions, reduces ineffective operating energy consumption and unnecessary accumulated heat on the component surface, and prioritizes the use of the available electrical energy of the energy storage unit for areas where residual droplets or persistent liquid films still exist.

[0092] When verifying energy consumption performance, the power consumption of the airflow output component, heating unit, motion drive module, and total power consumption per cleaning cycle can be recorded in both the fixed full-stroke mode and the stroke adjustment mode of this embodiment. The reduction ratio of ineffective operation energy consumption can then be calculated using the following formula: ; in, To determine the total power consumption per cleaning cycle in fixed full-process mode, The total power consumption per cleaning cycle is calculated when adjusting the stroke using local surface wettability feedback.

[0093] Example 2: Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, this embodiment provides an adaptive cleaning device for the surface of a photovoltaic module. This device is applied to the adaptive cleaning method described in the previous embodiment and supports the implementation of corresponding control strategies for standby mode, first cleaning mode, and second cleaning mode through a modular hardware architecture. The adaptive cleaning device includes an environmental sensing module, a non-contact cleaning execution module, an airflow parameter acquisition module, a movement drive module, a control module, and an energy management module. The airflow parameter acquisition module includes an air supply pressure sensor and an airflow temperature sensor. The air supply pressure sensor is used to acquire the air supply gauge pressure of the airflow output component and is installed at the air inlet pipe of the retractable air pipe 7 or the ion heating air gun 4; the airflow temperature sensor is used to acquire the temperature of the heated airflow and is installed downstream of the PTC heater 5, near the airflow outlet. The control module determines the airflow velocity at the droplet position based on a pre-calibrated correspondence between the air supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the droplet position.

[0094] The environmental sensing module is configured to collect real-time module status parameters and macroscopic meteorological parameters of the photovoltaic modules. Specifically, the environmental sensing module constitutes the sensing front end of the device, and its hardware carrier includes, but is not limited to, […]. Figure 1 The near-surface particulate matter sensor 9 and the surface liquid phase state sensor 8 are shown. The near-surface particulate matter sensor 9 preferably employs a laser scattering principle and is installed at the front end of the ion-heated air gun 4 in the translational direction to collect particulate matter mass concentration data in the vicinity of the module surface. The surface liquid phase state sensor 8 is attached to the non-power-generating edge area of ​​the photovoltaic module 1 or integrated into the air gun body to detect condensation and liquid film residue on the photovoltaic module surface. Ambient air relative humidity is obtained through a local meteorological sensor or an external meteorological information interface. It should be understood that the implementation of the environmental sensing module is not limited to the aforementioned discrete sensors. In other embodiments, a composite sensing module integrating multiple parameters such as temperature, humidity, particulate matter, and illumination can be used, or data from an external meteorological station can be accessed through a wireless communication interface, as long as sufficient multi-dimensional environmental information to support operating condition identification can be obtained.

[0095] The non-contact cleaning execution module includes an airflow output component, a charge release unit integrated within the airflow output component, and a heating unit. Specifically, such as... Figure 2 As shown, the non-contact cleaning execution module is specifically implemented as an ion heating air gun 4. The retractable air tube 7 is used to deliver a continuously adjustable airflow to the ion heating air gun 4.

[0096] The airflow output component adopts a wide-width slit nozzle design with a uniformly distributed airflow chamber inside to reduce the airflow velocity difference along the width of the component and reduce the probability of local overblowing or underblowing.

[0097] The charge release unit (i.e., ion generator array 6) and the heating unit (i.e., PTC heater 5) are compactly integrated into the internal flow channel of the air gun. This highly integrated design not only reduces the size of the device, but more importantly, shortens the path delay of heat transfer and ion transport, enabling the device to achieve rapid parameter response when switching operating conditions. Throughout the cleaning process, the non-contact cleaning execution module maintains a strict non-contact suspension gap with the surface of the photovoltaic module 1, relying entirely on the hydrodynamic air curtain and thermodynamic field for peeling and drying. This avoids direct wear on the fragile functional coating of the photovoltaic module surface caused by mechanical contact, reducing the risk of coating wear during long-term cleaning.

[0098] The mobile drive module is configured to drive the non-contact cleaning execution module to translate along the surface of the photovoltaic module, while maintaining a non-contact overhang between the airflow output component and the photovoltaic module surface. Specifically, such as Figure 1 As shown, the motion drive module includes a metal guide rail 2 laid parallel to the edge of the photovoltaic module 1 and an air knife drive unit 3 slidably connected to the metal guide rail 2. The air knife drive unit 3 integrates a servo motor, a reducer, and a transmission mechanism. A rigid guiding structure ensures that the ion heating air gun 4 will not vibrate or sink during long-distance translation, thereby maintaining the non-contact suspended clearance stably within a preset safety range. It should be understood that the specific form of the motion drive module is not limited to a guide rail slider mechanism; it can also employ any drive method capable of precise directional translation, such as a synchronous belt, rack and pinion, or magnetic levitation linear motor, as long as it meets the functional requirements of non-contact suspension and full-coverage scanning.

[0099] The control module is configured to identify the current operating condition based on component status parameters and macroscopic meteorological parameters, and control the non-contact cleaning execution module and the mobile drive module to perform corresponding cleaning actions. Specifically, the control module is the decision-making center of the device, and its hardware is typically integrated into components such as... Figure 1The integrated power supply and information processing module 11 shown is used for control. The control module also stores pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup, preset maximum equivalent droplet diameter, gas density parameters, surface tension coefficient of the interface between residual droplets and surrounding gas, and the correspondence between the gas supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplets. In the second cleaning condition, the control module determines the working Weber number based on the above parameters and adjusts the gas supply gauge pressure so that the working Weber number does not exceed the pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup. The control module receives real-time data streams from the environmental sensing module, runs the condition identification algorithm and dynamic stroke planning logic described in the aforementioned embodiments, and issues precise timing control commands and parameter settings to the high-pressure air pump 10, PTC heater 5, ion generator array 6, and air knife drive unit 3. Through the close integration of hardware and software, the control module transforms the abstract adaptive cleaning method into a specific electromechanical action sequence, realizing automated control from environmental sensing to execution response.

[0100] The energy management module is configured to charge the photovoltaic module with limited power in standby mode, and to supply power to the non-contact cleaning execution module and the mobile drive module through the energy storage unit when performing the first cleaning condition or the second cleaning condition.

[0101] In standby mode, the buck-boost DC-DC charging module charges the energy storage unit with a limited charging power of 30 to 50 W to reduce the disturbance to the photovoltaic module's power generation circuit and the grid-connected inverter's maximum power point tracking process during the charging and power extraction process.

[0102] When performing cleaning tasks, the electrical switching unit disconnects the direct power supply path between the cleaning load and the output of the photovoltaic module, and the energy storage unit provides the required power to the high-pressure air pump 10, PTC heater 5 and mobile drive module, thereby reducing the impact of the start-up and shutdown of the cleaning load and power changes on the photovoltaic power generation circuit.

[0103] Through the modular architecture described above, the adaptive cleaning device provided in this embodiment not only fully supports the implementation of the aforementioned adaptive cleaning method in terms of functionality, but also solves the electrical compatibility problem when high-power cleaning equipment and sensitive photovoltaic power generation systems coexist at the system engineering level.

[0104] In some embodiments, the energy management module includes a buck-boost DC-DC charging module, an energy storage unit, an auxiliary DC-DC converter module, and an electrical switching unit. The buck-boost DC-DC charging module has an input voltage of 18–40 V and is configured to charge the energy storage unit from the photovoltaic module output at a limited charging power of 30–50 W in standby mode. The energy storage unit is a lithium iron phosphate battery pack with a rated voltage of 25.6 V and a rated capacity of 100 Ah. The auxiliary DC-DC converter module has an output voltage of 12 V or 5 V and is used to power the environmental sensing module, the airflow parameter acquisition module, and the control module. The energy storage unit supplies power to the high-pressure air pump 10, the PTC heater 5, and the motion drive module via a power supply branch. This power supply branch includes a power conversion circuit or a drive circuit that matches the rated operating voltage and power of the high-pressure air pump 10, the PTC heater 5, and the motion drive module. The electrical switching unit is configured to disconnect the direct power supply path between the cleaning load and the output terminal of the photovoltaic module when performing the first cleaning condition or the second cleaning condition, and to supply power to the non-contact cleaning execution module and the mobile drive module through the energy storage unit.

[0105] The integrated power supply and information processing module 11 integrates a buck-boost DC-DC charging module. The input terminal of the buck-boost DC-DC charging module is connected to the output terminal of the photovoltaic module 1 via an input protection and current limiting branch. Its allowable input voltage range is 18 to 40 V, which is used to adapt to the output voltage changes of the photovoltaic module 1 under different irradiance and module temperature conditions.

[0106] When the output voltage of photovoltaic module 1 is in the range of 18 to 40 V and the available output power meets the preset charging conditions, the buck-boost DC-DC charging module charges the energy storage unit with a limited charging power of 30 to 50 W. When the output voltage or available output power of the module is insufficient, the buck-boost DC-DC charging module reduces the charging power or stops charging, thereby reducing the disturbance of the charging branch to the photovoltaic module power generation circuit and the maximum power point tracking process of the grid-connected inverter.

[0107] The auxiliary DC-DC converter module and the buck-boost DC-DC charging module are different functional modules. The auxiliary DC-DC converter module is powered by the energy storage unit and provides an auxiliary power supply voltage of 12V or 5V according to the rated voltage requirements of different electrical components in the environmental sensing module, airflow parameter acquisition module, and control module. Specifically, the surface liquid phase state sensor 8, near-surface particulate matter sensor 9, air supply pressure sensor, airflow temperature sensor, and control circuit obtain operating power through auxiliary power supply ports that match their rated operating voltages.

[0108] The energy storage unit uses a lithium iron phosphate battery pack with a rated voltage of 25.6 V and a rated capacity of 100 Ah, with a nominal energy storage capacity of 2.56 kWh. The lithium iron phosphate battery pack has excellent thermal stability, which helps reduce the risk of fire caused by thermal runaway under high outdoor temperatures and direct sunlight.

[0109] The actual usable energy of the energy storage unit is related to the battery's allowable depth of discharge, charge / discharge efficiency, power conversion efficiency, ambient temperature, and battery aging status. The control module can determine whether to execute the cleaning task under the first or second cleaning condition based on the remaining capacity of the energy storage unit and the expected power and running time of the cleaning task.

[0110] The energy required for a single cleaning task can be determined based on the actual operating power and running time of the high-pressure air pump 10, PTC heater 5, and mobile drive module. The rated capacity of the energy storage unit is used to provide an energy buffer for cleaning tasks and improve the power supply continuity of the device when performing cleaning tasks under low irradiance or short-term conditions without immediate photovoltaic output.

[0111] In this embodiment, the limited charging power is set to 30–50 W. The buck-boost DC-DC charging module uses power limiting control to keep the charging power obtained from the output of photovoltaic module 1 within the preset range. The limited charging power range of 30–50 W is used to balance the energy replenishment needs of the energy storage unit and reduce the disturbance to the photovoltaic module's power generation circuit during the charging process. When the available output power of photovoltaic module 1 decreases or the output voltage approaches the input operating boundary of the buck-boost DC-DC charging module, the control module can reduce the charging power or suspend charging to prevent the charging branch from continuously obtaining power from the module output that exceeds the current available output capacity. It should be noted that 30–50 W is the limited charging power range used in this embodiment, and its specific value can be set according to the rated output power of the photovoltaic module, the maximum power point tracking characteristics of the grid-connected inverter, the capacity of the energy storage unit, the expected cleaning frequency, and the energy consumption of a single cleaning cycle.

[0112] During the execution of the first or second cleaning condition, the electrical switching unit disconnects the direct power supply path between the cleaning load and the output terminal of the photovoltaic module, ensuring that the charging branch and the power supply branch are in a mutually isolated working state, and supplies power to the non-contact cleaning execution module and the mobile drive module through the energy storage unit. The electrical switching unit is also used to prevent the electrical energy of the energy storage unit from being fed back to the output terminal of the photovoltaic module.

[0113] Example 3: This example uses a perovskite photovoltaic module as the preferred verification object to provide a photovoltaic cleaning system. The system includes a perovskite photovoltaic module and the adaptive cleaning device described in the previous examples. It should be noted that this example uses a perovskite photovoltaic module for stability verification and does not constitute a limitation on the type of photovoltaic module to which the aforementioned adaptive cleaning method and device are applicable. Specifically, a high-transmittance hydrophobic coating is cured on the surface of the photovoltaic module, and a dust collection trough with a damping filter is arranged below the photovoltaic module along the tilt angle. Figure 1 As shown, the photovoltaic module 1 not only serves as the core unit for photoelectric conversion but also provides the energy basis for the limited power charging of the adaptive cleaning device through its intrinsic power generation. A high-transmittance hydrophobic coating 13 covers the light-facing surface of the photovoltaic module 1, with a water contact angle preferably calibrated to 110° to 112°. This specific surface energy characteristic causes residual water to spontaneously shrink into spherical droplets with a diameter of 2 to 5 mm under the drive of surface tension. This forms a morphological synergy with the low-pressure temperature-controlled thermal curtain output by the adaptive cleaning device, reducing droplet slip resistance and blocking the risk of capillary penetration caused by water film spreading. The dust collection trough located below the photovoltaic module 1 along the tilt direction adopts a V-shaped structure design, with a damping filter with a pore size of 0.2 mm at its end. This structure is used to directionally collect dust particles stripped by the non-contact air curtain, while using the physical barrier effect of the damping filter to suppress secondary dust dispersion in strong wind environments, ensuring the environmental friendliness of the cleaning process and the long-term cleanliness of the module surface.

[0114] To verify the technical advantages of the photovoltaic cleaning system provided by this invention in extreme environments, particularly the protective effect of the anti-fogging phase change drying mechanism on the long-term stability of photovoltaic modules, this embodiment also designed a highly demanding accelerated aging comparative experiment. A single-junction perovskite photovoltaic micromodule with an effective area of ​​10cm × 10cm was selected as the test sample and placed in an environmental simulation aging chamber. Extreme microclimate conditions of 85% ± 2% relative humidity and 45℃ ± 1℃ were set, and quartz dust was continuously injected at a constant rate for 72 hours to simulate the harsh conditions of sandstorms coupled with high humidity. The experimental group adopted the adaptive cleaning method described in this invention, with the airflow temperature controlled at 50–60℃ and the translational speed controlled at 2.8–3.2 m / min. The air supply pressure was adjusted according to the calibration relationship between the supply pressure and the airflow velocity at the droplet position, ensuring that the relative velocity at the droplet position was 9.5–11.8 m / s and the working Weber number was no greater than 11.5. The control group used a traditional high-pressure cold air cleaning solution, with a gas gauge pressure greater than 0.5 MPa and no heating treatment.

[0115] like Figure 3As shown, after 72 hours of high temperature and humidity and continuous dust coupling acceleration testing, the normalized PCE retention rate of the experimental group was 83.1%, and the surface static electricity was only 50V, while the normalized PCE retention rate of the control group was 51.5%, and the surface static electricity was as high as 1200V. Correspondingly, the PCE decay rates of the experimental group and the control group were 16.9% and 48.5%, respectively. Compared with the control group, the PCE decay of the experimental group was reduced by 31.6 percentage points, a relative reduction of about 65.2%. The above results indicate that under the test conditions of this embodiment, the Weber number control and ion gas flow treatment adopted in this invention can reduce the performance degradation of perovskite modules. Traditional high-pressure cold air solutions, due to excessive airflow shear force, break the residual droplets on the surface into micron-sized aerosols. These tiny droplets may remain and migrate at encapsulation gaps, local structural defects, or interlayer interfaces, increasing the risk of lattice degradation and interface deterioration of the perovskite layer. At the same time, the lack of an electrostatic neutralization mechanism leads to the rapid re-adsorption of charged dust on the cleaned surface, forming a vicious cycle of "cleaning-contamination-degradation".

[0116] Furthermore, in order to reveal the physical nature of the performance differences at the microscopic level, this embodiment performed destructive disassembly and characterization analysis on the samples after aging tests. For example... Figure 3 The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern in (a) shows that the intensity of the main diffraction peak in the perovskite layer of the control group sample was significantly weakened compared to the initial state, indicating that water vapor infiltration had led to a decrease in lattice crystallinity and local degradation; while the main peak intensity of the experimental group sample highly overlapped with the initial state, and no obvious impurity peaks or intensity loss were observed. The above XRD trend is consistent with the technical effect of anti-fogging drying in reducing the degree of water migration to the active layer. Figure 3 (b) Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and Figure 3 (c) The time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) decay curves further corroborate this conclusion: the PL peak intensity of the control group was severely quenched, and the carrier lifetime was significantly shortened, indicating that water-oxygen erosion introduced a large number of non-radiative recombination centers; compared with the control group, the experimental group retained a higher PL peak intensity and better TRPL decay characteristics. The above macroscopic decay and microscopic kinetic data after disassembly fully verify the significant advantages of the specific temperature and pressure parameters of this invention in reducing the degree of moisture migration and component performance degradation.

[0117] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any variations or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present invention should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. An adaptive cleaning method for the surface of a photovoltaic module, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Obtain the module status parameters and macro-meteorological parameters of the photovoltaic module; S2. Based on the component status parameters and the macro-meteorological parameters, identify the current operating condition of the photovoltaic module surface, wherein the current operating condition includes standby condition, first cleaning condition or second cleaning condition; S3. In response to the current operating condition being the first cleaning condition, control the non-contact airflow output unit to output airflow to the surface of the photovoltaic module, and control the charge release unit to release ions into the airflow to reduce the residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the photovoltaic module. S4. In response to the current operating condition being the second clean operating condition, control the non-contact airflow output unit to output heated airflow, and based on the pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakage, adjust the supply pressure and airflow temperature of the heated airflow and the translation speed of the non-contact airflow output unit so that the working Weber number acting on the residual droplet is not greater than the critical Weber number for droplet breakage, and make the residual droplets on the surface of the photovoltaic module slide as a whole while maintaining the macroscopic droplet shape, and at least partially evaporate during the sliding process.

2. The adaptive cleaning method for the surface of a photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The adjustment of the supply pressure and temperature of the heating airflow, as well as the translation speed of the non-contact airflow output unit, includes: Adjust the supply pressure to adjust the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet, so that the relative velocity between the airflow and the residual droplet does not exceed the preset velocity limit determined according to the critical Weber number of droplet breakup; The airflow temperature is adjusted to provide the heat required for the evaporation of residual droplets and to ensure that the surface temperature of the photovoltaic module does not exceed the preset allowable temperature limit. The translation speed is adjusted to control the duration of the heated airflow on a unit surface area of ​​the photovoltaic module, so that the residual droplets can achieve the required duration for overall sliding and evaporation.

3. The adaptive cleaning method for the surface of a photovoltaic module according to claim 2, characterized in that, The working Weber number is determined according to the following formula: ； in, The working Weber number at the point of application of the residual droplet. The density of the gas at the location of the residual droplet. The relative velocity between the airflow and the residual droplets. The equivalent diameter of the residual droplet. The surface tension coefficient of the interface between the residual droplet and the surrounding gas; During operation control, the relative speed The airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet before it undergoes significant slippage is used to determine the equivalent diameter. The maximum equivalent diameter within a preset droplet size range, the gas density The surface tension coefficient is the maximum gas density within a preset airflow temperature range. The minimum surface tension coefficient within the preset droplet temperature range is selected; The preset speed limit is determined according to the following formula: ； in, The preset speed limit, The pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup; The gas supply gauge pressure is adjusted according to the pre-calibrated correspondence between the gas supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplets, so that the relative velocity... Not greater than the preset speed limit Thus, the working Weber number Not greater than the pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup .

4. The adaptive cleaning method for the surface of a photovoltaic module according to claim 3, characterized in that, The critical Weber number for droplet breakup The value is 12, and the equivalent diameter of the residual droplets is 2-5 mm. During operation control, the equivalent diameter... The pressure of the gas supply gauge is adjusted according to the pre-calibrated correspondence between the gas supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet. The airflow temperature is 50-60℃, the translation speed of the non-contact airflow output unit is 2.8-3.2 m / min, and the distance between the airflow output unit and the photovoltaic module surface is 5-10 mm. Under the conditions of the gas supply gauge pressure, airflow temperature, and distance, the relative velocity between the airflow and the residual droplet at the location of the residual droplet is 9.5-11.8 m / s, and the working Weber number is not greater than 11.

5.

5. The adaptive cleaning method for the surface of a photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The controlled charge release unit releases ions into the airflow to reduce the residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the photovoltaic module, including: The charge release unit is controlled to ensure that the total concentration of positive and negative ions at the outlet of the airflow output component is greater than or equal to 10. 10 ions / cm 3 And ensure that the residual electrostatic potential on the surface of the photovoltaic module after a single translational sweep under the first cleaning condition is less than or equal to 0.1kV.

6. The adaptive cleaning method for the surface of a photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, The component status parameters include near-surface particulate matter mass concentration and surface wettability, and the macro-meteorological parameters include relative humidity and precipitation status. The surface wettability is a normalized output value obtained by the surface liquid phase state sensor after calibration under dry surface state and continuous liquid film coverage state, and the value range is 0% to 100%. Based on the component status parameters and macroscopic meteorological parameters, the current operating conditions of the photovoltaic module surface are identified, including: When the mass concentration of near-surface particulate matter is greater than or equal to 500 μg / m³ for 30 consecutive minutes 3 When the relative humidity of the air is less than or equal to 60%, the surface wettability is less than or equal to 15%, and no continuous liquid film state is detected, the current operating condition is determined to be the first cleaning condition. When the precipitation ends and the surface wetness is above 90% for 5 consecutive minutes, or when there is a continuous liquid film on the surface of the photovoltaic module, the current operating condition is determined to be the second cleaning condition. When the conditions for determining the first and second cleaning conditions are not met, the current operating condition is determined to be a standby condition.

7. The adaptive cleaning method for the surface of a photovoltaic module according to claim 4, characterized in that, The photovoltaic module is a perovskite photovoltaic module or a perovskite / crystalline silicon tandem photovoltaic module, and the surface of the photovoltaic module is cured with a high light transmittance hydrophobic coating with a water contact angle of 110° to 112°. The residual droplets with an equivalent diameter of 2 to 5 mm are formed by the shrinkage of the residual water film caused by the high-transmittance hydrophobic coating. The heated airflow is used to cause the residual droplets to slide as a whole along the downward tilt direction of the photovoltaic module surface while maintaining the macroscopic droplet shape, and at least partially evaporate during the sliding process.

8. The adaptive cleaning method for the surface of a photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the second cleaning condition, during the translation of the non-contact airflow output unit, the local surface wettability of the area to be treated located in front of the translation direction of the non-contact airflow output unit is acquired in real time. When the local surface wetness of the area to be treated is less than or equal to 15% for 5 consecutive seconds and no continuous liquid film state is detected, it is determined that the current local dryness meets the standard, and the subsequent translation stroke of the non-contact airflow output unit is shortened or terminated according to the length of the area to be treated that meets the above conditions.

9. An adaptive cleaning device for the surface of a photovoltaic module, characterized in that, include: The environmental sensing module is configured to collect the module status parameters and macro-meteorological parameters of the photovoltaic modules in real time; A non-contact cleaning execution module includes an airflow output component, a charge release unit disposed in the airflow channel of the airflow output component, and a heating unit; The airflow parameter acquisition module includes an air supply pressure sensor and an airflow temperature sensor, configured to acquire the air supply gauge pressure and airflow temperature of the airflow output component, and determine the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet based on a pre-calibrated correspondence between the air supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet. The mobile drive module is configured to drive the non-contact cleaning execution module to translate along the surface of the photovoltaic module, and to maintain a non-contact overhang between the airflow output component and the surface of the photovoltaic module. The control module stores the pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakup, the preset maximum equivalent droplet diameter, gas density parameters, the surface tension coefficient of the interface between the residual droplet and the surrounding gas, and the correspondence between the gas supply gauge pressure and the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet. The control module is configured to identify standby mode, first cleaning mode, or second cleaning mode based on the component status parameters and macroscopic meteorological parameters; in response to the first cleaning mode, it controls the airflow output component to output airflow and controls the charge release unit to release ions; in response to the second cleaning mode, it determines the working Weber number based on the airflow velocity at the location of the residual droplet, the preset maximum equivalent droplet diameter, the gas density parameter, and the surface tension coefficient of the interface between the residual droplet and the surrounding gas, adjusts the gas supply pressure of the airflow output component so that the working Weber number is not greater than the pre-calibrated critical Weber number for droplet breakage, and controls the airflow temperature of the heating unit and the translation speed of the moving drive module so that the residual droplet maintains its macroscopic droplet shape and slides as a whole.

10. The adaptive cleaning device for the surface of a photovoltaic module according to claim 9, characterized in that, The device also includes an energy management module; The energy management module includes a buck-boost DC-DC charging module, an energy storage unit, an auxiliary DC-DC converter module, and an electrical switching unit. The input voltage of the buck-boost DC-DC charging module is 18-40 V, and it is configured to charge the energy storage unit from the output terminal of the photovoltaic module with a limited charging power of 30-50 W in standby mode. The energy storage unit is a lithium iron phosphate battery pack with a rated voltage of 25.6 V and a rated capacity of 100 Ah; The output voltage of the auxiliary DC-DC converter module is 12 V or 5 V, which is used to power the environmental sensing module, the airflow parameter acquisition module and the control module. The electrical switching unit is configured to disconnect the direct power supply path between the cleaning load and the output terminal of the photovoltaic module when performing the first cleaning condition or the second cleaning condition, and to supply power to the non-contact cleaning execution module and the mobile drive module through the energy storage unit.

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