Railings, kits and systems removably mountable on pick-up trucks

Abstract

A railing (3) which is removably mounted as a handrail on one of two side walls (1a) of a cargo box of a pickup truck (1) and which is alternatively mounted as a crossbar above and across the two side walls (1a). The railing (3) is lengthwise extendable. Furthermore, there is a kit and a system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to a railing that is removably mounted as a handrail on one of the two side walls of the cargo bed of a pickup truck, and alternatively, as a crossbar above and across the two side walls. This disclosure also relates to a kit including the railing. Furthermore, this disclosure relates to a system including the railing. Background Technology

[0002] The cargo box is the rear section of a pickup truck, typically used for loading goods to be transported by truck. The cargo box generally includes a platform and two sidewalls that define the lateral boundaries of the platform and prevent goods from falling off the sides of the cargo box. Furthermore, known pickup trucks include additional elements or accessories in their cargo boxes. A known accessory for a pickup truck cargo box is a cover assembly that includes a roll-up curtain or cover for covering the cargo box. A specific cover assembly including a roll-up curtain is described in patent application EP 4309932 A1.

[0003] Furthermore, known conventional pickup trucks include railings, such as handrails or crossbars, located on the side walls of the truck bed. Specifically, known trucks include handrails mounted on and along the side walls of the cargo bed. These handrails can be gripped and supported by the truck user or other workers who may be working on the cargo bed. The handrails can also be used to support or secure cargo thereon. Additionally, known trucks include crossbars that are removably or permanently attached to two side walls of the truck and laterally span the side walls of the cargo bed, extending over the cargo bed. These crossbars (or cross bars), which are railings used to support or secure cargo or other objects, are similar to the handrails described above.

[0004] Each of the aforementioned known conventional cover assemblies, roller shutters, crossbars, and handrails can be considered an improvement to the cargo box. Their drawback lies in the fact that their individual structures, or the way they are integrated with the rest of the cargo box, often make it difficult to add further improvements. Therefore, adding a conventional cover assembly to a cargo box, with or without a roller shutter, often requires the absence of crossbars or handrails on the cargo box itself, as these could make installing the roller shutter technically challenging without specialized skills or tools. Furthermore, installing conventional crossbars or handrails on a cargo box can be a complex task and may require permanent modifications to the truck's cargo box.

[0005] Therefore, it is necessary to overcome the shortcomings of traditional railings used for pickup truck tracks. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This invention overcomes many drawbacks of conventional railings used in pickup truck beds. The invention provides a railing that is removably mounted as a handrail, and alternatively, as a crossbar. Therefore, the invention offers versatility and reconfigurability. Furthermore, the invention allows for the installation of handrails or crossbars on the bed, and simultaneously allows for the use of roller blinds to cover the bed. Moreover, at least some embodiments of the invention advantageously allow for adjustment of the exact position of the railing on the bed and prevent theft and unauthorized removal of the railing from the bed.

[0007] A first aspect of the invention relates to a railing removably mounted as a handrail on one of the two side walls of a pickup truck's cargo bed, and alternatively as a crossbar above and across the two side walls, wherein the railing is telescopic along its length. Therefore, advantageously, the railing provides versatility and reconfigurability because it can be converted from a handrail to a crossbar. Since the railing is telescopic along its length, its length can be changed, and this advantageously allows for altering the exact configuration of the railing on the pickup truck, and also advantageously allows for converting the railing from a handrail to a crossbar and vice versa. Furthermore, the railing of the present invention is cost-effective and storage-efficient because the user of the railing and the truck does not need to purchase and store different crossbars and handrails for the truck. Instead, the railing of the present invention allows its user to use the railing as a crossbar, and alternatively, as a handrail.

[0008] In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the railing is removably mounted as a handrail in a corresponding rail on one of the two side walls of the cargo box, and alternatively, as a crossbar above and across the corresponding rails on the two side walls, wherein each rail is configured to be mounted along the length of the corresponding side wall of the cargo box. The use of the rails advantageously simplifies and facilitates the installation of the railing and allows for control and adjustment of the railing's position on the truck.

[0009] In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the railing includes two or more fixable members arranged along the length of the railing and configured to be attached to any of the side walls. Advantageously, the fixable members allow the railing to be easily and securely attached to the side walls.

[0010] In a preferred embodiment of the two preferred embodiments described above, the two or more fixable components are configured to be attached to either of the sidewalls via corresponding guide rails. This advantageously further facilitates the installation of the railing and also advantageously allows adjustment of the exact position of the railing on the one or two guide rails.

[0011] In a preferred embodiment where the railing includes the aforementioned optional two or more secure components, the railing further includes a slot arranged along its length across at least a portion of the railing's length and configured to receive the two or more secure components attached thereto. The slot advantageously facilitates mounting the railing as a handrail or crossbar and also advantageously facilitates control and adjustment of the railing's position on the cargo box. To further facilitate the installation of the railing and its precise positioning on one or both side walls, it may be further useful if the secure components can slide along the slot. For this reason, preferably, the two or more secure components are configured to slide along the slot.

[0012] In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the railing includes a central portion and two side portions slidably attached to the central portion on opposite sides of the central portion, extending across the railing along its length, such that either or both of the side portions are capable of sliding along the railing relative to the central portion in the length direction. Therefore, advantageously, the railing can have a simple structure while allowing for easy control of its length.

[0013] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the guardrail further includes a fixing mechanism configured to be activated to allow for changes in the length of the guardrail and deactivated to prevent such changes. Therefore, when the truck with the guardrail installed is loaded with cargo and / or is in motion, the fixing mechanism advantageously facilitates the avoidance of undesirable changes in the length of the guardrail.

[0014] A second aspect of the invention relates to a kit comprising: a guardrail according to a first aspect of the invention; two or more bases, each of which is configured to be simultaneously attached to both the guardrail and a sidewall of the cargo box. Therefore, the kit allows for improved truck functionality by mounting the guardrail according to the first aspect of the invention onto the truck. Furthermore, the kit advantageously enables a user to mount the guardrail onto the truck without requiring technical expertise or expensive, specialized tools. It is understood that it may be desirable to mount two or more guardrails on a truck. Therefore, preferably, the kit may include two or more guardrails and a corresponding base for each guardrail.

[0015] In a preferred embodiment of a second aspect of the invention, at least one of the bases includes a fastening mechanism configured to securely attach the railing thereto. More preferably, the fastening mechanism includes a lock. Advantageously, the fastening mechanism, particularly when it includes a lock, further improves the security of the installed railing and also prevents the railing from being stolen from the cargo container.

[0016] In a preferred embodiment of a second aspect of the invention, the kit further includes a guide rail configured to be mounted along one of the sidewalls of the cargo container in a length direction, wherein the guide rail is also configured to carry at least one of the two or more bases attached thereto. More preferably, the kit includes two guide rails, such that each of the guide rails can be mounted on a corresponding sidewall of the cargo container.

[0017] In a preferred embodiment according to the foregoing embodiments, the kit further includes a positioning device capable of attaching to the guide rail and the base, and configured to secure the base in place on the guide rail. The positioning device advantageously facilitates the simple positioning, mounting, and attachment of the base to the guide rail.

[0018] In a preferred embodiment according to the foregoing embodiments, the guide rail includes a slot arranged along its length spanning at least a portion of the length of the guide rail and configured to receive the positioning device attached thereto. The combination of the slot and the positioning device advantageously facilitates the installation of the railing and facilitates control of the railing's position on the guide rail.

[0019] In a highly preferred embodiment of the invention, the guide rail is configured to support and guide the roller shutter for covering the cargo bed of the pickup truck. This advantageously allows for improved cargo bed functionality by mounting the roller shutter and railings to the cargo bed, the railings serving as handrails and, alternatively, as crossbars. Therefore, preferably, the roller shutter and guide rail can be components of a cover assembly for covering the cargo bed. Furthermore, preferably, the railings can also be part of the cover assembly, or part of another type of cover assembly that may or may not include the roller shutter.

[0020] A third aspect of the invention relates to a system mountable on the cargo bed of a pickup truck, the system comprising: two or more rails according to the third aspect of the invention; a plurality of bases; two guide rails; a roll-up curtain for covering the cargo bed; wherein each base is configured to be simultaneously attached to a corresponding one of the rails and a corresponding one of the guide rails; each of the guide rails is configured to be mounted along a corresponding sidewall of the cargo bed in a length direction, and wherein the guide rail is further configured to carry the base attached thereto; each of the guide rails is configured to support and guide the roll-up curtain. The system can be advantageously mounted on the cargo bed of a pickup truck to improve the truck's functionality. The system of the third aspect of the invention can also be a cover assembly for covering the cargo bed.

[0021] Additional advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description and will be particularly pointed out in the appended claims. Attached Figure Description

[0022] To complete the specification and to provide a better understanding of the invention, a set of accompanying drawings has been provided. These drawings form an integral part of the specification and illustrate embodiments of the invention. They should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, but merely as examples of how the invention can be practiced. The drawings include the following figures:

[0023] Figure 1 A pickup truck is shown equipped with a preferred embodiment of the system according to a third aspect of the invention, wherein two railings of the system are mounted as handrails.

[0024] Figure 2 It shows Figure 1 The implementation method is described, but the railing is installed as a crossbar.

[0025] Figure 3 It shows Figure 3 A perspective view of one of the embodiments, in which the guardrail is not attached to the pickup truck.

[0026] Figure 4 It shows Figure 1 A perspective view of one of the embodiments, in which the guardrail is not attached to the pickup truck.

[0027] Figure 5 It shows Figure 3 A perspective view of one of the embodiments, in which the guardrail is not attached to the pickup truck.

[0028] Figure 6 It shows Figure 1 The base of the embodiment, wherein the base is in an open / unlocked mode.

[0029] Figure 7 It shows Figure 6 The base, but wherein the base is in a closed locking mode.

[0030] Figure 8 From and Figure 7 Different perspectives show Figure 7 The base.

[0031] Figure 9 From and Figure 6 Different perspectives show Figure 6 The base.

[0032] Figure 10 It shows Figure 1 It is part of the system.

[0033] Figure 11 It shows Figure 10 The parts shown are assembled and installed together.

[0034] Figure 12 It shows Figure 1 It is part of the system.

[0035] Figure 13 It shows Figure 12 The cross-section of the portion shown.

[0036] Figure 14 A preferred embodiment of a railing according to a first aspect of the invention is shown, which is in an extended state (extended mode) and in a retracted state (retracted mode).

[0037] Figure 15 Preferred embodiments of variations of the railing according to the first aspect of the invention are shown, in different states.

[0038] Figure 16 From and Figure 15 Different perspectives (views) show Figure 15 The different states of the railing.

[0039] Figure 17 Shown from different perspectives (views) Figure 15 The railings.

[0040] Figure 18 A preferred embodiment of a pickup truck and a kit according to a second aspect of the invention is shown, wherein a portion of the kit is mounted on the pickup truck.

[0041] Figure 19 It shows Figure 18 A closer view of the implementation method.

[0042] Figure 20 It shows Figure 18 The truck and kit parts. Detailed Implementation

[0043] The following description should not be construed as limiting, but is given only for the purpose of describing the broad principles of the invention. Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate the apparatus and method according to the invention.

[0044] The following is for reference. Figures 1 to 17 Specific embodiments of the present invention are described. Figures 1 to 13A preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention is shown, wherein the system is mounted on a truck 1, which is a pickup truck. The system includes two guardrails 3 and four bases 4. The two guardrails 3 are retractable and can be removably attached and secured to the side wall 1a (side panel) of the truck 1 via the bases 4. For this purpose, Figures 1 to 13 The system further includes a pair of guide rails 5, each of which is capable of being mounted along its length onto a corresponding side wall 1a of the truck 1. More specifically, as Figure 3 As shown, Figures 1 to 13 In this embodiment, each guide rail 5 is attached to the edge 1b of the corresponding sidewall 1a. Furthermore, in... Figures 1 to 13 In this implementation, the guide rails 5 guide the roller shutter 2, which is used to cover the cargo box of the vehicle (pickup truck). Figures 1 to 13 In one embodiment, each of the bases 4 can be removably attached and secured to one of the guide rails 5, thereby securing each of the rails 3 to the guide rail 5. Each rail 3 can be secured and arranged on a single guide rail 5 above a side wall. Alternatively, each rail can be secured and arranged on two guide rails 5 above the cargo box or the roller shutter 2. Figure 1 As shown, when the railings are fixed and arranged along their length above the side wall, they can function as side handrails. Figure 2 As shown, when the railings 3 are fixed and arranged along their length above the cargo box or the roll-up curtain 2, they can function as crossbars (i.e., crossbars) extending between the truck side walls. The length of the railings 3 is adjustable because they are telescopic. Therefore, the length of the railings can be adjusted if needed, particularly for repositioning and converting the railings 3 from side rails to crossbars and vice versa. Therefore, it can be understood that, Figures 1 to 13 In the system shown, the railing 3 is removably mounted as a handrail on one of the two side walls 1a of the cargo bed of the pickup truck 1, and alternatively, as a crossbar above and across the two side walls 1a, wherein the railing 3 is telescopic along its length. It can also be considered that... Figures 1 to 13 The system is an installation system for the cargo box of a pickup truck 1, the system comprising: two rails 3; four bases 4; two guide rails 5; and a roll-up curtain 2 for covering the cargo box; wherein each base 4 is configured to be simultaneously attached to a corresponding one of the rails 3 and a corresponding one of the guide rails 5; each of the guide rails 5 is configured to be mounted along a corresponding side wall 1a of the cargo box in a length direction, and wherein the guide rail 5 is also configured to carry the base 4 attached thereto; each of the guide rails 5 is configured to support and guide the roll-up curtain 2.

[0045] exist Figures 1 to 13 In the system, at least one of the bases includes a fastening mechanism 7 for securing a railing 3 attached to the vehicle 1 via the base 4. For this purpose, the railing 3 includes a retainable member 8, which can be attached to the base 4 and secured in place by the fastening mechanism 7 of the base 4. For this purpose, the base includes an opening 4a through which the retainable member 8 can be at least partially inserted into the base 4. The base 4 also includes a lip 9, which can be configured to... Figure 6 The unlocking location shown and as Figures 7 to 8 The device moves between the shown locking positions. In the locked position, the lip 9 aligns with the opening 4a and attaches to the retainable component 8, thereby securing / locking the retainable component 8 into place when it has been inserted into the base 4 via the opening 4a. The fastening mechanism 7 further includes a lock 6 for locking the lip 9 in the locked position. The lock 6 can be locked with a key and can also be used as an anti-theft mechanism to prevent the barrier 3 from being stolen from the truck or removed without authorization.

[0046] The base 4 can be attached and fixed to the guide rail 5 via a positioning device, and Figures 1 to 13 In this embodiment, the positioning device includes a bolt 11 and a nut 12. The nut 12 secures the bolt 11 to the base 4, allowing the head of the bolt 11 to be inserted and slide along a slot 10 that extends along the length of the guide rail 5. Therefore, the base 4 can be controlled, and thereby the precise position of the railing 3 along the guide rail 5 can be controlled. To fix the base 4 in the desired position along the slot 10, the nut 12 can be tightened on the bolt 11. Furthermore, to facilitate insertion of the bolt head into the slot, the guide rail further includes an opening 13a, which, as... Figure 10 As shown.

[0047] Figure 13 It shows along Figure 12 The cross-section of the dashed line A indicated in the middle. Figure 13 The diagram shows the system in a position where the railing 3 is attached to and fixed / secured to the base 4, and the base 4 is attached / secured to the guide rail 5. Figures 12 to 13 In a particular embodiment, the railing 3 is attached to the base 4 via a fixable component 8, the fixable component 8 including a corresponding bolt 14. The bolt 14 may also be referred to as a second bolt, thereby distinguishing it from the aforementioned bolt 11 (i.e., the first bolt) used to fix the base 4 to the guide rail 5. Figure 13As shown, the head of the second bolt 14 is inserted into the corresponding track or slot in the railing 3, and the retainable component 8 can be inserted into the opening 4a of the base 4. The retainable component 8 is locked in place at the base 4 by the lip 9 of the fastening mechanism 7.

[0048] A preferred embodiment of the retractable railing 3 according to the first aspect of the present invention is as follows: Figure 14 As shown, Figure 14 The railing 3 is shown in two different states: a retracted state R and an extended state E. In the retracted state, the railing is at its minimum length, and in the extended state, the railing is at its maximum length. Figure 14 The length of the railing 3 can be varied because it includes a central portion 3a and two side portions 3b and 3c, which are positioned opposite each other along the length of the railing, i.e., the side portions 3b and 3c are located on opposite sides of the central portion 3a along the length of the railing. Each of the side portions 3b and 3c can slide along the central portion 3a along its length, thereby changing the length of the railing 3. Figure 14 In one embodiment, the shapes of the central portion 3a and the side portions 3b and 3c are such that the central portion 3a can be inserted into the side portions 3b and 3c along its length. In such... Figures 15 to 17 In the alternative embodiment shown, the railing further includes a central portion 16a and two side portions 16b, 16c, the shapes of the central portion 16a and the side portions 16b, 16c being such that each of the side portions 16b, 16c can be inserted into the central portion 16a along its length.

[0049] In addition, Figure 16 In this embodiment, the position of either side portion 16b or 16c relative to the central portion 16a can be adjusted, allowing the railing to extend along its length on either side, thereby controlling the total length of the railing. Figure 15 As shown, Figure 15 The different states of the railing are shown. Furthermore, in Figures 15 to 17In one embodiment, the railing includes a fixing mechanism for securing and locking the position of any one of the sides 16b, 16c relative to the central portion 16a. For this purpose, each of the sides 16b, 16c includes a set 17 of recesses or openings along a portion of its length, with the fixing mechanism capable of engaging or disengaging from the set 17 of recesses or openings to lock or unlock the side in place, respectively. A user of the railing can controllably disengage the fixing mechanism from the set 17 of recesses or openings via a button 18. When the button 18 is actuated, it disengages the fixing mechanism from the set 17 of recesses or openings, allowing the corresponding side 16b, 16c to slide relative to the central portion 16a; and when the button is not actuated by the user, the fixing mechanism engages with the set of recesses to prevent the corresponding side 16b, 16c from sliding.

[0050] In addition, Figure 16 In one embodiment, each of the sides 16b, 16c includes a slot 19 extending along a portion of the length of the respective side 16b, 16c. Within the slot 19, the retainable member 8 can be inserted and secured in place along the railing. To facilitate insertion of the retainable member 8 into the slot, the sides 16b, 16c further include an opening 20 at one end of the slot 19. It should be noted that, preferably, the railing may also include a second slot, similar to the slot 19 described above, also arranged along the length of the railing. However, compared to the slot 19 described above (i.e., the first slot 19) (in which the retainable member 8 can be inserted), the optional second slot of the railing (e.g., a T-slot type) may be located on the opposite side of the railing. Figure 12 As shown, in Figures 1 to 13 In one embodiment, the railing 3 includes a second slot 21. The second slot 21 may preferably be configured to receive another railing or other object or attachment removably attached thereto. This can advantageously allow a railing to be removably attached to another railing, for example, attaching a railing as a crossbar to the top of two other railings removably attached to a truck as handrails. Optional attachment of a railing to another railing may preferably be achieved via the aforementioned optional retainable member 8 and the second slot, and for this reason, the second slot 21 is preferably configured (e.g., shaped) to carry the retainable member 8 removably attached thereto.

[0051] Next reference Figures 18 to 20 A preferred embodiment of the kit according to the second aspect of the present invention will be explained. Figure 18The embodiment includes two railings 3 and four bases 4 according to the first aspect of the invention. Each of the railings 3 shown can be removably attached to a corresponding side wall 1a of the cargo box of the truck via two of the bases 4, the bases 4 as follows: Figures 18 to 20 It is shown to be removably attached to the edge 1b of the corresponding sidewall 1a. Specifically, in Figures 18 to 20 In one embodiment, each base 4 can be attached to a corresponding opening 22 on the edge 1b of the sidewall 1a via a bolt 24 and a nut 23 that are partially insertable into the opening 22 and the base 4, the nut 23 being insertable into the base 4 and being connected to the bolt 24, to secure the base 4 to the sidewall 1a.

[0052] In this document, the term “including” and its derivatives (such as “contains”, etc.) should not be understood in an exclusive sense, that is, these terms should not be interpreted as excluding the possibility that the things described and defined may include other elements, steps, etc.

[0053] This invention is obviously not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but also covers any variations that can be conceived by those skilled in the art (e.g., regarding the selection of materials, dimensions, components, configurations, etc.) that fall within the overall scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

Claims

1. A kit comprising: A railing (3) is removably mounted as a handrail on one of the two side walls (1a) of the cargo box of the pickup truck (1), and alternatively, as a crossbar above and across the two side walls (1a), wherein the railing (3) is telescopic in the length direction; Two or more bases (4), each base (4) being configured to be simultaneously attached to one of the sidewalls of the railing (3) and the sidewall of the cargo box; At least one of the bases (4) includes a fastening mechanism (7) configured to securely attach the railing (3) thereto, the fastening mechanism (7) including a lock capable of being locked with a key and used as an anti-theft mechanism to prevent the railing (3) from being stolen from the truck or removed without authorization.

2. The kit according to claim 1, wherein the railing is removably mounted as the handrail in a corresponding rail (5) on one of the two side walls of the cargo box, and alternatively, as the crossbar above and across the corresponding rail (5) on the two side walls (1a), wherein Each guide rail (5) is configured to be mounted along the length of one of the corresponding side walls (1a) of the cargo box.

3. The kit according to claim 1 or 2, comprising two or more fixable components (8) arranged along the length of the railing (3) and configured to be attached to any of the side walls.

4. The kit according to claims 2 and 3, wherein the two or more fixable components are configured to be attached to any of the sidewalls via corresponding guide rails (5).

5. The kit according to any one of claims 3 to 4, further comprising a slot (19) arranged along the length direction across at least a portion of the length of the railing (3) and configured to receive the two or more fixable members (8) attached thereto.

6. The kit according to claim 5, wherein the two or more retainable components (8) are configured to slide along the slot (19).

7. The kit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the railing (3) comprises a central portion (3a, 16a) and two side portions (3b, 3c, 16b, 16c) which are slidably attached to the central portion (3a, 16a) on opposite sides of the central portion (3a, 16a) across the railing (3) in the length direction, such that any one of the side portions (3b, 3c, 16b, 16c) is slidable relative to the central portion (3a, 16a) along the railing (3) in the length direction.

8. The kit according to any one of the preceding claims further includes a fixing mechanism configured to be activated to allow the length of the railing (3) to change, and to be deactivated to prevent the length of the railing (3) from changing.

9. The kit according to any one of the preceding claims further includes a guide rail (5) configured to be mounted along one of the side walls (1a) of the cargo box in a length direction, wherein the guide rail (5) is also configured to carry at least one of the two or more bases (4) attached thereto.

10. The kit according to claim 9, further comprising a positioning device capable of being attached to the guide rail (5) and the base (4), and configured to secure the base (4) on the guide rail (5).

11. The kit according to claim 10, wherein the guide rail (5) includes a slot (10) arranged along the length direction across at least a portion of the length of the guide rail (5) and configured to receive the positioning device attached thereto.

12. The kit according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the guide rail (5) is configured to support and guide the roller blind (2) for covering the cargo box of the pickup truck (1).

13. A system that can be mounted on the cargo box of a pickup truck (1), the system comprising: Two or more railings (3), wherein each of the railings (3) is removably mounted as a handrail on one of the two side walls (1a) of the cargo box of the pickup truck (1), and alternatively, as a crossbar above and across the two side walls (1a), wherein the railings (3) are telescopic in the length direction; Multiple bases (4); Two guide rails (5); and Roller blind (2), which is used to cover the cargo box; Each base (4) is configured to be simultaneously attached to a corresponding one of the rails (3) and a corresponding one of the guide rails (5); Each of the guide rails (5) is configured to be mounted along a corresponding side wall of the side wall (1a) of the cargo box along the length direction, and wherein the guide rail (5) is also configured to carry the base (4) attached thereto. Each of the guide rails (5) is configured to support and guide the roller blind (2); At least one of the bases (4) includes a fastening mechanism (7) configured to securely attach the corresponding railing (3) thereto. The fastening mechanism (7) includes a lock that can be locked with a key and serves as an anti-theft mechanism to prevent the corresponding railing (3) from being stolen from the truck or removed without authorization.

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